(eBook PDF) Visual Anatomy &

Physiology, 2nd Edition by Frederic H.

Martini
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-visual-anatomy-physiology-2nd-edition-b
y-frederic-h-martini/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 10th Edition

Frederic H. Martini - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/fundamentals-of-anatomy-
physiology-ebook-pdf/

(Original PDF) Human Anatomy 9th Edition by Frederic H.

Martini

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-human-anatomy-9th-
edition-by-frederic-h-martini/

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 12th Global

Edition Frederic Martini - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/fundamentals-of-anatomy-and-
physiology-12th-global-edition-ebook-pdf/

Visual Anatomy and Physiology 2nd Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/visual-anatomy-and-physiology-2nd-
edition-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) Visual Anatomy & Physiology 3rd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-visual-anatomy-
physiology-3rd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Visual Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, Pig

Version 2nd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-visual-anatomy-
physiology-lab-manual-pig-version-2nd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Visual Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, Cat

Version

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-visual-anatomy-
physiology-lab-manual-cat-version/

(eBook PDF) Laboratory Manual for Anatomy & Physiology

featuring Martini Art, Main Version 6th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-laboratory-manual-for-
anatomy-physiology-featuring-martini-art-main-version-6th-
edition/

(eBook PDF) A Visual Analogy Guide to , Human Anatomy &

Physiology 3rd Edition by Paul A. Krieger

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-visual-analogy-guide-
to-human-anatomy-physiology-3rd-edition-by-paul-a-krieger/
 C H A P T E R 1 1 R E V I E W • neural tissue
New Chapter Reviews
include brand-new narrative Study
Study outline Outlines. Each Study Outline entry
11. ependymal cells are associated with cerebrospinal fluid
begins with the module number
Section 1 • Cellular Organization of the Nervous System
production and circulation. Microglia remove cellular
debris and pathogens. Astrocytes maintain the blood–
and title and then summarizes the
11.1 The nervous system has two divisions: the CNS and PNS
brain barrier.
12. oligodendrocytes help form the myelin sheath that
module content.
p. 395 surrounds axons making up white matter. Gray matter
1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain
and spinal cord. It is responsible for integrating, processing,
is unmyelinated neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and
unmyelinated cell axons.
All-new Chapter Review Questions
and coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the
include comprehensive questions,
11.5 Schwann cells and satellite
neural tissue outside the CNS.
cells are the neuroglia of the such as labeling, true/false, and
3. Receptors detect changes in the internal and external PNS p. 402
environment. The sensory division of the PNS brings
information from receptors to the CNS.
13. Schwann cells form a myelin multiple choice.
sheath around myelinated
4. The motor division of the PNS carries motor commands peripheral axons.
from the CNS to the effectors or target organs.
14. Satellite cells surround cell In the Chapter Integration section,
Schwann cells form
11.2 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular
bodies in ganglia.
15. In the PNS, repair of nerves
a sheath around one or two clinical scenarios are
peripheral axons.
communication p. 396
5. Neurons have three general regions: dendrites that
may follow Wallerian
degeneration, a process
followed by critical thinking
receive stimuli; a cell body that contains the nucleus and
other organelles; and an axon that carries information to
that often fails to restore full
function. questions that help students tie
other cells.
important concepts together.
Chapter Review Questions
Section 2 • Neurophysiology
6. The telodendria of an axon end at axon terminals. Axon
terminals are part of the synapse where the neuron
communicates with another cell.
Labeling
7. Axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles containing 11.6 Neuronal activity depends on changes in membrane
neurotransmitters. potential p. 405
Label the structures in
1 2
16. Membrane potential is the unequal charge distribution
the following diagram.
between the inner and outer surfaces of the plasma
membrane, where there is a slight negative charge inside
the plasma membrane with respect to the outside.
The cell body of a neuron 17. All neural activities begin with a change in the resting
contains most of its potential of the neuron. If localized changes in resting
organelles. potential called graded potentials are sufficient, they can
trigger an action potential.
18. An action potential at the axon terminal causes release
of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic cell and graded
8 potentials in the postsynaptic cell. This entire process is
called synaptic activity.
3
11.7 The resting potential is the membrane potential of an
undisturbed cell p. 406 4
19. Passive leak channels allow the movement of Na+ into 5
the cell, and K+ out of the cell.
7 20. The sodium–potassium exchange pump, an active ATP-
11.3 Neurons are classified on the basis of structure or function requiring process, ejects 3 Na+ for every 2 K+.
p. 398
21. Potassium ion gradients force K+ out of the cell, and
8. The four major anatomical classes of neurons are sodium ion gradients drive Na+ into the cell
anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar. 6
22. The resulting membrane potential for a neuron is
9. Functionally, neurons are classified sensory neurons, approximately –70 mV.
interneurons, or motor neurons.
True/False

