Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach

14th Edition (eBook PDF)

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/sociology-a-down-to-earth-approach-14th-edition-eb
ook-pdf/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

(eBook PDF) Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach 14th

Edition by James M. Henslin

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-sociology-a-down-to-
earth-approach-14th-edition-by-james-m-henslin/

(eBook PDF) Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 12th

Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-sociology-a-down-to-
earth-approach-12th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach 13th

Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-sociology-a-down-to-
earth-approach-13th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 6th

Canadian Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-sociology-a-down-to-
earth-approach-6th-canadian-edition/
Essentials of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach 13th
Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/essentials-of-sociology-a-down-to-
earth-approach-13th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Essentials of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth

Approach 12th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-sociology-
a-down-to-earth-approach-12th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Essentials of Sociology: A Down-To-Earth

Approach 13th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-sociology-
a-down-to-earth-approach-13th-edition/

Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 13th Edition by

James M. Henslin (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/sociology-a-down-to-earth-
approach-13th-edition-by-james-m-henslin-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American

History 4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-down-to-earth-natures-
role-in-american-history-4th-edition/
Pe ·

FOURTEENTH EDITION

- ie

A Down~Jo~Earth Approach
•
l'earson •
 ••
Contents VII

The Social Construction of Reality 120 In-Groups and Out-Groups 159

Gynecological Examinations 121 SHAPING PERCEPTION AND MORALITY 159

The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology 122 Reference Groups 160
EVALUATING OURSELVES 160 • EXPOSURE TO
Summary and Review 126
CONTRADICTORY STANDARDS IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY 160
Thinking Critically about Chapter 4 127
Social Networks 160
5 How Sociologists Do Research 128 THE SMALL WORLD PHENOMENON
WORLD PHENOMENON AN ACADEMIC MYTH?
162 • IS THE SMALL
162 •
What ls a Valid Sociological Topic? 130 BUILDING UNINTENTIONAL BARRIERS 163

Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research 130 Group Dynamics 164
A Research Model 130 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 164
1. Selecting a Topic 130 Effects of Grot1p Size on Attitudes and Behavior 165
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND THE REAL WORLD 166
2. Defining the Problem 131
3. Reviewing the Literature 131 Leadership 168
WHO BECOMES A LEADER? 168 • TYPES OF LEADERS 169 •
4. Formulating a Hypothesis 131
LEADERSHIP STYLES 169 • LEADERSHIP STYLES IN CHANGING
5. Choosing a Research Method 131 SITUATIONS 169
6. Collecting the Data 131 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 170
7. Analyzing the Results 132 The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 171
8. Sharing the Results 132 Individual and Global Consequences of Group
Research Methods (Designs) 133 Dynamics: Groupthink 172
Strrveys 134 PREVENTING GROUPTHINK 173

SELECTING A SAMPLE 134 • ASKING NEUTRAL Summary and Review 173

QUESTIONS 134 • QUESTIONNAIRES AND Thinking Critically about Chapter 6 174
INTERVIEWS 136 • ESTABLISHING RAPPORT 136
Participant Obsenration (Fieldwork) 137
139
Case Studies
Secondary Analysis 139
7 Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations 175
Analysis of Documents 139
Experiments 140 The Rationalization of Society 177
Unobtrusive Measures 141 Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human
Relationships? 177
Deciding Which Method to Use 142
LIFE IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES 177 • THE SHIFT
Controversy in Sociological Research 142 TO RATIONALITY AS SOCIETIES INDUSTRIALIZED 178
Gender in Sociological Research 143 Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 179
Etl1ics in Sociological Research 144 Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 179
Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 144 THE TWO VIEWS TODAY 180
Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 145 Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 180
How Research and Theory Work Together 146 Formal Organizations 180
The Real World: When the Ideal Meets tl1e Real 146 Tl1e Characteristics of Bureaucracies 181
Connecting Research and Theory 147 "Ideal" versus "Real" Bureaucracy 183
Summary and Review 147 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation
Thinking Critically about Chapter 5 148 of Bureaucracies 184
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 185
6 Societies to Social Networks 149 RED TAPE: A RULE IS A RULE 185 • LACK OF
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN UNITS 186 • BUREAUCRATIC
Societies and Their Transformation 151 INCOMPETENCE 186
Hunting and Gathering Societies 151 Alienation of Workers 186
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 153 CAUSES OF ALIENATION 186 • THE ALIENATED
Agricultural Societies 153 BUREAUCRAT 187 • RESISTING ALIENATION 187
Industrial Societies 154 Finding Success at Work 187
Postindustrial (Information) Societies 154 Voluntary Associations 188
Biotech Societies: ls a New Type of Society Functions of Voluntary Associations 189
Emerging? 155 Motivations for Joining 190
Groups within Society 156 The Inner Circle and the "Iron Law" of Oligarchy 190
Primary Groups 157 THE INNER CIRCLE 190 • THE IRON LAW OF
PRODUCING A MIRROR WITHIN 157 OLIGARCHY 190

Secondary Groups 157 Working for the Corporation 191

viii Contents

Humanizing the Work Setting 192 GEOGRAPHY 224 • SOCIAL CLASS 225 •
GENDER 225 • RACE-ETHNICITY 225
EMPOWERING WORKERS THROUGH WORK TEAMS 192 •
STRENGTHS-BASED MANAGEMENT 192 • CORPORATE The Trot1ble with Official Statistics 227
CHILD CARE 192 • THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE 193 T11e Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness 228
Fads in Corporate Culture 193 NEITHER MENTAL NOR ILLNESS? 228 • THE HOMELESS
Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the "Hidden" MENTALLY ILL 229
Corporate Culture 194 The Need for a More Humane Approacl1 230
SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES AND PROMOTIONS 194 Summary and Review 230
Diversity in the Workplace 194 Thinking Critically about Chapter 8 231
Technology and the Maximum-Security Society 196
Summary and Review 197 9 Global Stratification 232
Thinking Critically about Chapter 7 198
Systems of Social Stratification 234
Slavery 235
8 Deviance and Social Control 199 CAUSES OF SLAVERY 235 • CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY 236 •
BONDED LABOR IN THE NEW WORLD 236 • SLAVERY
What Is Deviance? 201 IN THE NEW WORLD 236 • SLAVERY TODAY 237
A Neutral Term 201 Caste 237
STIGMA 201 INDIA'S RELIGIOUS CASTES 237 • SOUTH AFRICA 238 •
Deviance Is Relative 201 A U.S. RACIAL CASTE SYSTEM 239

