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 Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Employment Division, Department of Human
Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Religious Establishment
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp;
Murray v. Curlett (1963)
Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and
School v. Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (2012)
annotated readings
Chapter 5 Freedom of Speech, Assembly, and Association
The Development of Legal Standards
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Contemporary Tests and Constitutional Guidelines
Content and Contexts
United States v. O’Brien (1968)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Cohen v. California (1971)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School
District (1969)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corporation v. Public
Service Commission of New York (1980)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate
Veterans (2015)

8
 Matal v. Tam (2017)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
(1943)
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional
Rights, Inc. (2006)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
annotated readings
Chapter 6 Freedom of the Press
Prior Restraint
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
New York Times v. United States (1971)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Government Control of Press Content
News Gathering and Special Rights
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
annotated readings
Chapter 7 The Boundaries of Free Expression: Libel, Obscenity,
and Emerging Areas of Government Regulation
Libel
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Obscenity
Roth v. United States (1957)
Miller v. California (1973)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
Cruelty and Violence
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
annotated readings
Chapter 8 The Right to Keep and Bear Arms
Initial Interpretations
The Second Amendment Revisited
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)
Heller and the States
annotated readings
Chapter 9 Privacy and Personal Liberty
The Right to Privacy: Foundations
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v.

9
 Casey (1992)
Personal Liberty and Privacy beyond Reproductive
Freedom
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
(1990)
annotated readings
Part III The Rights of the Criminally Accused
The Criminal Justice System and Constitutional Rights
Overview of the Criminal Justice System
Trends in Court Decision Making
Chapter 10 Investigations and Evidence
Searches and Seizures
Katz v. United States (1967)
United States v. Jones (2012)
Illinois v. Gates (1983)
Florida v. Jardines (2013)
Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding (2009)
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
United States v. Leon (1984)
Hudson v. Michigan (2006)
The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Missouri v. Seibert (2004)
annotated readings
Chapter 11 Attorneys, Trials, and Punishments
The Right to Counsel
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail
The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980)
Trial Proceedings
Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing
The Eighth Amendment

10
 Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
Atkins v. Virginia (2002)
Posttrial Protections and the Double Jeopardy Clause
Postrelease Protections
annotated readings
Part IV Civil Rights
Civil Rights and the Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment
Chapter 12 Race Discrimination and the Foundations of Equal
Protection
Initial Approaches to the Fourteenth Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education (II) (1955)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
(1971)
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle
School District No. 1; Meredith v. Jefferson County
Board of Education (2007)
State Action Requirement
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (1972)
annotated readings
Chapter 13 Contemporary Approaches to Equal Protection
Rational Basis Scrutiny
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)
Strict Scrutiny and Claims of Race Discrimination
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978)
Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)
Heightened Scrutiny and Claims of Gender Discrimination
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
United States v. Virginia (1996)
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
Romer v. Evans (1996)
Discrimination Based on Economic Status

11
 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
(1973)
Discrimination against Aliens
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
The Future of Discrimination Law
annotated readings
Chapter 14 Voting and Representation
Elections and the Supreme Court
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Voting Rights
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder (2013)
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2008)
Regulation of Election Campaigns
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
(2010)
McCutcheon, et al. v. Federal Election Commission
(2014)
Political Representation
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
Miller v. Johnson (1995)
annotated readings
Reference Material
Appendix 1. Constitution of the United States
Appendix 2. The Justices
Appendix 3. Glossary
Appendix 4. Online Case Archive Index
Case Index
Subject Index

12
Chronological Table of Cases

The Marshall Court (1801–1835)

Marbury v. Madison (1803) 45
Barron v. Baltimore (1833) 66

Taney and Civil War Courts (1836–1888)

Ex parte McCardle (1869) 56
Hurtado v. California (1884) 69

Conservative Court Eras (1889–1937)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 565
Schenck v. United States (1919) 184
Gitlow v. New York (1925) 187
Near v. Minnesota (1931) 281
Powell v. Alabama (1932) 498

Roosevelt and World War II Court Eras

(1937–1953)
Palko v. Connecticut (1937) 75
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) 97
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) 212
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) 265
Everson v. Board of Education (1947) 127
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) 592
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) 570

The Warren Court Era (1953–1969)

Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954) 573
Brown v. Board of Education (II) (1955) 577

13
 Roth v. United States (1957) 323
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961) 595
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 464
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 502
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp; Murray v. Curlett
(1963) 134
Sherbert v. Verner (1963) 102
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) 308
Reynolds v. Sims (1964) 708
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 480
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 369
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) 678
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966) 517
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 484
Loving v. Virginia (1967) 607
Katz v. United States (1967) 435
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) 80
United States v. O’Brien (1968) 203
Terry v. Ohio (1968) 459
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
(1969) 235