11.4 Indicate whether each statement is true11.8

or false.Three types of gated channels change the permeability of
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and the plasma membrane p. 408
microglia are neuroglia of the CNS p. 400
 Somatic sensory receptors monitor internal 23.organs.
Resting potential isstable until the cell is disturbed.
___________________________
10. neuroglia or glial cells support and protect neurons. Chapter Integration • Applying what you have learned
When disturbed, ion permeability changes due to gated
 Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. channels within the  plasma membrane.
___________________________
 Microglia maintain the blood–brain barrier.  ___________________________
Chapter 11 Review • 423

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive,
Schwann cells form the neurilemma. ___________________________
debilitating, demyelinating disease
 The resting membrane potential for a neuron is  ___________________________
near −70 mV. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, debilitating autoimmune
disease in which the body’s immune system attacks myelinated
portions of the central nervous system, leading to demyelination
Matching of affected axons. The disease is so named because scleroses—
also known as scars, plaques, or lesions—form in many
Match each lettered term with the most closely related description.
places within myelinated regions (white matter). The age
at onset is most commonly between 20 and 40 years. The
a. relative refractory period  Produces myelin
causeinofthe
theCNS
disease is unknown, but may involve some  ___________________________

b. voltage-gated channel combination of environmental agents, genetic factors,

 Opens in response  ___________________________
to physical distortion
and viral infections. Common signs and symptoms
c. oligodendrocyte
 A time when a membrane
include partial can
lossrespond
of visiononly
andto a
problems with  ___________________________
d. chemically gated channel larger-than-normal
speech, stimulus
balance, and general motor coordination,
e. mechanically gated channel including
 Opens or closes loss of to
in response bowel and urinary
changes in bladder  ___________________________
f. Schwann cell membrane control.
potentialThe incidence among women is
aboutintwice
 Produces myelin that
the PNS of men. Individuals  ___________________________
g. absolute refractory period
with MS experience unpredictable,
h. astrocyte  A time when a membrane cannot respond  ___________________________
recurrent cycles of deterioration,
to further stimulation
remission, and relapse. There is no
 Maintains the cure for MS, although
blood–brain barrier drugs that  ___________________________
alter the sensitivity or responses
 Opens in response to neurotransmitters  ___________________________
of the immune system can slow
the progression of the disease.
Chapter 11 Review • 
1 Define demyelination.
2 Why would individuals with MS experience generalized motor
coordination dysfunction?
3 Which glial cells would be affected in MS?

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 7 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 Assignable Content
NEW Interactive and Adaptive Capabilities
• Adaptive Follow-up Assignments allow instructors to easily assign personalized content for
each individual student based on strengths and weaknesses identified by his or her performance on
MasteringA&P parent assignments.
• Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more
efficiently than ever before. The flashcard-style modules are available as a self-study tool or can be
assigned by the instructor. They can be easily accessed with smartphones.
• Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet) student
engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors
can assess students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding.

NEW A&P Flix™

Coaching Activities
bring interactivity to these popular 3D movie-
quality animations by asking students to
manipulate the visuals.

Video Tutor
Coaching Activities
instruct and coach students on key A&P
concepts from the book and are accompanied
by questions with video hints and feedback
specific to their misconceptions.

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 8 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 NEW Tough Topic
Coaching Activities
are highly visual, assignable activities designed
to bring interactivity to select two-page
modules in the book. These multi-part activity
items include the ranking and sorting types
that ask students to manipulate the visuals.

Interactive Physiology®
Coaching Activities
help students dive deeper into complex
physiological processes using the Interactive
Physiology tutorial program.

Also Assignable in :
• Art-labeling Activities are drag and drop activities that • PAL 3.0 and assessments
allow students to assess their knowledge of terms and • PhysioEx™ 9.1 and assessments
structures. • Reading Quiz Questions
• Art-based Questions are conceptual questions related to • Chapter Test Questions
art and instruct students with wrong-answer feedback. • Test Bank Questions
• Chemistry Review Activities reinforce chemistry
concepts necessary for an understanding of A&P.