How Norms Make Social Life Possible 203 Estate 240

WOMEN IN THE ESTATE SYSTEM 240
Sanctions 203
Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Class 241
Psychology, and Sociology 204 Global Stratification and the Stah1s of Females 241
Biosocial Explanations 204 The Global Superclass 241
Psychological Explanations 204 What Determines Social Class? 242
Sociological Explanations 205 Karl Marx: The Means of Production 242
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 205 Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 243
Differential Association Theory 205 Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 243
THE THEORY 205 • FAMILIES 205 • FRIENDS, The Functionalist View: Motivating
NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SUBCULTURES 205 • Qualified People 244
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION IN THE CYBER AGE 206 • DAVIS AND MOORE'S EXPLANATION 244 • TUMIN'S
PRISON OR FREEDOM? 206 CRITIQUE OF DAVIS AND MOORE 244
Control Theory 207 The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce
THE THEORY 207 Resources 245
Labeling Theory 209 MOSCA'S ARGUMENT 245 • MARX'S ARGUMENT 246 •
REJECTING LABELS: HOW PEOPLE NEUTRALIZE CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF CONFLICT THEORY 246
DEVIANCE 209 • EMBRACING LABELS: THE EXAMPLE OF Lenski' s Synthesis 246
OUTLAW BIKERS 210 • LABELS CAN BE POWERFUL 210 •
H ow Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 247
HOW DO LABELS WORK? 211
Soft Control versus Force 247
The Functionalist Perspective 212
CONTROLLING PEOPLE'S IDEAS 247 • CONTROLLING
Can Deviai1ce Really Be Functional for Society? 212 INFORMATION 248 • STIFLING CRITICISM 248 •
Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce BIG BROTHER TECHNOLOGY 248
Deviance 212 Comparative Social Stratification 249
FOUR DEVIANT PATHS 213
Social Stratification in Great Britain 249
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union 249
and Crime 213
Global Stratification: Three Worlds 250
STREET CRIME 213 • WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 215 •
GENDER AND CRIME 216 T11e Most Industrialized Nations 251
The Conflict Perspective 217 The Industrializing Nations 254
Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 217 The Least Industrialized Nations 255
The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Modifying the Model 255
Oppression 217 H ow Did the World's Nations Become Stratified? 258
Reactions to Deviance 218 Colonialism 258
Street Crime and Prisons 219 World System Theory 259
The Decline of Violent Crime 222 Culture of Poverty 260
Recidivism 222 Evaluating the Theories 260
The Death Penalty and Bias 223 Maintaining Global Stratification 261
 •
Contents IX

Neocolonialism 261 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions

RELEVANCE TODAY 261 of a Myth 296
MtLltinatio11al Corporations 261 Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a
BUYING POLITICAL STABILITY 262 • UNANTICIPATED Three-Tier Society? 297
CONSEQUENCES 262
Summary and Review 298
Technology and Global Domination 262 Thinking Critically about Chapter 10 299
Strains in the Global System: Uneasy Realignments 263
Summary and Review 263
Thinking Critically about Chapter 9 264 11 Sex and Gender 300
Sex, Gender, and Inequality 302
The Sociological Significance of Gender: Opening
10 Social Class in the United States 265 and Closing Doors to Property, Power, and Prestige 302
What Is Social Class? 267 Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Cwture? 302
Property 267 The Dominant Position in Sociology 304
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WEALTH AND INCOME 267 • Opening the Door to Biology 304
DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY 268 • DISTRIBUTION OF A MEDICAL ACCIDENT 304 • THE VIETNAM VETERANS
INCOME 268 STUDY 305 • MORE RESEARCH ON HUMANS 305
Power 271 Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 306
THE DEMOCRATIC FACADE 271 • THE POWER ELITE 271
How Did Females Become a Minority Group? 307
Prestige 272 HUMAN REPRODUCTION 308 • HAND-TO-HAND
OCCUPATIONS AND PRESTIGE 272 • COMBAT 308 • WHICH ONE? 309 • CONTINUING
DISPLAYING PRESTIGE 272 DOMINANCE 309
Status Inconsistency 273 Sex Typing of Work 309
Sociological Models of Social Class 275 Gender and the Prestige of Work 312
Updating Marx 275 Other Areas of Global Discrimination 312
Updating Weber 276 THE GLOBAL GAP IN POLITICS 312 • THE GLOBAL
THE CAPITALIST CLASS 277 • THE UPPER-MIDDLE GAP IN EDUCATION 312 • THE GLOBAL GAP IN PAY 312 •
GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 312
CLASS 277 • THE LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS 278 •
THE WORKING CLASS 278 • THE WORKING POOR 278 • Gender Inequality in the United States 314
THE UNDERCLASS 279
Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 314
Consequences of Social Class 279 Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 317
Physical Health 280 DEVALUATION OF THINGS FEMININE 317
Mental Health 281 Gender Inequality in Health Care 317
Family Life 281 Gender Inequality in Education 319
CHOICE OF HUSBAND OR WIFE 281 • DIVORCE 281 • THE PAST 319 • A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE 319 • GENDER
CHILD REARING 281 TRACKING 320 • GRADUATE SCHOOL AND BEYOND 321
Education 282 Gender Inequality in the Workplace 322
Religion 282 Tl1e Pay Gap 322
Politics 282 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 322 • GEOGRAPHICAL
Crime and Criminal Justice 283 FACTORS 322 • THE "TESTOSTERONE BONUS" 323 •
REASONS FOR THE GENDER PAY GAP 324 • THE CEO
Social Mobility 283 POWER GAP-AND THE NEW FEMALE PREMIUM 325
Three Types of Social Mobility 283
ls the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 326
Women in Studies of Social Mobility 285 AND THE FUTURE? 327
The Pain of Social Mobility: Two Distinct Worlds 286 Sexual Harassment-and Worse 327
Poverty 288 LABELS AND PERCEPTION 327 • NOT JUST A
Drawing the Poverty Line 288 "MAN THING" 327 • SEXUAL ORIENTATION 327

