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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Tell whether the statement is true or false.

1) Every rational number is an integer. 1)
A) True B) False
Answer: B

2) Every irrational number is an integer. 2)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

3) Every whole number is a real number. 3)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

4) Some rational numbers are irrational. 4)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

5) Some rational numbers are integers. 5)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

6) Every integer is an irrational number. 6)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

7) The absolute value of any number is positive. 7)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

8) Some real numbers are integers. 8)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

9) The absolute value of any nonzero number is positive. 9)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

10) The absolute value of any nonzero number is an irrational number. 10)
A) True B) False
Answer: B

1
List all the elements of B that belong to the specified set.
4 7
11) B = 4, 6, -10, 0, , - , 1.7, 4 11)
7 4
Integers
A) 4, 0 B) 4, -10, 0 C) 4, -10, 0, 4 D) 4, 0, 4
Answer: C

3 4
12) B = 14, 8, -9, 0, , - , 6.9, 9 12)
4 3
Whole numbers
A) 14, 0, 9 B) 14, -9, 0 C) 14, 0 D) 14, 9
Answer: A

6 7
13) B = 3, 6, -4, 0, , - , 4.1, 16 13)
7 6
Natural numbers
A) -4, 0, 3 B) 3, 16 C) 3, 0 D) 3, 0, 16
Answer: B

1
14) B = 10, 8, -8, 0, , 16 14)
8
Real numbers
1
A) 10, -8, 0, 16 B) 10, -8, 0, , 16
8
1 1
C) 10, -8, 0, D) 10, 8, -8, 0, , 16
8 8
Answer: D

2
15) B = 18, 5, -10, 0, , 16, 0.61 15)
3
Rational numbers
2
A) 5, 16 B) 18, -10, 0,
3
2
C) 18, 0, 16 D) 18, -10, 0, , 16, 0.61
3
Answer: D

3
16) B = 18, 7, -12, 0, , 9, 0.91 16)
4
Irrational numbers
A) 7, 9, 0.91 B) 7, 9 C) 7 D) 7, 0.91
Answer: C

Use an integer to express the number.

17) The stock market lost 46 points on Monday. 17)
A) 46 B) -46
Answer: B

2
18) During one year, 21 employees quit their jobs at Newline Manufacturing Company. 18)
A) 21 B) -21
Answer: B

19) A football team gained 3 yards on one play. 19)

A) -3 B) 3
Answer: B

20) In one state, the highest point is 4670 feet above sea level. 20)
A) -4670 B) 4670
Answer: B

21) One country exported $88,100,000 more than it imported, giving it a positive trade balance. 21)
A) 88,100,000 B) -88,100,000
Answer: A

22) Sales at Andrea's Formal Wear Shop were $5519 less this week than the sales last week. 22)
A) -5519 B) 5519
Answer: A

23) Mr. Voss decreased his speed by 19 miles per hour. 23)
A) 19 B) -19
Answer: B

24) On a cloudy day, the water temperature in the swimming pool drops 4 degrees. 24)
A) -4 B) 4
Answer: A

25) This year corn production decreased 39,000 pounds from last year on Steve's farm. 25)
A) 39,000 B) -39,000
Answer: B

3
Use the graph of population change per year for a metro area to answer the question.

26) What is the difference of the 2001 and 2000 population changes? 26)
A) -2463 B) 2928 C) -2928 D) 2463
Answer: A

27) In which two years did the population of the metro area increase? 27)
A) 1998 and 1999 B) 1999 and 2000 C) 2000 and 2001 D) 1997 and 2001
Answer: B

28) In which year did the population of the metro area decrease the most? 28)
A) 2005 B) 1995 C) 2000 D) 1997
Answer: D

Graph the numbers on a number line.

29) -6, -4, -2, 0 29)

A) B)

C) D)
Answer: B

30) -10, -8, -6, -4 30)

A) B)

C) D)
Answer: B

4
 2 2
31) - 5 , -3, -1, 1 31)
3 3

A) B)

C) D)
Answer: D

3 1
32) - 1 , 1, 3, 5 32)
4 4

A) B)

C) D)
Answer: C

Give the opposite and then the absolute value of the number.
33) 15 33)
A) 15, 15 B) -15, 15 C) -15, -15 D) 0, 15
Answer: B

34) -11 34)

A) 0, 11 B) -11, -11 C) -11, 11 D) 11, 11
Answer: D

35) 8 - 1 35)
A) 7, 7 B) -7, 7 C) -7, -7 D) 7, -7
Answer: B

36) 4 - 4 36)
A) 8, 0 B) 0, 8 C) 8, 8 D) 0, 0
Answer: D

Select the smaller of the two given numbers.

37) -14, -2 37)
A) -14 B) -2
Answer: A

38) -119, 17 38)

A) 17 B) -119
Answer: B

5
 39) 12, -13 39)
A) 12 B) -13
Answer: A

40) -4 , -30 40)

A) -4 B) -30
Answer: A

41) - -7 , - -24 41)

A) - -24 B) - -7
Answer: A

42) 10 - 1 , 8 - 3 42)
A) 10 - 1 B) 8 - 3
Answer: B

Decide if the statement is true or false.

43) -(-24) < -13 43)
A) True B) False
Answer: B

44) -(-18) > -21 44)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

45) -17 > -14 45)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

46) -15 -8 46)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

47) -29 -(-8) 47)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

48) -4 -(-8) 48)

A) True B) False
Answer: B

49) - 7 < - 8 49)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

50) 10 - 9 8-2 50)

A) True B) False
Answer: A

6
Use the information in the table to answer the question.
51) 51)

Which category in 1992 represents the greatest increase?

A) Decorations B) Supplies C) Awards D) Telephone
Answer: C

52) 52)

What is the absolute value for the change in hospitality in 1993?

A) -2.8 % B) 2.7 % C) 2.3 % D) -2.3 %
Answer: C

53) 53)

Which category and year represents the greatest decrease?

A) Telephone in 1992 B) Supplies in 1993
C) Decorations in 1992 D) Postage in 1993
Answer: C

54) 54)

What is the sum of the absolute values of the changes in 1992 and 1993 for telephone?
A) 23.3 % B) 3.1 % C) 16.7 % D) 10.1 %
Answer: D

7
55) 55)

For which category is the sum of the changes in 1992 and 1993 equal to zero?
A) Decorations B) Supplies C) Publicity D) Postage
Answer: D

56) 56)

Which category had the greatest change in 1992?

A) Supplies B) Telephone C) Awards D) Decorations
Answer: D

57) 57)

Which category had the least change in 1993?

A) Postage B) Supplies C) Hospitality D) Publicity
Answer: D

58) 58)

What is the absolute value for the change in publicity in 1992?

A) 3.8% B) -3.8% C) 2.5% D) 1.5%
Answer: A

8
59) 59)

-6.4 3.9
1.1 -1.1
4.7 1.1
-2.6 -2.5
6.2 3.1
-11.6 5.6
0.5 -8.1

Which category in 2005 represents the greatest decrease?

A) Publicity B) Postage C) Decorations D) Telephone
Answer: C

60) 60)

-6.4 3.7
1.9 -1.9
4.7 1.9
-2.7 -2.5
6.2 3.7
-11.5 5.6
0.5 -8.5

What is the absolute value for the change in hospitality in 2005?

A) -0.2 B) 2.7 C) -2.7 D) -5.2
Answer: B

61) 61)

-6.4 3.9
1.2 -1.2
4.7 1.2
-2.5 -2.5
6.2 3.5
-11.6 5.6
0.5 -8.1

What is the sum of the changes in 2005 and 2006 for awards?
A) -9.7 B) 3.5 C) -2.7 D) 9.7
Answer: D

9
 62) 62)

-6.4 3.9
1.5 -1.5
4.7 1.4
-2.8 -2.5
6.2 3.4
-11.7 5.6
0.5 -8.7

For which category is the sum of the changes in 2005 and 2006 equal to zero?
A) Supplies B) Postage C) Decorations D) Publicity
Answer: B

63) 63)

-6.4 3.7
1.6 -1.6
4.7 1.5
-2.1 -2.5
6.2 3.8
-11.3 5.6
0.5 -8.6

Which category had the greatest change in 2006?

A) Telephone B) Hospitality C) Decorations D) Supplies
Answer: D

Perform the indicated operation.

64) 58 + (-50) 64)
A) -108 B) 108 C) -8 D) 8
Answer: D

65) -21 + (-3) 65)

A) 24 B) -18 C) 18 D) -24
Answer: D

66) -4 - 6 66)
A) -2 B) -10 C) 10 D) 2
Answer: B

67) -9 - (-8) 67)

A) -17 B) -1 C) 17 D) 1
Answer: B

10
68) 8 - (-2) 68)
A) 6 B) -6 C) 10 D) -10
Answer: C

69) 8 - (9 - 10) 69)

A) 9 B) 7 C) 27 D) -11
Answer: A

70) (6 + 7) - (-9 + 13) 70)

A) -5 B) -17 C) 9 D) -9
Answer: C

71) 13 + (-6) + (-14) 71)

A) 5 B) 21 C) 33 D) -7
Answer: D

72) 8 + (-9) - (-6) - 16 72)

A) 21 B) 9 C) 27 D) -11
Answer: D

73) -16 - (-14) + (-12 + 18) 73)

A) -36 B) -8 C) -24 D) 4
Answer: D

74) 5(-14) 74)

A) 70 B) -140 C) -70 D) 140
Answer: C

75) (-74)(27) 75)

A) 1978 B) -1978 C) 1998 D) -1998
Answer: D

76) (-11)(-21) 76)

A) -32 B) 231 C) 242 D) -231
Answer: B

77) (-5)(-7)(5) 77)

A) 175 B) -30 C) 35 D) -175
Answer: A

-30
78) 78)
-5
A) -6 B) 6 C) 5 D) -5
Answer: B

-24
79) 79)
-3
A) -12 B) 8 C) -8 D) 12
Answer: B

11
 126
80) 80)
-6
1
A) - B) -31 C) -21 D) 21
21
Answer: C

81) (-5)(-3)(-4) 81)

A) -60 B) 65 C) -65 D) 60
Answer: A

82) (-5)(10)(-5)(-3) 82)

A) -750 B) -755 C) 750 D) 755
Answer: A

0
83) 83)
-66
A) Undefined B) 1 C) 0 D) 66
Answer: C

Perform the indicated operations.