Republican Court Eras (1969–)

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) 581
Cohen v. California (1971) 213
Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971) 141
New York Times v. United States (1971) 285
Reed v. Reed (1971) 632
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) 301
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (1972) 597
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) 106
Roe v. Wade (1973) 377
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) 657
Miller v. California (1973) 329
Gregg v. Georgia (1976) 531
Craig v. Boren (1976) 636
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977) 249
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978) 243
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) 612

14
Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corporation v. Public Service
Commission of New York (1980) 254
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980) 520
Plyler v. Doe (1982) 663
New York v. Ferber (1982) 334
Illinois v. Gates (1983) 444
United States v. Leon (1984) 469
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985) 604
Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 511
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) 159
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) 291
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) 317
Texas v. Johnson (1989) 206
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) 416
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v.
Smith (1990) 112
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)
389
Miller v. Johnson (1995) 713
Romer v. Evans (1996) 650
United States v. Virginia (1996) 643
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) 119
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997) 340
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) 273
Bush v. Gore (2000) 669
Atkins v. Virginia (2002) 541
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) 147
Lawrence v. Texas (2003) 400
Missouri v. Seibert (2004) 492
Van Orden v. Perry (2005) 171
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc.
(2006) 268
Hudson v. Michigan (2006) 474
Morse v. Frederick (2007) 239
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.
1; Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education (2007) 586
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2008) 689
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) 357
Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding (2009) 454
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) 695
Snyder v. Phelps (2011) 225

15
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011) 347
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (2012) 176
United States v. Jones (2012) 439
United States v. Alvarez (2012) 230
Florida v. Jardines (2013) 449
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder (2013) 683
McCullen v. Coakley (2014) 218
McCutcheon, et al. v. Federal Election Commission (2014) 701
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014) 166
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) 408
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015) 256
Fisher v. University of Texas (2016) 625
Matal v. Tam (2017) 261
Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer (2017) 155

16
Tables, Figures, and Boxes

Part I
Table I-1 The Ratification of the Constitution 4
Table I-2 Methods of Amending the Constitution 6
Table I-3 Five Amendments That Overturned Supreme Court
Decisions 8

Chapter 1
Figure 1-1 The Processing of Cases 10
Figure 1-2 The American Court System 11
Box 1-1 The American Legal System in Global Perspective 13
Figure 1-3 A Page from Justice Blackmun’s Docket Books 14
Box 1-2 The Amicus Curiae Brief 17
Table 1-1 Methods of Constitutional Interpretation 22
Table 1-2 Precedents Overruled in Orally Argued Cases, 1953–
2016 Terms 28
Figure 1-4 Percentage of Cases in Which Each Chief Justice Voted
in the Liberal Direction, 1953–2016 Terms 32
Figure 1-5 Court Decisions on Economics and Civil Liberties,
1953–2016 Terms 33
Table 1-3 Percentage of Votes to Declare Legislation
Unconstitutional, 2005–2016 Terms 34
Table 1-4 Reporting Systems 40

Chapter 2
Box 2-1 Aftermath . . . Marbury v. Madison 52
Box 2-2 Judicial Review in Global Perspective 53
Table 2-1 Major Controversies over Judicial Review 54
Box 2-3 Justice Brandeis, Concurring in Ashwander v. Tennessee
Valley Authority 63

Chapter 3
17
 Table 3-1 Incorporation Tests 74
Box 3-1 Aftermath . . . Frank Palka 77
Table 3-2 Cases Incorporating Provisions of the Bill of Rights into
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 79

Part II
Figure II-1 Percentage of First Amendment and Privacy Cases
Decided in the Liberal Direction, by Chief Justice Era 89

Chapter 4
Box 4-1 Aftermath . . . George Reynolds and Plural Marriage 95
Box 4-2 The Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Court 96
Box 4-3 Aftermath . . . City of Boerne v. Flores 125
Box 4-4 Clashing Interests: Separationist versus Accommodationist
Interest Groups in Religious Establishment Litigation 133
Box 4-5 Aftermath . . . Madalyn Murray O’Hair 138
Box 4-6 The Roots of the Lemon Test 146
Table 4-1 Religious Establishment Standards Offered as
Alternatives to the Lemon Test 181