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 9 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 Study Area
includes a Study Area that will help students get ready for tests with its simple
three-step approach. Students can:
1. Take a pre-test and obtain a personalized study plan.
2. Learn and practice with animations, labeling activities, and interactive tutorials.
3. Self-test with quizzes and a chapter practice test.

Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0

is a virtual anatomy study and practice tool that gives students 24/7
access to the most widely used lab specimens, including the human
cadaver, anatomical models, histology, cat, and fetal pig. PAL 3.0 is
easy to use and includes built-in audio pronunciations, rotatable
bones, and simulated fill-in-the-blank lab practical exams.

NEW The PAL 3.0 App lets you access PAL 3.0 on your iPad or
Android tablet. With the pinch-to-zoom feature, images can be
instantly enlarged.

Also Available in the Study Area:

• eText    
• PhysioEx™ 9.1    
• Video Tutors

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 10 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 A&P Flix™
are 3D movie-quality animations with self-paced
tutorials and gradable quizzes that help students
master the toughest topics in A&P:
• NEW Protein Synthesis
• Membrane Transport
• DNA Replication
• Mitosis
• NEW Endochondral Ossification
• Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
• The Cross Bridge Cycle
• Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Resting Membrane Potential
• Generation of an Action Potential
• Propagation of an Action Potential
• NEW The Stretch Reflex
• NEW The Mechanism of Hormone Action:
Second Messenger cAMP
• Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Innervations
Over 60 animations on this topic
• Group Muscle Actions and Joints
Over 50 animations on this topic

Interactive Physiology® (IP)

helps students understand the hardest part of A&P:
physiology. Fun, interactive tutorials, games, and
quizzes give students additional explanations to
help them grasp difficult concepts.
Modules:
• Muscular System
• Nervous System I
• Nervous System II
• Cardiovascular System
• Respiratory System
• Urinary System
• Fluids & Electrolytes
• Endocrine System
• Digestive System
• Immune System

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 11 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 Support for Instructors

by Lori K. Garrett
MyReadinessTest for A&P is a powerful online system
that gets students prepared before their course starts.
It assesses students’ proficiency in study skills and
foundational science and math concepts and provides
coaching in core areas where students need additional
practice and review. It offers:
• Student online access upon registration for
their course
• Diagnostic Test and Cumulative Test based
on learning outcomes from the widely used A&P
primer, Get Ready for A&P
• Personalized Study Plan based on student’s
test results that includes practice questions with
Tutorials
• Flexible Testing that allows instructors to edit
the Diagnostic Test or implement their own
placement test or exit exam
• Gradebook that automatically records students’
test results

Instructor Resource DVD (IRDVD)

with Lecture Outlines by Betsy Brantley and Clicker Questions and Quiz Shows
by Samuel Schwarzlose
978-0-321-95143-4 / 0-321-95143-3
The IRDVD organizes all instructor media resources by chapter into one
convenient and easy-to-use package. Highlights include:
• Customizable PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations that combine lecture
notes, figures, tables, and links to animations
• All figures from the book in JPEG format and PowerPoint® slides (with
editable labels and without) plus figures from Martini’s Atlas of the
Human Body and A&P Applications Manual
• Another set of JPEGs from the book featuring unlabeled figures with
leader lines for quick and easy quizzing
• Clicker Questions in PowerPoint® that check comprehension
• Quiz Show Questions in PowerPoint® that encourage student interaction
• A&P Flix™ 3D movie-quality animations on tough topics
• A&P Flix™ Clicker Questions in PowerPoint®
• Interactive Physiology® 10-System Suite (IP-10) Exercise Sheets and
Answer Key
• Bone and Dissection Videos
• Test Bank in TestGen® and Microsoft Word® formats
• Instructor’s Manual in Microsoft Word® format
• Transparency Acetate masters for all figures and tables
• The IRDVD for Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 12 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 eText with
Whiteboard Mode
The Visual Anatomy & Physiology eText comes
with Whiteboard Mode, allowing instructors
to use the eText for dynamic classroom
presentations. Instructors can show one-
page or two-page views from the book, zoom
in or out to focus on select topics, and use
the Whiteboard Mode to point to structures,
circle parts of a process, trace pathways, and
customize their presentations.
Instructors can also add notes to guide
students, upload documents, and share their
custom-enhanced eText with the whole class.
Instructors can find the eText with Whiteboard
Mode on MasteringA&P.