84) -2(9 - 4 + 3) 84)
A) 16 B) 20 C) -20 D) -16
Answer: D

85) -6 · (4)2 85)

A) -96 B) 96 C) -48 D) 48
Answer: A

(3) + (-5)
86) 86)
(-2) + (-2)
15 1 15 1
A) - B) - C) D)
4 2 4 2
Answer: D

87) (4 + 5)[6 + (4 + 3)] 87)

A) 117 B) 61 C) 18 D) 22
Answer: A

4 · (7 - 2) + 4 · 5
88) 88)
4 · (4 - 1)
1 1
A) 4 B) 149 C) 3 D) 2
3 3
Answer: C

89) 4[-3 + 8(-8 + 5)] 89)

A) -60 B) -64 C) -36 D) -108
Answer: D

12
 6(2 + 1) - 6(1 + 1)
90) 90)
6(4 - 2) - 2 3
3 3 3
A) B) C) 3 D)
5 4 2
Answer: D

91) 2 - (10 - 8 · 7 2 ) 91)

A) -400 B) -380 C) 384 D) 3128
Answer: C

10 · 7 - 3 2
92) 92)
9 + (2 · 10)
79 61 61 8
A) B) C) - D)
29 29 11 29
Answer: B

Identify the property illustrated by the statement.

93) 2 · 1 = 2 93)
A) Multiplication property B) Additive identity
C) Multiplicative identity D) Distributive property
Answer: C

94) (2 + 6) + 7 = (6 + 2) + 7 94)
A) Associative property B) Addition property
C) Commutative property D) Distributive property
Answer: C

95) 7 + 0 = 7 95)
A) Additive identity B) Multiplicative identity
C) Distributive property D) Addition property
Answer: A

96) 5(x + 7) = 5x + 5 · 7 96)

A) Distributive property B) Associative property
C) Commutative property D) Addition property
Answer: A

97) 7 + (-7) = 0 97)

A) Inverse property of addition B) Additive identity
C) Addition property D) Multiplicative identity
Answer: A

98) 9 + 4 = 4 + 9 98)
A) Commutative property B) Additive identity
C) Distributive property D) Associative property
Answer: A

13
 99) 11 · 19 is a real number. 99)
A) Multiplicative identity B) Inverse property of multiplication
C) Closure property D) Associative property
Answer: C

100) (5 · 1) · 7 = 5 · (1 · 7) 100)
A) Commutative property B) Distributive property
C) Associative property D) Multiplicative identity
Answer: C

101) (1/9)(9) = 1 101)

A) Addition property B) Multiplication property
C) Inverse property of multiplication D) Multiplicative identity
Answer: C

102) 6 + (6 + 9) = (6 + 6) + 9 102)
A) Distributive property B) Additive identity
C) Associative property D) Commutative property
Answer: C

Evaluate the expression.

103) -3 2 103)
A) -9 B) 9
Answer: A

104) (-2)4 104)

A) 16 B) -16
Answer: A

105) -(7 4 ) 105)

A) 2401 B) -2401
Answer: B

106) (-3 4 ) 106)

A) -81 B) 81
Answer: A

107) -(-5 3 ) 107)

A) -125 B) 125
Answer: B

108) -(-5)4 108)

A) 625 B) -625
Answer: B

109) [-(-3)]2 109)

A) -9 B) 9
Answer: B

14
 110) -[-(-5)]2 110)
A) -25 B) 25
Answer: A

111) -[-(-6 4 )] 111)

A) 1296 B) -1296
Answer: B

Use the graph to answer the question.

112) Which month in 2000 had the lowest sales? 112)

A) Month 8 B) Month 2 C) Month 6 D) Month 3
Answer: D

113) Which month in 2001 had the highest sales? 113)

A) Month 6 B) Month 5 C) Month 3 D) Month 12
Answer: D

114) Use a signed number to represent the change in sales between month 5 and month 6 of 2001? 114)
A) $4 B) $4000 C) $800 D) $8000
Answer: B

115) What were the total sales for the first 6 months of 2000? 115)
A) $366,000 B) $46,000 C) $240,000 D) $290,000
Answer: D

116) What were the total sales for the first 6 months of 2001? 116)
A) $302,000 B) $286,000 C) $64,000 D) $366,000
Answer: D

117) What were the total sales for 2000? 117)

A) $50,000 B) $48,000 C) $764,000 D) $582,000
Answer: D

118) Use a signed number to represent the change in sales for the first 6 months from 2000 to 2001? 118)
A) $18,000 B) $652,000 C) $76,000 D) $12,000
Answer: C

15
 119) Use a signed number to represent the change in sales from 2000 to 2001? 119)
A) $22,000 B) $1,342,000 C) $182,000 D) $12,000
Answer: C

Use the chart to answer the question.

120) The NSC (Not So Consistent) Corporation has just completed its first year of business. The 120)
following chart shows its monthly profit (or loss).
Month Profit (Loss) in Dollars
January -14,526
February 1874
March -8977
April -14,107
May 14,073
June 14,632
July -13,834
August -13,170
September -4860
October 6630
November -3338
December -974
When was the loss greatest?
A) November B) January C) December D) June
Answer: B

121) The NSC (Not So Consistent) Corporation has just completed its first year of business. The 121)
following chart shows its monthly profit (or loss).
Month Profit (Loss) in Dollars
January -14,526
February 1874
March -8977
April -14,107
May 14,073
June 14,632
July -13,834
August -13,170
September -4860
October 6630
November -3338
December -974
What is the net profit (or loss) for the year?
A) A loss $73,786 B) a loss of $36,577
C) A profit of $634 D) A profit of $37,209
Answer: B

16
122) The NSC (Not So Consistent) Corporation has just completed its first year of business. The 122)
following chart shows its monthly profit (or loss).
Month Profit (Loss) in Dollars
January -14,526
February 1874
March -8977
April -14,107
May 14,073
June 14,632
July -13,834
August -13,170
September -4860
October 6630
November -3338
December -974
Which month had the greatest profit?
A) February B) May C) June D) October
Answer: C

123) The NSC (Not So Consistent) Corporation has just completed its first year of business. The 123)
following chart shows its monthly profit (or loss).
Month Profit (Loss) in Dollars
January -14,526
February 1874
March -8977
April -14,107
May 14,073
June 14,632
July -13,834
August -13,170
September -4860
October 6630
November -3338
December -974
What is the difference between the greatest profit and the greatest loss?
A) $2,848 B) $106 C) $13,658 D) $29,158
Answer: D

17
 124) The NSC (Not So Consistent) Corporation has just completed its first year of business. The 124)
following chart shows its monthly profit (or loss).
Month Profit (Loss) in Dollars
January -14,526
February 1874
March -8977
April -14,107
May 14,073
June 14,632
July -13,834
August -13,170
September -4860
October 6630
November -3338
December -974
Of the months which had no profit, which had the least loss?
A) June B) January C) December D) February
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

125) In four rounds of a card game, you get scores of 7, 5, -4, and 10. What is your final score? 125)
A) 26 B) 18 C) -26 D) -18
Answer: B

126) The temperature at the South pole was -39° at 8 am. At 3 pm, it was 10°. By how many degrees did 126)
the temperature rise?
A) by 29° B) by 49° C) by -49° D) by -29°
Answer: B

127) Your bank account has $68 in it when you write checks for $47, $60, and $22. You then deposit $44 127)
and $17. How much is in the account? Are you overdrawn?
A) -$136, yes B) $22, no C) $136, no D) $0, no
Answer: D

128) A bike road race starts at an elevation of 870 feet and passes through 5 stages where the elevation 128)
changes by -438 ft, 574 ft, -134 ft, 514 ft, and 317 ft. At what elevation does the race end?
A) 1565 ft B) 1703 ft C) -2847 ft D) 2847 ft
Answer: B

129) The ocean surface is at 0 ft elevation. A diver is underwater at an elevation of -127 ft near a rock 129)
formation. In this area, the ocean floor has an elevation of -399 ft. The rock formation rises to a
peak 238 ft above the ocean floor. How many feet above the top of the rock formation is the diver?
A) 161 ft B) 111 ft C) 34 ft D) 272 ft
Answer: C

130) After one round in a card game, your score was -25 points. After the second round, your score was 130)
5 points. How many points did you gain in the second game?
A) 20 points B) 5 points C) 30 points D) -20 points
Answer: C

18
 131) In a certain location, the highest temperature recorded was 100°F. The lowest temperature recorded 131)
was 121 degrees less than the highest. What was the lowest temperature?
A) -21°F B) 0°F C) 21°F D) -138°F
Answer: A

132) The stock market gained 24 points on Tuesday and lost 11 points on Wednesday. It had closed on 132)
Monday at 2545 points. Where did the market close on Wednesday?
A) 2510 points B) 2580 points C) 2532 points D) 2558 points
Answer: D

133) A football team gained 35 yards on one play, lost 14 yards on another, and gained 24 yards on the 133)
last play of the first half. They had already gained 310 yards during the half. What was the total
yardage gain for the first half?
A) 355 yards B) 383 yards C) 369 yards D) 265 yards
Answer: A

134) Nikki is fishing from a bank 14 feet above water level. In this location, the fish tend to feed at 46 feet 134)
below the surface. How long must Nikki's fish line be to reach the fish?
A) 32 feet B) -14 feet C) -32 feet D) 60 feet
Answer: D

Choose the expression that is equivalent to the given rational number.

