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 BRIEF CONTENTS
PART 3 Europe in Transition, 1300–1750
13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 385
14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 417
15 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century 449
16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion 481

PART 4 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850

17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought 512
18 The French Revolution 550
19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism 584
20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832) 616
21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850) 646

PART 5 Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939

22 The Age of Nation-States 685
23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I 715
24 The Birth of Modern European Thought 751
25 The Age of Western Imperialism 782
26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 827
27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression 865

PART 6 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2012

28 World War II 898
29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe 936
30 Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present 982

vii
 CONTENTS
Documents xvii
Maps xx
Preface xxi Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking 390
About the Authors xxvii
What Is the Western Heritage? xxix
A Closer LOOK VERSAILLES 397
C O M P A R E The Debate over the Origin and
A N D
C O N N E C T Character of Political Authority 400
PART 3
Europe in Transition, 1300–1750

14 New Directions in Thought and

Culture in the Sixteenth and
13 European State Consolidation
Seventeenth Centuries 417
in the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries 385 The Scientific Revolution 418
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline 386 Earth-Centered Universe 418
Urban Prosperity 386 Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
Economic Decline 387 Make New Scientific Observations 419
Two Models of European Political Development 388 Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe
of Mathematical Laws 421
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws
in Stuart England 388 of Gravitation 422
James I 388
Charles I 391 Philosophy Responds to Changing Science 423
The Long Parliament and Civil War 391 Nature as Mechanism 423
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic 392 Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method 423
Charles II and the Restoration René Descartes: The Method
of the Monarchy 392 of Rational Deduction 425
The “Glorious Revolution” 394 Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute
The Age of Walpole 395 Government 426
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: and Toleration 427
The World of Louis XIV 395
Years of Personal Rule 396 The New Institutions of Expanding Natural
Versailles 396 Knowledge 429
King by Divine Right 398 Women in the World of the
Louis’s Early Wars 398 Scientific Revolution 432
Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies 399
Louis’s Later Wars 403 The New Science and Religious Faith 433
France After Louis XIV 403 The Case of Galileo 434
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith 435
Central and Eastern Europe 406 The English Approach to Science
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority 407 and Religion 439
The Habsburg Empire and the
Pragmatic Sanction 407 Continuing Superstition 440
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns 409 Witch Hunts and Panic 440
Village Origins 440
Russia Enters the European Political Arena 411 Influence of the Clergy 440
The Romanov Dynasty 411 Who Were the Witches? 441
Peter the Great 411 End of the Witch Hunts 444
Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great
Northern War 412 Baroque Art 444
In Perspective 414 In Perspective 446
Key Terms 415 Key Terms 446
Review Questions 415 Review Questions 446
Suggested Readings 415 Suggested Readings 447
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 416 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 447
viii
 CONTENTS ■ ix

A Closer LOOK THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS 431 Water, Washing, and Bathing 474
C O M P A R E
A N D
Descartes and Swift Debate
C O N N E C T the Scientific Enterprise 436
16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade
Midwives 443 Wars, and Colonial Rebellion 481
Periods of European Overseas Empires 482
15 Society and Economy Under the Old Mercantile Empires 483
Mercantilist Goals 484
Regime in the Eighteenth Century 449 French–British Rivalry 484
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime 450 The Spanish Colonial System 485
Maintenance of Tradition 450 Colonial Government 485
Hierarchy and Privilege 450 Trade Regulation 485
Colonial Reform under the Spanish
The Aristocracy 451 Bourbon Monarchs 485
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege 451
Aristocratic Resurgence 453 Black African Slavery, the Plantation System,
and the Atlantic Economy 486
The Land and Its Tillers 453
The African Presence in the
Peasants and Serfs 453
Americas 489
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside:
Slavery and the Transatlantic
The English Game Laws 455
Economy 490
Family Structures and the Family Economy 455 The Experience of Slavery 493
Households 456
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars 497
The Family Economy 457
The War of Jenkins’s Ear 498
Women and the Family Economy 458
The War of the Austrian Succession
Children and the World of the Family Economy 458
(1740–1748) 498
The Revolution in Agriculture 459 The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 499
New Crops and New Methods 460 The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) 499
Expansion of the Population 461
The American Revolution and Europe 501
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Resistance to the Imperial Search
Century 464 for Revenue 501
A Revolution in Consumption 464 The Crisis and Independence 502
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain 465 American Political Ideas 503
New Methods of Textile Production 466 Events in Great Britain 504
The Steam Engine 467 Broader Impact of the American Revolution 506
Iron Production 468
In Perspective 506
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial
Revolutions on Working Women 469 Key Terms 507
The Growth of Cities 470 Review Questions 507
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization 470 Suggested Readings 507
Urban Classes 472
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 508
The Urban Riot 475
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto 476
In Perspective 478
Sugar Enters the Western Diet 491
Key Terms 478
Review Questions 478
A Closer LOOK A SUGAR PLANTATION IN
Suggested Readings 479 THE WEST INDIES 492
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 479
C O M P A R E
A N D
C O N N E C T
The Atlantic Passage 494
A Closer LOOK AN ARISTOCRATIC COUPLE 452

C O M P A R E
Two Eighteenth-Century Writers THE WEST THE WORLD The Columbian Exchange:
A N D
C O N N E C T
Contemplate the Effects of Different Disease, Animals,
Economic Structures 462 and Agriculture 509
x ■ CONTENTS

PART 4 18 The French Revolution 550

Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850
The Crisis of the French Monarchy 551
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes 551
Necker’s Report 552
17 The Age of Enlightenment: Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly
of Notables 552
Eighteenth-Century Thought 512 Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General 553
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment 513 The Revolution of 1789 553
The Emergence of a Print Culture 514 The Estates General Becomes
the National Assembly 553
The Philosophes 515
Fall of the Bastille 556
Philosophes and Patrons 516
The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 557
The Enlightenment and Religion 518 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 557
Deism 518 The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles 559
Toleration 519
The Reconstruction of France 560
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity 519
Political Reorganization 561
The Limits of Toleration 520
Economic Policy 561
The Jewish Enlightenment 522
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy 563
The Enlightenment and Society 523 Counterrevolutionary Activity 563
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution 567
Improvement 523
Emergence of the Jacobins 567
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law 523
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes 568
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom 524
Adam Smith on Economic Growth Europe at War with the Revolution 569
and Social Progress 524 Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution 569
Suppression of Reform in Britain 570
Political Thought of the Philosophes 526
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland,
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws 526
1793, 1795 570
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society 527
Enlightened Critics of European Empires 528 The Reign of Terror 572
War with Europe 572
Women in the Thought and Practice
The Republic Defended 572
of the Enlightenment 529 The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles Justification of Terror 575
in Eighteenth-Century Art 532 Repression of the Society of Revolutionary
Enlightened Absolutism 538 Republican Women 575
Frederick the Great of Prussia 539 De-Christianization 576
Joseph II of Austria 540 Revolutionary Tribunals 576
Catherine the Great of Russia 544 The End of the Terror 577
The Partitions of Poland 546 The Thermidorian Reaction 578
The End of the Eighteenth Century Establishment of the Directory 580
in Central and Eastern Europe 547 Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life 580
In Perspective 547 In Perspective 582
Key Terms 547 Key Terms 582
Review Questions 547 Review Questions 582
Suggested Readings 548 Suggested Readings 582
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 549 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 583

A Closer LOOK CHALLENGING THE FRENCH

Coffeehouses and Enlightenment 517 POLITICAL ORDER 558
C O M P A R E The Declaration of the Rights of Man
A Closer LOOK AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY A N D
C O N N E C T and Citizen Opens the Door for
ARTIST APPEALS TO THE
Disadvantaged Groups to Demand
ANCIENT WORLD 537
Equal Civic Rights 564
C O M P A R E
A N D
Maria Theresa and Joseph II
C O N N E C T of Austria Debate Toleration 542 The Metric System 566
 CONTENTS ■ xi

19 The Age of Napoleon and the C O M P A R E

A N D
The Experience of War in the
Triumph of Romanticism 584 C O N N E C T Napoleonic Age 596

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte 585

Early Military Victories 585
The Constitution of the Year VIII 586 20 The Conservative Order and the
The Consulate in France (1799–1804) 586 Challenges of Reform (1815–1832) 616
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and
The Conservative Order 617
Domestic Opposition 586
The Congress System 617
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church 587
The Domestic Political Order 617
The Napoleonic Code 588
Conservative Outlooks 617
Establishing a Dynasty 588
The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism 618
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 588
Nationalism 618
Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814) 590 Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism 622
Conquering an Empire 590 Classical Economics 624
The Continental System 592 Relationship of Liberalism to Nationalism 625
European Response to the Empire 592 Conservative Restoration in Europe 625
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform 593 Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted
The Wars of Liberation 595 in Austria and the Germanies 625
The Invasion of Russia 598 Postwar Repression in Great Britain 627
European Coalition 598 Bourbon Restoration in France 631
The Congress of Vienna and the European The Spanish Revolution of 1820 632
Settlement 599 The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe 632
Territorial Adjustments 599 Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans 633
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance 600 Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 634
The Romantic Movement 602 Revolution in France (1830) 636
Belgium Becomes Independent (1830) 638
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) 638
of Reason 603
Rousseau and Education 603 The Wars of Independence in Latin America 640
Kant and Reason 603 Wars of Independence on the South American
Continent 640
Romantic Literature 604 Independence in New Spain 643
English Romantic Writers 604 Brazilian Independence 643
The German Romantic Writers 606
In Perspective 643
Romantic Art 606
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism 607 Key Terms 644
Nature and the Sublime 608 Review Questions 644
Religion in the Romantic Period 609 Suggested Readings 644
Methodism 609 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 645
New Directions in Continental Religion 610
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History 610
Herder and Culture 610 C O M P A R E Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the
A N D
Hegel and History 611 C O N N E C T Political Principles of Nationalism 620
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism 611
In Perspective 613
Gymnastics and German Nationalism 628
Key Terms 613
Review Questions 614 A Closer LOOK AN UNSUCCESSFUL MILITARY
Suggested Readings 614 COUP IN RUSSIA 635
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 614

21 Economic Advance and Social

A Closer LOOK THE CORONATION Unrest (1830–1850) 646
OF NAPOLEON 589
Toward an Industrial Society 647
Population and Migration 647
Sailors and Canned Food 594 Railways 648
xii ■ CONTENTS