Who Are the Poor? 290 Gender and Violence 327

BREAKING A MYTH 290 • THE GEOGRAPHY Violence against Women 327
OF POVERTY 290 • EDUCATION 291 • FAMILY FORCIBLE RAPE 327 • DATE (ACQUAINTANCE)
STRUCTURE: THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY 291 • RAPE 328 • MURDER 329 • VIOLENCE IN THE
RACE-ETHNICITY 291 • AGE AND POVERTY 292 HOME 329 • FEMINISM AND GENDERED VIOLENCE 329 •
Children of Poverty 292 SOLUTIONS 329

The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture The Changing Face of Politics 329
of Poverty 294 Glimpsing the Future-with Hope 330
Why Are People Poor? 294 Summary and Review 331
Deferred Gratification 294 Thinking Critically about Chapter 11 332
x Contents

The Affirmative Action Controversy 369

12 Race and Ethnicity 333
A BRIEF HISTORY 369 • SUPREME COURT RULINGS 369 •
Laying the Sociological Foundation 335 THE BAMBOO CURTAIN 369 • THE POTENTIAL
SOLUTION 369
Race: Reality and Myth 335
THE REALITY OF HUMAN VARIETY 335 • THE MYTH OF
Less Racism 370
PURE RACES 335 • THE MYTH OF A FIXED NUMBER Toward a True Multicultural Society 370
OF RACES 336 • THE MYTH OF RACIAL SUPERIORITY 337 • Summary and Review 370
THE MYTH CONTINUES 338
Thinking Critically about Chapter 12 372
Ethnic Groups 339
Minority Groups and Dominant Groups 339 13 Aging and the Elderly 373
NOT SIZE, BUT DOMINANCE AND DISCRIMINATION 339 •
EMERGENCE OF MINORITY GROUPS 339 Aging in Global Perspective 375
Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial-Ethnic Identity 340 The Social Construction of Aging 375
Prejudice and Discrimination 340 Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe 376
Learning Prejudice 340 The Graying of America 377
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND RACE-ETHNICITY AND AGING 379 • THE LIFE SPAN 379

DISCRIMINATION 342 • LEARNING PREJUDICE FROM The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 380
ASSOCIATING WITH OTHERS 342 • THE FAR-REACHING
When Are You ''Old''? 380
NATURE OF PREJUDICE 343 • INTERNALIZING
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS AS YOU AGE 380 •
DOMINANT NORMS 345
FOUR FACTORS IN OUR DECISION 380
Individual and Institutional Discrimination 345
Changing Perceptions of the Elderly 381
HOME MORTGAGES 345 • HEALTH CARE 346
SHIFTING MEANINGS 381
Theories of Prejudice 346
The Influence of the Mass Media 383
Psychological Perspectives 347
The Functionalist Perspective 384
FRUSTRATION AND SCAPEGOATS 347 •
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY 347
Disengagement Theory 384
EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 384
Sociological Perspectives 348
FUNCTIONALISM 348 • CONFLICT THEORY 348 •
Activity Theory 385
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM 349 • HOW LABELS CREATE EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 385
PREJUDICE 349 • LABELS AND SELF-FULFILLING Continuity Theory 385
STEREOTYPES 349 EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 385
Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 351 The Conflict Perspective 386
Genocide 351 Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation 386
Population Transfer 352 ''Old People Are Sucking Us Dry:'' Intergenerational
Internal Colonialism 352 Competition and Conflict 388
Segregation 352 Fighting Back 390
Assimilation 353 THE GRAY PANTHERS 390 • THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
Multiculturalism (Pluralism) 353 OF RETIRED PERSONS 391

Racial- Ethnic Relations in the United States 353 Recurring Problems 391
European Americans 354 Gender and Living Arrangements of the Elderly 391
Latinos (Hispanics) 356 Nursing Homes 391
UMBRELLA TERM 356 • COUNTRIES OF UNDERSTAFFING, DEHUMANIZATION, AND DEATH 392
ORIGIN 356 • UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS 357 • Elder Abuse 393
RESIDENCE 358 • SPANISH 358 • ECONOMIC WELL-
The Elderly Poor 393
BEING 359 • POLITICS 360
RACE-ETHNICITY AND POVERTY 393 • GENDER AND
African Americans 360 POVERTY 393
RISING EXPECTATIONS AND CIVIL STRIFE 361 • CONTINUED
The Sociology of Death and Dying 394
GAINS 361 • CURRENT LOSSES 362 • RACE OR SOCIAL
CLASS? A SOCIOLOGICAL DEBATE 362 • RACISM AS AN Industrialization and the New Technology 394
EVERYDAY BURDEN 363 Death as a Process 394
Asian Americans 363 Hospices 395
A BACKGROUND OF DISCRIMINATION 363 • DIVERSITY 364 • Suicide and Age 396
REASONS FOR FINANCIAL SUCCESS 364 • POLITICS 364
Adjusting to Death: The Importance of ''Closure'' 396
Native Americans 365
Looking toward the Future 397
DIVERSITY OF GROUPS 365 • FROM TREATIES TO GENOCIDE
AND POPULATION TRANSFER 365 • THE INVISIBLE MINORITY
New Views: Creative Aging 397
AND SELF-DETERMINATION 366 • THE CASINOS 366 • CREATIVE AGING 397
DETERMINING IDENTITY AND GOALS 367 The Impact of Technology 398
Looking toward the Future 367 Summary and Review 399
The Immigration Controversy 367 Thinking Critically about Chapter 13 400
 Contents xi