3
135) 135)
8
8 9
A) B) C) 0.375 D) 0.375
3 25
Answer: D

5
136) 136)
6
1 20
A) 0.83 B) 1 C) 0.83 D)
6 25
Answer: A

7
137) 137)
11
28 11
A) 0.64 B) 0.63 C) D)
44 7
Answer: C

7
138) 138)
9
14 9
A) 0.7 B) C) 0.78 D)
16 7
Answer: A

19
Write the fraction in lowest terms.
8
139) 139)
12
11 2 3 9
A) B) C) D)
7 3 2 13
Answer: B

51
140) 140)
68
67 51 4 3
A) B) C) D)
50 68 3 4
Answer: D

20
141) 141)
122
7 121 61 10
A) B) C) D)
41 19 10 61
Answer: D

84
142) 142)
94
47 42 17 93
A) B) C) D)
42 47 19 83
Answer: B

6
143) - 143)
14
13 3 7 3
A) B) C) - D) -
5 7 3 7
Answer: D

62
144) - 144)
86
85 31 43 31
A) B) C) - D) -
61 43 31 43
Answer: D

52
145) - 145)
110
109 55 26 26
A) B) - C) D) -
51 26 55 55
Answer: D

20
Decide whether or not the fractions are equivalent.
3 57
146) and 146)
8 152
A) Equivalent B) Not equivalent
Answer: A

3 6
147) and 147)
9 45
A) Equivalent B) Not equivalent
Answer: B

3 12
148) and 148)
7 16
A) Not equivalent B) Equivalent
Answer: A

5 10
149) - and - 149)
9 18
A) Equivalent B) Not equivalent
Answer: A

Write a fraction in lowest terms that represents the portion of the figure that is shaded.
150) 150)

1 1 5 5
A) B) C) D)
5 6 6 1
Answer: C

151) 151)

5 3 2 2
A) B) C) D)
2 2 5 3
Answer: C

21
 152) 152)

1 3 1 3
A) B) C) D)
4 4 3 1
Answer: B

153) 153)

3 5 5 3
A) B) C) D)
8 3 8 5
Answer: A

154) 154)

5 3 3 5
A) B) C) D)
8 8 5 3
Answer: A

Perform the operation and give the answer as a fraction in lowest terms.
4 3
155) + 155)
8 8
1 7 7 3
A) B) C) D)
8 8 16 2
Answer: B

4 1
156) + 156)
9 10
1 5 11 49
A) B) C) 2 D)
18 19 19 90
Answer: D

1 4
157) - - 157)
2 9
5 17 5 17
A) - B) - C) - D) -
18 11 11 18
Answer: D

22
 11 3
158) - +- 158)
14 5
97 4 97 8
A) - B) C) D) -
70 35 9 9
Answer: A

1 1
159) - - 159)
3 18
1 1 7 7
A) - B) - C) - D) -
36 8 4 18
Answer: D

5 2
160) - 160)
18 18
7 1 5 1
A) B) C) D)
18 12 9 6
Answer: D

4 5
161) - - - 161)
9 8
13 72 13 1
A) B) C) D)
9 13 72 72
Answer: C

4 5
162) - - 162)
5 16
89 80 9 89
A) B) C) D)
80 89 80 5
Answer: A

20 1
163) - - - 163)
23 3
37 69 5 185
A) - B) - C) - D) -
69 37 69 23
Answer: A

1 1
164) - - 164)
25 20
9 100 9 1
A) B) C) D)
5 9 100 250
Answer: C

5 1
165) - 165)
7 5
1 7 1 1
A) B) - C) - D) -
5 25 7 3
Answer: C

23
 5 6
166) - 166)
6 11
11 36 5 5
A) - B) - C) - D) -
5 55 66 11
Answer: D

1 1
167) - ÷ - 167)
4 3
2 3 1 1
A) - B) C) D) -
7 4 12 4
Answer: B

1 2
168) - 168)
2 3
5 1 1 4
A) - B) - C) - D) -
11 3 18 3
Answer: B

2 1
169) - ÷ - 169)
3 10
2 9 1 20
A) B) - C) D)
3 22 15 3
Answer: D

7 9
170) - 170)
5 4
2 45 63 7
A) - B) - C) - D) -
9 28 20 20
Answer: C

1 1 1
171) - - 171)
4 3 5
1 1 1 1
A) B) - C) - D) -
60 15 12 2
Answer: A

7 3
172) - ÷ 172)
8 4
21 1 7 7
A) - B) - C) - D)
32 16 6 48
Answer: C

9 8 1
173) ÷ - ÷ 173)
4 7 5
18 8 40 63
A) B) C) - D) -
35 35 7 160
Answer: D

24
If the number given is a mixed number, convert it to a fraction. If the number is given as a fraction, convert it to a mixed
number.
1
174) 9 174)
4
37 19 13 5
A) B) C) D)
4 2 4 2
Answer: A

1
175) 13 175)
3
16 14 40 41
A) B) C) D)
3 3 3 3
Answer: C

9
176) 4 176)
11
13 54 53 47
A) B) C) D)
11 11 11 11
Answer: C

10
177) 3 177)
14
53 13 26 22
A) B) C) D)
14 14 7 7
Answer: C

12
178) 13 178)
18
29 247 41 25
A) B) C) D)
3 18 3 18
Answer: C

13
179) 179)
3
1 1 1
A) 3 B) 5 C) 4 D) 5
3 3 3
Answer: C

49
180) 180)
15
4 4 2 4
A) 3 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
15 15 5 15
Answer: A

25
 84
181) 181)
20
3 1 1 1
A) 4 B) 3 C) 5 D) 4
10 5 5 5
Answer: D

81
182) 182)
16
1 3 1 1
A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 5
16 16 16 16
Answer: D

53
183) 183)
3
2 2 1 2
A) 17 B) 18 C) 18 D) 16
3 3 3 3
Answer: A

Perform the operation and reduce the answer to lowest terms.

1 2
184) 1 + 1 184)
4 7
1 5 15 3
A) B) 6 C) 2 D) 1
2 11 28 11
Answer: C

2 3
185) 7 +3 185)
3 7
2 3 7 5
A) 11 B) 23 C) 4 D) 2
21 10 10 21
Answer: A

7 13
186) 7 +5 186)
11 15
83 8 7 9
A) 13 B) 6 C) 1 D) 85
165 13 165 13
Answer: A

1 3
187) 8 -1 187)
3 8
2 24 23 7
A) 55 B) C) 6 D)
3 167 24 12
Answer: C

26
 3 1
188) 21 - 14 188)
4 6
1 12 7 1
A) B) C) 7 D) 45
12 91 12 2
Answer: C

2 1
189) 7 - 189)
3 4
7 1 12 5
A) B) 59 C) D) 7
8 3 89 12
Answer: D

19 4
190) 2 ·2 190)
28 19
392 35 9 75
A) B) 5 C) 2 D)
475 38 22 1064
Answer: B

10
191) 6 · 191)
11
1 3 5 5
A) 1 B) C) D) 5
3 11 33 11
Answer: D

5
192) 2 · 192)
13
16 1 5 10
A) B) C) D)
29 13 26 13
Answer: D

4 2
193) 4 ÷6 193)
5 3
6 18 6 3
A) 1 B) C) 24 D) 1
5 25 5 10
Answer: B

27
In a school survey, students showed these preferences for instructional materials. Answer the question.

194) About how many students would you expect to prefer computers in a school of 750 students? 194)
A) About 135 students B) About 270 students
C) About 36 students D) About 150 students
Answer: B

195) About how many students would you expect to prefer lectures in a school of 300 students? 195)
A) About 18 students B) About 108 students
C) About 54 students D) About 60 students
Answer: C

196) About how many students would you expect to prefer written materials in a school of 300 196)
students?
A) About 54 students B) About 27 students
C) About 108 students D) About 9 students
Answer: B

197) About how many students would you expect to prefer radio in a school of 500 students? 197)
A) About 180 students B) About 25 students
C) About 5 students D) About 90 students
Answer: B

198) About how many students would you expect to prefer TV in a school of 800 students? 198)
A) About 160 students B) About 96 students
C) About 12 students D) About 144 students
Answer: B

199) About how many students would you expect to prefer films in a school of 300 students? 199)
A) About 60 students B) About 20 students
C) About 36 students D) About 54 students
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

5
200) Ellen is knitting a scarf with one 3 -inch blue stripe, one 2 -inch green stripe, and one 1 -inch 200)
9
white stripe. How wide is the scarf?
9 22 1 5
A) in. B) in. C) 2 in. D) 6 in.
59 45 22 9
Answer: D

28
 2 3
201) To obtain a certain shade of paint, Peter mixed 1 gallons of white paint with 1 gallons of brown 201)
3 4
and 10 gallons of blue paint. How much paint did he have?
5 12 4 3
A) 13 gal B) gal C) gal D) 2 gal
12 161 11 4
Answer: A

3 3
202) If John puts lb of roast beef on each sandwich, how many sandwiches can he make from 3 lb of 202)
4 4
roast beef?
A) 15 sandwiches B) 5 sandwiches C) 3 sandwiches D) 4 sandwiches
Answer: B

3 1
203) Anne writes one page in of an hour. How many pages can she write in 4 hours? 203)
4 2
A) 4 page(s) B) 2 page(s) C) 6 page(s) D) 8 page(s)
Answer: C

204) A sawmill trims rough cut boards to look smooth. When a board is rough cut, it is 8 inches wide. 204)
11
When it is trimmed, it is 7 inches wide. How much width was trimmed off?
16
5 11 123 5
A) inch B) inch C) inches D) 8 inches
16 16 16 16
Answer: A

205) George's sandbox requires 28 cubic feet of sand to fill. How many bags of sand does he need to fill 205)
3
the sandbox if each bag holds cubic feet of sand?
4
A) 38 bags B) 37 bags C) 22 bags D) 21 bags
Answer: A