Instructor’s Manual Printed Test Bank

by Jeff Schinske
978-0-321-96256-0 /
0-321-96256-7
This useful resource includes
a wealth of materials to help
instructors organize their
lectures, such as lecture ideas,
visual analogies, suggested
classroom demonstrations,
vocabulary aids, applications,
and common student
misconceptions/problems.
by Alexander G. Cheroske and
Jason LaPres
978-0-321-96268-3 /
0-321-96268-0
The test bank of more than
3,000 questions tied to the
Learning Outcomes in each
chapter helps instructors
design a variety of tests and
quizzes. The test bank includes
text-based and art-based
questions. This supplement is
the print version of TestGen®
that is in the IRDVD package.

main Version Visual Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual

by Stephen N. Sarikas

u
978-0-321-92854-2 / 0-321-92854-7
The Visual Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual
brings all of the strengths of the revolutionary
Visual Anatomy & Physiology book to the lab.
anatomy & physiology This lab manual combines a visual approach
with a modular organization to maximize
a learning. The lab practice consists of hands-
on activities in the lab manual and assignable
Stephen n. SArikAS
content in MasteringA&P. Main, Cat, and Pig
versions are available.

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 13 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 Support for Students
eText
includes an eText. Students can access their textbook wherever and whenever
they are online. eText pages look exactly like the printed text yet offer additional functionality.
Students can:
• Create notes.
• Highlight text in different colors.
• Create bookmarks.
• Zoom in and out.
• View in single-page or two-page view.
• Click hyperlinked words and phrases to view definitions.
• Link directly to relevant animations.
• Search quickly and easily for specific content.

View animations
from within the eText.

Easily access definitions of key words.

Highlight text and make notes.

FPO

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 14 11/12/13 4:35 AM

 Every item can be packaged with the main student text.
Get Ready for A&P Student Worksheets for Visual
by Lori K. Garrett Anatomy & Physiology
978-0-321-81336-7 / by Frederic H. Martini, William C. Ober,
0-321-81336-7 Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew,
and Kevin Petti
This book and online component
were created to help students 978-0-321-95631-6 / 0-321-95631-1
be better prepared for their A&P This booklet contains all of the Section
course. Features include pre-tests, Review pages from the book for
guided explanations followed by students who would prefer to mark
interactive quizzes and exercises, their answers on separate pages rather
and end-of-chapter cumulative tests. than in the book itself.
Also available in the Study Area of
MasteringA&P.

Martini’s Atlas of the A&P Applications Manual

Human Body by Frederic H. Martini and
by Frederic H. Martini Kathleen Welch
978-0-321-94072-8 / 978-0-321-94973-8 / 0-321-94973-0
0-321-94072-5 This manual contains extensive
The Atlas offers an abundant collection discussions on clinical topics and
MARTINI’S of anatomy photographs, radiology disorders to help students apply the

ATL AS
of the human body
scans, and embryology summaries,
helping students visualize structures
and become familiar with the types of
concepts of anatomy and physiology
to daily life and their future health
professions.
images seen in a clinical setting.

9.1 uPDate 9.1 uPDate

9.1
PhysioEx™ 9.1 Update

Zao
Stabler
Smith
PhysioEx 9.1 is easy-to-use laboratory simulation software that consists of 12 exercises
containing 63 physiology lab activities. It can be used as a supplement to or substitute for lokuta
wet labs. PhysioEx allows you to repeat labs as often as you like, perform experiments without
harming live animals, and conduct experiments that are difficult to perform in a wet lab
environment because of time, cost, or safety concerns. GriFF
Version 9.1 features input data variability, allowing students to change variables and test
Zao • Stabler • Smith • lokuta • griff

various hypotheses for the experiments.

eXerCiSeS PhysioEx 9.1

1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability 7: Respiratory System Mechanics is a software update of 9.0,
2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology 8: Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion
3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses 9: Renal System Physiology
featuring new input
4: Endocrine System Physiology 10: Acid-Base Balance data variability.
5: Cardiovascular Dynamics 11: Blood Analysis
6: Cardiovascular Physiology 12: Serological Testing