The New Economic System and the Old Divisions

14 The Economy 401 of Wealth 432
The Transformation of Economic Systems 403 Summary and Review 433
Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality 403 Thinking Critically about Chapter 14 435
Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine 403
Postindustrial Societies: The Birth of the
Information Age 404
15 Politics 436
Biotech Societies: The Merger of Biology and Economics 404 Micropolitics and Macropolitics 438
Implications for Your Life 405 Power, Authority, and Violence 438
The Transformation of the Medium of Exchange 407 Authority and Legitimate Violence 439
THE COLLAPSE OF AUTHORITY 439
Earliest Mediums of Exchange 407
Medium of Exchange in Agricultural Societies 407 Traditional Authority 440
Medium of Exchange in Industrial Societies 407 Rational-Legal Authority 440
Medium of Exchange in Postindustrial Societies 409 Charismatic Authority 441
THE THREAT POSED BY CHARISMATIC LEADERS 441
World Economic Systems 409
Authority as Ideal Type 441
Capitalism 410
WHAT CAPITALISM IS 410 • WHAT STATE CAPITALISM
The Transfer of Authority 442
IS 410 • THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE CAPITALISM 411 Types of Government 442
Socialism 411 Monarchies: The Rise of the State 442
WHAT SOCIALISM IS 411 • SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE 412 • Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea 443
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM 412
Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure
Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism 412 of Power 445
Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism 413
The U.S. Political System 445
The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism 414
Political Parties and Elections 445
CHANGES IN SOCIALISM: CONVERGENCE 414 • CHANGES
IN CAPITALISM: CONVERGENCE 415 • POSSIBLE
Polling and Predictions 446
TRANSMERGENCE 415 SLICES FROM THE CENTER 447 • THIRD PARTIES 447

The Functionalist Perspective on the Globalization Contrast with Democratic Systems in Europe 448
of Capitalism 416 Voting Patterns 448
The New Global Division of Labor 416 SOCIAL INTEGRATION 451 • ALIENATION 451 •
APATHY 451 • THE GENDER AND RACIAL-ETHNIC
WORK BINDS US TOGETHER: MECHANICAL AND ORGANIC
GAPS IN VOTING 451
SOLIDARITY 416 • THE GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOR 416
Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups 452
Capitalism in a Global Economy 418
LOBBYING BY SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS 452 •
CORPORATE CAPITALISM 418 • SEPARATION OF
THE MONEY 452
OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 418

Functions and Dysfunctions on a Global Scale 418 Who Rules the United States? 453
The Conflict Perspective on the Globalization The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism 453
of Capitalism 421 The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite 454
Making Capitalism Flourish: Profits and Self-Interest 421 Which View Is Right? 455
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BUSINESS AND POLITICS 421 • War and Terrorism: Implementing Political Objectives 456
CORPORATE POWER AND CONSPIRACIES 421 • Is War Universal? 456
MULTIPLYING POWER: INTERLOCKING DIRECTORSHIPS 422
How Common Is War? 456
The Global Superclass 422
Why Countries Go to War 457
Shifting Dominance and Power 422
The War Machine and the Profits of War 457
Global Investing 423
Costs of War 459
Work in U.S. Society 425
A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization 459
The Transition to Postindustrial Society 425 SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DEHUMANIZATION 460
Women and Work 426
Terrorism 461
THE QUIET REVOLUTION 426 • FEMALE-MALE WORK
STYLES 428
Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence 464
SELLING WAR TECHNOLOGY 464 • ALIGNMENTS
The Underground Economy 429
AND DISALIGNMENTS 465
Stagnant Paychecks 429
What Lies Ahead? A New World Order? 465
Patterns of Work and Leisure 430
Unity and Disunity 465
WORK AND LEISURE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF
ECONOMIES 430 • TRENDS IN LEISURE 431 • Inevitable Changes 466
TELEWORK 431 • THE MOBILE SHIFT 431 Summary and Review 466
Global Capitalism and Our Future 432 Thinking Critically about Chapter 15 467
xii Contents

Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics 494

16 Marriage and Family 468
Children of Divorce 495
Marriage and Family in Global Perspective 470 NEGATIVE EFFECTS 495 • WHAT HELPS CHILDREN ADJUST
What Is a Family? 470 TO DIVORCE? 495 • PERPETUATING DIVORCE 496

What Is Marriage? 471 Grandchildren of Divorce: Ripples to the Future 496

Common Cultural Themes 471 Fathers' Contact with Children after Divorce 496
MATE SELECTION 471 • DESCENT 473 • The Ex-Spouses 496
INHERITANCE 473 • AUTHORITY 473 Remarriage: ''I Do'' Again and Again 497
Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective 473 Tw o Sides of Family Life 497
The Functionalist Perspective: Functions The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering, Child Abuse,
and Dysfunctions 473 Marital Rape, and Incest 497
WHY THE FAMILY IS UNIVERSAL 474 • FUNCTIONS OF SPOUSE BATIERING 497 • CHILD ABUSE 497 •
THE INCEST TABOO 474 • ISOLATION AND EMOTIONAL MARITAL AND INTIMACY RAPE 498 • INCEST 498
OVERLOAD 474
The Bright Side of Family Life: Successful Marriages 498
The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between
SUCCESSFUL MARRIAGES 499
Husbands and Wives 474
INEVITABLE CONFLICT 474 • CHANGING POWER
The Future of Marriage and Family 499
RELATIONS 474 Summary and Review 500
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender, Thinking Critically about Chapter 16 501
Housework, and Child Care 475
CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL GENDER ORIENTATIONS 475 • 17 Education 502
PAID WORK AND HOUSEWORK 475 • MORE CHILD CARE 476 •
TOTAL HOURS 476 • A GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR 476 The Development of Modern Education 504
The Family Life Cycle 476 Education in Earlier Societies 504
Love and Courtship in Global Perspective 476 Industrialization and Universal Education 504
HODGE-PODGE EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DISUNITY 505 •
Marriage 478
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MANDATORY EDUCATION 505 •
THE SOCIAL CHANNELS OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE 478
THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION 505
Childbirth 479
Education in Global Perspective 507
IDEAL FAMILY SIZE 479 • MARITAL SATISFACTION AFTER
CHILDBIRTH 481
Education in the Most Industrialized Nations: Japan 507
Child Rearing 481 Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia 508
MARRIED COUPLES AND SINGLE MOTHERS 481 • SINGLE Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt 509
FATHERS 481 • DAY CARE 481 • NANNIES 482 • SOCIAL The Functionalist Perspective: Providing
CLASS 482 • HELICOPTER PARENTING 483 • THE RIGHT Social Benefits 510
WAY TO REAR CHILDREN 483
Teaching Knowledge and Skills 510
Family Transitions 484
Cultural Transmission of Values 511
TRANSITIONAL ADULTHOOD 484 • WIDOWHOOD 484
Social Integration 511
Diversity in U.S. Families 485
INTEGRATING IMMIGRANTS 511 • STABILIZING SOCIETY:
African American Families 485 MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO 511 • INTEGRATING
Latino Families 486 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES 511