206) In a softball league, the first six games produced the following results: Daniel got 10 hits in 25 206)
at-bats, and Tyler got 12 hits in 32 at-bats. Which player (if either) had the higher batting average?
A) Daniel
B) Both had the same batting average
C) Tyler
Answer: A

29
207) | MICROWAVE | STOVE TOP 207)
Servings 2 2 3 5
3
Milk 2 cup 2 cups 4 cups 5 cups
4
Oatmeal 5 Tbsp 4 Tbsp 1 cup 2 cups
1 1
Butter 1 pat 1 pat Tbsp Tbsp
4 2
Using the chart above, (I) how many cups of milk would be needed for 4 microwave servings? (II)
How many tablespoons of butter would be needed for 4 stove top servings? (Hint: Use the fact that
4 is halfway between 3 and 5)
5 1 3
A) 5 cups; Tbsp B) 5 cups; Tbsp
8 2 8
1 1 7 3
C) 2 cups; Tbsp D) 1 cups; Tbsp
2 8 8 4
Answer: B

208) 208)

1
Three boards are used as shelves in a bookcase. Each one is 1 inches thick and the shelves are
2
evenly spaced. If the height, h, of the bookcase is 30 inches, how much space is between each shelf?
3
A) 15 inches B) 12 inches C) 9 inches D) 10 inches
4

Answer: B

209) 209)

1
Four boards are used as shelves in a bookcase. Each one is inch thick and the shelves are
2
evenly spaced. If the height, h, of the bookcase is 40 inches, how much space is between each shelf?
1 1 2
A) 9 inches B) 13 inches C) 12 inches D) 10 inches
2 3 3

Answer: C

30
210) 210)
171 in.

Four posts are used to support a fence. Each post is 4 inches wide and the posts are evenly
spaced. If the width of the fence is 171 inches, how much space is between each post?
3 1 1 2
A) 42 inches B) 34 inches C) 33 inches D) 51 inches
4 5 5 3
Answer: D

211) 211)
387 in.

1
Six posts are used to support a fence. Each post is 3 inches wide and the posts are evenly spaced.
2
If the width of the fence is 387 inches, how much space is between each post?
1 2 1 1
A) 63 inches B) 77 inches C) 64 inches D) 73 inches
2 5 2 5
Answer: D

3 4
212) A nail 4 inches long is driven into a board 2 inches thick. How much of the nail protrudes from 212)
4 5
the other side of the board?
1 19 5 1
A) inch(es) B) 1 inch(es) C) inch(es) D) 4 inch(es)
4 20 9 3
Answer: B

1 1
213) A tank contains 2 gallons of water. Its capacity is 4 gallons. How much more water is needed to 213)
6 4
fill it?
1 1 2
A) gallon(s) B) 5 gallon(s) C) 2 gallon(s) D) gallon(s)
6 12 5
Answer: C

1 3
214) A share of XYZ stock sold for $14 yesterday and for $5 today. If Martin owns 70 shares, how 214)
3 4
much less are the shares worth today than yesterday?
1 5
A) $2060 B) $58 C) $200 D) $600
3 6
Answer: D

31
Simplify the complex fraction.
1 1
-
3 6
215) 215)
2 3
+
3 4
17 2 17 2
A) - B) C) D) -
2 17 2 17
Answer: B

5 4
-
9 5
216) 216)
4 1
-
9 5
1 1
A) -1 B) 1 C) - D)
3 3
Answer: A

3 1
+
8 4
217) 217)
3 3
-
8 4
5 3 5 3
A) B) - C) - D)
3 5 3 5
Answer: C

1 1
-
8 9
218) 218)
1 1
-
16 18
1 1
A) B) - C) -2 D) 2
2 2
Answer: D

p
Write the continued fraction in the form reduced to lowest terms.
q
1
219) 4 + 219)
1
1+
1
1+
2

23 13 14 22
A) B) C) D)
5 3 3 5
Answer: A

32
 1
220) 1 + 220)
1
4+
1
1+
2

7 3 13 17
A) B) C) D)
6 14 11 14
Answer: D

1
221) 1 + 221)
1
1+
1
6+
2

4 28 17 13
A) B) C) D)
3 15 15 15
Answer: B

1
222) 1 + 222)
1
1+
1
1+
4

6 5 9 14
A) B) C) D)
5 9 4 9
Answer: D

1
223) 3 + 223)
1
1+
1
2+
2

13 5 26 23
A) B) C) D)
2 7 7 7
Answer: C

Find the rational number halfway between the two given rational numbers.
1 3
224) , 224)
4 8
1 1 1 5
A) B) C) D)
3 16 2 16
Answer: D

1 9
225) , 225)
2 10
5 7 1
A) B) 1 C) D)
6 10 5
Answer: C

33
 5 5
226) , 226)
12 6
5 10 5 5
A) B) C) D)
8 27 24 9
Answer: A

5 5
227) - ,- 227)
8 16
5 5 5 15
A) - B) - C) - D) -
18 12 32 32
Answer: D

3
228) -6, - 228)
2
15 15 9 3
A) - B) - C) - D) -
4 2 4 2
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

229) The following table contains information about moons orbiting a planet named Geo I. Use the table 229)
to solve the problem.

Average Distance Time of Revolution in

Moon from Geo I (in km) Diameter (in km) Earth Time (in years)
Luna 1 3000 419 0.75
Luna 2 3900 2163 2.31
Luna 3 90,000 302 4.08
Luna 4 129,600 721 43.83
Luna 5 297,000 1140 112.86

What is the average time of revolution of the moons? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth
of a year.
A) 949.00 years B) 32.77 years C) 2.31 years D) 4.08 years
Answer: B

230) The following table contains information about moons orbiting a planet named Geo I. Use the table 230)
to solve the problem.

Average Distance Time of Revolution in

Moon from Geo I (in km) Diameter (in km) Earth Time (in years)
Luna 1 3000 412 0.75
Luna 2 3900 2169 2.31
Luna 3 90,000 311 4.08
Luna 4 129,600 723 43.83
Luna 5 297,000 1135 112.86

What is the average diameter of the moons? Round your answer to the nearest kilometer.
A) 950 km B) 723 km C) 311 km D) 517 km
Answer: A

34
231) The six Cane brothers spent $75.81, $66.88, $50.99, $64.12, $55.85, and $71.35 on groceries. Find the 231)
average grocery bill.
A) $64.17 B) $77.00 C) $96.25 D) $65.00
Answer: A

232) Six college buddies bought each other Christmas gifts. They spent $191.43, $229.06, $253.42, 232)
$237.83, $269.94, and $143.06. Find the average amount spent for Christmas gifts.
A) $331.19 B) $252.95 C) $264.95 D) $220.79
Answer: D

233) The five sales people at Southwest Appliances earned commissions last year of $12,000, $32,000, 233)
$50,000, $20,000, and $22,000. Find the average commission.
A) $29,920 B) $28,560 C) $25,840 D) $27,200
Answer: D

234) The Wellspring Company's fleet of trucks get 17, 13, 16, 9, 17, 12, and 21 miles per gallon. What is 234)
the average miles per gallon for the fleet? Round to the nearest whole number.
A) 14 B) 18 C) 12 D) 15
Answer: D

235) The batting percentages of some of the players on the company softball team are .248, .287, .237, . 235)
294, .225, .324, and .286. What is the average batting percentage of these players? Round to the
nearest thousandth.
A) .247 B) .285 C) .317 D) .272
Answer: D

236) Frank's Furniture employees earned $366.90, $463.69, $162.08, $460.63, $179.72, and $265.91 last 236)
week. Find the average wage of the employees. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
A) $474.73 B) $379.79 C) $367.79 D) $316.49
Answer: D

237) Bill kept track of the number of hours he spent exercising each week. The results for four months 237)
are shown below. Find the average number of hours Bill spent exercising per week. Round your
answer to two decimal places.
7.00 8.80 7.90 7.50 6.60 7.00
8.50 7.90 7.80 7.00 7.50 9.00
7.40 8.80 8.80 6.50 6.60 8.50

A) 8.18 B) 7.73 C) 7.95 D) 7.32

Answer: B

238) The normal monthly precipitation (in inches) for August is listed for 20 different U.S. cities. Find 238)
the average of the data.
3.5 1.6 2.4 3.7 4.1
3.9 1.0 3.6 4.2 3.4
3.7 2.2 1.5 4.2 3.4
2.7 0.4 3.7 2.0 3.6

A) 3.27 in. B) 3.09 in. C) 2.80 in. D) 2.94 in.

Answer: D

35
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Use McKay's theorem to find a rational number between the two given rational numbers.
1 1
239) and 239)
2 11
2
Answer:
13

1 3
240) and 240)
2 7
4
Answer:
9

241) 2 and 5 241)

7
Answer:
2

13
242) 2 and 242)
3
15
Answer:
4

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Express the rational number as a terminating or repeating decimal number.

1
243) 243)
4
A) 0.25 B) 2.5 C) 0.125 D) 0.025
Answer: A

1
244) 244)
5
A) 0.1 B) 0.02 C) 0.2 D) 2
Answer: C

11
245) 245)
20
A) 5.5 B) 0.055 C) 0.55 D) 0.275
Answer: C

1
246) 246)
16
A) -0.0375 B) 0.063 C) 0.0725 D) 0.0625
Answer: D

36
 15
247) 247)
25
A) 0.52 B) 0.4 C) 0.66 D) 0.6
Answer: D

13
248) 248)
40
A) 0.285 B) 0.325 C) 0.225 D) 0.335
Answer: B

8
249) 249)
9
A) 0.89 B) 0.9 C) 0.98 D) 0.8
Answer: D

8
250) 250)
11
A) 0.72 B) 0.72 C) 0.728 D) 0.7
Answer: A

23
251) 251)
6
A) 3.8333 B) 0.83 C) 3.83 D) 3.83
Answer: D

3
252) 252)
7
A) 0.428571 B) 0.42857 C) 0.428571 D) 0.428571
Answer: D

Write the decimal as a fraction in lowest terms.

