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Contents

Detailed contents xi
List of figures xx
List of boxes xxi
List of tables xxiv
List of contributors xxv
List of abbreviations xxvii
How to use this book xxxii
How to use the online resources xxxiv

1 Introduction 1
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

PART 1 The Historical Context 9

2 The European Union: Establishment and Development 11

David Phinnemore

3 From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond 31

Clive Church and David Phinnemore

PART 2 Theories and Conceptual Approaches 53

4 Neo-functionalism 55
Carsten Strøby Jensen

5 Intergovernmentalism 69
Michelle Cini

6 Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory 83

Ben Rosamond

7 Governance in the European Union 102

Thomas Christiansen

8 Europeanization 115
Tanja A. Börzel and Diana Panke
viii Contents

9 Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union 127

Stijn Smismans

PART 3 Institutions and Actors 141

10 The European Commission 143

Morten Egeberg

11 The European Council and the Council of the European Union 157
Jeffrey Lewis

12 The European Parliament 176

Charlotte Burns

13 The Court of Justice of the European Union 189

Ilias Kapsis

14 Interest Groups and the European Union 201

Rainer Eising

15 Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union 219

Simona Guerra and Hans-Jörg Trenz

PART 4 Policies and Policy-making 233

16 Policy-making in the European Union 235

Edward Best

17 Trade and Development Policies 253

Michael Smith

18 Enlargement 266
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

19 The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies 281

Anna Maria Friis and Ana E. Juncos

20 The Single Market 295

Michelle Egan

21 The European Union’s Social Dimension 310

Gerda Falkner

22 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 323

Emek M. Uçarer

23 Economic and Monetary Union 343

Amy Verdun

24 The Common Agricultural Policy 358

Ève Fouilleux and Matthieu Ansaloni
 Contents ix

25 Environmental Policy 373

David Benson, Viviane Gravey, and Andrew Jordan

PART 5 Issues and Debates 387

26 The Euro Crisis and European Integration 389

Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter

27 Brexit 406
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

28 The Future of the EU 425

Brigid Laffan

Glossary 437

References 473

Index 515
Detailed contents

List of figures xx
List of boxes xxi
List of tables xxiv
List of contributors xxv
List of abbreviations xxvii
How to use this book xxxii
How to use the online resources xxxiv

1 Introduction 1
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

Introduction: Europe in crisis? 1

Why a European Union? 2
What is the European Union? 3
Who can join? 4
Who pays? 5
What does the European Union do? 6
The European Union and its citizens 7
The organization of the book 8

PART 1 The Historical Context 9

2 The European Union: Establishment and Development 11

David Phinnemore

Introduction 12
Integration and cooperation in Europe: ambitions, tensions, and divisions 12
The Communities and a Europe of ‘the Six’ 16
Establishing the European Union 19
Reviewing the Union: the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference and the Treaty of Amsterdam 23
Preparing for enlargement and the twenty-first century: the 2000 Intergovernmental Conference,
the Treaty of Nice, and the ‘Future of Europe’ debate 25
Conclusion 28
Questions 29
Guide to further reading 30
Weblinks 30
xii Detailed contents

3 From the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon and Beyond 31

Clive Church and David Phinnemore

Introduction 32
From the ‘Future of Europe’ debate to the Constitutional Treaty 33
The 2003–04 Intergovernmental Conference and the Constitutional Treaty 35
The ‘no’ votes: crisis 36
‘Negotiating’ the Treaty of Lisbon 37
The main elements of the Treaty of Lisbon 39
The Treaty of Lisbon: an appraisal 41
Ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon 42
The significance of the Treaty of Lisbon 43
Implementing the Treaty of Lisbon 44
Beyond the Treaty of Lisbon: crises, Brexit, and the future of the EU 45
Conclusion 49
Questions 50
Guide to further reading 50
Weblinks 51

PART 2 Theories and Conceptual Approaches 53

4 Neo-functionalism 55
Carsten Strøby Jensen

Introduction 56
What is neo-functionalism? 56
A brief history of neo-functionalism 57
Supranationalism and spillover 58
Critiques of neo-functionalism 63
The revival of neo-functionalism 64
Conclusion 66
Questions 67
Guide to further reading 67
Weblinks 68

5 Intergovernmentalism 69
Michelle Cini

Introduction 70
What is intergovernmentalism? 70
Classical intergovernmentalism and its critics 72
Variants of intergovernmentalism 74
Liberal intergovernmentalism and its critics 76
New intergovernmentalism 80
Conclusion 81
Questions 81
Guide to further reading 81
Weblinks 82
 Detailed contents xiii