Asian American Families 487 Gatekeeping (Social Placement) 512

Native American Families 487 Replacing Family Functions 512
One-Parent Families 488 Other Functions 514
Couples without Children 488 A SURPRISING LATENT FUNCTION 514

Blended Families 489 The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social

Gay and Lesbian Families 489 Inequality 514
CHILDREN REARED BY GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES 489 The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the Social
Trends in U.S. Families 490 Class Structure 514
The Changing Timetable of Family Life: Marriage and Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ 516
Childbirth 490 Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding 516
Cohabitation 491 The Correspondence Principle 516
COHABITATION AND MARRIAGE: THE ESSENTIAL The Bottom Line: Social Class and Race-Ethnicity 517
DIFFERENCE 491 • DOES COHABITATION MAKE MARRIAGE REPRODUCING THE SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE 517 •
STRONGER? 492 REPRODUCING THE RACIAL-ETHNIC STRUCTURE 518
The ''Sandwich Generation'' and Elder Care 492 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Divorce and Remarriage 492 Teacher Expectations 518
Ways of Measuring Divorce 492 The Rist Research 519
Divorce and Mixed Racial-Ethnic Marriages 494 The Rosenthal-Jacobson Experiment 519
 •••
Contents XIII

How Do Teacher Expectations Work? 520 Variations in Patterns 551

Self-Expectations 520 When Religion and Culture Conflict 552
Problems in U.S. Education-and Their Solutions 522 Religion in the United States 552
Mediocrity 522 Characteristics of Members 552
THE RISING TIDE OF MEDIOCRITY 522 • THE SATs 523 SOCIAL CLASS 553 • RACE-ETHNICITY 553

Grade Inflation, Social Promotion, and Functional Characteristics of Religious Groups 554
illiteracy 523 DIVERSITY 554 • PLURALISM AND FREEDOM 554 •
Overcoming Mediocrity 523 COMPETITION AND RECRUITMENT 555 • COMMITMENT 555 •
TOLERATION 555 • THE SHRINKAGE OF THE MAINSTREAM
RAISING STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS 523 • A WARNING
CHURCHES 555 • THE FUNDAMENTALIST REVIVAL 555 •
ABOUT HIGHER STANDARDS 524
THE ELECTRONIC CHURCH 557
Cheating 524
Secularization of Religion and Culture 557
THE SOLUTION TO CHEATING 525
THE SECULARIZATION OF RELIGION AND THE SPLINTERING
Violence 525 OF CHURCHES 557 • THE SECULARIZATION OF
Technology and Education 527 CULTURE 559

Summary and Review 528 The Future of Religion 560

Thinking Critically about Chapter 17 529 Summary and Review 561
Thinking Critically about Chapter 18 562

18 Religion 530
What Is Religion? 532 19 Medicine and Health 563
Durkheim's Research and Conclusions 532 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 565
What Does Sociology Have to Do with Religion? 533 The Role of Culture in Defining Health and Illness 565
The Functionalist Perspective 533 The Components of Health 565
Functions of Religion 533 The Functionalist Perspective 566
MEANING AND PURPOSE 533 • EMOTIONAL The Sick Role 566
COMFORT 533 • SOCIAL SOLIDARITY 533 •
ELEMENTS OF THE SICK ROLE 566 • AMBIGUITY IN
SOCIAL CONTROL 534 • ADAPTATION 534 • SUPPORT
THE SICK ROLE 566 • GATEKEEPERS TO THE SICK ROLE 567 •
FOR THE GOVERNMENT 534 • SOCIAL CHANGE 535 •
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE SICK ROLE 567
GUIDELINES FOR EVERYDAY LIFE 535
The Conflict Perspective 567
Functional Equivalents of Religion 536
Global Stratification and Health Care 568
Dysfunctions of Religion 536
RELIGION AS JUSTIFICATION FOR PERSECUTION, WAR,
Establishing a Monopoly on U.S. Health Care 569
AND TERRORISM 536 THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MEDICINE 569 •
THE MONOPOLY OF MEDICINE 570
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 537
Historical Patterns of Health 572
Religious Symbols 537
Physical Health 572
Rituals 540
LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH 572 • WERE AMERICANS
Beliefs 540 HEALTHIER IN THE PAST? 572
Religious Experience 540
Mental Health 572
Community 540
Issues in Health Care 573
UNITY 540 • EXCLUSION 540
Medical Care: A Right or a Commodity? 573
The Conflict Perspective 541
Skyrocketing Costs 573
Opium of the People 541
Social Inequality 574
Legitimating Social Inequalities 541
Reducing Inequalities Health Care Reform 574
Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism 542
Malpractice Lawsuits and Defensive Medicine 575
The World's Major Religions 543 A PARADOX 575
Judaism 543 Medical Incompetence 575
Christianity 544 Depersonalization: The Medical Cash Machine 576
Islam 546 Conflict of Interest 577
Hinduism 547 Medical Fraud 577
Buddhism 547 Sexism and Racism in Medicine 578
Confucianism 548 The Medicalization of Society 578
Types of Religious Groups 548 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDCALIZING
Cult 549 HUMAN CONDITIONS 578