253) 0.6 253)
6 3 6 2
A) B) C) D)
11 5 10 3
Answer: B

254) 0.19 254)

19 19 19 1
A) B) C) D)
100 500 50 19
Answer: A

255) 0.676 255)

169 1 169 169
A) B) C) D)
500 676 250 125
Answer: C

37
 256) 5.50 256)
1 11 11
A) B) C) 11 D)
55 2 10
Answer: B

257) 5.33 257)

533 1 533 533
A) B) C) D)
200 533 100 50
Answer: C

258) 0.016 258)

1 2 1 4
A) B) C) D)
125 125 8 125
Answer: B

259) 0.0004 259)

1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
250 2500 5000 1250
Answer: B

260) 0.582 260)

291 291 1 291
A) B) C) D)
250 1000 582 500
Answer: D

Decide whether the rational number yields a repeating or a terminating decimal.

7
261) 261)
18
A) Repeating B) Terminating
Answer: A

3
262) 262)
85
A) Repeating B) Terminating
Answer: A

3
263) 263)
50
A) Repeating B) Terminating
Answer: B

6
264) 264)
24
A) Repeating B) Terminating
Answer: B

38
Decide if the number is rational or irrational.
265) 16 265)
A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: B

5
266) 266)
11
A) Rational B) Irrational
Answer: A

267) 86 267)
A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: A

268) 0.55555555... 268)

A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: B

269) 0.148 269)

A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: B

270) 1.28262325... 270)

A) Rational B) Irrational
Answer: B

271) 6.283 271)

A) Rational B) Irrational
Answer: A

272) 272)
A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: A

8+ 5
273) 273)
3
A) Irrational B) Rational
Answer: A

Find the square root correct to the thousandths place.

274) 3 274)
A) 1.737 B) 1.732 C) 3.000 D) 1.729
Answer: B

275) 95 275)
A) 9.747 B) 95.000 C) 9.744 D) 9.752
Answer: A

39
 276) 217 276)
A) 217.000 B) 14.731 C) 14.736 D) 14.728
Answer: B

277) 3.24 277)

A) 1.800 B) 1.804 C) 3.240 D) 1.805
Answer: A

3
278) 278)
7
A) 0.429 B) 0.655 C) 1.134 D) 0.247
Answer: B

Simplify and evaluate using a calculator.

279) 20 279)
A) 2 5; 4.47213595 B) 5 2; 4.47213595
C) 2 10; 4.47213595 D) 10; 10
Answer: A

280) 294 280)

A) 6 7; 17.1464282 B) 7 6; 17.1464282
C) 7 42; 17.1464282 D) 42; 42
Answer: B

281) - 245 281)

A) 5 7; 15.6524758 B) -7 5; -15.6524758
C) -5 7; -15.6524758 D) -35; -35
Answer: B

8
282) 282)
10
8 10 8 10 8 10
A) ; 0.89442719 B) ; 0.8 C) ; 2.52982213
10 10 10
Answer: C

7
283) 283)
6
7 6
A) ; 2.85773803 B) 43
6
49 6
C) 7 6; 2.85773803 D) ; 2.85773803
6
Answer: A

40
 9
284) 284)
25
3 9 5 3
A) ; 0.6 B) ; 0.6 C) ; 1.66666667 D) ; 0.6
25 5 3 5

Answer: D

1
285) 285)
36
1
A) ; 0.16666667 B) 6
6
1 1
C) ; 9 D) ; 0.16666667
2 9 6

Answer: D

7
286) 286)
3
7
A) 3 7; 7.93725393 B) ; 0.8819171
3
3 7 21
C) ; 2.64575131 D) ; 1.52752523
3 3
Answer: D

Perform the indicated operations.

287) 5 7 + 7 287)
A) 5 7 B) 6 14 C) 6 7 D) 5 14
Answer: C

288) 8 5 - 5 288)
A) 8 5 B) 0 C) 7 5 D) 7 10
Answer: C

289) -4 2 - 7 2 289)
A) 3 2 B) 28 4 C) -11 4 D) -11 2
Answer: D

290) 28 7 - 6 7 290)
A) 154 B) 34 7 C) 22 7 D) 22
Answer: C

291) 27 7 - 6 7 291)
A) 21 B) 33 7 C) 147 D) 21 7
Answer: D

292) 7 6 - 2 6 292)
A) -8 6 B) 5 6 C) 9 6 D) -6 6
Answer: B

41
 293) 8 5 - 6 20 293)
A) 2 5 B) 4 5 C) -4 5 D) -20 5
Answer: C

294) -3 180 - 7 45 294)

A) 3 5 B) 39 5 C) -39 5 D) -3 5
Answer: C

Find the root. Round to three decimal places if necessary.

3
295) - 125 295)
A) 25 B) Not real number
C) 5 D) -5
Answer: D

3
296) 1000 296)
A) 10 B) Not real number
C) 31 D) 100
Answer: A

4
297) - 256 297)
A) Not real number B) -4
C) 6.233 D) 16
Answer: B

4
298) 81 298)
A) 9 B) 3
C) Not real number D) 4.264
Answer: B

3
299) 20 299)
A) 2.814 B) 6.667 C) 4.472 D) 2.714
Answer: D

4
300) 351 300)
A) 4.112 B) 87.75 C) 18.735 D) 4.328
Answer: D

3
301) 13.824 301)
A) 3.718 B) 2.4 C) 1.928 D) 0.800
Answer: B

4
302) 3895.0081 302)
A) 7.9 B) 15.734 C) 1.975 D) 62.41
Answer: A

42
Solve the problem.
303) The time, T, in seconds required for a pendulum of length L feet to make one swing is given by 303)
L
T=2 . How long is a pendulum (to the nearest hundredth of a foot) if it makes one swing in
32
2 seconds?
A) 10.19 ft B) 6.48 ft C) 3.56 ft D) 3.24 ft
Answer: D

304) The distance in miles that can be seen on the surface of the ocean is given by d = 1.4 h where h is 304)
the height in feet above the surface of the water. How many feet high above the water (to the
nearest tenth) would a pirate have to climb to see 16 miles?
A) 501.8 ft B) 5.6 ft C) 65.3 ft D) 130.6 ft
Answer: D

x
305) Police use a formula s = S , where S is the test-car speed (mph) and L is the test-skid length 305)
L
(feet), to find the actual speed, s, in an accident which left a skid mark of length x feet. Find the
actual speed (to the nearest tenth) when S = 63 mph, x = 150 ft, L = 100 ft.
A) 51.7 mph B) 77.2 mph C) 113.0 mph D) 94.5 mph
Answer: B

306) In a manufacturing operation, the cost, c, is related to the manufacturing time, t, by the equation 306)
c = t. Find c (exact) when t = 108.
A) 6 3 B) 10 C) 18 D) 108
Answer: A

307) In an economics study, three quantities, m, p, and q, have been found to be related by the equation 307)
m = p · q. Find m, if p = 9 and q = 16.
A) 7 B) 12 C) 48 D) 144
Answer: B

308) Angela Ramos invested $770 in a money market fund. Two years later, her investment was worth 308)
$1021.87. Find the approximate annual rate of return on her investment. Use the formula
r = A/P - 1, where P is the investment amount and A is the value after 2 years. Give results as a
percent to the nearest tenth.
A) 10.2% B) 5.7% C) 16.4% D) 15.2%
Answer: D

3
309) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 300( n) + 200 dollars, where C is the cost and n is the 309)
number of parts produced. Find the cost when 8 parts are produced.
A) $150 B) $500 C) $800 D) $1049
Answer: C

3
310) A manufacturer's cost is given by C = 300( n) + 200 dollars, where C is the cost and n is the 310)
number of parts produced. How many parts are produced when the cost is $5600?
A) 5400 parts B) 5832 parts C) 46,656 parts D) 324 parts
Answer: B

43
 311) A retailer finds that total cost per day is given by c = 36 n + 49 dollars, where c is cost and n is the 311)
number of units sold. What is c when 64 units are sold?
A) $337 B) $55 C) $295 D) $2353
Answer: A

312) A room in the shape of a triangle has sides of length 13.2 yd, 13.2 yd, and 10.9 yd. If carpeting costs 312)
$22.68 per sq. yd, padding costs $2.10 per sq. yd, and there is no charge for installation, how much,
to the nearest dollar, will it cost to carpet the room? (Hint: Use Heron's Formula)
A) $65 B) $1899 C) $376 D) $1624
Answer: D

Provide an appropriate response.

313) True or False? 313)

3 = 1.732050808
A) True B) False
Answer: B

314) True or False? 314)

The quotient of two irrational numbers is always irrational.

A) True B) False
Answer: B

315) True or False? 315)

The sum of two irrational numbers is always irrational.

A) True B) False
Answer: B

316) True or False? 316)

12
is irrational.
3
A) True B) False
Answer: B

317) True or False? 317)

12
is irrational.
4
A) True B) False
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

10
318) Since 10 can be written as , is 10 a rational number? Explain. 318)
1
Answer: No. Explanations will vary.

44
 22 22
319) is commonly used as an approximation to . Write as a repeating decimal and 319)
7 7
compare it .
22
Answer: = 3.142857
7

320) Find 3 approximations to given the following Fibonacci numbers: 13, 21, 34, 55. Which is 320)
the best approximation to 1.618033988749894848204... rounded to four decimal places?
21 34 55 55
Answer: 1.615; 1.619; 1.618. is the best approximation out of the three.
13 21 34 34

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

321) True or False? 321)

e = 2.718281828
A) True B) False
Answer: B

322) True or False? 322)

e = 2.71828
A) True B) False
Answer: B

Perform the operation.