Chapter 5
Box 5-1 The American Civil Liberties Union 192
Box 5-2 Aftermath . . . Charlotte Anita Whitney 193
Table 5-1 Summary of Legal Standards Governing Free Speech 198
Box 5-3 Freedom of Expression in Global Perspective 199
Box 5-4 Aftermath . . . Gregory Lee Johnson 211
Box 5-5 Aftermath . . . Paul Robert Cohen 217
Box 5-6 Aftermath . . . Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 278

Chapter 6
Box 6-1 Censored High School Newspaper Article 294
Box 6-2 Free Press in Global Perspective 298
Box 6-3 Aftermath . . . Paul Branzburg 304

18
Chapter 7
Box 7-1 Libel in Global Perspective 314
Box 7-2 Aftermath . . . Larry Flynt 320
Box 7-3 Roth, Jacobellis, and Memoirs Compared 327
Box 7-4 What Is Obscene? 328
Table 7-1 Roth-Jacobellis-Memoirs and Miller Compared 332
Box 7-5 Enforcing Obscenity Statutes 333
Box 7-6 Industry Warning Labels 340

Chapter 8
Table 8-1 Public Opinion and Gun Ownership, 2017 355
Box 8-1 Aftermath . . . Jack Miller and Frank Layton 357

Chapter 9
Table 9-1 Where Is the Right to Privacy Located in the
Constitution? The Splits in Griswold 374
Box 9-1 Aftermath . . . Estelle Griswold and C. Lee Buxton 375
Figure 9-1 Legislative Action on Abortion through the Early 1970s
376
Table 9-2 The Roe v. Wade Trimester Framework 384
Figure 9-2 Public Opinion and Abortion, 1975–2017 385
Box 9-2 Aftermath . . . Norma McCorvey 387
Table 9-3 Proposed Approaches to Restrictive Abortion Laws 389
Table 9-4 Support for Roe’s Central Holding 397
Box 9-3 Abortion in Global Perspective 398
Box 9-4 Aftermath . . . John Lawrence and Tyron Garner 406
Box 9-5 Living Wills 422
Table 9-5 The Supreme Court and Drug-Testing Programs 424

Part III
Figure III-1 The American Criminal Justice System 429
Figure III-2 Percentage of Supreme Court Criminal Rights Cases
Decided in Favor of the Accused, 1953–2016 Terms 431

19
Chapter 10
Box 10-1 Aftermath . . . Antoine Jones 443
Table 10-1 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement 448
Table 10-2 Examples of the Automobile Exception 453
Box 10-2 Aftermath . . . Dollree Mapp 469
Table 10-3 Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule 478
Box 10-3 Aftermath . . . Danny Escobedo 483
Box 10-4 Aftermath . . . Ernesto Miranda 489
Table 10-4 Exceptions to Miranda: Some Examples 490
Box 10-5 Miranda in Global Perspective 496

Chapter 11
Box 11-1 Aftermath . . . The Scottsboro Boys 501
Table 11-1 Comparison of the Development of the Exclusionary
Rule and the Right to Counsel for Indigents 504
Box 11-2 Aftermath . . . Sam Sheppard 521
Box 11-3 Aftermath . . . Troy Leon Gregg 538
Box 11-4 Aftermath . . . Daryl Atkins 548
Table 11-2 Responses to Questions on the Death Penalty 549
Box 11-5 Capital Punishment in Global Perspective 550

Part IV
Table IV-1 Equal Protection Tests 558
Box IV-1 A Sample of Major Civil Rights Acts 561

Chapter 12
Box 12-1 Brown v. Board of Education: Origins and Aftermath 577
Table 12-1 Percentage of Black Students Attending School with
Whites, Southern States, 1954–1972 580

Chapter 13
Figure 13-1 The Court’s Framework for Analyzing Equal

20
 Protection Claims 602
Box 13-1 Richard Loving and Mildred Jeter 610
Table 13-1 Admissions Data for the Entering Class of the Medical
School of the University of California, Davis, 1973 and 1974 613
Box 13-2 Aftermath . . . Allan Bakke 619
Table 13-2 Affirmative Action Cases Leading up to Fisher v.
University of Texas 620
Box 13-3 Major Congressional Action on Women’s Rights 634
Box 13-4 Aftermath . . . Craig v. Boren 641
Table 13-3 The Court and Gay Rights Cases, 1986–2017 651

Chapter 14
Box 14-1 Aftermath . . . Bush v. Gore 675
Box 14-2 Voting in Global Perspective 682
Table 14-1 Growth of Soft Money 693
Box 14-3 Aftermath . . . Citizens United and the Rise of the Super
PAC 700

21
Preface

Twenty-seven years have passed since Constitutional Law for a Changing

America: Rights, Liberties, and Justice made its debut in a discipline
already supplied with many fine casebooks by law professors, historians,
and social scientists. We believed then, as we do now, that a fresh
approach was needed because, as professors who regularly teach courses
on public law, and as scholars concerned with judicial processes, we saw a
growing disparity between what we taught and what our research taught
us.