6 Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory 83

Ben Rosamond

Introduction 84
The limits of the classical debate and five ways forward 84
Political science, the ‘new institutionalism’, and the European Union 86
Social constructivist approaches to the European Union 91
International relations and international political economy revisited 92
Critical theories and the European Union 97
Conclusion 99
Questions 100
Guide to further reading 100
Weblinks 101

7 Governance in the European Union 102

Thomas Christiansen

Introduction 102
Conceptualizing governance in the European Union 103
Multilevel governance 106
‘New governance’ and the European regulatory state 108
Normative debates about governance 110
Conclusion 112
Questions 113
Guide to further reading 114
Weblinks 114

8 Europeanization 115
Tanja A. Börzel and Diana Panke

Introduction 116
Why does Europeanization matter? 117
Explaining top-down Europeanization 119
Explaining bottom-up Europeanization 122
Towards a sequential perspective on Europeanization? 124
Conclusion 125
Questions 125
Guide to further reading 125
Weblinks 126

9 Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union 127

Stijn Smismans

Introduction 128
From ‘permissive consensus’ to ‘democratic deficit’ 128
Maastricht and the debate during the 1990s 130
EU democracy and the governance debate 132
The Constitutional Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon 135
Crises, populism, and EU legitimacy 137
xiv Detailed contents
Conclusion 138
Questions 139
Guide to further reading 139
Weblinks 140

PART 3 Institutions and Actors 141

10 The European Commission 143

Morten Egeberg

Introduction 144
The functions of the Commission 144
Commission influence 146
The President and the Commissioners 147
Commissioners’ cabinets 150
The Commission administration 151
Committees, networks, and EU agencies 153
Conclusion 154
Questions 155
Guide to further reading 155
Weblinks 156

11 The European Council and the Council of the European Union 157
Jeffrey Lewis

Introduction 158
The Council system’s evolving hierarchy and enigmatic traits 158
The layers of the Council system 161
The ministers’ Council(s) 163
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 167
How does the Council system work? 168
Conclusion 173
Questions 174
Guide to further reading 174
Weblinks 175

12 The European Parliament 176

Charlotte Burns

Introduction 177
The evolving European Parliament 177
The powers and influence of the European Parliament 177
The internal politics of the European Parliament 182
Elections, the people, and the European Parliament 185
Conclusion 187
Questions 187
Guide to further reading 187
Weblinks 188
 Detailed contents xv

13 The Court of Justice of the European Union 189

Ilias Kapsis

Introduction 189
The history of the European courts 190
Composition, structure, and procedure 192
Jurisdiction 193
‘Judicial activism’ and the reaction of the member states 196
Conclusion 198
Questions 199
Guide to further reading 199
Weblinks 200

14 Interest Groups and the European Union 201

Rainer Eising

Introduction 201
The EU institutions and interest groups 203
The increasing regulation of lobbying in the EU 205
The variety of European interest groups 209
Conclusion 216
Questions 217
Guide to further reading 217
Weblinks 218

15 Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union 219

Simona Guerra and Hans-Jörg Trenz

Introduction 219
General perceptions of the European Union 221
Explaining public attitudes towards European integration 221
Conclusion 229
Questions 230
Guide to further reading 230
Weblinks 231

PART 4 Policies and Policy-making 233

16 Policy-making in the European Union 235

Edward Best

Introduction 235
EU competences and modes of governance 236
The policy cycle and EU law 238
Legislative procedures 239
Policy coordination and economic governance 246
Policy-making in external relations 248
xvi Detailed contents
Conclusion 249
Questions 250
Guide to further reading 251
Weblinks 251

17 Trade and Development Policies 253

Michael Smith

Introduction 253
Institutions and policy-making: the Common Commercial Policy 254
Institutions and policy-making: development assistance policy 257
The European Union’s policy objectives in trade and development 260
The European Union as a power through trade and development 262
Conclusion 264
Questions 264
Guide to further reading 264
Weblinks 265

18 Enlargement 266
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

Introduction 267
The history of enlargement 267
Enlargement: the process and actors 270
Explaining enlargement 274
The future of enlargement 277
Conclusion 278
Questions 279
Guide to further reading 279
Weblinks 280