The Labor Force 650 Cavour’s Policy 690

The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force 650 The New Italian State 693
Working-Class Political Action: The Example German Unification 696
of British Chartism 651 Bismarck 697
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution 654 The Franco-Prussian War and the German
The Family in the Early Factory System 654 Empire (1870–1871) 699
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution 656 France: From Liberal Empire to the
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment 656 Third Republic 700
Changing Expectations in the The Paris Commune 700
Working-Class Marriage 657 The Third Republic 701
Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty 658 The Habsburg Empire 701
New Police Forces 660 Formation of the Dual Monarchy 703
Prison Reform 661 Unrest of Nationalities 703
Government Policies Based on Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings 705
Classical Economics 661 Reforms of Alexander II 705
Early Socialism 662 Revolutionaries 706
Utopian Socialism 662 Great Britain: Toward Democracy 707
Anarchism 664 The Second Reform Act (1867) 707
Marxism 664 Gladstone’s Great Ministry
1848: Year of Revolutions 666 (1868–1874) 709
France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon 668 Disraeli in Office (1874–1880) 709
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted 671 The Irish Question 711
Italy: Republicanism Defeated 673 In Perspective 712
The German Confederation: Liberalism Frustrated 674
Key Term 712
In Perspective 676
Review Questions 712
Key Terms 676
Suggested Readings 712
Review Questions 677
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 713
Suggested Readings 677
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 677
A Closer LOOK THE SUEZ CANAL 689
C O M P A R E
A N D
Nineteenth-Century Nationalism:
The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland 649 C O N N E C T Two Sides 694
C O M P A R E Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate
A N D
C O N N E C T the Conditions of Factory Production 652
The Arrival of Penny Postage 710
A Closer LOOK THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN
LONDON 655
23 The Building of European Supremacy:
Society and Politics to World War I 715
THE WEST THE WORLD The Abolition of Slavery
in the Transatlantic Population Trends and Migration 716
Economy 679
The Second Industrial Revolution 716
New Industries 716
Economic Difficulties 719
PART 5
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy 719
Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939
Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes 719
Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life 722
The Redesign of Cities 723
22 The Age of Nation-States 685 Urban Sanitation 724
Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values 725
The Crimean War (1853–1856) 686
Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results 687 Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century
Women’s Experiences 727
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire 688 Women’s Social Disabilities 727
Italian Unification 690 New Employment Patterns for Women 729
Romantic Republicans 690 Working-Class Women 730
 C ONTENTS ■ xiii

Poverty and Prostitution 730 Retreat from Rationalism in Politics 770

Women of the Middle Class 731 Racism 771
The Rise of Political Feminism 733 Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism 773
Jewish Emancipation 736 Women and Modern Thought 775
Differing Degrees of Citizenship 736 Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought 775
Broadened Opportunities 736 New Directions in Feminism 776
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I 737 In Perspective 779
Trade Unionism 737 Key Terms 779
Democracy and Political Parties 738
Karl Marx and the First International 738 Review Questions 779
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Suggested Readings 780
Welfare Programs 739
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 780
France: “Opportunism” Rejected 739
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism 740
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth
of Bolshevism 741 The Birth of Science Fiction 754
In Perspective 748 C O M P A R E
A N D The Debate over Social Darwinism 756
Key Terms 748 C O N N E C T

Review Questions 748 A Closer LOOK POPULAR RELIGION AND

Suggested Readings 749 PILGRIMAGE 760
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 749

25 The Age of Western Imperialism 782

Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport 721 The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization 783
C O M P A R E Bernstein and Lenin Debate the The Age of British Imperial Dominance 784
A N D
C O N N E C T Tactics of European Socialism 744 The Imperialism of Free Trade 784
British Settler Colonies 785
A Closer LOOK BLOODY SUNDAY,
India—The Jewel in the Crown
ST. PETERSBURG, 1905 747
of the British Empire 785
The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914 790
Motives for the New Imperialism 791
24 The Birth of Modern
The Partition of Africa 796
European Thought 751 Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya 796
The New Reading Public 752 Egypt and British Strategic Concern
Advances in Primary Education 752 about the Upper Nile 796
Reading Material for the Mass Audience 752 West Africa 799
The Belgian Congo 801
Science at Midcentury 752 German Empire in Africa 802
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science 753 Southern Africa 803
New Theories of Evolution: Lamarck, Lyell,
Darwin, Wallace 753 Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia 805
Science and Ethics: Social Darwinism 755 Western Powers in Asia 806
Christianity and the Church Under Siege 755 France in Asia 806
Intellectual Skepticism 755 The United States’ Actions in Asia,
Conflict Between Church and State 758 the Pacific, and Latin America 807
Areas of Religious Revival 759 The Boxer Rebellion 808
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World 759 Tools of Imperialism 810
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century Steamboats 810
European Thought 759 Conquest of Tropical Diseases 810
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind 761 Firearms 810
Science: The Revolution in Physics 761 The Missionary Factor 812
Literature: Realism and Naturalism 763 Missionary Movements 812
Modernism in Literature 764 Tensions Between Missionaries and
The Coming of Modern Art 765 Imperial Administrators 813
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason 768 Missionaries and Indigenous
The Birth of Psychoanalysis 769 Religious Movements 815
xiv ■ CONTENTS

Science and Imperialism 815 C O M P A R E

Botany 816 A N D The Outbreak of World War I 838
C O N N E C T
Zoology 817
Medicine 817 A Closer LOOK THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Anthropology 817 THE ARMORED TANK 845
In Perspective 818
Key Terms 819 War Propaganda and the Movies:
Review Questions 819 Charlie Chaplin 856
Suggested Readings 820
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 821
27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge
of Dictators and Depression 865
A Closer LOOK THE FRENCH IN MOROCCO 793
After Versailles: Demands for Revision
C O M P A R E Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth-
A N D and Enforcement 866
C O N N E C T Century Imperial Expansion 794
Toward the Great Depression in Europe 867
Financial Tailspin 867
Submarine Cables 811 Problems in Agricultural Commodities 868
Depression and Government Policy
in Britain and France 868
THE WEST THE WORLD Imperialism: Ancient
The Soviet Experiment 869
and Modern 822 War Communism 869
The New Economic Policy 870
The Third International 871
Stalin versus Trotsky 872
26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 827 The Decision for Rapid Industrialization 872
The Collectivization of Agriculture 873
Emergence of the German Empire and the
The Purges 875
Alliance Systems (1873–1890) 828
Bismarck’s Leadership 828 The Fascist Experiment in Italy 876
Forging the Triple Entente The Rise of Mussolini 877
(1890–1907) 830 The Fascists in Power 879
World War I 832 German Democracy and Dictatorship 879
The Road to War (1908–1914) 832 The Weimar Republic 879
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War Depression and Political Deadlock 884
(June–August 1914) 834 Hitler Comes to Power 885
Strategies and Stalemate: Hitler’s Consolidation of Power 887
1914–1917 837 Anti-Semitism and the Police State 888
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women 888
The Russian Revolution 847 Nazi Economic Policy 889
The Provisional Government 847
Lenin and the Bolsheviks 848 Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe 893
The Communist Dictatorship 850 Economic and Ethnic Pressures 893
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule 893
The End of World War I 851 Czechoslovakia: A Viable
Germany’s Last Offensive 851 Democratic Experiment 894
The Armistice 852 Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism 894
The End of the Ottoman Empire 852 Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation 894
The Settlement at Paris 854 Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships 894
Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced 855 In Perspective 895
The Peace 857
World War I and Colonial Empires 859 Key Terms 895
Evaluating the Peace 860 Review Questions 895
In Perspective 861 Suggested Readings 896
Key Terms 862 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 897
Review Questions 862
Suggested Readings 862
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 863 Cinema of the Political Left and Right 886
 CONTENTS ■ xv

C O M P A R E
A N D
The Soviets and the Nazis Confront A Closer LOOK THE VICHY REGIME IN FRANCE 927
C O N N E C T the Issues of Women and the Family 890

A Closer LOOK THE NAZI PARTY RALLY 892

29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization,
and the Emergence of a New Europe 936
PART 6
Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2012 The Emergence of the Cold War 937
Containment in American Foreign Policy 938
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 940
28 World War II 898 The Postwar Division of Germany 940
NATO and the Warsaw Pact 941
Again the Road to War (1933–1939) 899 The Creation of the State of Israel 941
Hitler’s Goals 899 The Korean War 945
Italy Attacks Ethiopia 899 The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union 946
Remilitarization of the Rhineland 900 Khrushchev’s Domestic Policies 946
The Spanish Civil War 900 The Three Crises of 1956 947
Austria and Czechoslovakia 901
Later Cold War Confrontations 948
Munich 903
The Berlin Wall 949
The Nazi–Soviet Pact 907
The Cuban Missile Crisis 949
World War II (1939–1945) 907 The Brezhnev Era 949
The German Conquest of Europe 907
1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia 949
The Battle of Britain 908
The United States and Détente 950
The German Attack on Russia 909
The Invasion of Afghanistan 951
Hitler’s Plans for Europe 911
Communism and Solidarity in Poland 952
Japan and the United States Enter the War 911
Relations with the Reagan Administration 952
The Tide Turns 912
The Defeat of Nazi Germany 916 Decolonization: The European Retreat
Fall of the Japanese Empire 917 from Empire 952
The Cost of War 919 Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal 954
India 954
Racism and the Holocaust 919
Further British Retreat from Empire 955
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community 920
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars 920 The Turmoil of French Decolonization 956
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland 921 France and Algeria 957
Explanations of the Holocaust 922 France and Vietnam 958
Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War 958
The Domestic Fronts 924
Direct United States Involvement 959
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat 925
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance 926 The Collapse of European Communism 960
Great Britain: Organization for Victory 928 Gorbachev Attempts to Reform
The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” 929 the Soviet Union 960
1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe 963
Preparations for Peace 930
The Collapse of the Soviet Union 964
The Atlantic Charter 930
The Yeltsin Decade 969
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front 930
Yalta 932 The Collapse of Yugoslavia
Potsdam 932 and Civil War 970
In Perspective 933 Putin and the Resurgence of Russia 971
Key Terms 934 The Rise of Radical Political Islamism 974
Review Questions 934 Arab Nationalism 974
The Iranian Revolution 975
Suggested Readings 934 Afghanistan and Radical Islamism 975
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 935 A Transformed West 976
In Perspective 978
C O M P A R E
A N D
C O N N E C T
The Munich Settlement 904 Key Terms 979
Review Questions 979
Rosie the Riveter and American Women Suggested Readings 979
in the War Effort 915 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 980
xvi ■ CONTENTS