323) 7.612 - 2.424 323)
A) -10.036 B) 5.288 C) 10.036 D) 5.188
Answer: D

324) 2.8 + 4.6 324)

A) 1.8 B) 7.4 C) -1.8 D) 7.5
Answer: B

325) 16 - 6.528 325)

A) 9.472 B) 9.572 C) 22.528 D) -22.528
Answer: A

326) 6.9 + 3.582 326)

A) 3.318 B) -3.318 C) 10.482 D) 10.582
Answer: C

327) 4.72 × 12 327)

A) 56.75 B) 57.74 C) 16.72 D) 56.64
Answer: D

328) 134.9 × 0.65 328)

A) 87.795 B) 87.785 C) 87.796 D) 87.685
Answer: D

45
 329) 672.4 ÷ 20.5 329)
A) 32.8 B) 33.8 C) 3.28 D) 328
Answer: A

330) -0.6 ÷ 0.03 330)

A) -5.7 B) -0.57 C) 0.05 D) -20
Answer: D

63.6
331) 331)
1.58 + 16.6
A) 2.42488943 B) 6.05349398 C) 44.0844899 D) 3.49834983
Answer: D

332) 1.88(3.55 + 54.8 - 4.82) 332)

A) 100.6364 B) 939.5628 C) 56.654 D) 118.7596
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

333) The pharmacist mixed 3.27 grams of one drug with 3.987 grams of another drug. What was the 333)
weight of the mixture?
A) 7.974 g B) 6.54 g C) 8.357 g D) 7.257 g
Answer: D

334) A bird flew 37 feet in 4.7 seconds. How many feet per second did the bird fly? Round to the nearest 334)
tenth.
A) 7.9 ft/sec B) 173.9 ft/sec C) 32.3 ft/sec D) 0.1 ft/sec
Answer: A

335) Jennifer has $572.85 in her savings account. If she withdraws $82.26, what is the new balance in her 335)
account?
A) $490.85 B) $490.59 C) $655.11 D) $654.85
Answer: B

336) A typesetter can keyboard 266 words in 3.6 minutes. How many words per minute can he set? 336)
Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 957.6 words/min B) 262.4 words/min
C) 269.6 words/min D) 73.9 words/min
Answer: D

337) Find the total cost of 4 dozen eggs at $0.72 per dozen, 2.3 pounds of vegetables at $1.39 per pound, 337)
and 1.5 pounds of fruit at $0.63 per pound.
A) $4.91 B) $6.02 C) $12.91 D) $7.02
Answer: D

338) Find the total cost of 3.9 pounds of apples at $0.19 per pound, 1.3 pounds of fish at $0.19 per pound, 338)
and 4.4 pounds of sugar at $0.19 per pound.
A) $1.82 B) $0.60 C) $2.05 D) $1.59
Answer: A

46
 339) The Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of a person who has been drinking is given by the formula 339)

ounces of alcohol × percent alcohol × 0.075

BAC = - (hours of drinking × 0.015).
body weight in lb

For example, the BAC for a 150-lb man who in two hours has drunk two 12-ounce beers , each
having a 3.3 percent alcohol content is

(2 × 12) × 3.3 × 0.075

BAC = - (2 × 0.015).
150

Find the BAC for a 160-lb man who in three hours has drunk 3 12-ounce beers, each having a 3.5
percent alcohol content.
A) 0.027 B) 0.015 C) 0.021 D) 0.014
Answer: D

340) The approximate speed of a car in miles per hour (MPH) can be found in terms of the engine's 340)
revolutions per minute (rpm), the tire diameter in inches, and the overall gear ratio by the formula

rpm × tire diameter

MPH = .
gear ratio × 336

If a car has an rpm of 5300, a tire diameter of 26 inches, and a gear ratio of 3.22, what is its
approximate speed in miles per hour?
A) 122 mph B) 113 mph C) 127 mph D) 118 mph
Answer: C

341) A coupon advertises ice cream cones for 0.79¢ and milkshakes for 0.99¢ each. Assuming these are 341)
the actual prices, how much will 10 ice cream cones and 30 milkshakes cost?
A) $37.60 B) 37.60¢ C) 33.60¢ D) $3.76
Answer: B

342) A coupon advertises ice cream cones for 0.25¢. Assuming this is the actual price, how many ice 342)
cream cones can you get for $8?
A) 32,000 B) 320 C) 3200 D) 32
Answer: C

Round the number to the nearest thousandth, nearest hundredth, and nearest tenth. Remember to round from the original
number.
343) 45.701 343)
A) 45.71, 45.8, 46 B) 45.701, 45.70, 45.7
C) 45.702, 45.71, 46 D) 45.70, 45.7, 45
Answer: B

344) 0.5099 344)

A) 0.510, 0.50, 0.6 B) 0.509, 0.50, 0.5
C) 0.510, 0.51, 0.5 D) 0.5099, 0.509, 0.50
Answer: C

47
 345) 814.635 345)
A) 814.635, 814.64, 814.6 B) 814.64, 814.6, 814
C) 814.635, 814.63, 815 D) 814.635, 814.64, 814
Answer: A

346) 9.971 346)

A) 9.971, 10.00, 10 B) 9.97, 9.9, 9 C) 9.972, 9.97, 9.9 D) 9.971, 9.97, 10
Answer: D

347) 51.99752 347)

A) 51.998, 51.99, 52.0 B) 51.998, 51.90, 51.9
C) 51.997, 52.00, 52.1 D) 51.998, 52.00, 52.0
Answer: D

Write as a percent.
348) 0.21 348)
A) 21% B) 2.1% C) 210% D) 0.021%
Answer: A

349) 0.6 349)

A) 0.6% B) 600% C) 0.06% D) 60%
Answer: D

350) 0.742 350)

A) 742% B) 0.742% C) 74.2% D) 0.0742%
Answer: C

351) 0.765 351)

A) 76.5% B) 765% C) 0.765% D) 0.0765%
Answer: A

352) 7.4 352)

A) 74% B) 0.0074% C) 0.74% D) 740%
Answer: D

353) 0.00263 353)

A) 0.000263% B) 0.0263% C) 0.1315% D) 0.263%
Answer: D

354) 7 354)
A) 0.7% B) 350% C) 700% D) 0.07%
Answer: C

1
355) 355)
8
1 1
A) 80% B) 12 % C) 125% D) 1 %
2 4
Answer: B

48
 3
356) 356)
8
3 1
A) 3 % B) 375% C) 30% D) 37 %
4 2
Answer: D

17
357) 357)
8
1 1 1 1
A) 2 % B) 212 % C) 106 % D) 21 %
8 2 4 4
Answer: B

3
358) 1 358)
20
3 1 1
A) 115% B) 1 % C) 11 % D) 57 %
20 2 2
Answer: A

8
359) 359)
15
1 1 2
A) 50% B) 5 % C) 53 % D) 26 %
3 3 3
Answer: C

Solve the problem. Round to the nearest hundredth.

360) 51 is 30% of what number? 360)
A) 17.00 B) 15.30 C) 170.00 D) 1700.00
Answer: C

361) 21 is 1% of what number? 361)

A) 21.00 B) 210.00 C) 21,000.00 D) 2100.00
Answer: D

362) 47% of what number is 83? 362)

A) 176.60 B) 0.57 C) 1766.00 D) 57.00
Answer: A

363) What is 87% of 381? 363)

A) 331.47 B) 33,147.00 C) 33.15 D) 3314.70
Answer: A

364) What is 33% of 1298? 364)

A) 428.34 B) 42,834.00 C) 4283.40 D) 42.83
Answer: A

365) Find 8.1% of 14 . 365)

A) 113.00 B) 0.11 C) 1.13 D) 11.30
Answer: C

49
 366) Find 150% of 346 . 366)
A) 51,900.00 B) 5190.00 C) 519.00 D) 51.90
Answer: C

367) $875.71 is what percent of $52.31? 367)

A) 0.60% B) 1674.08% C) 5.97% D) 16,740.80%
Answer: B

368) What percent of 103 is 14.32? 368)

A) 0.14% B) 0.07% C) 719.27% D) 13.90%
Answer: D

369) 908 is what percent of 1645? 369)

A) 0.06% B) 181.17% C) 0.55% D) 55.20%
Answer: D

Solve the problem.

370) On a biology test, a student got 25 questions correct but did not pass. On a second attempt, the 370)
student got 32 questions correct. What was the percent of the increase?
A) 72% B) 21.9% C) 7% D) 28%
Answer: D

371) A store manager paid $97 for an item and set the selling price at $117.37. What was the percent of 371)
the markup?
A) 21% B) 17% C) 20% D) 23%
Answer: A

372) Sales of frozen pizza for a club fund-raiser increased from 500 one year to 700 the next year. What 372)
was the percent of the increase?
A) 60% B) 71.4% C) 40% D) 28.6%
Answer: C

373) Enrollment in a business seminar increased from 66 people to 87 people. By what percentage did 373)
enrollment increase?
A) 75.9% B) 24.1% C) 68.2% D) 31.8%
Answer: D

374) Last year, Maria earned $310 per week. This year, her salary increased to $332 per week. By what 374)
percent did her salary increase?
A) 7.1% B) 93.4% C) 6.6% D) 92.9%
Answer: A

375) By switching service providers, a family's telephone bill decreased from about $50 a month to 375)
about $46. By what percent did the monthly bill decrease?
A) 8% B) 4% C) 8.7% D) 9%
Answer: A

376) The price of a printer was reduced from $400 to $180. What was the percent of the decrease? 376)
A) 122.2% B) 55% C) 45% D) 60%
Answer: B

50
377) All 37 of the students in a mathematics class attended class on Monday. On Tuesday only 28 377)
students attended. What was the percent of the decrease?
A) 75.7% B) 32.1% C) 24.3% D) 67.9%
Answer: C

378) A garden has vegetables planted in a 36 ft by 21 ft area. The vegetables are surrounded by a 2-ft 378)
border of flowers. By what percent is the area for planting vegetables increased if the 2-ft border of
flowers is removed?
A) 12.6% B) 32.3% C) 1.1% D) 11.5%
Answer: B