We had adopted books for our classes that focused primarily on Supreme
Court decisions and how the Court applied the resulting legal precedents to
subsequent disputes, but as scholars we understood that to know the law is
to know only part of the story. A host of political factors—internal and
external—influence the Court’s decisions and shape the development of
constitutional law. These include the ways lawyers and interest groups
frame legal disputes, the ideological and behavioral propensities of the
justices, the politics of judicial selection, public opinion, and the positions
elected officials take, to name just a few.

Because we thought no existing book adequately combined legal factors

with the influences of the political process, we wrote one. In most respects,
our book follows tradition: readers will see that we include excerpts from
the classic cases that best illustrate the development of constitutional law.
But our focus is different, as is the appearance of this volume. We
emphasize the arguments raised by lawyers and interest groups and the
politics surrounding litigation. We include tables and figures on Court
trends and other materials that bring out the rich legal, social, historical,
economic, and political contexts in which the Court reaches its decisions.
As a result, students and instructors will find this work both similar to and
different from casebooks they may have read before.

Integrating traditional teaching and research concerns was only one of our
goals. Another was to animate the subject of constitutional law. As
instructors, we find our subject inherently interesting—to us con law is
exciting stuff. Many of the books available, however, could not be less
inviting in design, presentation, or prose. That kind of book seems to
dampen enthusiasm. We have written a book that we hope mirrors the

22
excitement we feel for our subject. We describe the events that led to the
suits and include photographs of litigants and relevant exhibits from the
cases. Moreover, because students often ask us about the fates of particular
litigants—for example, what happened to the “Scottsboro boys”?—and
hearing that colleagues elsewhere are asked similar questions, we decided
to attach “Aftermath” boxes to a selected set of cases. In addition to
providing final chapters to these stories, the focus on the human element
leads to interesting discussions about the decisions’ impacts on the lives of
ordinary Americans. We hope these materials demonstrate to students that
Supreme Court cases are more than just legal names and citations, that
they involve real people engaged in real disputes.

Finally, to broaden students’ perspectives on the U.S. legal system, we

have added boxes on the laws and legal practices of other countries.
Students and instructors can use these to compare and contrast U.S.
Supreme Court decisions over a wide range of issues, such as the death
penalty and libel, with policies developed in other countries. The use of
foreign law sources in their opinions has generated disagreement among
some of the justices, and we have found that the material we include here
inspires lively debates in our classes. We hope it will do so in yours as
well.

Important Revisions
In preparing this tenth edition, we have strengthened the distinctive
features of the earlier versions by making changes at all three levels of the
book—organization, chapters, and cases. In past editions, we covered the
First Amendment in five chapters. Because almost all the cases in the last
of these chapters dealt with access to sexually explicit Internet sites, we
have integrated them into Chapter 7, where we cover the boundaries of the
First Amendment—including obscenity. In the last edition, we thoroughly
revised and reorganized the discussion of discrimination to provide a more
contemporary take on the equal protection clause. In this edition, we take
the additional step of dividing the discussion of discrimination into two
separate chapters. As its name suggests, “Race Discrimination and the
Foundations of Equal Protection” (Chapter 12) explores the Fourteenth
Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection and its historical relation to
race discrimination. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the Court
has interpreted the state action requirement in Fourteenth Amendment
disputes, all of which also involve discrimination based on race. In

23
Chapter 13, “Contemporary Approaches to Equal Protection,” we explore
the framework the Court uses today to analyze claims under the equal
protection clause. This discussion amounts to fleshing out the three levels
of scrutiny—rational basis, strict, and intermediate—and how the Court
applies them to classifications based on race, gender, sexual orientation,
economic status, and alienage.

The most significant changes are in the individual chapters. All have been
thoroughly revised and updated to include important opinions handed
down through the 2017 term. Since Chief Justice John Roberts took office
in 2005, the Court has taken up many pressing issues of the day, including
gun control (District of Columbia v. Heller), affirmative action (Fisher v.
University of Texas), the free exercise of religion (Trinity Lutheran Church
v. Comer), campaign finance regulation (Citizens United v. Federal
Election Commission), hate speech (Snyder v. Phelps), and, of course,
same-sex marriage (Obergefell v. Hodges).