Sect 551 Medically Assisted Suicide 579

Church 551 Reducing the Costs of Medical Care 579
Ecclesia 551 Threats to Health 581
 •
XIV Contents

Alcohol and Nicotine 581 Models of Urban Growth 621

ALCOHOL 582 • NICOTINE 583 The Concentric Zone Model 621
Medical Errors 584 The Sector Model 622
USING A CHECKLIST 584 • FEDERAL CENTER The Multiple-Nuclei Model 622
FOR PATIENT SAFETY 584
The Peripheral Model 623
HIV /AIDS 585
Critique of the Models 623
ORIGIN 585 • THE TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS 586 •
GENDER, CIRCUMCISION, AND RACE-ETHNICITY 586 • City Life 624
THE STIGMA OF AIDS 586 • IS THERE A CURE FOR Alienation in the City 624
AIDS? 587 Community in the City 625
Weight: Too Much and Too Little 587 SLUM OR LOW-RENT AREA? 625
Disabling Environments 587 Who Lives in the City? 625
Medical Experiments: Callous and Harmful 588 THE COSMOPOLITES 625 • THE SINGLES 625 •
THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT 588 • THE ETHNIC VILLAGERS 626 • THE DEPRIVED 626 •
THE GUATEMALAN EXPERIMENT 588 • THE COLD WAR THE TRAPPED 626 • CRITIQUE 626
EXPERIMENTS 588 • PLAYING GOD 589 The Norm of Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of
Chicken Bones and the Globalization of Disease 589 Responsibility 626
RUBBING CHICKEN BONES TOGETHER 590 Urban Problems and Social Policy 627
Treatment or Prevention? 590 Suburbanization 627
The Future of Medicine 591 CITY VERSUS SUBURB 627 • SUBURBAN FLIGHT 628 •
TOMORROW'S SUBURB 628
Alternative Medicine 591
Technology 592 Disinvestment and Deindustrialization 628
A TELEDOC IN YOUR FUTURE 592 • PERSONALIZED The Potential of Urban Revitalization 629
DIGITAL MEDICINE 592 PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY 629

Summary and Review 593 Summary and Review 630

Thinking Critically about Chapter 19 594 Thinking Critically about Chapter 20 631

20 Population and Urbanization 595 21 Collective Behavior and Social

Population in Global Perspective 597 Movements 632
A Planet w ith No Space for Enjoying Life? 597 Collective Behavior 634
The New Malthusians 597 Early Explanations: The Transformation of People 634
The Anti-Malthusians 599 How Crowds Change People 634
Who Is Correct? 600 The Acting Crowd 635
Why Are People Starving? 601 The Contemporary View: The Rationality of the Crowd 636
Population Growth 604 The Minimax Strategy 636
Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Emergent Norms 636
Many Children 604 Bringing Emotions Back In 637
Consequences of Rapid Population Growth 605 How Sociologists Study Collective Behavior 637
Population Pyramids as a Tool for Understanding 606 Forms of Collective Behavior 638
The Three Demographic Variables 607 Riots 638
FERTILITY 607 • MORTALITY 607 • MIGRATION 607 BACKGROUND CONDITONS 638 • PARTICIPANTS
Problems in Forecasting Population Growth 609 IN RIOTS 638

Cities and City Life 612 Rumors 639

The Development of Cities and Urbanization 615 Panics 641
The Development of Cities 615 THE HUMOROUS PANIC 641 • SERIOUS PANICS 641 •
CALM IN THE MIDST OF PANIC 642
Urbanization 616
Mass Hysteria 642
THE APPEAL OF CITIES 616 • FORCED URBANIZATION 616 •
METROPOLISES 616 • MEGALOPOLISES 617 • Moral Panics 644
MEGACITIES 617 • MEGAREGIONS 617 Fads and Fashions 645
U.S. Urban Patterns 617 Urban Legends 646
Uneven Urbanization 618 Social Movements 646
Shifting Resources and Power because of Types and Tactics of Social Movements 647
Urban Migration 618 Types of Social Movements 647
Edge Cities 618 Tactics of Social Movements 649
Gentrification 619 LEVELS OF MEMBERSHIP 649 • THE PUBLICS 649 •
Changes in Suburbanization 621 RELATIONSHIP TO AUTHORITIES 650
 Contents xv

Propaganda and the Mass Media 650 Extending Human Abilities 670
GATEKEEPERS TO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 651 The Sociological Significance of Technology: How
Why People Join Social Movements 652 Technology Changes Social Life 671
Relati,re Deprivation Theory: Improving Status CHANGES IN PRODUCTION 671 • CHANGES IN WORKER-
OWNER RELATIONS 671 • CHANGES IN IDEOLOGY 671 •
and Power 652
CHANGES IN CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION 672 •
RELATIVITY OF DEPRIVATION 652 • RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
CHANGES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 672
AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 652
When Old Technology Was New: The Impact of the
Declining Privilege Theory: Protecting Status
Automobile 672
and Power 653
DISPLACEMENT OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGY 672 • EFFECTS
Moral Issues and Ideological Commitment 653 ON CITIES 673 • CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURE 673 •
When Social Movements Pose a Threat to the Government 655 CHANGED COURTSHIP CUSTOMS AND SEXUAL NORMS 673 •
EFFECTS ON WOMEN'S ROLES 673
On the Success and Failure of Social Movements 655
The New Technology: The Microchip
The Rocky Road to Success 655
and Social Life 674
The Stages of Social Movements 656
COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION 674 • COMPUTERS IN
Resurgence 656 BUSINESS AND FINANCE 675 • COMPUTERS IN
Multiple Realities and Social Movements 658 INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT 675