The Christian Heritage 1003

C O M P A R E
A N D The Soviet Union and the United States Neo-Orthodoxy 1003
C O N N E C T
Draw the Lines of the Cold War 942 Liberal Theology 1003
Roman Catholic Reform 1004
Late-Twentieth-Century Technology:
Rock Music and Political Protest 962
The Arrival of the Computer 1005
The Demand for Calculating Machines 1005
A Closer LOOK COLLAPSE OF THE
Early Computer Technology 1005
BERLIN WALL 967
The Development of Desktop Computers 1006
The Challenges of European Unification 1007
Postwar Cooperation 1007
30 Social, Cultural, and Economic The European Economic Community 1007
Challenges in the West through The European Union 1007
the Present 982 Discord over the Union 1008
New American Leadership and Financial Crisis 1009
The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples 983 European Debt Crisis 1011
Displacement Through War 983
External and Internal Migration 983
In Perspective 1012
The New Muslim Population 984 Key Terms 1012
European Population Trends 985 Review Questions 1012
Toward a Welfare State Society 988 Suggested Readings 1013
Christian Democratic Parties 988
The Creation of Welfare States 988 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 1013
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State 989
New Patterns in Work and Expectations C O M P A R E
A N D
Muslim Women Debate France’s Ban
of Women 990 C O N N E C T on the Veil 986
Feminism 990
More Married Women in the Workforce 991
New Work Patterns 991
Women in the New Eastern Europe 993
Toys from Europe Conquer the United States 998
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture 993 A Closer LOOK NAMELESS LIBRARY, VIENNA 1002
Communism and Western Europe 993
Existentialism 994
Expansion of the University Population
and Student Rebellion 995 THE WEST THE WORLD Energy and the
The Americanization of Europe 997 Modern World 1015
A Consumer Society 997
Environmentalism 997
Art Since World War II 999 Glossary G-1
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War 1001 Index I-1
 DOCUMENTS
CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 16
Jan van Linschoten on Dutch Business Jean Baptiste Colbert, “Mercantilism:
in the Indian Ocean 387 Dissertation on Alliances” 484
Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn *Buccaneers Prowl the High Seas 488
from the Very Words of the Holy Scripture 388 “A Defense of the Slave Trade” July 1740 497
James I on the Divine Right of Kings (1598) 388 *Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” 503
*King James I Defends Popular Recreation The Declaration of Independence 503
against the Puritans 389
*An Account of the Execution of Charles I 393 CHAPTER 17
Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, Memoires 396
Immanuel Kant Defines the Enlightenment,
*Louis XIV Revokes the Edict of Nantes 404
1784 513
*The Great Elector Welcomes Protestant
Denis Diderot, Preliminary Discourse
Refugees from France 410
from The Encyclopedia (France), 1751 514
*Peter the Great Tells His Son to Acquire
Voltaire, on Social Conditions
Military Skills 414
in Eighteenth-Century France 515
Voltaire, Letters on England 516
CHAPTER 14 Voltaire, “On Universal Toleration” 519
Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolution Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters:
of the Heavenly Spheres (1500s) 419 (a) on Constantinople; (b) on Smallpox;
Galileo, “Third Letter on Sunspots” (c) on Vaccination in Turkey 519
(Italian States), 1612 421 *Du Châtelet Explains Happiness Scientifically 521
Isaac Newton, from Opticks 422 Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments 524
The Novum Organum (1620) 423 *Adam Smith Calls for Government Action
Rene Descartes, The Discourse on Method 425 to Support the Education of the Poor 525
Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan 426 Baron de Montesquieu, Excerpt from The Spirit
John Locke, Essay Concerning of the Laws 526
Human Understanding 429 *Denis Diderot Condemns European Empires 530
*Margaret Cavendish Questions the Fascination Mary Wollstonecraft, Introduction to
with Scientific Instruments 434 A Vindicaction of the Rights of Woman 532
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess *Rousseau Argues for Separate Spheres for Men
Christina (1630s) 435 and Women 533
*Galileo Discusses the Relationship of Science Mary Wolllstonecraft Criticizes Rousseau’s View
to the Bible 438 of Women 534
*Man: A Mean Between Nothing and Everything 439 Catherine the Great, “Instructions
*Why More Women Than Men Are Witches 442 for a New Law Code” 545

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 18
De Staël on the Ancien Regime (1789) 450 Petition of Women of the Third Estate 553
Voltaire, on Social Conditions Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, What Is the
in Eighteenth-Century France 453 Third Estate? 553
The Marquis de Mirabeau, The Friend of Men, French Peasants, Cahiers de doléances
or Treatise on Population, 1756 453 (Grievances) (France), 1789 554
*Manchester’s Calico Printers Protest the Use *The Third Estate of a French City Petitions
of New Machinery 467 the King 555
James Watt on Steam Engines (mid to late 1700s) 468 *The National Assembly Decrees Civic Equality
Richard Guest, The Creation of the Steam Loom 468 in France 560
*Priscilla Wakefield Demands More Occupations Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights
for Women 471 of Woman and the Female Citizen 561
Jacques-Louis Menetra, Journal of My Life 473 *Burke Denounces the Extreme Measures of the
*Belorussian Jews Petition Catherine the Great 477 French Revolution 571

*Documents preceded by an asterisk appear in the printed book. Documents without asterisks are referenced throughout the text
by title and are available at MyHistoryLab.com.

xvii
xviii ■ DOCUMENTS

The National Convention, Law on Suspects Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings
(1793), and Law of 22 Prairial Year II (1794) 572 of Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805–1872 673
*A Nation at Arms 573 *A Czech Nationalist Defends the Austrian
*The Paris Jacobin Club Alerts the Nation Empire 674
to Internal Enemies of the Revolution 574
Maximilien Robespierre, “Speech to National CHAPTER 22
Convention: The Terror Justified” 575
An Ottoman Government Decree Defines
*The Convention Establishes the Worship
the Official Notion of the “Modern” Citizen,
of the Supreme Being 579
June 19, 1870 688
A Letter from Bismarck (1866) 698
CHAPTER 19 Fustel de Coulanges, Letter to German
Madame de Remusat on the Rise Historian Theodor Mommsen, 1870 700
of Napoleon 585 *Mark Twain Describes the Austrian Parliament 702
Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Emancipation Manifesto (1861) 705
Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 586 *The People’s Will Issues a Revolutionary
*Napoleon Announces His Seizure of Power 587 Manifesto 708
Charles Parquin, “Napoleon’s Army” 591
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, “Arming CHAPTER 23
the Nation” 593
Napoleon’s Exile to St. Helena (1815) 600 *Praise and Concerns Regarding Railway Travel 720
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile 603 *Paris Department Stores Expand Their Business 722
*Madame de Staël Describes the New Romantic Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor
Literature of Germany 605 Law Commissioners 725
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Prometheus, 1773 606 *A Doctor Learns How to Prevent
*Mary Shelley Remembers the Birth Childbed Fever 726
of a Monster 607 Adelheid Popp, “Finding Work: Women
*Hegel Explains the Role of Great Men Factory Workers” 730
in History 612 George Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren’s Profession 731
The Rubaiyat (11th c. C.E.) Omar Khayyam 612 John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women 733
“Freedom or Death” (1913) Emmeline
Pankhurst 734
CHAPTER 20 *Emmeline Pankhurst Defends Militant
*John Stuart Mill Advocates Independence 623 Suffragette Tactics 735
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 624 Socialism: The Gotha Program (1875) 740
Laws of Population Growth (1798) Malthus 625 M. I. Pokzovskaya, Working Conditions
David Ricardo, Excerpt from Principles of Women in the Factories 741
of Political Economy and Taxation 625
*The German Confederation Issues CHAPTER 24
the Carlsbad Decrees 629
Auguste Comte, “Course of Positive Philosophy”
The Plan of Iguala 643
(France), 1830–1842 753
Origin of Species, Charles Darwin (1859) 753
CHAPTER 21 Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism,
Chartist Movement: The People’s Petition from The Data of Ethics (1857) 755
of 1838 651 Matthew Arnold, Excerpt from Dover Beach 755
British Parliament, “Inquiry: Child Labor” 656 Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum (Of New
Industrial Society and Factory Conditions Things), 1891 759
(early 1800s) 657 Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, “Lecture
*Women Industrial Workers Explain Their on Teaching and Learning” 761
Economic Situation 659 *Leo XIII Considers the Social Question
Leon Faucher, “Prison Rules” 661 in European Politics 762
Robert Owen, Excerpt from Address Werner Heisenberg, “Uncertainty” (Germany),
to the Workers of New Lanark, 1816 663 1927 762
Capitalism Challenged: The Communist Emile Zola, Nana 763
Manifesto (1848) 665 Henrik Ibsen, from A Doll’s House, Act Three 764
*Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Describe John Maynard Keynes, from The End
the Class Struggle 667 of Laissez-Faire 764
Metternich on the Revolutions of 1848 672 Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil 768
 DOCUMENTS ■ xix

*Émile Zola Accuses the Enemies of Dreyfus Heinrich Hauser, “With Germany’s
of Self-Interest and Illegal Actions 772 Unemployed” 880
*Herzl Advocates Jewish Nationalism 774 *Hitler Denounces the Versailles Treaty 882
Ellen Key, from The Century of the Child 776 Adolf Hitler, Excerpt from Mein Kampf 882
Virginia Woolf, from A Room of One’s Own Heinrich Himmler, “Speech to SS Officers” 888
(Great Britain), 1929 777 Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, “Speech to the Nazi
*Virginia Woolf Urges Women to Write 778 Women’s Organization” (Germany), 1935 889

CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 28
Letter to Queen Victoria (1839) Lin Zexu 785 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 899
*A Chinese Official Appeals to Queen Victoria Speech to Spaniards (1936) Francisco Franco 900
to Halt the Opium Trade 786 *Winston Churchill Warns of the Effects of the
Dadabhai Naoroji, The Benefits of British Rule Munich Agreement 906
in India, 1871 787 Adolf Hitler, “The Obersalzberg Speech” 906
The Indian Revolt (1857) 788 Marc Bloch, from Strange Defeat 908
Amrita Lal Roy, English Rule in India, 1886 788 Winston Churchill, “Their Finest Hour”
*Gandhi Questions the Value of English (Great Britain), 1940 909
Civilization 789 An Eyewitness to Hiroshima (1945) 918
Karl Pearson, “Social Darwinism and *Mass Murder at Belsen 922
Imperialism” 791 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill,
Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage “The Atlantic Charter” 930
of Capitalism 791
Arthur James Balfour, “Problems with Which CHAPTER 29
We Have to Deal in Egypt,” 1910 792
Joseph Stalin, Excerpts from the “Soviet Victory”
*Winston Churchill Reports on the Power of
Speech, 1946 938
Modern Weaponry against an African Army 800
Winston Churchill, from the Iron Curtain
Carl Peters, “A Manifesto for German
Speech, 1946 938
Colonization” 802
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Speech on the Suez Canal
*General von Trotha Demands that the Herero
(Egypt), 1956 947
People Leave Their Land 804
*Khrushchev Denounces the Crimes of Stalin:
*The Russian Foreign Minister Explains
The Secret Speech 948
the Imperatives of Expansion in Asia 807
*Gandhi Explains His Doctrine of Nonviolence 956
Frantz Fanon, from The Wretched of the Earth 958
CHAPTER 26 Mikhail Gorbachev on the Need for Economic
Borijove Jevtic, The Murder of Archduke Franz Reform (1987) 961
Ferdinand at Sarajevo (28 June 1919) 834 *Vladimir Putin Outlines a Vision
*The Austrian Ambassador Gets a “Blank of the Russian Future 973
Check” from the Kaiser 836 Statement from Chancellor Schröder
Bolshevik Seizure of Power, 1917 848 on the Iraq Crisis 977
*The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution 849
*An Eyewitness Account of the Bolsheviks’ CHAPTER 30
Seizure of Power 850
Justin Vaisse, from “Veiled Meaning”
Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918) 852
(France) 2004 984
The Covenant of the League of Nations 857
Jörg Haider, from The Freedom I Mean
(Austria), 1995 985
CHAPTER 27 *Simone de Beauvoir Urges Economic
Irish National Identity: (a) Irish Declaration of Freedom for Women 992
Independence; (b) Ulster’s Solemn League and *Sartre Discusses His Existentialism 996
Covenant; (c) Eamon de Valera, radio broadcast 869 Towards a Green Europe, Towards a Green World 997
*John Maynard Keynes Calls for Government *Voices from Chernobyl 1000
Investment to Create Employment 870 Pope John Paul II, from Centesimus Annus 1004
Joseph Stalin, Five Year Plan 873 A Common Market and European
Benito Mussolini, “The Political and Social Integration (1960) 1007
Doctrine of Fascism” 877 Treaty on European Union, 1992 1008
*Mussolini Heaps Contempt on Political *An English Business Editor Calls for Europe
Liberalism 878 to Take Charge of Its Economic Future 1010
 MAPS
13–1 The First Three Wars of Louis XIV 399 26–2 The Schlieffen Plan of 1905 842
13–2 Europe in 1714 405 26–3 World War I in Europe 843
13–3 The Austrian Habsburg Empire, 26–4 The Western Front, 1914–1918 844
1521–1772 408 26–5 World War I Peace Settlement in
13–4 Expansion of Brandenburg-Prussia 409 Europe and the Middle East 858
16–1 Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 487 27–1 Germany’s Western Frontier 883
16–2 The Slave Trade, 1400–1860 493 28–1 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 901
16–3 North America in 1763 502 28–2 Partitions of Czechoslovakia and
17–1 Expansion of Russia, 1689–1796 545 Poland, 1938–1939 903
17–2 Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, and 1795 546 28–3 Axis Europe, 1941 910
18–1 French Provinces and the Republic 562 28–4 North African Campaigns, 1942–1945 913
19–1 The Continental System, 1806–1810 593 28–5 Defeat of the Axis in Europe, 1942–1945 914
19–2 Napoleonic Europe in Late 1812 599 28–6 World War II in the Pacific 918
19–3 The German States after 1815 601 28–7 The Holocaust 920
19–4 Europe 1815, after the Congress 28–8 Yalta to the Surrender 932
of Vienna 602 29–1 Territorial Changes in Europe
20–1 Centers of Revolution, 1820–1831 633 After World War II 938
20–2 Latin America in 1830 641 29–2 Occupied Germany and Austria 941
21–1 European Railroads in 1850 648 29–3 Major Cold War European
21–2 Centers of Revolution in 1848–1849 668 Alliance Systems 944
22–1 The Crimean War 686 29–4 Israel and Its Neighbors in 1949 945
22–2 The Unification of Italy 692 29–5 Korea, 1950–1953 946
22–3 The Unification of Germany 696 29–6 Decolonization Since World War II 953
23–1 Patterns of Global Migration, 29–7 Vietnam and Its Southeast Asian
1840–1900 717 Neighbors 961
23–2 European Industrialization, 1860–1913 718 29–8 The Borders of Germany in the
25–1 British India, 1820 and 1856 787 Twentieth Century 965
25–2 Imperial Expansion in Africa to 1880 797 29–9 The Commonwealth of Independent
25–3 Partition of Africa, 1880–1914 798 States 968
25–4 Asia, 1880–1914 809 30–1 The Growth of the European Union 1008
26–1 The Balkans, 1912–1913 834

xx
 PREFACE
T
he years since the publication of the Tenth Edi-
tion of The Western Heritage have produced sig-
nificant changes that present new and serious
challenges to the West and the rest of the world. The
most striking of these changes is in the economy. In
2008, a serious financial crisis produced a deep recession
that diminished the widespread economic growth and
prosperity of the West and much of the world and threat-
ened to produce the political instability that usually
accompanies economic upheaval. By 2012, the European
Union, long an economic powerhouse, felt the threat to
its currency and the solvency of its weaker members.
The United States also suffered a severe setback, and the
recovery from its recession was the slowest in decades.
There seems to be little agreement as to solutions to the
problem within or among the nations of the West and
even less willingness to make the sacrifices that might
be necessary.
In the realms of international relations and politics,
the United States and its European friends and allies
pursued mixed policies. The war in Iraq, which some
had thought lost, took a sharp turn in 2008 when the
Americans changed their approach, that was popularly
called “the surge,” introducing a sharply increased mili-
tary force and a new counter-insurgence strategy. It was
so successful that the Western allies chose to withdraw
their combat troops and leave the remaining fighting to
the new Iraqi government. With fewer troops and a less
clear commitment the Americans undertook a similar
“surge” using a similar plan in Afghanistan. The effort
met with considerable success, but the prospect of con-
tinued fighting and diminishing support by the engaged
Western powers left the future of their efforts to clear
the region of terrorist bases uncertain.
New challenges arose in still another area involving
important Western interests: the Middle East. Insurrec-
tions against well-established autocracies in Libya and
Egypt drew support in different degrees from members
of NATO. Both nations succeeded in removing dicta-
torial rulers, but the character of the new regimes and
their relationship with the West remains uncertain.
The authors of this volume continue to believe that
the heritage of Western civilization remains a major
point of departure for understanding and defining the
challenges of our time. The spread of its interests and
influence throughout the world has made the West a
crucial part of the world’s economy and a major player
on the international scene. This book aims to introduce
its readers to the Western heritage so that they may be
better-informed and more culturally sensitive citizens
of the increasingly troubled and challenging global age.
Since The Western Heritage first appeared, we have
sought to provide our readers with a work that does jus-
tice to the richness and variety of Western civilization
and its many complexities. We hope that such an under-
standing of the West will foster lively debate about its
character, values, institutions, and global influence.
Indeed, we believe such a critical outlook on their own
culture has characterized the peoples of the West since
the dawn of history. Through such debates we define
ourselves and the values of our culture. Consequently,
we welcome the debate and hope that The Western Heri-
tage, Eleventh Edition, can help foster an informed dis-
cussion through its history of the West’s strengths and
weaknesses and the controversies surrounding Western
history. To further that debate, we have included an
introductory essay entitled “What Is the Western Heri-
tage?” to introduce students to the concept of the West
and to allow instructors and students to have a point
of departure for debating this concept in their course of
study.
We also believe that any book addressing the expe-
rience of the West must also look beyond its histori-
cal European borders. Students reading this book come
from a wide variety of cultures and experiences. They
live in a world of highly interconnected economies
and instant communication between cultures. In this
emerging multicultural society it seems both appropri-
ate and necessary to recognize how Western civilization
has throughout its history interacted with other cul-
tures, both influencing and being influenced by them.
For this reason, there is a chapter that focuses on the
nineteenth-century European age of imperialism. Fur-
ther examples of Western interaction with other parts
of the world, such as with Islam, appear throughout the
text. To further highlight the theme of cultural interac-
tion, The Western Heritage includes a series of compara-
tive essays, “The West & the World.”
In this edition as in past editions, our goal has been
to present Western civilization fairly, accurately, and
in a way that does justice to this great, diverse legacy
of human enterprise. History has many facets, no sin-
gle one of which can alone account for the others. Any
attempt to tell the story of the West from a single over-
arching perspective, no matter how timely, is bound
to neglect or suppress some important parts of this
story. Like all other authors of introductory texts, we
have had to make choices, but we have attempted to
provide the broadest possible introduction to Western
civilization.
▼ Goals of the Text
Our primary goal has been to present a strong, clear, nar-
rative account of the central developments in Western
history. We have also sought to call attention to certain
critical themes:
xxi
xxii ■ PREFACE
s The capacity of Western civilization, from the time of
the Greeks to the present, to transform itself through
self-criticism.
s The development in the West of political freedom,
constitutional government, and concern for the rule
of law and individual rights.
s The shifting relations among religion, society, and the
state.
s The development of science and technology and
their expanding impact on Western thought, social
institutions, and everyday life.
s The major religious and intellectual currents that
have shaped Western culture.
We believe that these themes have been fundamental
in Western civilization, shaping the past and exerting a
continuing influence on the present.
Flexible Presentation The Western Heritage, Elev-
enth Edition, is designed to accommodate a variety of
approaches to a course in Western civilization, allowing
instructors to stress what is most important to them.
Some instructors will ask students to read all the chap-
ters. Others will select among them to reinforce assigned
readings and lectures. We believe the documents as well
as the “Encountering the Past” and “A Closer Look” fea-
tures may also be adopted selectively by instructors for
purposes of classroom presentation and debate and as the
basis for short written assignments.
Integrated Social, Cultural, and Political History The
Western Heritage provides one of the richest accounts of
the social history of the West available today, with strong
coverage of family life, the changing roles of women, and
the place of the family in relation to broader economic,
political, and social developments. This coverage reflects
the explosive growth in social historical research in the
past half-century, which has enriched virtually all areas
of historical study.
We have also been told repeatedly by instructors that
no matter what their own historical specialization, they
believe that a political narrative gives students an effec-
tive tool to begin to understand the past. Consequently,
we have sought to integrate such a strong political narra-
tive with our treatment of the social, cultural, and intel-
lectual factors in Western history.
We also believe that religious faith and religious
institutions have been fundamental to the development
of the West. No other survey text presents so full an
account of the religious and intellectual development
of the West. People may be political and social beings,
but they are also reasoning and spiritual beings. What
they think and believe are among the most important
things we can know about them. Their ideas about God,
society, law, gender, human nature, and the physical
world have changed over the centuries and continue to
change. We cannot fully grasp our own approach to the
world without understanding the religious and intel-
lectual currents of the past and how they have influ-
enced our thoughts and conceptual categories. We seek
to recognize the impact of religion in the expansion of
the West, including the settlement of the Americas in
the sixteenth century and the role of missionaries in
nineteenth-century Western imperialism.
Clarity and Accessibility Good narrative history
requires clear, vigorous prose. As with earlier editions,
we have paid careful attention to our writing, subjecting
every paragraph to critical scrutiny. Our goal has been to
make the history of the West accessible to students with-
out compromising vocabulary or conceptual level. We
hope this effort will benefit both instructors and students.
▼ The Eleventh Edition
New to This Edition
s This edition is closely tied to the innovative website,
the New MyHistoryLab, which helps you save time
and improve results as you study history (www
.myhistorylab.com). MyHistoryLab icons connect
the main narrative in each chapter of the book to a
powerful array of MyHistoryLab resources, including
primary source documents, analytical video segments,
interactive maps, and more. A MyHistoryLab Media
Assignments feature now appears at the end of each
chapter, capping off the study resources for the
chapter. The New MyHistoryLab also includes both
eBook and Audio Book versions of The Western
Heritage, Eleventh Edition, so that you can read or
listen to your textbook any time you have access to
the Internet.
s New with this Eleventh Edition: The Western Heritage
now uses the latest release of the New MyHistoryLab,
which offers the most advanced Study Plan ever.
You get personalized Study Plans for each chapter,
with content arranged from less complex thinking—
like remembering facts—to more complex critical
thinking—like understanding connections in history
and analyzing primary sources. Assessments and
learning applications in the Study Plan link you
directly to The Western Heritage eBook for reading
and review.
s For the Eleventh Edition, the authors welcome Alison
Frank, professor of history at Harvard University.
Alison Frank is interested in transnational approaches
to the history of Central and Eastern Europe, partic-
ularly the Habsburg Empire and its successor states in
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Other interests
include the Eastern Alps, the Mediterranean slave trade,
and environmental history.