19 The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies 281

Anna Maria Friis and Ana E. Juncos

Introduction 282
The emergence of the EU as a foreign and security actor 282
CFSP institutions and actors 285
Explaining the EU as an international actor 287
CSDP operations and missions: policy in action 289
The future of EU foreign and security policy: challenges and opportunities 292
Conclusion 293
Questions 293
Guide to further reading 293
Weblinks 294

20 The Single Market 295

Michelle Egan

Introduction 296
Market integration in historical perspective 296
 Detailed contents xvii

Setting the scene for the Single Market 297

The politics of neo-liberalism and ‘1992’ 300
Correcting the market: the politics of regulated capitalism 303
The (modest) revival of the Single Market 304
Globalization and its relationship to the Single Market 306
Conclusion 307
Questions 308
Guide to further reading 308
Weblinks 309

21 The European Union’s Social Dimension 310

Gerda Falkner

Introduction 311
The early years of EU social policy 311
Treaty reform: minor turns major 312
From Maastricht to the Lisbon Treaty 313
The development and scope of EU policy 314
EU funds: fighting social and regional disparities 316
The open method of coordination 317
Social partnership at European level 318
Conclusion 320
Questions 321
Guide to further reading 321
Weblinks 321

22 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 323

Emek M. Uçarer

Introduction 324
Preludes to cooperation 324
The Schengen experiment 325
Maastricht and the ‘third pillar’ 326
Absorbing the third pillar: from Amsterdam to Lisbon 327
Policy output: baby steps to bold agendas 330
EU migration and asylum policy before the migration crisis 333
The migration crisis and the EU response 334
Towards a Security Union? 339
Conclusion 341
Questions 341
Guide to further reading 342
Weblinks 342

23 Economic and Monetary Union 343

Amy Verdun

Introduction 344
What is economic and monetary policy? 344
From The Hague to Maastricht (1969–91) 346
xviii Detailed contents
From treaty to reality (1992–2002) 348
Explaining economic and monetary union 350
Criticisms of economic and monetary union 352
The global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis 354
Conclusion 356
Questions 356
Guide to further reading 357
Weblinks 357

24 The Common Agricultural Policy 358

Ève Fouilleux and Matthieu Ansaloni

Introduction 358
The early days of the Common Agricultural Policy and the issue of CAP reform 359
After 1992: the long reform process 362
Past and present debates on the CAP and EU agriculture 367
Conclusion 371
Questions 371
Guide to further reading 372
Weblinks 372

25 Environmental Policy 373

David Benson, Viviane Gravey, and Andrew Jordan

Introduction 373
The development of environmental policy: different perspectives 374
Linking different perspectives: the underlying dynamics of environmental policy 378
Future challenges 380
Conclusion 384
Questions 385
Guide to further reading 385
Weblinks 386

PART 5 Issues and Debates 387

26 The Euro Crisis and European Integration 389

Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter

Introduction 389
From global financial crisis to euro crisis 391
EU institutions and the euro crisis 396
The crisis and the EU’s problems of legitimacy 400
Conclusion 403
Questions 404
Guide to further reading 404
Weblinks 405
 Detailed contents xix

27 Brexit 406
Michelle Cini and Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán

Introduction 406
The UK in Europe after 1945 407
The Brexit Referendum 409
The Brexit negotiations under Article 50 412
Explaining Brexit and future scenarios for an EU–UK relationship 419
Conclusion 422
Questions 423
Guide to further reading 423
Weblinks 424

28 The Future of the EU 425

Brigid Laffan

Introduction 425
Four scenarios on the future of the EU 427
Intervening factors shaping the future of the EU 432
Conclusion 434
Questions 435
Guide to further reading 435
Weblinks 435

Glossary 437

References 473

Index 515
List of figures

Chapter 1 Chapter 18
1.1 Map of Europe 4 18.1 Key stages in the negotiation process 273

Chapter 2 Chapter 22
2.1 The pillar structure from Maastricht to Amsterdam 22 22.1 Asylum applications per member state, in thousands,
2.2 The pillar structure from Amsterdam to Lisbon 24 January–June 2015 335
22.2 Detections of undocumented border crossings
Chapter 10 in the EU (2015) 336
10.1 European Commission: Organization Stucture
(simplified) 147 Chapter 24
24.1 Distribution of the budget between the
Chapter 12 two pillars of the CAP 365
12.1 Turnout in European Parliament elections
1979–2014 186 Chapter 25
25.1 Environmental infringements per member
Chapter 14 state in 2017 382
14.1 Number of registrations in the Transparency
Register, 2011–18 207 Chapter 27
27.1 The Sequencing of the UK–EU Negotiations 414
Chapter 16
27.2 The Future Relationship between the UK and the EU 420
16.1 The policy cycle 238
16.2 The European Semester 247 Chapter 28
28.1 Four scenarios on the future of Europe 427
List of boxes