SyStem requirementS
Windows®
• Windows XP, Vista™, Windows 7, WIndows 8
• 1024 x 768 screen resolution
• Firefox 13.0, 15.0, 16.0, Internet
Explorer 7.0, 8.0 (Windows XP),
9.0 (Windows 7), or Chrome 23.0
• Latest version of Adobe® Flash® Player
9.1
Macintosh®
• Mac OS 10.6, 10.7, 10.8
• 1024 x 768 screen resolution
• Firefox 13.0, 15.0, 16.0, Safari 5.0
(Mac OS 10.6, 10.7), 6.0 (Mac OS 10.8),
or Chrome 23.0
• Latest version of Adobe® Flash® Player

www.pearshonhighered.com
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90712-7
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN-10: 0-321-90712-4
9 0 0 0 0

9 780321 907127

Interactive Physiology® 10-System
Suite (IP-10) CD-ROM
978-0-131-36275-8 /
0-131-36275-5
IP-10 helps students understand the hard-
est part of A&P: physiology. Fun, interactive
tutorials, games, and quizzes give students
additional explanations to help them grasp
difficult physiological concepts.
Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 PhysioEx™ 9.1 Laboratory
DVD Simulations in Physiology
by Ruth Heisler, Nora Hebert, Jett Chinn, by Peter Zao, Timothy Stabler, Lori A. Smith,
Karen Krabbenhoft, and Olga Malakhova Andrew Lokuta, and Edwin Griff
978-0-321-68211-6 / 0-321-68211-4 978-0-321-92964-8 / 0-321-92964-0
PAL 3.0 is an indispensable virtual anatomy This easy-to-use laboratory simulation
study and practice tool that gives students software and lab manual consists of 12
24/7 access to the most widely used lab exercises containing 63 physiology lab
specimens, including the human cadaver, activities that can be used to supplement or
anatomical models, histology, cat, and fetal substitute wet labs safely and cost-effectively.
pig. Now with input data variability.
Also available: PAL 3.0 Lab Guide
978-0-321-84025-7 / 0-321-84025-9

A00_MARTFAP8949_02_VWT.indd 15 11/12/13 4:35 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 Quick Reference Table of Contents

Body System Chapter

Foundations 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 2

2 Chemical Level of Organization 42
3 Cellular Level of Organization 86
4 Tissue Level of Organization 134
The Integumentary System 5 The Integumentary System 174
The Skeletal System 6 Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure 202
7 The Skeleton 232
8 Joints 280
The Muscular System 9 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 306
10 The Muscular System 342
The Nervous System 11 Neural Tissue 394
12 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes 428
13 The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Sensory and Motor Pathways 462
14 The Autonomic Nervous System 508
15 The Special Senses 536
The Endocrine System 16 The Endocrine System 586
The Cardiovascular System 17 Blood 622
18 Blood Vessels and Circulation 650
19 The Heart and Cardiovascular Function 684
The Lymphatic System 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 740
The Respiratory System 21 The Respiratory System 786
The Digestive System 22 The Digestive System 828
23 Metabolism and Energetics 882
The Urinary System 24 The Urinary System 922
25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 962
The Reproductive System 26 The Reproductive System 988
27 Development and Inheritance 1026

CVR_MART8949_02_SE_IFC.indd 2 12/5/13 2:46 PM

 True Text-Art Integration

aanatomy
atom &
pphys
ys oology
ogy
2ndedition

Martini / Ober / nath / barthOlOMew / Petti

CVR_MART8949_02_SE_IFC.indd 3 12/5/13 2:46 PM

This page intentionally left blank
 anatomy &
physiology
Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D.
University of Hawaii at Manoa
edition

William C. Ober, M.D.

Washington and Lee University

Judi L. Nath, Ph.D.

Lourdes University, Sylvania, Ohio

Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S.

Kevin Petti, Ph.D.
San Diego Miramar College

Claire E. Ober, R.N.

Illustrator

Kathleen Welch, M.D.