Here are just some of the changes that can be found
in the Eleventh Edition of The Western Heritage:
Chapter 13
s New Document: An Account of the Execution of
Charles I
Chapter 14
s New Document: Man: A Mean between Nothing and
Everything
Chapter 16
s Expanded coverage of slavery and racism as well as the
wars of the mid-eighteenth century.
s New Document: Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Chapter 17
s Extensive new coverage of Enlightenment attitudes
toward Islam and a new discussion of Immanuel Kant
and his ideas.
s Expanded coverage of the philosophes, particularly in
regard to patronage.
s Revised discussion of the Jewish Enlightenment.
s New Document: Du Châtelet Explains Happiness
Scientifically
Chapter 18
s New coverage of U.S. attitudes toward the French
Revolution.
s Expanded coverage of taxation by the monarchy,
particularly in regard to its impact on peasants.
s New Closer Look feature focusing on a late eighteenth-
century cartoon satirizing the French social and
political structure
s New Document: A Nation at Arms
Chapter 19
s Coverage of the Haitian Revolution was moved from
Chapter 20 to Chapter 19 in the new edition.
s A new discussion of Mary Godwin Shelley.
s Expanded coverage of the Romantic movement and its
origins, with a particular focus on writers of the period,
and expanded coverage of British naval supremacy as
evidenced during the Battle of Trafalgar.
s New Documents: Napoleon Announces His Seizure of
Power, Mary Shelley Remembers the Birth of a Mon-
ster, A Polish Legionnaire Recalls Guerilla Warfare in
Spain [part of the Compare & Connect feature]
Chapter 20
s The entire chapter has been completely reorganized to
create a more logical sequence of topics.
s Coverage of Classical Economics was moved from
Chapter 21 to Chapter 20 in the new edition.
s New coverage of the relationship of nationalism to
liberalism.
PREFACE ■ xxiii
s New Document: John Stuart Mill Advocates Inde-
pendence
s New Closer Look feature focusing on the painting
titled The Insurrection of the Decembrists at Senate
Square, St. Petersburg on 14th December, 1825, by
Karl Kolman
Chapter 21
s Expanded coverage of the revolutions that occurred in
1848 and of nationalist movements.
s New Document: A Czech Nationalist Defends the
Austrian Empire
Chapter 22
s Expanded coverage of the aftermath of the Crimean
War and of Italian and German unification, and greatly
expanded coverage of the Habsburg Empire.
s New Map of Crimea has been added to the chapter
s New Map showing nationalities within the Habsburg
Empire has been added to the chapter
s New Document: Mark Twain Describes the Austrian
Parliament
s New Closer Look feature focusing on a painting by
Albert Rieger titled The Suez Canal
Chapter 23
s New subsection on the influence of the British Suf-
frage movement abroad, particularly in the United
States.
s Expanded coverage of women and gender.
s New Documents: Praise and Concerns Regarding Rail-
way Travel, A Doctor Learns How to Prevent Childbed
Fever
Chapter 24
s Darwin’s significance in regard to thought about evo-
lution and natural selection is placed within a more
realistic context by emphasizing predecessors and
contemporaries that arrived at similar conclusions.
s Expanded coverage of the Kulturkampf in Germany.
s Coverage of the Dreyfus Affair was moved from
Chapter 22 to Chapter 24 in the new edition.
s New Document: Herzl Advocates Jewish Nationalism
s New Closer Look feature examining the 19th century
revival in popular religiosity, and in particular in the
practice of pilgrimage
Chapter 25
s New section on women’s involvement in missionary
activity.
s Expanded coverage of the Berlin Conference and of
U.S. efforts to acquire the rights to build and control
the Panama Canal.
s New Document: Gandhi Questions the Value of English
Civilization
xxiv ■ PREFACE

Chapter 26 English transliterations of Arabic words. For example,

today Koran has been replaced by the more accurate
s Greatly expanded coverage of World War I, inclu-
Qur’an; similarly Muhammad is preferable to Moham-
ding new military technology used during the war,
med and Muslim to Moslem.
increased opportunities for women on the home front,
and increased government involvement in domestic
economies to address shortages and inflation.
s New Document: The Austrian Ambassador Gets a ▼ Ancillary Instructional Materials
“Blank Check” from the Kaiser Instructors using this text can visit the Instructor’s
Chapter 27 Resource Center online at www.pearsonhighered.com/
irc in order to downoad text-specific materials, such
s New Document: Hitler Denounces the Versailles as the Instructor’s Resource Manual, Test Item File,
Treaty MyTest, and PowerPoint™ presentations.
Chapter 28
s Greatly expanded coverage of the domestic front dur-
ing World War II, particularly regarding government
involvement in private affairs.
s New Document: Winston Churchill Warns of the
Effects of the Munich Agreement
Chapter 29
s Expanded coverage of the ideological differences be-
tween the Soviet Union and the United States that
formed the basis of the Cold War.
Chapter 30
s New section on the European debt crisis.
s Increased focus on women throughout the chapter.
s Greater emphasis on social issues after 1991. ▼ Acknowledgments
s Updated and expanded coverage of European population
trends. We are grateful to the scholars and instructors whose
s New Document: Voices from Chernobyl thoughtful and often detailed comments helped shape
s New Compare & Connect feature: Muslim Women this revision: Patricia Behre, Fairfield University; Hans
Debate France’s Ban on the Veil—Mona Eltahawy Broedel, University of North Dakota; Dorothea Browder,
Argues Women’s Rights Trump Cultural Relativism Western Kentucky University; Edward Cade, Lakeland
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looks upon me as a luxury-loving young aristocrat, in need of constant
mortification. I don’t know what it was exactly that made me change—it was partly,
I think, the silence, and partly, I know, the Divine Office. At the end of my visit I
knew that Office as the great work of prayer, and Thunders Abbey as just part of
that heart of prayer which keeps the world alive. And, dear, I knew that my place
was in that heart. I can’t describe to you exactly what I felt—and I wouldn’t if I
could. But you’re a Catholic, so you won’t think I’m talking nonsense when I say
that I feel I belong there, or, in plainer language, that I have a vocation. You don’t
believe that vocations come only to priggish maidens and pious youth, but much
more often to ordinary healthy, outdoor people like you and me. Of course I know
that even you will think (as Father Luce and the Father Superior have thought) that
my vocation may possibly be another name for disappointment in love. I’ve
thought it myself, but I don’t believe it. Anyhow it’s at last been settled that I’m
going to be allowed to try. As soon as I’ve finished at Gillingham’s I shall go. You
know the Community, of course. It’s an order for work among the poor, and has
houses in London, Birmingham and Leeds. At Thunders Abbey there’s a big farm
for drunkards, epileptics, idiots, and other pleasant company. I’d be useful there,
as they’ve just started motor traction, but I don’t know where they’ll send me. Of
course I may come out again; but I don’t think so. One knows a sure thing, Stella,
and I never felt so sure about anything as about this—and it’s all the more
convincing, because I went in without a thought of it. I expect you will be
tremendously surprised, but I know you won’t write trying to dissuade me, and
telling me all the good I could do outside by letting out taxis for hire and things like
that. You dear! I feel I owe everything to you—including this new thing which is so
joyful and so terrifying. For I’m frightened a bit—I’m not just going in because I
like it—I don’t know if I do. And yet I’m happy.
“Don’t say a word to anyone, except your father. I must wait till the time is ripe
to break the news to my family, and then, I assure you, the excitement will be
intense. But I felt I must write and tell you as soon as I knew definitely they’d let
me come and try, because you are at the bottom of it all—I don’t mean as a
disappointment in love, but as the friend who first showed me the beauty of this
faith which makes such demands on us. Stella, I’m glad you brought me to the faith
before I’d had time to waste much of myself. It’s lovely to think that I can give Him
all my grown-up life. I can never pay you back for what you’ve done, but I can come
nearest to it by taking my love for you into this new life. My love for you isn’t going
to die, but it’s going to become a part of prayer.
“May I come and see you next Sunday? I thought I would write and tell you
about things first, for now you know you won’t feel there are any embarrassments
or regrets between us. Dear Stella, I think of you such a lot, and I’m afraid you
must still be unhappy. But I know that this thing I am going to do will help you as
much as me. Perhaps, too, some day I shall be a Priest—though I haven’t thought
about that yet—and then I shall be able to help you more. Oh my dear, it isn’t every
man who’s given the power to do so much for the woman he loves. I bless you, my
dear, and send you in anticipation one of those free kisses we shall all give one
another in Paradise.”
 “Gervase.