Summary and Review 658 Cyberspace and Social Inequality 677

Thinking Critically about Chapter 21 659 The Growth Machine versus the Earth 678
The Globalization of Capitalism and the Race
22 Social Change and the Environment 660 for Economic Growth 678
A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 678
H ow Social Change Transforms Social Life 662
Environmental Problems and Industrialization 679
The Four Social Revolutions 662
TOXIC WASTES 679 • FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE
From Gerneinschnft to Gesellsclzaft 662 CHANGE 680 • THE ENERGY SHORTAGE AND INTERNAL
The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism 663 COMBUSTION ENGINES 681 • THE RAIN FORESTS 682
Social Movements 664 The Environmental Movement 683
Conflict, Power, and Global Politics 664 Environmental Sociology 684
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOPOLITICS 664 • G7 PLUS 664 • Technology and the Environment: The Goal
DIVIDING UP THE WORLD 664 • FOUR THREATS TO THIS of Harmony 685
COAUTION OF POWERS 665 • THE GROWING RELEVANCE
Summary and Review 686
OF AFRICA 666
Thinking Critically about Chapter 22 687
Theories and Processes of Social Change 666
Evolution from Lower to Higher 667
Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology? 688
Natural Cycles 667
Conflict over Power and Resources 667 Glossary G-1
Ogburn's Theory 668 References R-1
INVENTION 668 • DISCOVERY 669 • DIFFUSION 669 • Name Ind ex N-1
CULTURAL LAG 669 • EVALUATION OF OGBURN'S
THEORY 669 Su bject Index S-1
How Technology Is Changing Our Lives 670 Credits CR-1
 •
ec1a
Down-to-Earth Sociology
An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story 7
Enjoying a Sociology Quiz Testing Your Common
Sense 8
Testing Your Common Sense Answers to the Sociology
Quiz 10
Harriet Martineau and U.S. Customs: Listening to an Early
Feminist 18
W. E. B. Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk 19
Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do 22
Heredity or Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar,
Identical Twins 65
Gossip and Ridicule to Enforce Adolescent Norms 86
Boot Camp as a Total Institution 88
College Football as Social Structure 100
Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But Its Effects Go On
Forever: Stereotypes in Everyday Life 112
Loading the Dice: How Not to Do Research 135
Gang Leader for a Day: Adventures of a Rogue Sociologist 138
The McDonaldization of Society 183
Shaming: Making a Comeback? 207
Islands in the Street: Urban Gangs in the United States 214
The Killer Next Door: Serial Murderers in Our Midst 224
Rape: Blaming the Victim and Protecting the Caste
System 239
Inequality? What Inequality? 250
How the Super-Rich Live 270
The Big Win: Life after the Lottery 274
What Do You Know about Poverty? A Reality Check 289
Poverty: A Personal Journey 295
Surgical Sexism: Cold-Hearted Surgeons and Their Women
Victims 318
Affirmative Action for Men? 320
Can a Plane Ride Change Your Race? 337
College Dorms and Contact Theory 342
The Racist Mind 344
The Man in the Zoo 350
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack: Exploring Cultural
Privilege 356
The New Centenarians 390
What Do You Think about the Red Sock? Sex in Nursing
Homes 392
Women in Business: Maneuvering the Male Culture 428
The Revolving Door of Power 454
The Rape of Nanking: A Report on Dehumanization 460
•
XVI
Who Are the Suicide Terrorists? Testing Your Stereotypes 462
Child Soldiers 463
Community Colleges: Facing Old and New Challenges 505
Home Schooling: The Search for Quality and Values 513
How I Became a Fairy: Education and the Perpetuation of
Social Inequality 515
Religion and Health: What We Know and Don't Know 535
Jose's Old Kidney: The International Black Market in
Human Body Parts 569
Having Babies Is Men's Work 571
BioFoods : What's in Your Future? Threats to Scientific
Research 602
Reclaiming Harlem: A Twist in the Invasion- Succession
Cycle 619
Rumors and Riots: An Eyewitness Account of the Tulsa
Riot 640
Dancing, Sex, and Monkey Men 643
''Tricks of the Trade'' - Deception and Persuasion in
Propaganda 650
The True Believer: Nazis and ISIS 653
Cultural Diversity in the
United States
Unanticipated Public Sociology: Studying Job Discrimi-
nation 23
Miami- Continuing Controversy over Language 44
Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels 45
Immigrants and Their Children: Caught between Two
Worlds 84
The Amish: Gemeinschaft Community in a Gesellschaft
Society 108
Social Class and the Upward Social Mobility of African
Americans 287
Tiger Woods: Mapping the Changing Ethnic Terrain 335
The Illegal Travel Guide 357
Glimpsing the Future: The Shifting U .S. Racial- Ethnic
Mix 368
The Politics of Immigrants: Power, Ethnicity, and Social
Class 450
Human Heads and Animal Blood: Testing the Limits of
Tolerance 549
The New Face of Religion: Pentecostals and Spanish-
Speaking Immigrants 556