Clinical Consultant

Ralph T. Hutchings
Biomedical Photographer

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

A01_MART8949_02_SE_FM.indd 1 12/10/13 4:59 PM

 Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Copyeditor: Michael Rossa
Associate Project Editor: Lisa Damerel Design Manager: Mark Ong
Assistant Editor: Cady Owens Interior Designer: Gibson Design Associates
Editorial Assistant: Sharon Kim Cover Designer: tani hasegawa
Director of Development: Barbara Yien Art House: Precision Graphics
Development Editor: Molly Ward Contributing Illustrators: imagineeringart.com;
Managing Editor: Mike Early Anita Impagliazzo
Assistant Managing Editor: Nancy Tabor Photo Permissions Management: Bill Smith Group
Director of Digital Product Development: Lauren Fogel Photo Researchers: Stefanie Ramsay; Luke Malone; Cordes Hoffman
Executive Content Producer: Liz Winer Associate Director of Image Management: Travis Amos
Senior Content Producer: Aimee Pavy Senior Procurement Specialist: Stacey Weinberger
Production Management and Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
Services, Inc. Senior Marketing Manager: Allison Rona

Cover Photo Credit: Alexander Yakovlev/Shutterstock

Credits and acknowledgments for materials borrowed from other sources and
reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page C-1.

Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the
publisher of this volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and
compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless,
it is difficult to ensure that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The
authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence,
directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this volume.

Copyright © 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the
United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should
be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit
a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave.,
Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was
aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

MasteringA&P®, A&P Flix™, Practice Anatomy Lab ™ (PAL™), and Interactive Physiology®are
trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Martini, Frederic, author.
Visual anatomy & physiology / Frederic H. Martini, William C. Ober, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F.
Bartholomew, Kevin Petti, Claire E. Ober; illustrator, Kathleen Welch. — Second edition.
   p.; cm.
Visual anatomy and physiology
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-91894-9
ISBN-10: 0-321-91894-0
I. Title. II. Title: Visual anatomy and physiology.
[DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiological Phenomena. QS 4]
QP31.2
612—dc23
2013036685

ISBN 10: 0-321-91894-0 (Student edition)

ISBN 13: 978-0-321-91894-9 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-95132-8 (Instructor’s Review Copy)
ISBN 13: 978-0-321-95132-8 (Instructor’s Review Copy)

www.pearsonhighered.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—RRW—17 16 15 14 13

A01_MART8949_02_SE_FM.indd 2 12/10/13 4:59 PM

 To my son, PK, for convincing me it was time to
look at teaching and learning in new ways, and
to the A&P students and instructors who helped
shape the resulting text.

— Ric Martini

To my sons, Todd and Carl, whose warmth and

humor have enriched my life in countless ways.

— Bill Ober

To my students and students everywhere, who make

writing textbooks worthwhile. And, as always and in
all ways, to my husband, Mike.

— Judi Nath

To my daughters Ivy and Kate, grandchildren Awley,

Rhyan, Finna, and Raya, and former students, who
have given me the opportunity to touch the future.

— Ed Bartholomew

To Coreen, my bride of over 25 years, and to Olivia

and Dominic, the light of my life.

— Kevin Petti

A01_MART8949_02_SE_FM.indd 3 12/10/13 4:59 PM

 About the Authors
Frederic (Ric) H. Martini, Ph.D.
Author
Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in comparative and functional anatomy for work
on the pathophysiology of stress. In addition to professional publications that include journal articles and
contributed chapters, technical reports, and magazine articles, he is the lead author of ten undergraduate
texts on anatomy and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is currently affiliated with the University of
Hawaii at Manoa and has a long-standing bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, a joint venture
between Cornell University and the University of New Hampshire. He has been active in the Human
Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) for over 20 years and was a member of the committee that
established the course curriculum guidelines for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus of HAPS after
serving as President-Elect, President, and Past President over 2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member of
the American Physiological Society, the American Association of Anatomists, the Society for Integrative
and Comparative Biology, the Australia/New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Hawaii
Academy of Science, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the International
Society of Vertebrate Morphologists.

Judi L. Nath, Ph.D.

Author
Dr. Judi Nath is a biology professor at Lourdes University, where she teaches anatomy and physiology,
pathophysiology, and medical terminology. She received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from Bowling
Green State University and her Ph.D. from the University of Toledo. Dr. Nath is devoted to her students and
strives to convey the intricacies of science in captivating ways that are meaningful, interactive, and exciting.
She has won the Faculty Excellence Award—an accolade recognizing effective teaching, scholarship, and
community service—multiple times. She is active in many professional organizations, notably the Human
Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), where she has served several terms on the board of directors.
Dr. Nath is a coauthor of Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology,
and Anatomy & Physiology (all published by Pearson), and she is the sole author of Using Medical Terminology.
Her favorite charities are those that have significantly affected her life, including the local Humane Society,
the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and the ALS Association. On a personal note, Dr. Nath enjoys family life with
her husband and their dogs.

Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S.