Chapter 2 Chapter 5
2.1 Key dates in European integration: early efforts 13 5.1 Intergovernmentalism as description, theory,
2.2 The Schuman Declaration 15 and method 70

2.3 Key dates in European integration: 5.2 The European rescue of the nation state 71
the establishment and growth of the Communities 17 5.3 Li and de Gaulle 77
2.4 The Luxembourg Compromise 18 5.4 The Maastricht Treaty and the UK’s bargaining
2.5 From intergovernmental conference (IGC) to treaty 20 position: A critique of liberal intergovernmentalism 79

2.6 Key dates in European integration: from Single Chapter 6

European Act to Eastern enlargement, 1983–2003 21
6.1 Institutions and the new institutionalism 88
2.7 The Treaty on European Union 22
6.2 Rational choice and the science of EU studies 89
2.8 The European Communities: from three to two to one 22
6.3 The EU and statehood 94
2.9 From confederacy to federation: thoughts on
the finality of European integration 27 Chapter 7
7.1 Definitions of ‘governance’ 103
Chapter 3
7.2 The reform of EU regional policy and the
3.1 The Laeken Declaration 34
development of the multilevel governance
3.2 Key dates in European integration: from the approach 107
Treaty of Nice to the Treaty of Lisbon 34
7.3 The authorization of GMOs: A case study of
3.3 Key dates in European integration: from rejection European regulatory governance 111
of the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of Lisbon 38
7.4 Managing the Eurozone crisis: Technocratic
3.4 Structure of the Consolidated Treaty on governance, representative democracy, and
European Union (TEU) 40 normative debate 113
3.5 Structure of the Treaty on the Functioning of
the European Union (TFEU) 40 Chapter 8

3.6 Key dates in European integration: the EU and 8.1 Europeanization 116
treaty reform beyond the Treaty of Lisbon 46 8.2 Top-down and bottom-up Europeanization: the
3.7 Initiative for Europe—Emmanuel Macron, case of the economic crisis 117
26 September 2017 48 8.3 Explaining ‘downloading’ and ‘taking’ 120
8.4 Explaining ‘uploading’ and ‘shaping’ 122
Chapter 4
8.5 Bottom-up Europeanization: the common
4.1 Loyalty shift in the European Parliament 58
fisheries policy 123
4.2 Functional spillover: from the single market to
the Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and Governance 60 Chapter 9
4.3 Political spillover in the Brexit process 60 9.1 European citizenship 131
4.4 Cultivated spillover in the area of health policy— 9.2 Good governance according to the
the use of antibiotics in the veterinarian sector 60 European Commission 132
4.5 ‘Elite socialization’ and ‘loyalty transfer’ 61 9.3 Delegated legislation 134
4.6 Neo-functionalist expectations about 9.4 The European Citizens’ Initiative in practice 136
European institutions 62
xxii List of boxes
Chapter 10 15.4 The constraining dissensus through referenda
10.1 The Commission as a multi-sectoral and on Europe 225
multi-functional organization 145
Chapter 16
10.2 Has the Commission been weakened by the crisis? 146
16.1 The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive 241
10.3 The growing party-politicization of the College
16.2 The troubled introduction of delegated acts 243
of Commissioners? 148
16.3 Dealing with diversity 244
10.4 Commission departments/Directorates-General
(DGS) 148 16.4 Trilogues and transparency 245

10.5 The politics of administrative reorganization 151 16.5 The EU and Cuba 248

Chapter 11 Chapter 17

11.1 EU Council configurations 159 17.1 The Common Commercial Policy 255

11.2 Renovating the General Affairs Council 159 17.2 Key stages in the evolution of the EU’s relations
with African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries 258
11.3 The Council’s Brexit (Art. 50) format 162
17.3 EU–China trade disputes: textiles, solar panels,
11.4 The President of the European Council 163
and steel 261
11.5 Poland’s isolation over President Tusk’s 2017
17.4 Brexit and the EU’s trade and development policies 263
reappointment 163
11.6 The European Council President’s ‘leaders’ agenda’ 164 Chapter 18
11.7 The division of labour between Coreper l and ll 165 18.1 The accession of Turkey to the EU 268
11.8 Organization of the General Secretariat of the Council 166 18.2 Accession process for a new member state 270
11.9 The new qualified majority voting system 167 18.3 The Copenhagen Criteria 271
11.10 EU Council Presidency rotations by ‘trio’, 2017–30 170 18.4 Enlargement, state-building, and peace-building
11.11 Article 7—what would it take? 173 in the Balkans 272