The chapters that follow contain excerpts of these and other important
decisions of the Roberts Court. They also provide deep coverage of issues
of recent concern, such as Chapter 5’s expanded discussion of commercial
and corporate speech, which now begins with the Burger Court case of
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, and the Roberts Court’s
development of the government speech doctrine in Walker v. Texas
Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans and Matal v. Tam. Likewise,
Chapter 9’s coverage of abortion now ends with a discussion of the
Court’s most recent case, Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016),
along with an analysis of what the future might hold for this hot-button
area of law. (Cases in boldface are in the book’s online archive; see below
for more detail.) Affirmative action, another controversial topic, also
receives more extensive coverage in Chapter 13, in light of the Court’s
decision in Fisher.

As for the cases: we reviewed each and every excerpted opinion to ensure,
among other matters, that they appropriately highlight the key issues. We
also carefully read through our summaries of the lawyers’ arguments to
confirm that they meet our objective of highlighting the array of important
claims before the Court, and not simply those the justices chose to
highlight.

In addition to the lawyers’ arguments, we have retained and enhanced

other features pertaining to case presentation that have proved to be useful.

24
The “Aftermath” boxes not only remain but have increased in number—a
testament to the positive feedback we have received. We continue to
excerpt concurring and dissenting opinions; in fact, virtually all cases
analyzed in the text now include one or the other or both. Although these
opinions lack the force of precedent, they are useful in helping students to
see alternative points of view.

We also continue to provide universal resource locators (URLs) to the full

texts of the opinions and, where available, to a website containing audio
recordings of oral arguments in many landmark cases. We have taken this
step for much the same reason that we now highlight attorneys’ arguments:
reading decisions in their entirety and listening to oral arguments can help
students to develop the important skill of differentiating between
compelling and less compelling arguments. Finally, we continue to retain
the historical flavor of the decisions, reprinting verbatim the original
language used in U.S. Reports to introduce the justices’ writings. Students
will see that during most of its history the Court used the courtesy title
“Mr.” to refer to justices, as in “Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion
of the Court” or “Mr. Justice Harlan, dissenting.” In 1980 the Court
dropped the “Mr.” This point may seem minor, but we think it is evidence
that the justices, like other Americans, updated their usage to reflect
fundamental changes in American society—in this case, the emergence of
women as a force in the legal profession and shortly thereafter on the
Court itself.

We have made some cuts along the way as well. Most notably, adopters of
previous editions will see that we’ve trimmed the number of appendixes in
the “Reference Material” section. Because so much of the material they
contained is now readily available from reliable sources on the Internet, we
decided to delete them to make room for more case material and narrative.

Student and Instructor Resources

We continue to update and improve our Online Resource Center located at
https://edge.sagepub.com/conlaw and hope instructors find this a
valuable resource for assigning supplemental cases and useful study aids,
as well as for accessing helpful instructor resources. Through the
supplemental case archive, professors and students can access excerpts of
important decisions that we mention in the text but that space limitations
and other considerations counsel against excerpting. As we already noted,

25
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fremden Vögel,
welche zu den Fasanen gehören können.
Unter diesen verdient