379) A carpeted living room and dining room area measures 35 ft by 10 ft. Mark decides to install wood 379)
flooring in the 12 ft by 10 ft dining room. By what percent has he reduced the area that is carpeted?
A) 10% B) 65.7% C) 34.3% D) 52.2%
Answer: C

380) The regular selling price of an item is $224. For a special year-end sale the price is marked down 380)
20%. Find the discount sale price.
A) $179.20 B) $186.67 C) $268.80 D) $44.80
Answer: A

381) Brand X copier advertises that its copiers run 24% longer between service calls than its competitor. 381)
If Brand X copiers run 48,800 copies between services, how many copies would the competitor run?
A) 27,727 copies B) 37,088 copies C) 39,355 copies D) 60,512 copies
Answer: C

382) Midtown Antiques collects 5% sales tax on all sales. If total sales including tax are $1248.70, find 382)
the portion that is the tax amount.
A) $62.44 B) $1189.24 C) $59.46 D) $49.46
Answer: C

383) The normal gasoline mileage of a car is 22 mpg. What is its mileage on a smooth road 383)
(12% increase)?
A) 50 mpg B) 2.6 mpg C) 22 mpg D) 24.6 mpg
Answer: D

384) The Perrones have saved $8600 for a down payment. If a 34% down payment is required, what 384)
price house can they buy?
A) $253 B) $292,400 C) $25,294 D) $2924
Answer: C

385) The appliance store where the Scott family shops offers a 6% discount for paying cash. The Scott 385)
family received a discount of $60. What was their total bill before the discount?
A) $4 B) $400 C) $10 D) $1000
Answer: D

386) Last season, a football team won 35 games and lost 72. Finding the winning percentage (ie the 386)
percentage of games which were won) .
A) 48.6% B) 67.3% C) 35.0% D) 32.7%
Answer: D

51
 387) A share of stock gains 8% in value and then loses 8% . How does its ending value compare with its 387)
initial value?
A) Less B) The same C) More
Answer: A

388) At a university, 80% of the students who apply are accepted. Of those who are accepted, 70% 388)
actually enroll. If 30,000 students apply, how many actually enroll?
A) 16,800 students B) 28,500 students C) 29,850 students D) 13,200 students
Answer: A

389) What percent of the figure is shaded? 389)

A) 6.4% B) 0.64% C) 64% D) 60%

Answer: C

Write as a real number or a product of a real number and i.

390) -16 390)
A) 4 B) -4i C) i D) 4i
Answer: D

391) - -16 391)

A) i B) -4i C) 4 D) 4i
Answer: B

392) -17 392)

A) 4i B) i C) i -17 D) i 17
Answer: D

393) 5 + -36 393)

A) 5 + 6i B) -1 C) 5 + i D) 5 - 6i
Answer: A

394) -176 394)

A) i B) 13i C) 4i 11 D) -4i 11
Answer: C

395) -5 · -5 395)
A) 2i -5 B) -5 C) 5 D) -5i
Answer: B

52
 -200
396) 396)
-8
A) 5 B) 5i C) 25i D) -5i
Answer: A

-10 · -5
397) 397)
2
A) 5 B) 25i C) 5i D) -5
Answer: D

Find the power of i.

398) i8 398)
A) -i B) 1 C) i D) -1
Answer: B

399) i19 399)

A) i B) -i C) 1 D) -1
Answer: B

400) i9 400)
A) 1 B) -i C) i D) -1
Answer: C

401) i22 401)

A) -1 B) -i C) 1 D) i
Answer: A

53
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Fig. 220. Young fronds of (A) Angiopteris evecta and (B) Cycas revoluta.
(Reduced.)
(a) Eufilicineae. The sporangia bear spores of one kind only; the
wall of a sporangium consists of one layer of cells. In the great
majority of cases the sporangia are characterised by the possession
of a conspicuous row of thick-walled brown cells, the annulus[683],
which serves as a mechanism for dehiscence and spore-dispersal.
The fertile leaves, identical in form with the sterile, or more or less
sharply contrasted, usually bear the sporangia on the under surface
of the lamina in definite groups or sori, and not on the upper surface
or grouped in strobili as in the Lycopodiales. The stem is dorsiventral
or radial in structure, creeping or erect, frequently clothed with chaffy
scales (ramenta) and less often with multicellular hairs. The sexual
generation is represented by a small green prothallus which lives for
a short period only and dies after nursing the fern-plant through its
earliest stages.
(b) Hydropterideae. Heterosporous water-ferns differing
considerably in habit from the true ferns. Each megasporangium
contains a single megaspore and several microspores are produced
in each microsporangium. The gametophyte is represented by tissue
more or less enclosed in the spore. [Genera Salvinia, Azolla,
Marsilia, Regnellidium, Pilularia. See Chapter xxvi.]

Eufilicineae.
The classification of the true ferns in common use is based almost
exclusively on the structure of the sporangium, the form and position
of the sori, and on the presence or absence of an indusium (the
tissue which in some ferns partially or completely covers each
sorus). In recent years there has been considerable activity in the
investigation of fern anatomy with a view to elucidating the natural
relationship between recent families or genera. The results of these
researches are on the whole consistent with the scheme and
grouping adopted in the Synopsis Filicum of Hooker and Baker and
in general harmony with the main conclusions arrived at by Bower
from an intensive study of the development of fern sporangia. The
following classification is based on that of Bower who takes as a
basis (i) the relative time of appearance of the sporangia in a single
sorus, (ii) the structure of the sporangia and their orientation relative
to the whole sorus, (iii) the productiveness of sporangia (spore-
output).
Osmundaceae Simplices (Bower). The sporangia are
Schizaeaceae relatively large and all the sporangia in a
Gleicheniaceae sorus have a simultaneous origin: the
Matonineae annulus is oblique.
Loxsomaceae Gradatae (Bower). Sporangia arise in
Hymenophyllaceae basipetal succession on a more or less
Cyatheaceae elongated receptacle (portion of the leaf
Dennstaedtiinae lamina which projects as a cushion or
column on which the sporangia are borne);
annulus oblique; indusium, if present, in
the form of a cup or flap of tissue arising
from the base of the sorus.
Mixtae (Bower). This division includes the
Polypodiaceae, by far the largest family of
ferns. The sporangia are characterised by
Polypodiaceae
their relatively small size, the presence of a
Parkeriaceae
slender stalk, the absence of regular
orientation or sequence in development,
and by the presence of a vertical annulus.
The Dipteridinae include species with the
characters of the Mixtae, and one species
Dipteridinae
in which the sporangia develope
simultaneously (Simplices).

Osmundaceae[684]. (Osmunda, Todea.)

Sporangia large and rather stouter than those of other
Leptosporangiate ferns, borne in small groups (filmy species of
Todea) in linear and frequently confluent sori (Todea barbara; fig.
221, D) or clustered round the axis of modified fertile pinnae with
much reduced lamina (Osmunda). The annulus is represented by a
group of thicker-walled cells a short distance below the apex (fig.
221, C). This family stands apart among the ferns; in some respects,
e.g. in the more robust sporangia occasionally forming synangia, and
in the presence of stipular wings, it forms a transitional series
between the Leptosporangiate and Eusporangiate ferns. The only
European species of Osmunda, O. regalis, is almost cosmopolitan in
range; other species occur in North and South America, in the Far
East, the Malay Peninsula, and in other regions, more especially in
the temperate zones. Todea is represented by (i) the South African
and Australian species, T. barbara, a fern with a stem, which may
reach a height of several feet, thickly covered with adventitious roots
and bearing large and somewhat leathery fronds; (ii) filmy species in
New Zealand, New South Wales, New Caledonia, and elsewhere. A
plant of the small tree-fern Todea Wilkesiana (Fiji, Samoa, and other
islands) in the filmy-fern house at Kew, to which my attention was
drawn by my friend Mr A. W. Hill, has a slender stem with the
characteristic leaf-scars exposed; it presents a striking similarity to
some of the fossil species of Osmundaceae described in a later
chapter.

Fig. 221.
A. Osmunda cinnamomea (after Faull).
B. Todea barbara, p, phloem; s, sclerenchyma.
C. Osmunda regalis (after Luerssen).
D. Todea barbara (½ nat. size).
 Schizaeaceae. (Schizaea, Aneimia, Lygodium,
Mohria.)
Sporangia borne singly and not in groups (sori), readily recognised
by the complete transverse apical annulus usually one layer of cells
deep, but occasionally two layers in depth on the side opposite the
line of dehiscence[685] (fig. 224, B). Schizaea (fig. 222) with the
exception of one species in North America (S. pusilla) is
characteristic of Northern India, the Malay region, Australia, New
Caledonia, S. Africa, and elsewhere south of the Equator. Aneimia
(figs. 223, 224, A, B), characterised by the fertile segments with
reduced lamina, is chiefly American: the monotypic genus Mohria,
resembling in habit the Polypodiaceous genus Cheilanthes, occurs in
S. Africa and Madagascar, while species of Lygodium are widely
spread tropical ferns, with one species in temperate North America.
This family has disappeared from Europe.
Fig. 222. Schizaea elegans. (Slightly reduced.) A few of the segments
terminate in narrow fertile lobes.
 Fig. 223. Aneimia rotundifolia. (From the Royal Gardens, Kew. ⅓ nat.
size.)

Gleicheniaceae [Gleichenia, Platyzoma (= G. microphylla)].