P.S. There is a rumour that you are going away, but as I can’t trace its succession
back further than Rose, I pronounce it of doubtful validity.
P.P.S. Dear, please burn this—it’s more than a love-letter.
P.P.P.S. I hope I haven’t written like a prig.”
Stella let the letter fall into her lap. She was surprised. Somehow
she had never thought of Gervase as a religious; she had never
thought of him except as a keen young engineer—attractive, self-
willed, eccentric, devout. His spiritual development had been so like
hers—and she, as she knew well, had no vocation to the religious life
—that she was surprised now to find such an essential difference. But
her surprise was glad, for though she brushed aside his words of
personal gratitude, she felt the thrill of her share in the adventure,
and a conviction that it would be for her help as well as for his
happiness. Moreover, this new development took away the twinges of
self-reproach which she could not help feeling when she thought of
her sacrifice of his content to Peter’s jealousy.
But her chief emotion was a kind of sorrowful envy. She envied
Gervase not so much the peace of the cloister—not so much the
definiteness of his choice—as his freedom. He was free—he had made
the ultimate surrender and was free. She knew that he had now
passed beyond her, though she had had a whole youth of spiritual
experience and practice and he barely a couple of years. He was
beyond her, not because of his vocation, but because of his freedom.
His soul had escaped like a bird from the snare, but hers was still
struggling and bound.
She would never feel for Peter as Gervase felt for her. Her utmost
hope was, not to carry her love for him into a new, purged state, but
to forget him—if she aimed at less she was deceiving herself,
forgetting the manner of woman she was. She had not Gervase’s
transmuting ecstasy—nor could she picture herself giving Peter “free
kisses” in a Paradise where flesh and blood had no inheritance. Her
loves would always be earthly—she would meet her friends in
Paradise, but not her lovers.
 §4
Well, there was no time for reflection, either happy or sorrowful—
she must start off for Ashford, or her father would be kept waiting.
Once again, after many times, she experience the relief of practical
action. Her disposition was eminently practical, and the practical
things of love and life and religion—kisses and meals and sacraments
—were to her the realities of those states. A lover who did not kiss
and caress you, a life which was based on plain living and high
thinking, a religion without good outward forms for its inward
graces, were all things which Stella’s soul would never grasp.
So she went out to the little “tenant’s fixture” garage, filled the
Singer’s tank and cranked her up, and drove off comforted a little in
her encounter with life’s surprises. The day was damp and mild.
There was a moist sweetness in the air, and the scent of ploughed
and rain-soaked earth. Already the spring sowings had begun, and
the slow teams moved solemnly to and fro over the January fields.
Surely, thought Stella, ploughing was the most unhurried toil on
earth. The plough came to the furrow’s end, and halted there, while
men and horses seemed equally deep-sunk in meditation. Whole
minutes later the whip would crack, and the team turn slowly for the
backward furrow. She wouldn’t like to do a slow thing like that—and
yet her heart would ache terribly when it was all gone, and she would
see the great steam ploughs tearing over the mile-long fields of the
West ... she would then think sorrowfully of those small, old Sussex
fields—the oldest in the world—with their slow ploughing; she would
crave all the more for the inheritance which Peter might have given
her among them....
She was beginning to feel bad again—and it was a relief to find that
the car dragged a little on the steering, pulling towards the hedge,
even though she knew that it meant a punctured tyre. The Singer
always punctured her tyres like a lady—she never indulged in vulgar
bursts, with a bang like a shot-gun and a skid across the road. Stella
berthed her beside the ditch, and began to jack her up.
 Well, it was a nuisance, seeing that her father would be kept
waiting. But she ought to be able to do the thing in ten minutes ... she
wished she was wearing her old suit, though. She would make a
horrible mess of herself, changing wheels on a dirty day.... The car
was jacked up, and Stella was laying out her tools on the running
board when she heard a horse’s hoofs in the lane.
It seemed at first merely a malignant coincidence that the rider
should be Peter; yet, after all, the coincidence was not so great when
she reflected that she was now on the lane between Conster and
Starvecrow. She had heard that Peter had lately taken to riding a
white horse—it was all part of the picture he was anxious to paint of
himself as Squire. He would emphasize his Squirehood, since to it he
had sacrificed himself as freeman and lover.
She had never seen him looking so much the Squire of tradition as
he looked today. He wore a broadcloth coat, corduroy breeches,
brown boots and leggings and a bowler hat. Of late he had rather
increased in girth, and looked full his forty years. Unaccountably this
fact stirred up Stella’s heart into a raging pity—Peter middle-aged
and getting stout, Peter pathetically over-acting his part of country
gentleman—it stirred all the love and pity of her heart more deeply
than any figure of romance and youth. She hoped he would not stop,
but considering her position she knew she was hoping too much.
He hitched the white horse to the nearest gate and dismounted.
They had not been alone together since the summer, though they had
met fairly often in company, and now she was conscious of a
profound embarrassment and restraint in them both.
“Have you punctured?” he asked heavily.
“No, but the tyre has,” said Stella.
The reply was not like herself, it was part of the new attitude of
defence—a poor defence, since she despised herself for being on
guard, and was therefore weaker.
“You must let me help you change the wheel.”
“I can do it myself, quite easily. Don’t bother, Peter—you know I’m
used to these things.”
“Yes, but it’s dirty work for a woman. You’ll spoil your clothes.”
She could not insist on refusing. She went to the other side of the
car, where her spare wheel was fastened, and bent desperately over
the straps. She wondered how the next few minutes would pass—in
heaviness and pertness as they had begun, or in technical talk of
tyres and nuts and jacks, or in the limp politeness of the knight
errant and distressed lady.
The next moment Peter made a variation she had not expected.
“Stella, is it true that you’re going away?”
“I—I don’t know. It isn’t settled.... Who told you?”
“Rose told me—but it can’t be true.”
“Why not?”
“Your father surely would never go away at his time of life—and
Rose spoke of the Colonies. He’d never go right away and start afresh
like that.”
“Father’s heard of a very good billet near Montreal. We haven’t
settled anything yet, but we both feel we’d like a change.”
“Why?”
“Well, why shouldn’t we? We’ve been here more than twenty years,
and as for Father being old, he’s not too old to want to see a bit more
of the world.”
Peter said nothing. He was taking off the wheel. When he had laid
it against the bank he turned once more to Stella.
“It’s queer how I always manage to hear gossip about you. But it
seems that this time I’m right, while last time I was wrong.”
“Everyone gets talked about in a little place like this.”
She tried to speak lightly, but she was distressed by the way he
looked at her. Those pale blue eyes ... Alard eyes, Saxon eyes ... the
eyes of the Old People looking at her out of the Old Country, and
saying “Don’t go away....”
The next minute his lips repeated what his eyes had said:
“Don’t go away.”
She trembled, and stepped back from him on the road.
“I must go.”
“Indeed you mustn’t—I can’t bear it any longer if you do.”
“That’s why I must go.”
“No—no——”
 He came towards her, and she stepped back further still.
“Don’t go, Stella. I can’t live here without you.”
“But, Peter, you must. What good am I doing you here?”
“You’re here. I know that you’re only a few miles away. I can think
of you as near me. If you went right away....”
“It would be much better for both of us.”
“No, it wouldn’t. Stella, it will break me if you go. My only comfort
during the last six hellish months has been that at least you’re not so
very far from me in space, that I can see you, meet you, talk to you
now and then....”
“But, Peter, that’s what I can’t bear. That’s why I’m going away.”
Her voice was small and thin with agitation. This was worse, a
hundred times worse, than anything she had dreaded five minutes
ago. She prayed incoherently for strength and sense.
“If that’s what you feel, you’ve got to stay,” Peter was saying.
“Stella, you’ve shown me—Stella, you still care.... Oh, I’ll own up, I’ll
own that I’ve been a fool, and a blackguard to you. But if you still
care, I can be almost happy. We’ve still something left. Only you’ll
have to stay.”
“You mustn’t talk like this.”
“Why not—if you still care? Oh, Stella, say it’s true—say you still
care ... a little.”
She could not deny her love, even though she was more afraid of
his terrible happiness than she had been before of his despair. To
deny it would be a profaning of something holier than truth. All she
could say was—
“If I love you, it’s all the more necessary for me to go away.”
“It’s not. If you love me, I can be to you at least what you are to me.
But if you go away, you’ll be as wretched as I shall be without you.”
“No ... if I go away, we can forget.”
“Forget!—What?—each other?”
“Yes.”
The word was almost inaudible. She prayed with all her strength
that Peter would not come to her across the road and take her in his
arms. His words she could fight, but not his arms....
 “Stella—you’re not telling me that you’re going away to forget me?”
“I must, Peter. And you’ll forget me, too. Then we’ll be able to live
instead of just—loving.”
“But my love for you is my life—all the life I’ve got.”
“No—you’ve got Vera, and soon you’ll have your child. When I’ve
gone you can go back to them.”
“I can’t—you don’t know what you’re talking about. If you think I
can ever feel again for Vera what I felt when I was fool enough——”
“Oh, don’t....”
“But I will. Why should you delude yourself, and think I’m just
being unfaithful to my wife? It’s to you I’ve been unfaithful. I was
unfaithful to you with Vera—and now I’ve repented and come back.”
They faced each other, two yards apart in the little muddy lane.
Behind Peter the three-wheeled car stood forlornly surrounded by
tools, while his horse munched the long soaking tufts under the
hedge. Behind Stella the hedge rose abruptly in a soaring crown.
Looking up suddenly, she saw the delicate twigs shining against a
sheet of pale blue sky in a faint sunlight. For some reason they linked
themselves with her mind’s effort and her heart’s desire. Here was
beauty which did not burn.... She suddenly found herself calm.
“Peter, dear, there’s no good talking like that. Let’s be sensible.
Rightly or wrongly you’ve married someone else, and you’ve got to
stand by it and so have I. If I stay on here we will only just be
miserable—always hankering after each other, and striving for little
bits of each other which can’t satisfy. Neither of us will be able to
settle down and live an ordinary life, and after all that’s what we’re
here for—not for adventures and big passions, but just to live
ordinary lives and be happy in an ordinary way.”
“Oh, damn you!” cried Peter.
It was like the old times when he used to rail against her “sense,”
against the way she always insisted that their love should be no star
or cloud, but a tree, well rooted in the earth. It made it more difficult
for her to go on, but she persevered.
“You’ve tried the other thing, Peter—you’ve tried sacrificing