der Goldfasan,
oder
der chinesische gehaubte dreyfärbige
Fasan,
mit allem Recht die erste Stelle. A l b i n , K l e i n und H a l l e nennen
diesen Vogel den rothen Fasan: allein man hätte ihn fast eben so gut
den blauen nennen können; aber diese beyde Benennungen wären
eben so unvollkommen gewesen, als der Name Goldfasan, weil alle
drey nur eine von den drey prächtigen Farben, die auf seinem
Gefieder glänzen, anzeigen und die übrigen auszuschließen
scheinen. B ü f f o n hat ihn deswegen den chinesischen gehaubten
dreyfärbigen Fasan genannt. Bey L i n n e heißt er der gemalte und
bey M ü l l e r n der bunte Fasan.
Man kann diesen Fasan als eine Spielart von dem gemeinen
annehmen, die sich unter einem bessern Himmel verschönert hat.
Es sind zween Zweige Einer Familie, die sich seit langer Zeit
getrennet und sogar zwey verschiedene Raçen gemacht haben, die
aber einander doch noch erkennen: denn sie thun sich zusammen,
paaren sich und zeugen mit einander; doch muß man bekennen,
daß die Frucht, die aus ihrer Vermischung entsteht, etwas von der
Unfruchtbarkeit der Maulthiere hat.
 Die Schönheit dieses Vogels hat gemacht, daß man ihn in unsern
Fasanerien gezogen und vermehrt hat, wo man ihn nun oft antrifft.
Er hat keine rothe Haut um die Augen, wie unser Fasan. Der
Augenring, der Schnabel, die Füße und Krallen sind gelb, so, wie der
Busch von langen und schönen Federn, die er erheben kann, wann
er will. H a l l e beschreibt ihn anders, als ihn die B ü f f o n s c h e n
gemalten Figuren angeben. Er sagt, er sey scharlachroth mit
schwarzen parallelen Schuppen quer durchschnitten, der
Federbusch entstehe von den Ohren her, lagere sich auf der Seite
des Halses, liege wie Fischohren an und lasse sich erheben. Bey
dem unsrigen hingegen entstehen diese hellgelbe Federfasern
schon bey dem Ursprunge des Schnabels, bedecken die ganze
Scheitel und die längsten fallen den Nacken hinab. Um die Augen ist
auch noch alles bis an die Backen lichtgelb; gegen die Kehle zu
bekommt diese Farbe eine röthliche Schattirung; der ganze untere
Theil des Körpers ist scharlachroth, und von eben dieser Farbe
gehen über den Schwanzfedern andere lange und schmale Federn
heraus, deren Kiel gelb ist. Der obere Theil des Halses fällt aus dem
Orangefarbigen ins Rothbraune und hat schwarze Schuppen; oben
an dem Rücken ist ein breiter grüner Streif; der übrige ganze Rücken
und Deckfedern des Steißes sind schön gelb. Die längsten
zugespitzten Schwanzfedern haben auf einem dunkeln Grund eine
Menge bräunlichgelber rundlicher kleiner Flecken, andere aber
dunklere Streifen. Der obere Theil des Flügels und die grösten
Federn desselben sind braun, die äussersten davon etwas schwarz
und haben einige weiße Flecken, das übrige ist schön blau; die
Schenkel sind hellbraun. Dieser Fasan ist etwas kleiner, als der
unsrige.
Das Weibchen des Goldfasans ist ein wenig kleiner, als das
Männchen, und sein Schwanz ist kürzer. Man sieht an ihm die
langen Federn des Busches nicht, sondern blos hinten am Kopf
einige kleine Federn etwas hervorragen. Es hat von allen den
schönen Farben des Männchens nichts, sondern die Farben seines
Gefieders sind sehr gemein und noch schlechter, als an der
gewöhnlichen Fasanhenne; mit der Zeit aber wird es manchmal so
schön, als das Männchen. Man hat in England bey der Milady E s s e x
eines gesehen, welches innerhalb sechs Jahren aus seiner unedeln
Schnepfenfarbe in die schöne Farbe des Männchens stuffenweise
übergegangen war, von dem man es blos an den Augen und dem
kürzern Schwanze unterscheiden konnte. Leute, welche Gelegenheit
gehabt haben, auf diese Vögel genau zu merken, haben den Herrn
v o n B ü f f o n versichert, daß diese Veränderung der Farbe bey den
meisten Weibchen Statt fände und anfienge, wenn sie 4 Jahre alt
wären; daß um diese Zeit die Männchen einen Widerwillen gegen
sie bekämen und sie mißhandelten; daß ihnen alsdann die langen
schmalen Federn wüchsen, die bey dem Männchen die
Schwanzfedern begleiten; mit einem Worte, daß sie dem Männchen
immer ähnlicher würden, jemehr sie an Alter zunähmen.
Edwards versichert, man habe bey dem Herzog v o n L e e d s eine
gemeine Fasanhenne gesehen, die das Gefieder des Hahns
angenommen, und setzt hinzu, daß eine solche Veränderung nur
bey Vögeln, die in der Hausthierschaft leben, Statt finde.
Die Eyer der Goldfasanhenne gleichen denen vom Perlhuhne viel
und sind verhältnißmäßig kleiner, als die von der Haußhenne, und
röthlicher, als unsere Fasaneyer.
Hans Sloane hat ein Männchen gegen fünfzehn Jahr erhalten.
Es scheinet, daß dieser Vogel dauerhaft seyn muß, weil er so lang
ausser seinem Vaterlande lebt. Er gewöhnt sich gut an das unsrige
und vermehrt sich leicht, sogar mit unserer europäischen
Fasanhenne. L e R o i hat eine solche chinesische Henne mit einem
französischen Fasanhahn zusammen geworfen, und die zween
Jungen, die davon entstunden, glichen den unsrigen sehr, doch war
das Gefieder schlecht gefärbt und auf dem Kopf hatten sie nur einige
gelbe Federn, wie der chinesische Fasan. Als man diesen beeden
jungen Blendlingshahnen europäische Fasanhennen gab, so
befruchtete einer davon die seinige im zweyten Jahr und es kam
eine Fasanhenne heraus, die nie wieder konnte befruchtet werden.
Die zwey Blendlingshahnen haben bis ins vierte Jahr weiter nichts
gezeugt, in welchem Jahre sie Gelegenheit fanden, zu entwischen.
Vermuthlich ist dieses der schöne Fasan, von dem man sagt, das
die Federn in China mehr gälten, als der Vogel, und einerley mit
dem, den M a r k u s P a o l o in seinen c h i n e s i s c h e n Reisen
bewunderte, und dessen Schwanz drey Schuh lang war.