Chapter 12 Chapter 19

12.1 The evolving European Parliament 178 19.1 A chronology of the CFSP 284

12.2 Appointing the Commission 180 19.2 The politics of the High Representative 286

12.3 The European Parliament as a policy actor 182 19.3 Comprehensive security 287

12.4 The seats of the European Parliament 184 19.4 CSDP missions and operations 290
19.5 EUNAVFOR: Fighting piracy off the Horn of Africa 291
Chapter 13
19.6 The EU global strategy 292
13.1 An example of teleological interpretation 192
13.2 Infringement proceedings initiated by the Chapter 20
Commission against Greece 194 20.1 Stages in economic integration 296
13.3 Types of EU legal acts 195 20.2 Characteristics of capitalism 298
13.4 State liability for breach of EU law 196 20.3 The Single Market Programme 299
20.4 Updating the Single Market: the digital economy 302
Chapter 14
20.5 Brexit and the Single Market 305
14.1 The debate on lobbies and interest groups 202
20.6 Theorizing the Single Market 306
14.2 Selected EU-level interest groups 212
14.3 The politicization of interest group funding in the EU 215 Chapter 21
21.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights 314
Chapter 15
21.2 Will EU social policy abound after Brexit? 316
15.1 Euroscepticism 220
21.3 The European Globalization Adjustment
15.2 Public opinion: beyond political parties, across
Fund (EGF) 317
civil society 223
21.4 Youth employment policy in times of crisis 318
15.3 Emotions and the 2016 Brexit referendum 224
 List of boxes xxiii

Chapter 22 Chapter 25
22.1 Catalysts for early cooperation in Justice and 25.1 The evolution of EU environmental policy 374
Home Affairs (JHA) matters 324 25.2 Key principles of EU environmental policy 375
22.2 What is Schengen? 326 25.3 The seventh environmental action programme 375
22.3 Strains on Schengen and the freedom of 25.4 The Zoos Directive 376
movement: the effects of domestic politics 332
25.5 The Seveso accident 382
22.4 The Dublin Convention 333
25.6 Emissions trading 384
22.5 The humanitarian response 335
22.6 The EU–Turkey Refugee Agreement 337 Chapter 26
26.1 Explaining the global financial and euro crises 392
Chapter 23
26.2 The ECB and the crisis 395
23.1 Three stages to economic and monetary union 347
26.3 Major institutional reforms: ‘six pack’, ‘two pack’,
23.2 The Maastricht convergence criteria 348 fiscal compact, and banking union 397
23.3 The Stability and Growth Pact 349 26.4 The euro crisis and the future of the EU 402
23.4 The European Semester 354
Chapter 27
Chapter 24 27.1 The ‘new settlement’ 409
24.1 The formal cap decision-making process 360 27.2 Article 50 TEU 412
24.2 Eastern enlargement and the CAP 364 27.3 EU negotiating principles 413
24.3 The CAP and developing countries 365 27.4 The Irish border 415
24.4 The CAP and Brexit 370
List of tables

Chapter 6 17.2 EU net bilateral and multilateral overseas

6.1 Five pathways beyond integration theory 87 development assistance (ODA), 2015 259

6.2 The ‘new institutionalisms’ 89 Chapter 18

Chapter 11 18.1 Enlargement rounds 267

11.1 European Council and EU Council meetings, 2009–16 160 18.2 Applications for EU membership (since 1987) 272

Chapter 12 Chapter 21

12.1 Special legislative procedures 181 21.1 EU-level social partner agreements (cross-sectoral) 319

12.2 Composition of the European Parliament, Chapter 22

2018 elections 183
22.1 JHA/AFSJ cooperation: from Trevi to Lisbon 329
Chapter 15 22.2 Member states’ support to the Emergency
15.1 Image of the EU 222 Relocation Mechanism (As of 12 June 2018) 337

Chapter 16 Chapter 27

16.1 EU competences 237 27.1 Draft Withdrawal Agreement on the withdrawal

of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
16.2 Trilogues: how compromises are reached 242
Ireland from the European Union and the European
Atomic Energy Community 416
Chapter 17
17.1 The European Union and its major rivals in the
global political economy 254
Another random document with
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 Sabine
I’ve noticed you never even come yourself.