ordinary things like love and marriage to things like family pride and
the love of a place. You’ve found it hasn’t worked, so don’t do the
whole thing over again by sacrificing your home and family to a love
which can never be satisfied.”
“But it can be,” said Peter—“at least it could if you were human.”
Stella, a little to his annoyance, didn’t pretend not to know what he
meant.
“No, it couldn’t be—not satisfied. We could only satisfy a part of it
—the desire part—the part which wants home and children would
always have to go unsatisfied, and that’s as strong as the rest, though
it makes less fuss.”
“And how much satisfaction shall we get through never seeing
each other again?”
“We shall get it—elsewhere. You will at least be free to go back to
Vera—and you did love her once, you can’t deny it—you did love her
once. And I——”
“—Will be free to marry another man.”
“I don’t say that, Peter—though also I don’t say that I won’t. But I
shall be free to live the life of a normal human being again, which I
can’t now. I shan’t be bringing unrest and misery wherever I go—to
myself and to you. Oh, Peter, I know we can save ourselves if we stop
now, stop in time. We were both quite happy last time I was away—I
was a fool ever to come back. I must go away now before it’s too late.”
“You’re utterly wrong. When you first went away I could be happy
with Vera—I couldn’t now. All that’s over and done with for ever, I
tell you. I can never go back to her, whether you go or stay. It’s
nothing to do with your coming back—it’s her fault—and mine. We
aren’t suited, and nothing can ever bring us together again now we’ve
found it out.”
“Not even the child?...”
“No—not even that. Besides, how do I know.... Stella, all the things
I’ve sacrificed you to have failed me, except Starvecrow.”
“You’ve still got Starvecrow.”
“Yes, but I.... Oh, Stella, don’t leave me alone, not even with
Starvecrow. The place wants you, and when you’re gone I’m afraid....
Vera doesn’t belong there; it’s your place. Oh, Stella, don’t say you
can live without me, any more than I can live without you.”
 She longed to give him the answer of her heart—that she could
never, never live without him, go without the dear privilege of seeing
him, of speaking to him, of sacrificing to him all other thoughts and
loves. But she forced herself to give him the answer of her head, for
she knew that it would still be true when her heart had ceased to
choke her with its beating.
“Peter, I don’t feel as if I could live without you, but I know I can—
and I know you can live without me, if I go away. What you’ve said
only shows me more clearly that I must go. I could never stop here
now you know I love you.”
“And why not?—it’s your damned religion, I suppose—teaching
you that it’s wrong to love—that all that sort of thing’s disgusting,
unspiritual—you’ve got your head stuffed with all the muck a lot of
celibate priests put into it, who think everything’s degrading.”
She felt the tears come into her eyes.
“Don’t, my dear. Do you really believe—you who’ve known me—
that I think love is degrading?—or that my religion teaches me to
think so? Why, it’s because all that is so lovely, so heavenly and so
good, that it mustn’t be spoilt—by secrecy and lies, by being torn and
divided. Oh, Peter, you know I love love....”
“So much that you can apparently shower it on anyone as long as
you get the first victim out of the way.”
They both turned suddenly, as the jar of wheels sounded up the
hill. It would be agony to have the discussion broken off here, but
Stella knew that she mustn’t refuse any opportunity of ending it. No
longer afraid of Peter’s arms, she crossed swiftly to the dismantled
car.
“Please don’t wait. I can manage perfectly now. Please go, Peter—
please go.”
“I’ll go only if you promise to see me again before you leave.”
“Of course I will—I’ll see you again; but you must go now.”
The wagon of Barline, heavy with crimson roots, was lurching and
skidding down the hill towards them. Peter went to his standing
horse, and rode him off into the field. Stella turned to the car, and,
crouched in its shelter, allowed herself the luxury of tears.
 §5
She dried her eyes, came up from behind the car, and lost herself
in the sheer labour of putting on the wheel. She was late, she must
hurry; she strove, she sweated, and at last was once more in her seat,
the damaged wheel strapped in its place, all the litter of tools in the
dickie. She switched on the engine, pressed the self-starter pedal, slid
the gear lever into place, and the little car ran forward. Then she
realised what a relief it was to find herself in motion—some weight
seemed to lift from her mind, and her numb thoughts began to move,
to run to and fro. She was alive again.
But it hurt to be alive. Perhaps one was happier dead. For the
thoughts that ran to and fro were in conflict, they formed themselves
into two charging armies, meeting with horrible impact, terror and
wounds. Her mind was a battle-field, divided against itself, and as
usual the movement of the car seemed to make her thoughts more
independent, more free of her control. They moved to the throb and
mutter of the engine, as to some barbaric battle-music, some
monotonous drum. She herself seemed to grow more and more
detached from them. She was no longer herself—she was two selves—
the self that loved Peter and the self that loved God. She was Stella
Mount at prayer in Vinehall church—Stella Mount curled up on
Peter’s knees ... long ago, at Starvecrow—Stella Mount receiving her
soul again in absolution ... Stella Mount loving, loving, with a heart
full of fiery sweetness.... Well, aren’t they a part of the same thing—
love of man and love of God? Yes, they are—but today there is schism
in the body.
During the last few months love had given her nothing but pain,
for she had seemed to be swallowed up in it, away from the true
richness of life. She had lost that calm, cheerful glow in which all
things, even the dullest and most indifferent, had seemed interesting
and worth while. Love had extinguished it. The difference she saw
between religion and love was that religion shone through all things
with a warm, soft light, making them all friendly and sweet, whereas
love was like a fierce beam concentrated on one spot, leaving the rest
of life in darkness, shining only on one object, and that so blindingly
that it could not be borne.
She felt a sudden spasm of revolt against the choice forced upon
her. Why should she have to choose between heaven and earth,
which she knew in her heart were two parts of one completeness?
Why should God want her to give up for His sake the loveliest thing
that He had made?... Why should He want her to burn?
Now had come the time, she supposed, when she would have to
pay for the faith which till then had been all joy, which in its warmth
and definiteness had taught her almost too well how to love. It had
made her more receptive, more warm, more eager, and had deprived
her of those weapons of self-interest and pride and resentment which
might have armed her now. Perhaps it was because they knew
religion makes such good lovers that masters of the spiritual life have
urged that the temptations of love are the only ones from which it is
allowable to run away. It was her duty to run away from Peter now,
because the only weapons with which she could fight him were more
unworthy than surrender. With a grimmer, vaguer belief she might
have escaped more easily—she might have seen evil in love, she
might have distrusted happiness and shunned the flesh. But then she
would not have been Stella Mount—she owed her very personality to
her faith—she owed it all the intense joy she had had in human
things. Should she stumble at the price?
If only the price were not Peter—Peter whom she loved, whom the
love of God had taught her to love more than her heart could ever
have compassed alone. Why must he be sacrificed? After all, she was
offering him up to her own satisfaction—to her anxiety to keep hold
of heavenly things. Why should he be butchered to give her soul a
holiday? She almost hated herself—hated herself for her odious
sense, for her cold-blooded practicalness. She proposed to go away
not only so as to be out of temptation—let her be honest—but so that
she could forget him and live the life of a normal happy woman ...
which of course meant some other man.... No wonder he was
disgusted with her—poor, honest, simple, unsatisfied Peter. She was
proposing to desert him, sure of interior comforts he had never
known, and secretly sure that the detestable adaptability of her
nature would not allow her to mourn him long once he was far away.
Oh, Peter—Peter!... “I will give you back the years that the locust
hath eaten—I have it in my power. I can do it—I can give you back
the locust’s years. I can do it still....”
She could do it still. She could tell her father that she did not want
to go away after all—and he would be glad ... poor Father! He was
only going for her sake. He would be glad to stay on among the
places and the people that he loved. And she ... she could be a good,
trusty friend to Peter, someone he could turn to in his loneliness,
who would understand and help him with his plans for Alard and
Starvecrow.... What nonsense she was talking. Silly hypocrite! Both
sides of her, the Stella who loved Peter and the Stella who loved God,
saw the futility of such an idea. She could never be any man’s friend
—least of all Peter’s. If she stayed, it would be to love Peter, to be all
that it was still possible for her to be to him, all that Vera was and the
more that she was not.
But could she? Had she the power to love Peter with a love
unspoilt by regret? Would she be able to bear the thought of her
treachery to the Lord whose happy child she had been so long?—to
His Mother and hers—to all His friends and hers, the saints—to all
the great company of two worlds whom she would betray? For her
the struggle contained no moral issue. It was simply a conflict
between love and love. And all the while she knew in the depth of her
heart that love cannot really be divided, and that her love of God held
and sustained her love of Peter, as the cloud holds the rain-drop, and
the shore the grain of sand.
The first houses of Ashford slid past, and she saw the many roofs
of the railway-works. Traffic dislocated the strivings of her mind, and
in time her thoughts once more became numb. They lay like the dead
on the battle-field, the dead who would rise again.
 §6
Gervase came to see Stella, according to promise, the following
Sunday. He found her looking tired and heavy-headed, and able only
mechanically to sustain her interest in his plans. Also he still found
her unapproachable—she was not cold or contrary, but reserved,
feeding on herself.
He guessed the source of her trouble, but shrank from probing it—
keeping the conversation to his own affairs with an egotism he would
normally have been ashamed of. What he noticed most was the
extinction of joy in her—she had always seemed to him so
fundamentally happy, and it was her profound and so natural
happiness which had first attracted him towards her religion. But
now the lamp was out. He was not afraid for her—it did not strike
him that she could possibly fail or drop under her burden; but his
heart ached for her, alone in the Dark Night—that very Dark Night he
himself had come through alone.... Now he stood, also alone, in a
strange dawn which had somehow changed the world, as the fields
are changed in the whiteness of a new day.
It was not till he got up to go that he dared try to come closer. They
had been talking about the difficulties of the life he had chosen.
“I’m afraid Christianity’s a hard faith, my dear,” he said as he took
her hand—“the closer you get to the Gospel the harder it is. You’ve no
idea what a shock the Gospels gave me when I read them again last
year, not having looked at them since I was a kid. I was expecting