Der schwarz und weiße chinesische Fasan

scheint nach dem Muster des vorhergehenden gebauet zu seyn, nur
ist er größer: denn er übertrifft selbst den europäischen an Größe.
Mit dem letztern hat er einen sehr merklichen Zug von Aehnlichkeit,
nemlich die rothe Einfassung der Augen, die aber noch breiter, als
bey jenem, ist: denn sie fällt ihm an beyden Seiten unter den
Unterschnabel, in Gestalt der Backenlappen, herab, und auf der
andern Seite erhebt sie sich, wie ein dopelter Kamm, über den
Oberschnabel.
Das Weibchen ist ein wenig kleiner, als das Männchen, von dem
es aber in Absicht auf die Farbe sehr abgeht. Es ist weder, wie das
Männchen, am Obertheile des Körpers weiß, noch am Untertheile
schwarz mit einem purpurfarbigen Widerschein. Man siehet nur
etwas weniges Weißes unter der rothen Einfassung der Augen, die
bey weitem nicht so groß, als am Männchen, ist. Das übrige alles ist
rothbraun, bald dunkler, bald heller, ausser unter dem Bauche und
an den Seitenfedern des Schwanzes, wo man schwarze
Querstreifen auf einem grauen Grunde erblickt. Sonst aber geht das
Weibchen in dieser Raçe weniger von dem Männchen ab, als in den
übrigen Fasanraçen, und hat auch, wie dieses, eine Haube, doch
nicht von so langen Federn, wie das Männchen; sie hat auch die
braune Farbe des Kopfs, da sie hingegen bey dem Männchen
schwarz ist und sich auf dem weißen Nacken vortreflich ausnimmt.
Die Füße sind an beyden roth und bey dem Männchen mit weit
stärkern Sporen, als des Goldfasans seine sind, bewaffnet. In dem
Linne-Müllerischen System heißt dieser Vogel lateinisch
Nycthemerus, deutsch aber, wie bey H a l l e n , der weiße Fasan.

Im nördlichen Theile von China findet man eine Art von Fasanen,
deren Flügel und Schwanz mit einer großen Anzahl runder Flecken,
welche Augen ähnlich sehen, besäet sind, daher man diese Vögel
 Argus,
sonst aber
Luen
nennet. Sie sind gelb mit schwarzen Flecken oder Punkten. Das
Gesicht ist roth und am Kopf eine gedoppelte blaue Federhaube, die
rückwärts fällt; um die Augen herum und an der Wurzel des
Schnabels ist er schwarz; der Hinterkopf, die Kehle und der Hals
sind roth, nur ist der Nacken blau. Der Schwanz ist keilförmig und
hat mit den Flügeln einerley Farbe; die zwo mittlern Federn sind sehr
lang und ragen sehr viel über die andern hervor. Der Größe nach
gleicht dieser Vogel einem indianischen Hahn.