Randolph
I like to think of young genius being left alone.

Sabine
(Mock seriously)
And out of harm’s way?

Randolph
Exactly—at night. (Half to himself.) Another month will about finish
it.

Sabine
(Significantly)
Mr. Randolph, you are paying rather high for——

Randolph
(Eyeing him quickly)
For what?

Sabine
(Turning the pages casually)
Unremunerative work.

Randolph
One never pays too high for what one wants.
 Sabine
Not at the time.
(They look at each other: Sabine slowly gathers the
papers together and glances towards Randolph who is
coolly staring before him. There is a quiet pause. Then
Sabine opens the library door and casually steps back.)
Your daughter. (Calmly to Paula) Your father is here, Miss
Randolph.
(Paula enters with a book in hand. She is twenty-three
and charming, with a sweet innocent air which suggests a
hedged-in life. She is dressed in a simple tea-gown and
her manner throughout is calm and unsophisticated.)

Paula
Good evening, Mr. Sabine.

Randolph
Where have you been, Paula?

Paula
Getting a book.

Randolph
You mustn’t read so much.

Sabine
Anything further, Mr. Randolph, before you go out?

Randolph
No. But—but I don’t remember mentioning that I was going out.
 Sabine
I thought you did. Good evening.

Paula
(Good-naturedly)
Is Mrs. Sabine well?

Sabine
Not exactly.

Randolph
Indeed?

Sabine
(Smiling)
My wife seems upset about something.

Randolph
(Casually)
Why, she seemed well when she was here last, didn’t she, Paula?

Paula
Yes, and so happy.

Randolph
What’s the trouble?

Sabine
I’m not quite sure—yet.
 Randolph
Perhaps she needs a change.

Sabine
I’ll tell her you asked after her, Mr. Randolph.

Randolph
Certainly. Do. But it was Miss Randolph who inquired.

Sabine
I thought it was you. (He smiles.) The air in the library has affected
me. (He smiles.) Good evening.
(He leaves the room, slowly closing the door. There is a
pause as Paula looks curiously before her, while
Randolph, somewhat puzzled, goes up to door and sees
that Sabine has gone into the library beyond.)

Paula
I hope it’s nothing serious.

Randolph
What?

Paula
Mrs. Sabine.

Randolph
Nothing, of course.

Paula
 Hasn’t she told you?

Randolph
Me?

Paula
You’re such good friends.

Randolph
My dear, women with attractive husbands never confide in
outsiders.

Paula
(Innocently)
Don’t they?

Randolph
(Laughing)
You know so little of life. (Paula sighs in agreement.) And I wish
you to keep your sweetness until you are married.

Paula
Doesn’t one need it then?

Randolph
You’ll understand when the time comes, child.

Paula
(Enigmatically)
And one mustn’t before!
 Randolph
Children don’t realize how they unconsciously hold parents to
higher things: it’s because of you, for instance, more than anything
else since your dear mother died, that I’ve tried to keep my life an
example.

Paula
I’ve always had it before me, father. (Coming closer.) I’m deeply
grateful for showing me what I, too, should be.

Randolph
Yes, yes. (Patting her.) Now, dear, run along to bed: your eyes are
tired.

Paula
(Glancing at book)
I’m fond of reading.

Randolph
(Humoring her throughout)
What do you like best?

Paula
(Cheerfully)
Adventure.

Randolph
With real heroes?

Paula
 (Referring to book)
I love those who keep cool in times of danger.

Randolph
You’re only a child, after all, eh? (He pats her tenderly as she
notices him glancing at his watch.)

Paula
(Casually)
You are going out?

Randolph
Yes: some business.

Paula
Will you be late?

Randolph
Do I disturb you?

Paula
I can generally hear the machine from my room, before you turn
up the path.

Randolph
It’s easy nowadays to go fast in the dark.

Paula
You will always toot the horn? (Reprovingly) Think of the danger to
others.
 Randolph
Foolish girl! There’s no danger about here.

Paula
No; of course not. (Goes to him.) Good night.

Randolph
Dear, dear girl. (Looking at her.) It’s good to have such a daughter.