Sporangia form circular naked sori composed of a variable number
of sporangia, usually not more than ten and frequently fewer,
characterised by an obliquely horizontal and almost complete
annulus (fig. 224, I). In some species of Gleichenia (sect.
Eugleichenia) the ultimate segments are very small and semicircular
in form (fig. 226, C), in others (sect. Mertensia[686]) the segments are
linear (fig. 226, D), and in many species the fronds are distinguished
by the regular dichotomous branching (fig. 225), frequently showing
an arrested rachis bud in the forks[687] protected by modified pinnules
(fig. 226, D, E). In Platyzoma the leaves are simple, reaching a
length of 20–30 cm., and bear small revolute oval segments.
 Fig. 224.
A. Aneimia flexuosa.
B. A. phyllitidis.
C. Hymenophyllum dilatatum.
D, E, F, G. Matonia pectinata; i, indusium.
H. Thyrsopteris elegans.
I. Gleichenia circinata.
(A, B, after Prantl; C, G, H, I, after Bower.)
Fig. 225. Gleichenia dicarpa. (⅓ nat. size.)
 Fig. 226.
A, B. Gleichenites Rostafinskii, Raciborski.
C. Gleichenia dicarpa. (Nat. size.)
D, E. Gleichenia dichotoma. (Reduced.)
(A, B, after Raciborski; C, after Hooker; D, E, after Goebel.)
Gleichenia is represented by several species in the tropics and
extends to south temperate and Antarctic latitudes. The species G.
dichotoma (= G. linearis) is one of the more successful tropical ferns,
while G. moniliformis (by some authors recognised as a distinct
genus, Stromatopteris) is peculiar to New Caledonia. The monotypic
genus Platyzoma is a xerophilous Australian fern. The
Gleicheniaceae are unrepresented in existing north temperate floras.

Matonineae. (Matonia.)
The genus Matonia, placed in the Cyatheaceae by Sir William
Hooker and compared by other authors also with the
Gleicheniaceae, is now included in a special family. The sori are
circular and consist of 5–11 large sporangia (fig. 224, E, G) sessile
on a central columnar receptacle which spreads out into an
umbrella-like indusium (D, i) with its incurved margin tucked in below
the ring of sporangia. The indusium is detached when the sporangia
are ripe. The annulus is oblique and incomplete and often slightly
sinuous; it agrees in the main with that of Gleichenia. The species
Matonia pectinata is characterised by dichotomously branched
fronds (figs. 227, 228) with long and slender petioles; the pinnae
bear linear pinnules with forked lateral veins and occasional lateral
anastomoses (fig. 224, F). The only other living representative is M.
sarmentosa, discovered by Mr Charles Hose at Niah, Sarawak[688]:
this species has long pendulous leaves apparently very different
from those of M. pectinata, but the branching of the frond may be
regarded as a modification of a primitive form of dichotomy[689]. A
small bud occurs in the angle between the forked linear segments
and the rachis, as in some species of Gleichenia[690]. Matonia is
confined to the Malay region: M. pectinata grows in Western Borneo
and in various localities in the Malay peninsula, while M.
sarmentosa, has been found in one locality only; the latter species
has recently been transferred to a new genus Phanerosorus, but in
view of the practical identity in anatomical structure and the close
agreement as regards the sori of the two species there would seem
to be no justification for this change of name[691].
 Fig. 227. Matonia pectinata. (⅕ nat. size.) M.S.

Loxsomaceae.
The New Zealand genus Loxsoma has marginal sori with a cup-
like indusium surrounding an elongated receptacle bearing pear-
shaped sporangia provided with a complete oblique annulus. The
genus is chiefly interesting because of its isolated position; it agrees
with Trichomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) in the structure of the sorus
and with species of Dicksonia and Davallia in habit; it shows some
resemblance also to Gleicheniaceae and Schizaeaceae[692]. A new
type of fern described by Christ[693] from Costa Rica as Loxsomopsis
costaricensis affords a striking instance of discontinuous distribution
and emphasises the antiquity and generalised features of the family.

Fig. 228. Matonia pectinata. From a photograph by Mr Tansley of a group

of plants in a wood on Gunong Tundok, Mount Ophir.

Hymenophyllaceae. (Hymenophyllum,
Trichomanes.)
The sporangia, which are attached to a columnar receptacle or
prolongation of a vein beyond the margin of the lamina, are
characterised by an obliquely transverse annulus (fig. 224, C). A
cup-like indusium surrounds the lower portion of the receptacle
which is two-lipped in Trichomanes and entire in Hymenophyllum
(fig. 270, C, D). These two filmy ferns have a wide distribution both in
tropical and extra-tropical regions; they are represented in the British
Isles by Hymenophyllum tunbrigense, H. Wilsoni, and Trichomanes
radicans.

Fig. 229.
A. Thyrsopteris elegans.
B. Cyathea spinulosa.
C. Davallia concinna.
D. Dicksonia coniifolia.
E. Alsophila excelsa.
F, G. Dicksonia culcita.
(A, after Diels and Kunze; B, D, F, G, after Hooker; E, after Bower.)
 Cyatheaceae. (Cyathea, Hemitelia, Alsophila,
Dicksonia, Thyrsopteris.)
The sporangia occur in indusiate or naked sori and have an
obliquely vertical and incomplete annulus (fig. 229, E). In the great
majority of cases the fronds are large and highly compound, but
Cyathea sinuata Hook, a rare Ceylon species, bears simple narrow
linear leaves. This family includes, with few exceptions, all the tree
ferns[694]. The sori of Dicksonia are enclosed in a two-valved
indusium (fig. 229, F. G); in the species represented in fig. 230 the
fertile segments, which terminate in cup-like indusia, are
characterised by the absence of a lamina and closely resemble
those of Thyrsopteris (fig. 229, A). In Cyathea the indusium has the
form of a cup which is at first closed and afterwards opens at the
apex (fig. 229, B); in Hemitelia the indusium is much reduced and in
Alsophila the sori are naked. Thyrsopteris is characterised by the
reduced fertile pinnules bearing stalked sori in deep cups (fig. 229,
A). The appearance of this fern “is very remarkable, for the cup-
shaped sori hang down from the fronds in masses, looking just like
masses of millet seed[695].” The sporangia are described by Bower[696]
as large and of rather peculiar form. As seen in fig. 224, H, the
annulus is continuous; it forms a twisted loop of cells which vary in
shape and in the thickness of the walls. The Cyatheaceae are for the
most part tropical ferns with a wide geographical range, usually in
moist regions; they are, however, able to flourish under widely
different temperature conditions. In Tasmania, as Diels[697] points out,
tree ferns may occasionally be seen laden with snow, and on the
west coast of New Zealand they overhang the edge of a glacier[698].
The monotypic genus Thyrsopteris is confined to Juan Fernandez.
The Cyatheaceae no longer exist in Europe.
 Fig. 230. Dicksonia Bertercana Hook. Fertile and sterile pinnae. (Nat. size.
British Museum Herbarium.)

Dennstaedtiinae. (Microlepia, Dennstaedtia.)

This sub-tribe, instituted by Prantl, has been revived by Bower on
the ground that the sori present features intermediate between those
of Cyatheaceae and the Polypodiaceous genus Davallia. The
sporangia have a slightly oblique annulus.

Polypodiaceae.
 This section of the Leptosporangiate ferns, including several sub-
tribes, comprises the great majority of recent genera. The sporangia
form naked or indusiate sori and have a vertical incomplete annulus.
In Plagiogyria[699] the oblique annulus and soral features suggest
comparison with the Cyatheaceae. A more intimate acquaintance
with Polypodiaceous ferns will undoubtedly demonstrate the
existence of other generalised types[700].
From the point of view of the identification of fossil ferns it is
important to bear in mind the very close resemblance presented by
some Polypodiaceous species, e.g. species of Davallia (fig. 229, C),
to Cyatheaceous ferns (cf. fig. 229, D).

Parkeriaceae. (Ceratopteris.)
The almost spherical and scattered sporangia are characterised
by the peculiar form of the vertical annulus, which is composed of
numerous cells differing in their greater breadth and smaller depth
from those of a typical annulus. Exannulate sporangia have been
described, while others occur showing different stages between a
rudimentary and a complete ring. The single species of Ceratopteris,
C. thalictroides, is an annual aquatic fern widely spread in tropical
countries[701].
 Fig. 231.
A, A′. Dipteris quinquefurcata (type-specimen in the Kew Herbarium).
B, C, E, G. D. conjugata. (C, ⅛ nat. size.)
D. Polypodium quercifolium.
F. Dipteris Wallichii.
(D, after Luerssen.)

Dipteridinae. (Dipteris.)
 The genus Dipteris, formerly included in the Polypodiaceae, has
been assigned to a separate family partly on account of the slight
obliquity of the vertical annulus (fig. 231, G) and on other
grounds[702]. The four species Dipteris conjugata, D. Wallichii, D.
Lobbiana (= D. bifurcata), and D. quinquefurcata (fig. 231) are
characterised by a creeping rhizome bearing fronds reaching a
length of 50 cm.; in D. conjugata and D. Wallichii the lamina is
divided by a median sinus into two symmetrical halves, while in other
species the leaf is dissected into narrow linear segments. The main
dichotomously branched ribs are connected by lateral branches and
these by tertiary veins, the delicate branches of which end freely
within the square or polygonal areolae (fig. 231, A′, E). The naked
sori are composed of numerous sporangia and filamentous hairs:
while in some species the soral development conforms to that
characteristic of the Mixtae, it has been shown that in one species,
D. Lobbiana (= D. bifurcata[703]), the sporangia develope
simultaneously as in the Simplices. Dipteris occurs in company with
Matonia on Mt Ophir and elsewhere in the Malay peninsula; it
extends to the Philippines, Samoa, New Caledonia, China, New
Guinea, and the subtropical regions of Northern India.
• • • • •
The impossibility of drawing a hard and fast line between the
divisions adopted in any system of classification is well illustrated by
the ferns. In the main, the three-fold grouping suggested by Bower is
probably consistent with the order of evolution of the true ferns. The
Polypodiaceae, which are now the dominant group, are in all
probability of comparatively recent origin, while the Gradatae and
Simplices represent smaller subdivisions with representatives in
remote geological epochs. The genera Loxsoma, Matonia and
Dipteris afford examples of ferns exhibiting points of contact with
more than one of Bower’s subdivisions: they are generalised types
which, like many relics of the past, are now characterised by a
restricted geographical range.
RECENT FERNS