Den Napaul
oder
gehörnten Fasan
setzt E d w a r d s unter die Truthühner, weil er um den Kopf fleischige
Auswüchse hat, nennt ihn aber den gehörnten Fasan. Er scheint in
der That dem Fasan näher, als dem Truthahn, anzugehören: denn
diese fleischige Auswüchse sind nichts weniger, als diesem letztern,
eigen, indeme sie der Hahn, das Perlhuhn, der Kasuar und andre
mehr ebenfalls haben. Man findet sie sogar auch an Fasanen: denn
die Haut um die Augen des weißen Fasans bildet in der That einen
gedoppelten Kamm über dem Schnabel und Backenlappen unter
demselben. Ueberdiß ist der Napaul aus dem Klima der Fasanen,
indem ihn M e a d aus Bengalen bekommen hat; er hat auch den
Schnabel, die Füße, die Sporen, die Flügel und die gänzliche Gestalt
des Fasans.
Der Napaul wird ein gehörnter Fasan genannt, weil er in der That
zwey Hörner auf dem Kopfe hat. Diese Hörner sind blau, cylindrisch,
am Ende stumpf, liegen rückwärts und kommen in Absicht auf ihre
Substanz mit schwieligem Fleisch überein. Er hat keinen Zirkel von
rother und zuweilen schwarz punktirter Haut, wie die Fasanen, um
die Augen, sondern dieser ganze Raum ist mit schwarzen Haaren in
Gestalt der Federn besetzt; unter diesem Raum und dem Ursprung
des Unterschnabels nim̄ t eine Art von Kragen, der aus einer
schlappen Haut bestehet, seinen Anfang, welcher hinab fällt und frey
auf der Kehle und dem Obertheil des Halses hängt. Dieser Kragen
ist in der Mitte schwarz, mit Haaren von eben dieser Farbe besäet
und mit mehr oder weniger tiefen Runzeln gefurcht; und es ist
wahrscheinlich, daß ihn der Vogel aufblasen und zusammen ziehen
kann. Die Seitentheile daran sind blau mit einigen orangefärbigen
Flecken und auswärts ohne Haare; die innere Oberfläche aber, die
auf dem Hals anliegt, ist mit kleinen schwarzen Federn, wie der Theil
des Halses, den sie bedecket, besetzt; der Wirbel des Kopfs ist roth;
der Vordertheil des Körpers röthlich; der Hintertheil mehr
schwarzbraun. Ueber den ganzen Körper, Schwanz und Flügel
mitgerechnet, sieht man schwarze weiß eingefaßte Flecken, die
ganz nahe beysammen ziemlich regelmäßig ausgesäet sind. Diese
Flecken sind am Vordertheile rund, am Hintertheil haben sie die
Gestalt der Thränen, und zwar so, daß sich die Spitze gegen den
Kopf kehret. Die Flügel reichen nicht über den Ursprung des
Schwanzes.

Man hat zwar in Amerika keine wahre Fasanen gefunden; unter

der Menge verschiedener Vögel aber, die diese weite Gegenden
bevölkern, siehet man einige, die mehr oder weniger Aehnlichkeit mit
dem Fasan haben. Von diesen nähert sich jedoch

Der Katraka,
oder, wie er sonst genannt wird,
der Fasan von Guiana
demselben am meisten. Er kommt mit ihm, in Absicht auf die Gestalt
überhaupt, auf den ein wenig gebogenen Schnabel, die roth
eingefaßten Augen und den langen Schwanz, überein. Schnabel und
Füße sind roth und der ganze Vogel ist dunkelrothbraun, die Seiten
des Kopfes, welche röthlich sind, und den Bauch, welcher
aschfarben oder schmutzig weiß ist, ausgenommen.
Man weiß von seiner Naturgeschichte zur Zeit noch nichts, und
der Name Katraka wird ihm in Mexiko gegeben.
 Anhang.

Viele Reise- und Naturbeschreiber haben noch andern Vögeln den

Namen der Fasanen gegeben, die aber B ü f f o n nicht dafür erkennen
will, ob sie gleich auf seinen gemalten Platten unter Fasanennamen
vorkommen.
Diese Vögel sind folgende:
1.) Der Fasan von den Antillen
des B r i s s o n , oder der Fasan von der Insel Kayriouacou des d u
Te r t r e , welcher viel längere Beine und einen kürzern Schwanz, als
der Fasan, hat.
2.) Der gekrönte indianische Fasan
des B r i s s o n , welcher sich von dem Fasan durch seine ganze
Gestalt, durch die besondere Bildung des Schnabels, durch seine
Sitten und Gewohnheiten, durch seine längern Flügel und durch
seinen kürzern Schwanz unterscheidet, und, seine Größe
ausgenommen, mehr Aehnlichkeit mit dem Geschlechte der Tauben
zu haben scheint.
3.) Der gehaubte kayennische Fasan,
ein amerikanischer Vogel, den B ü f f o n unter diesem Namen
bekommen hat, der aber von dem Fasan, in Absicht auf die Größe,
die Stellung des Körpers, den langen und dünnen Hals, den kleinen
Kopf, die langen Flügel ⁊c. abzugehen scheinet.
4.) Der Hokkofasan von Guiana,
welcher nichts weniger, als ein Fasan, ist;
 und 5.) alle andere Hokkos von Amerika,
die B r i s s o n , B a r r e r e und andere zu den Fasanen gerechnet haben,
von denen wir aber, so, wie von den vorigen, hier nicht weiter reden
wollen.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
NATURGESCHICHTE DES FASANS ***

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