something rather meek-and-mild, with a gentle, womanly Saviour,
and all sorts of kind and good-natured sentiments. Instead of which I
find that the Kingdom of Heaven is for the violent, while the Lion of
Judah roars in the Temple courts ... He built His Church upon a
Rock, and sometimes we hit that Rock mighty hard.”
“But I do hope you’ll be happy, Gervase.”
“I’m sure of that, though whether it will be in a way that will be
easily recognised as happiness I’m not so sure.”
“When are you going?”
 “It’s not quite settled yet. I leave off at Gillingham’s on the twenty-
fifth, and I expect I’ll go to Thunders early in February. I’ll come and
see you again before then. Goodbye, my dear.”
He kissed her hand before letting it go.
 §7
He had said nothing to her about his sister Jenny, though her
marriage was so close as to seem almost more critical than his own
departure. He felt the unfairness of sharing with Stella so difficult a
secret, also he realised that the smaller the circle to which it was
confined the smaller the catastrophe when it was either accidentally
discovered or deliberately revealed.
About a week before the day actually fixed for the wedding, the
former seemed more likely. Jenny met Gervase on his return from
Ashford with a pale, disconcerted face.
“Father guesses something’s up,” she said briefly.
“What?—How?—Has anyone told him?”
“No—he doesn’t really know anything, thank heaven—at least
anything vital. But he’s heard I was at tea at Fourhouses twice last
week. One of the Dengates called for some eggs, I remember, and she
must have told Rose when Rose was messing about in the village.
He’s being heavily sarcastic, and asking me if I wouldn’t like Mrs.
Appleby asked in to tea, so that I won’t have to walk so far to gratify
my democratic tastes.”
“But Peter’s had tea with them, too—you told me it was he who
introduced you.”
“Yes, but that only makes it worse. Peter’s been at me as well—says
he’d never have taken me there if he’d thought I hadn’t a better sense
of my position. He was very solemn about it, poor old Peter.”
“But of course they don’t suspect any reason.”
“No, but I’m afraid they will. I’m not likely to have gone there
without some motive—twice, too—and, you see, I’ve been so secret
about it, never mentioned it at home, as I should have done if I’d had
tea at Glasseye or Monkings or anywhere like that. They must think
I’ve some reason for keeping quiet.... I hope they won’t question me,
for I’m a bad liar.”
“You’ll be married in ten days—I don’t suppose they’ll get really
suspicious before that.”
However, a certain amount of reflection made him uneasy, and
after dinner he drove over to Fourhouses, to discuss the matter with
Ben Godfrey himself.
When he came back, he went straight up to Jenny’s room—she had
gone to bed early, so as to give her family less time for asking
questions.
“Well, my dear,” he said when she let him in, “I’ve talked it over
with Ben, and we both think that you’ll have to get married at once.”
“At once!—But can we?”
“Yes—the law allows you to get married the day after tomorrow.
It’ll cost thirty pounds, but Fourhouses can rise to that, and it’s much
better to get the thing over before it’s found out. Not that anyone
could stop you, but it would be a maddening business if they tried,
and anyhow I think the parents will take it easier if it’s too late to do
anything.”
“I think you’re quite right—absolutely right. But——”
“But what?”
“Oh, nothing—only it seems such a jump, now I’m standing right
on the edge.”
“You’re not afraid, Jenny?”
“No—only in the way that everyone’s afraid of a big thing. But
you’re absolutely right. Now there’s a chance of us being found out,
we must act at once. I don’t want to have to tell any lies about Ben. I
suppose he’ll go up to town tomorrow.”
“Yes, and you and I will follow him the day after. I must see about
a day off. I’m not quite clear as to what one does exactly to get a
special license, but he’ll go to the Court of Faculties and they’ll show
him how. He’s going to wire me at Gillingham’s—lucky I’m still
there.”
“I don’t envy you, Gervase, having to break the news to Father and
Mother.”
“No, I don’t think it’ll be much fun. But really it will be better than
if you wrote—I can let them down more gently, and they won’t feel
quite so outraged. As for the row—there’ll be one about my own little
plan in a short time, so I may as well get used to them.”
Jenny said nothing. She had known of Gervase’s “little plan” only
for the last week, and she had for it all the dread and dislike which
the active Englishwoman instinctively feels for the contemplative
and supernatural—reinforced now by the happy lover’s desire to see
all the world in love. The thought of her brother, with all his eager
experimental joy in life, all his profound yet untried capacity for love,
taking vows of poverty and celibacy, filled her with grief and
indignation—she felt that he was being driven by the backwash of his
disappointment over Stella Mount, and blamed “those Priests,” who
she felt had unduly influenced him at a critical time. However, after
her first passionate protest, she had made no effort to oppose him,
feeling that she owed him at least silence for all that he had done to
help her in her own adventure, and trusting to time and recovery to
show him his folly. She was a little reassured by the knowledge that
he could not take his final vows for many years to come.
He was aware of this one constraint between them, and coming
over to her as she lay in bed, he gave her a kiss. For some
unfathomable reason it stung her, and turning over on her side she
burst into tears.
“Jenny, Jenny darling—don’t cry. Oh, why ... Jenny, if you’ve any
doubts, tell me before it’s too late, and I’ll help you out—I promise.
Anything rather than....”
“Oh, don’t, Gervase. It isn’t that. Can’t you understand? It’s—oh, I
suppose all women feel like this—not big enough ... afraid....”
 §8
The wedding had always been planned to take place in London, so
it was merely the time that was being altered. Both Gervase and
Jenny had seen, and Ben Godfrey had been brought reluctantly to
see, that to be married at home would double the risks; so a room
had been taken and a bag of Godfrey’s clothes deposited in a
Paddington parish, where the Vicar was liberal in his interpretation
of the laws of residence, and an ordinary licence procured. The
change of plans necessitated a special licence, and Jenny had to wait
till Gervase came home the next evening to know if all was in order.
However, after the shock of its inception, the new scheme worked
smoothly. Jenny came down early the next morning and breakfasted
with Gervase, then drove off in Henry Ford, leaving a message with
Wills that she had gone to London for the day, and her brother was
driving her as far as Ashford.
Everything was so quiet and matter-of-fact as to seem to her
almost normal—she could not quite realise that she had left her old
life behind her at Conster, even more completely than most brides
leaving their father’s house; that ahead of her was not only all the
difference between single and married, but all the difference between
Alard and Godfrey, Conster and Fourhouses. She was not only
leaving her home, but her class, her customs, her acquaintance. It
was not till she was standing beside Godfrey in a strange, dark
church, before a strange clergyman, that she realised the full
strangeness of it all. For a moment her head swam with terror—she
found herself full of a desperate longing to wake up in her bed at
Conster and find it was a dream—she thought of the catastrophe of
Mary’s marriage, and she knew that she was taking far bigger risks
than Mary.... And through all this turmoil she could hear herself
saying quite calmly—“I, Janet Christine, take thee, Benjamin, to be
my wedded husband.” Some mechanical part of her was going on
with the business, while her emotions cowered and swooned. Now
she was signing her name in the register—Janet Christine Godfrey—
now she was shaking hands with the clergyman and answering his
inane remarks with inanities of her own. It was too late to draw back
—she had plunged—Jenny Alard was dead.
They had lunch at a restaurant in Praed Street, and afterwards
Gervase went with them to Paddington Station and saw them off to
Cornwall. They were not going to be away long, partly on account of
Godfrey’s spring sowings, and partly because Jenny felt that she
could not leave her brother any length of time to stand the racket.
She would still have liked to suppress his share in the business, but
Gervase was firm—“It’s treating them better,” he said, “and, besides,
it will help them a lot to have a scapegoat on the premises.”
Jenny felt almost sentimental in parting from the little brother,
who had helped her so much in the path she had chosen, and who
had taken for himself so rough and ridiculous a road. She kissed him
in the carriage doorway, made him promise to write to her, and then
did her best to put him out of her head for the first happy hours of
the honeymoon.
Circumstances made this fairly easy. By the time they were at
Mullion, watching the low lamps of the stars hanging over the violet
mists that veiled Poldhu, even Gervase seemed very far away, and the
household and life of Conster Manor almost as if they had never
been. Nothing was real but herself and Ben, alone together in the
midst of life, each most completely the other’s desire and possession.
When she looked into his eyes, full of their new joy and trouble, the
husband’s eyes which held also the tenderness of the father and the
simplicity of the child, there was no longer any past or future, but
only the present—“I love.”
The next day, however, recalled her rather abruptly to thoughts of
her scapegoat. She received a telegram—
“Father kicked me out address Church Cottage Vinehall don’t worry Gervase.”
Jenny was conscience-stricken, though she knew that Gervase
would not be much hurt by his exile. But she was anxious to hear
what had happened, and waited restlessly for a letter. None came,
but the next morning another telegram.
“Father had stroke please come home Gervase.”
So Jenny Godfrey packed up her things and came home after two
days’ honeymoon. Happiness is supposed to make time short, but
those two days had seemed like twenty years.
 §9
Gervase reproached himself for having done his part of the
business badly, though he never felt quite sure how exactly he had
blundered. He had reached Conster two hours before dinner, and
trusted that this phenomenon might prepare his father for some
surprise. But, disappointingly, Sir John did not notice his return—he
had grown lately to think less and less about his youngest son, who
was seldom at home and whom he looked upon as an outsider.
Gervase had deliberately alienated himself from Alard, and Sir John
could never, in spite of Peter’s efforts, be brought properly to
consider him as an heir. His goings out and his comings in were of
little consequence to the head of the house. So when at six o’clock
Gervase came into the study, his father was quite unimpressed.
“May I speak to you for a minute, Sir?”
“Well, well—what is it?”
Sir John dipped Country Life the fraction of an inch to imply a
temporary hearing.
“It’s about Jenny, Sir.”
“Well, what about her?”
“She’s—I’ve been with her in town today. I’ve just come back. She
asked me to tell you about her and young Godfrey.”
“What’s that? Speak up, Sir, can’t you? I can’t hear when you
mumble. Come and stand where I can see you.”
Gervase came and stood on the hearthrug. He was beginning to
feel nervous. Uncomfortable memories of childhood rushed up
confusedly from the back of his mind, and gave him sore feelings of
helplessness and inferiority.
“It’s about Jenny and young Godfrey, Sir.”
“Godfrey! Who’s Godfrey?”
“Benjamin Godfrey of Fourhouses—the man who bought your
Snailham land.”
“Well, what about him?”
“It’s about him and Jenny, Sir.”
“Well, what about ’em? What the devil’s he got to do with Jenny?”