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Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra E. Hockenbury All Chapter
Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Discovering Psychology 8th Edition by Sandra E. Hockenbury All Chapter
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Sandra E.
Hockenbury is a
science writer who
specializes in
psychology. Sandy
received her B.A. from
Shimer College and her
M.A. from the
University of Chicago,
where she was also a
research associate at the
Institute of Social and
Behavioral Pathology.
Prior to co-authoring
Psychology and Discovering Psychology, Sandy worked for several
years as a psychology editor in both academic and college textbook
publishing. Sandy has also taught as an adjunct faculty member at
Tulsa Community College.
8
remote areas in the Himalayan regions of Nepal and the Tibetan
Plateau.
Susan A. Nolan is
Professor of
Psychology at Seton
Hall University in New
Jersey. Susan
researches the
interpersonal
consequences of mental
illness and the role of
gender in science
careers. Her research
has been funded by the
National Science
Foundation (NSF).
Susan is a past
president of the Eastern
Psychological
Association (EPA) and a Fellow of the EPA, the American
Psychological Association (APA), and the Association for
Psychological Science (APS). She holds an A.B. from the College of
the Holy Cross and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University.
9
for Diversity and International Relations of the Society for the
Teaching of Psychology. She was a 2015–2016 U.S. Fulbright Scholar
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she and her husband have a home.
She is an avid traveler. Susan uses the examples she encounters
through these experiences in the classroom, in this textbook, and in the
statistics textbooks that she co-authors.
10
Brief Contents
To the Instructor
To the Student: Learning from Discovering Psychology
SECTION 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Methods
SECTION 2 PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2 Neuroscience and Behavior
CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception
CHAPTER 4 Consciousness and Its Variations
SECTION 3 BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 5 Learning
CHAPTER 6 Memory
CHAPTER 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
CHAPTER 8 Motivation and Emotion
SECTION 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
CHAPTER 9 Lifespan Development
CHAPTER 10 Personality
SECTION 5 THE PERSON IN SOCIAL CONTEXT
CHAPTER 11 Social Psychology
SECTION 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, DISORDERS,
AND TREATMENT
CHAPTER 12 Stress, Health, and Coping
CHAPTER 13 Psychological Disorders
11
CHAPTER 14 Therapies
APPENDIX A Statistics: Understanding Data
APPENDIX B Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
12
Contents
To the Instructor
To the Student: Learning from Discovering Psychology
13
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
John B. Watson: Behaviorism
Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology
Contemporary Psychology
Major Perspectives in Psychology
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR:
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?
Specialty Areas in Psychology
The Scientific Method
The Steps in the Scientific Method: Systematically Seeking
Answers
Building Theories: Integrating the Findings from Many
Studies
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
What Is a Pseudoscience?
Descriptive Research
Naturalistic Observation: The Science of People- and
Animal-Watching
Case Studies: Details, Details, Details
Surveys: (A) Always (B) Sometimes (C) Never (D) Huh?
Correlational Studies: Looking at Relationships and Making
Predictions: Can Eating Curly Fries Make You Smarter?
Experimental Research
Experimental Design: Studying the Effects of Testing
Experimental Controls
14
Limitations of Experiments and Variations in Experimental
Design
CRITICAL THINKING: How to Think Like a
Scientist
15
Introduction: Neuroscience and Behavior
The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication
Characteristics of the Neuron
Glial Cells
Communication Within the Neuron: The Action Potential
Communication Between Neurons: Bridging the Gap
Neurotransmitters and Their Effects
How Drugs Affect Synaptic Transmission
The Nervous System and the Endocrine System:
Communication Throughout the Body
The Central Nervous System
IN FOCUS: Concussions, Cumulative Impacts,
and CTE
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Endocrine System
A Guided Tour of the Brain
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: Imaging the
Brain
The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis
The Brainstem: Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures
The Forebrain
Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Language and the Left Hemisphere: The Early Work of
Broca and Wernicke
16
CRITICAL THINKING: “His” and “Her”
Brains?
Cutting the Corpus Callosum: The Split Brain
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
Brain Myths
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Maximizing Your Brain’s Potential
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
17
Introduction: What Are Sensation and Perception?
Basic Principles of Sensation
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE:
Subliminal Perception
Perception
18
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Ways
of Seeing: Culture and Top-Down Processes
The Perception of Shape: What Is It?
Depth Perception: How Far Away Is It?
The Perception of Motion: Where Is It Going?
Perceptual Constancies
IN FOCUS: The Dress That Broke the Internet
Perceptual Illusions
The Müller–Lyer Illusion
The Moon Illusion
The Effects of Experience on Perceptual Interpretations
CULTURE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Culture
and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered-
World Hypothesis
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Strategies to Control Pain
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
19
4 Consciousness and Its Variations
PROLOGUE: A Knife in the Dark
Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”
Attention: The Mind’s Spotlight
The Perils of Multitasking
Cycles of Consciousness: Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate
Consciousness
The Dawn of Modern Sleep Research
The Onset of Sleep and Hypnagogic Hallucinations
IN FOCUS: What You Really Want to Know
About Sleep
The First 90 Minutes of Sleep and Beyond
Why Do We Sleep?
20
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Sleep-
Deprived Emotional Brain
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Blocked Breathing During Sleep
Narcolepsy: Blurring the Boundaries Between Sleep and
Wakefulness
The Parasomnias: Undesired Arousal or Actions During
Sleep
Hypnosis
Effects of Hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis: Consciousness Divided?
CRITICAL THINKING: Is Hypnosis a
Special State of Consciousness?
Meditation
Scientific Studies of the Effects of Meditation
Psychoactive Drugs
Common Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
21
FOCUS ON NEUROSCIENCE: The Addicted
Brain: Diminishing Rewards
The Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Tranquilizers
The Opioids: From Poppies to Demerol
The Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and
Cocaine
Psychedelic Drugs: Mescaline, LSD, and Marijuana
Designer “Club” Drugs: Ecstasy and the Dissociative
Anesthetic Drugs
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Overcoming Insomnia
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
22
5 Learning
PROLOGUE: The Killer Attic
Introduction: What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Factors That Affect Conditioning
From Pavlov to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism
Conditioned Emotional Reactions
Other Classically Conditioned Responses
IN FOCUS: Watson, Classical Conditioning, and
Advertising
23
Predispositions to Learn
IN FOCUS: Evolution, Biological Preparedness,
and Conditioned Fears: What Gives You the
Creeps?
24
SCIENCE VERSUS PSEUDOSCIENCE: Do
“Learning Styles” Affect Learning?
Closing Thoughts
Psych for Your Life: Using Learning Principles to Improve
Your Self-Control
Chapter Review
Key People
Key Terms
Concept Map
25
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The diseased areas should then be dressed with some fatty
substance, to soften the crusts and enable them to be removed
without injury.
Dressings are useless unless these crusts have been removed, for
the spores are always in the deepest recesses and in the follicles, so
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Once the skin is cleansed, numerous chemical substances may be
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Amongst them may be mentioned tincture of iodine, oil of cade, 10
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iron. Such drugs, however, must not be used for a long time, as they
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When the patches are small and well defined the following mixture
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Fig. 267.
All the growths are usually removed at one operation; Moussu has
thus taken away 30 lbs. weight without the slightest ill effect. After
the wounds have been washed with an antiseptic, the raw surfaces
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