Author
Edwin F. Bartholomew received his undergraduate degree from Bowling Green State University in Ohio and
his M.S. from the University of Hawaii. Mr. Bartholomew has taught human anatomy and physiology at both
the secondary and undergraduate levels and a wide variety of other science courses (from botany to zoology)
at Maui Community College and at historic Lahainaluna High School, the oldest high school west of the
Rockies. He is a coauthor of Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Visual
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Structure and Function of the Human Body, and The Human Body in Health
and Disease (all published by Pearson). Mr. Bartholomew is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology
Society (HAPS), the National Association of Biology Teachers, the National Science Teachers Association, the
Hawaii Science Teachers Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Kevin Petti, Ph.D.

Author
Dr. Petti is a professor at San Diego Miramar College. He teaches courses in human anatomy and
physiology, human dissection, and health education. He is a President Emeritus of the Human Anatomy
and Physiology Society (HAPS) and holds a Ph.D. from the University of San Diego. Dr. Petti believes that
weaving art and culture into the fabric of an anatomy class is an effective educational tool. This approach
is well received by his students and allows them to acquire an interdisciplinary perspective. As a dual U.S./
Italian citizen, he regularly leads excursions to Italy, the fountainhead of the Renaissance as well as modern
anatomical studies, to consider the relationship between art and science. Touring university museums in
Rome, Florence, Bologna, and Padua, his visits explore dissection theaters and wax anatomical models that
date back hundreds of years. Dr. Petti is often invited to speak at conferences and universities about the
rich heritage of anatomy as a science and its influence on medicine, art, and the humanities.

iv

A01_MART8949_02_SE_FM.indd 4 12/10/13 4:59 PM

 William C. Ober, M.D.
Author and Illustrator
Dr. Ober received his undergraduate degree from Washington and Lee University and
his M.D. from the University of Virginia. He also studied in the Department of Art as
Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. After graduation, Dr. Ober completed a
residency in Family Practice and later was on the faculty at the University of Virginia in the
Department of Family Medicine and in the Department of Sports Medicine. He also served
as Chief of Medicine of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, VA. He is currently a
Visiting Professor of Biology at Washington and Lee University, where he has taught several
courses and led student trips to the Galápagos Islands. He was on the Core Faculty at Shoals
Marine Laboratory for 24 years, where he taught Biological Illustration every summer.
Dr. Ober has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his textbooks in every edition.

Claire E. Ober, R.N.

Illustrator
Claire E. Ober, R.N., B.A., practiced family, pediatric, and obstetric nursing before turning
to medical illustration as a full-time career. She returned to school at Mary Baldwin
College, where she received her degree with distinction in studio art. Following a five-year
apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s partner in Medical & Scientific Illustration
since 1986. She was on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught the
Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober for 24 years. The textbooks illustrated by
Medical & Scientific Illustration have won numerous design and illustration awards.

Kathleen Welch, M.D.

Clinical Consultant
Dr. Welch received her B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, her M.D. from the
University of Washington in Seattle, and did her residency in Family Practice at the University
of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Participating in the Seattle WWAMI rural medical education
program, she studied in Fairbanks, Anchorage, and Juneau, Alaska, with time in Boise, Idaho,
and Anacortes, Washington, as well. For two years, she served as Director of Maternal and
Child Health at the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in American Samoa and subsequently was
a member of the Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser Permanente Clinic in Lahaina,
Hawaii, and on the staff at Maui Memorial Hospital. She has been in private practice since
1987 and is licensed to practice in Hawaii and Washington State. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the
American Academy of Family Practice and a member of the Maui County Medical Society and
the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has coauthored
both a textbook on anatomy and physiology and the A&P Applications Manual. She and
Dr. Martini were married in 1979, and they have one son.

Ralph T. Hutchings
Biomedical Photographer
Mr. Hutchings was associated with Royal College of Surgeons for 20 years. An engineer
by training, he has focused for years on photographing the structure of the human body.
The result has been a series of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of Human Anatomy,
the Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy, and The Human Skeleton (all published by Mosby-
Yearbook Publishing). For his anatomical portrayal of the human body, the International
Photographers Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings as the best photographer of humans
in the twentieth century. He lives in North London, where he tries to balance the demands
of his photographic assignments with his hobbies of early motor cars and airplanes.

About the Authors • v

A01_MART8949_02_SE_FM.indd 5 12/11/13 3:50 AM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.