Paula
And such a father. (They kiss; the telephone rings.) Oh, let me.
(She goes to phone.) Good evening, Mrs. Sabine. (Randolph starts
a bit, unnoticed.) I thought you were ill. Mr. Sabine was telling father.
I believe he’s in the library. Father will take the message: he’s here.
Do take care of yourself: just think what Mr. Sabine would do if you
were ill. Good night.
(She hands receiver to father, who half pauses, thinking
she will leave the room; but she lingers over her book.)

Randolph
Good evening. (Half pointedly) Yes, my daughter is here. Anything
I can do? Do you want my advice? Oh, whatever is wisest. Of course
I’ll tell Mr. Sabine. I hope it’s nothing serious. (He hangs up receiver,
concealing from Paula his displeasure.)

Paula
She seemed excited.

Randolph
Woman’s nerves.
 Paula
Funny I never have them.

Randolph
You’re not married.

Paula
You’re going to see her?

Randolph
She’s on her way here.

Paula
Here? Then you will tell Mr. Sabine she’s coming?

Randolph
Yes. But you’re tired, dear.

Paula
I’ll feel better with my things off. Good night. (She pauses at her
door.) Father; she and Mr. Sabine are happily married, aren’t they?

Randolph
Of course, of course.

Paula
I’m glad to hear so.

Randolph
Why?
 Paula
(Glancing at him)
Then it couldn’t be about that.
(She closes the door softly. Randolph looks after her
puzzled, then walks up and down alone very much
irritated. He takes out his check book, glancing through
the stubs cynically. Then he throws it back into the table
drawer. Finally he picks up the phone, obviously switching
it.)

Randolph
Is that you, Sabine? You’ve found what you want? You won’t need
me any more? Well, stick close to it. I just wished to see. Good night.
(He switches it off again and impatiently waits.) Is that you, Brooks?
Tell Toder to have the car ready. I may need it later. No, the closed
car—it’s chilly. Oh, by the way, (trying to be casual), in case I should
be out, Mr. Sabine is expecting Mrs. Sabine. Let her come right up to
the library. What’s that? Better see who it is. (Showing displeasure.)
I’ll tell Mr. Sabine myself. Yes; if you’re sure it’s Mrs. Sabine, better
let her come up here. That’ll be all for to-night.
(He hangs up the receiver, walks up and down again and
finally opens the hall door. There is quite a pause as he
stands, smoking a cigarette, awaiting her. Finally, Mrs.
Sabine enters, leaving the door open.
She is in her late twenties, of rather restless beauty,
which under her shifting expression becomes hard and
cynical. She apparently has little resistance and suggests
a love of excitement and sensation. Her manner is flighty
though worldly. She is handsomely dressed, with beautiful
furs upon her sensuous shoulders.)

Randolph
(Abruptly)
What the devil does this mean?

Mrs. Sabine
We’re alone?

Randolph
Naturally.

Mrs. Sabine
(Half flippantly)
I had to see you.

Randolph
Why here?

Mrs. Sabine
I couldn’t wait till you came to me.

Randolph
(With strained jocularity)
Feather brain; what’s the trouble?

Mrs. Sabine
Nothing—only my husband knows.

Randolph
(Quickly)
About us?
 Mrs. Sabine
He’s known for some time.

Randolph
And he only spoke——?

Mrs. Sabine
To-day.

Randolph
The devil! (Slowly) What’s the reason?

Mrs. Sabine
Why he kept silent? (Shrugging shoulders) You men always have
reasons.

Randolph
What did he say?

Mrs. Sabine
(Laughing cynically)
He smiled. It was so funny and so unexpected.

Randolph
(Incredulously)
He didn’t make a scene?

Mrs. Sabine
No. And I’d been rehearsing for weeks what I should say.
 Randolph
But didn’t he——?

Mrs. Sabine
(Bitterly)
I tell you he didn’t even insult me!

Randolph
Sh!
(He looks towards his daughter’s room and then crosses
and closes the door through which Mrs. Sabine has
entered.)

Mrs. Sabine
(After she has watched him)
Hasn’t he spoken to you?

Randolph
Not yet.

Mrs. Sabine
That’s like him. He said he’d wait till I broke the news to you.

Randolph
And then?

Mrs. Sabine
Then he said you would want to see him and (ominously) he’d do
some talking.
 Randolph
(Recalling)
So that’s why he smiled just now.—Didn’t he say anything?

Mrs. Sabine
He merely put his hands on your furs. I thought he’d believe I’d
saved enough to buy them myself. He stroked them once or twice
slowly—and smiled. But he said nothing. Then he led me to the
window and pointed to your car—the extra one you forced upon us—
when you began. He smiled; but he said nothing. He picked up a
book: the work in the library was interesting; it kept him safe in the
long winter evenings. I tell you he said it all in his smiles and never a
word. (Violently) He disappointed me so! I’d be sorry for him a little if
he’d only struck me. God! I hate men who only smile when they are
angry. (Randolph trying to quiet her.) Oh, I hate him with his penny
a year. I hate him for asking me to marry him, and then not even
striking me when he found out what I was!

Randolph
But didn’t you even try to deny it?

Mrs. Sabine
(Defiantly)
Why should I deny it?

Randolph
(Cynically)
Of course not. Sooner or later, a woman always confesses to
someone.

Mrs. Sabine
(Quickly)
 What did you want me to do? Think of you? I was sick of him.
When I saw he wasn’t going to make a fuss, I didn’t think your well-
known reputation would suffer; so I didn’t care about protecting
myself. What’s the difference, anyhow? He can’t give me what I
want: you can. If we can only keep it quiet, nobody need know—and
it wouldn’t even reach your daughter’s ears.

Randolph
(Angrily)
We’ll not discuss her.

Mrs. Sabine
No. She’s a good woman—with her lily hands and her thin
eyebrows. What does she know of life: the sordid soapy hours
ending with the snore of a husband you hate. Ugh! (He walks up and
down, irritated.) Well, then, what are we going to do to keep it from
her?

Randolph
That will depend on your husband and whether he’ll be sensible.
(He goes to phone, switching it.)

Mrs. Sabine
(Looking before her)
You did it beautifully, Randolph; with such knowledge of me and
my kind. But don’t take too much credit. I’d have done it with any
man who offered me what you did—if he’d come at the right time, as
you did, and found me at the end of a trolley line like this.

Randolph
(At phone)
 Step here a moment, Sabine. Yes: your wife is here. (Cynically)
She said you’d be expecting her. (He hangs up the receiver.) You
could almost hear him smile.

Mrs. Sabine
(Without self-delusion)
He couldn’t hold me: he was too poor.

Randolph
No: you’re the sort that needs a diamond-studded clasp to keep
her morals fastened on.

Mrs. Sabine
And they’re your specialty.

Randolph
I think Sabine and I can make some arrangement.

Mrs. Sabine
Let’s be comfortable, that’s all I say. I’m so tired of making my lies
fit. I’m willing to keep on with it. Why not? It’s all so easy with a
woman once she’s slipped. Lots of us would be what I am if they
could find a man to go through the marriage ceremony with them
first.
(A knock is heard at the door—it seems almost sarcastic,
as it waits for a reply.)

Randolph
Come in.
(The door opens softly and Sabine enters slowly and
comes down to them with the same smile. There is a
 pause. Mrs. Sabine remains tense and seated.)
Have a cigarette?

Sabine
(They eye each other as they light up)
Thanks.

Randolph
(Coming to the point)
You know.

Sabine
(Puffing throughout)
Yes.

Randolph
Well?

Sabine
I repeat the word—well?

Randolph
You will come to an understanding?

Sabine
Which means?

Randolph
You are—shall I say agreeable?
 Sabine
You love my wife?

Randolph
(Courteously)
Naturally.

Sabine
And you, Mary?

Mrs. Sabine
Would a woman do what I’ve done without love?

Sabine
Never.

Randolph
Well, say something.

Sabine
(Calmly)
It seems very simple.

Randolph
Which means?

Sabine
That I’d still like to complete the compilations in your library.
 Mrs. Sabine
(Rising, astonished)
You’re even willing to stay here?

Randolph
(Quickly)
And live ostensibly at home—with your wife?

Sabine
(Calmly)
Why not? I have no place else to go and she merely wishes to be
comfortable.

Randolph
(Relieved)
You will not make a fuss?

Sabine
I’m sorry to disappoint my wife.

Randolph
You will not let my daughter discover?

Sabine
No. I consider your position embarrassing enough.

Randolph
(Eyeing him)
So your wife is worth nothing to you?
 Sabine
(Quickly)
You’re mistaken there.

Mrs. Sabine
Thanks. But how?

Sabine
Protection.

Mrs. Sabine
Against what?

Sabine
Against Mr. Randolph.

Randolph
Me?

Sabine
Exactly.

Randolph
What the devil are you driving at?

Sabine
Perhaps if I take it kindly now, you will not blame me—in the
future.

Mrs. Sabine