Cultural Diversity around the
World
Why the Dead Need Money 37
You Are What You Eat? An Exploration in Cultural
Relativity 38
When Women Become Men: The Sworn Virgins 78
Human Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspectives 202
Female Circumcision (Genital Cutting) 313
China: Changing Sentiment about the Elderly 381
The Child Workers 405
A Fierce Competitor: The Chinese Capitalists 414
Doing Business in the Global Village 417
Arranged Marriage in India: Probing Beneath the Surface 477
Killing Little Girls: An Ancient and Thriving Practice 610
Why City Slums Are Better Than the Country:
Urbanization in the Least Industrialized Nations 623
The Rain Forests: Lost Tribes, Lost Knowledge 682
Thinking Critically about
Social Life
Are We Prisoners of Our Genes? 56
"Nothing Tastes as Good as Thin Feels": Body Images and
the Mass Media 117
Doing Controversial Research-Counting the Homeless 142
Are Rapists Sick? A Close-Up View of Research 146
If Hitler Asked You to Execute a Stranger, Would You? The
Milgram Experiment 171
The Saints and the Roughnecks: Labeling in Everyday Life 211
Sexting: Getting on the Phone Isn't What It Used to Be 219
What Should We Do About Repeat Offenders? "Three-
Strikes" Laws 221
Vigilantes: When the State Breaks Down 226
Open Season: Children as Prey 254
When Globalization Comes Home: Maquiladoras South of
the Border 259
The Nation's Shame: Children in Poverty 293
The Coming Three-Tier Society and the Militarization of the
Police 297
New Masculinities and Femininities Are on Their Way 306
The Cultural Lens: Shaping Our Perceptions of the Elderly 383
Social Security: The Magical Money Machine 386
Would You Like to Live to 200? The Matter of Quality of Life 398
The Propaganda and Profits of War 457
School Shootings: Exploding a Myth 526
Will Traditional College Education Disappear? 527
Your Vote, Please: Should Doctors Be Allowed to Kill
Patients? 579
Who Should Live, and Who Should Die? The Dilemma of
Rationing Medical Care 580
••
Special Features XVII
How Will Your Lifestyle Affect Your Health? 590
Which Side of the Barricades? Pro-choice and Pro-life as a
Social Movement 657
Cyberwar and Cyber Defense 675
Climate Controversy, the Island Nations, and You 681
Eco-sabotage 683
Sociology and Technology:
The Shifting Landscape
Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the
Mass Media 81
"So, You Want to Be Yourself?" Cloning and the Future of
Society 156
Virtual Reality and Diversity Training 195
Enjoy the Security State (SS) 196
Women in the Mideast: The 'Times Are a'Changin' 307
How Could the Polls Be So Wrong? 446
Online Dating: Risks and Rewards 472
What Color Eyes? How Tall? Designer Babies on the
Way 480
Changing Religious Practices in the Digital Age 560
Weaponizing Space: The Coming Star Wars 676
Applying Sociology to Your
Life
The Sociological Perspective and Your Life Course 93
Getting Promoted at Work: Making Impression Manage-
ment Work for You 119
The New World of Work: How to Keep a Paycheck Coming
in the New Global Marketplace 161
Do Your Social Networks Perpetuate Social Inequality? 163
Using Mirroring to Improve Popularity and Open the Doors
to Success 188
"So You Want that Job? What about Your Past?" 191
How to Humanize Your Work Setting 193
"How Does Social Control Theory Apply to You?" 208
How Do you Use Techniques of Neutralization to Protect
Your Self-Concept? 209
"The American Dream": Social Mobility Today 284
How to Get a Higher Salary 325
Breaking through the Glass Ceiling 326
How to Network 406
Finding Quality Day Care 482
What Kind of Parent Will You Be? 483
"What are Your Chances of Getting Divorced? The Misuse
of Statistics" 494
You WanttoGetThroughCollege? Let's Apply Sociology 521
You Really Want to Get Through College? Let's Apply More
Sociology 521
This page intentionally left blank
 • •
Ul oc1a

FIGURE 8.1 How Safe Is Your State? Violent Crime in the United States 216
FIGURE 8.5 Executions in the United States 225
FIGURE 9.4 Global Stratification: Income of the World's Nations 252
FIGURE 10.11 Patterns of Poverty 290
FIGURE 11.6 Women in the Workforce 323
FIGURE 12.6 The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups 355
FIGURE 13.1 The Graying of the Globe 376
FIGURE 13.6 As Florida Goes, So Goes the Nation 379
FIGURE 14.4 The Globalization of Capitalism: U.S. Ownership in Other
Countries 424
FIGURE 14.5 The Globalization of Capitalism: How Many U.S. Workers Work
for Foreign-Owned Companies 424
FIGURE 15.1 Which Political Party Dominates? 446
FIGURE 16.14 The ''Where'' of U.S. Divorce 493
FIGURE 17.2 Not Making It: Dropping Out of High School 507
FIGURE 17.3 The Unequal Funding of Education 517
FIGURE 18.2 U.S. Church Membership: Dominant Religion, by County 545
FIGURE 18.3 The Second Most Popular Religion in the United States, by
State 546
FIGURE 20.13 How Urban Is Your State? The Rural-Urban Makeup of the
United States 618
FIGURE 22.2 The Worst Hazardous Waste Sites 679

•
XIX
 •••
ELCOME TO SOCIOLOGY! I've loved soci-
ology since I was in my teens, and I hope you
enjoy it, too. Sociology is fascinating because it is
about human behavior, and many of us find that it holds the
key to understanding social life.
If you like to watch people and try to figure out why
they do what they do, you will like sociology. Sociology pries
open the doors of society so you can see what goes on be-
hind them. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach stresses how
profoundly our society and the groups to which we belong
influence us. Social class, for example, sets us on a particular
path in life. For some, the path leads to more education, more
interesting jobs, higher income, and better health, but for oth-
ers it leads to dropping out of school, dead-end jobs, poverty,
and even a higher risk of illness and disease. These paths are
so significant that they affect our chances of making it to our
first birthday, as well as of getting in trouble with the police.
They even influence our satisfaction in marriage, the number
of children we will have and whether or not we will read
this book in the first place.
When I took my first course in sociology, I was
''hooked." Seeing how marvelously my life had been af-
fected by these larger social influences opened my eyes to a
new world, one that has been fascinating to explore. I hope
that you will have this experience, too.
From how people become homeless to how they become
presidents, from why people commit suicide to why women
are discriminated against in every society around the world-
all are part of sociology. This breadth, in fact, is what makes
sociology so intriguing. We can place the sociological lens on
broad features of society, such as social class, gender, and race-
ethnicity, and then immediately tum our focus on the smaller,
more intimate level. If we look at two people interacting-
whether quarreling or kissing-we see how these broad fea-
tures of society are being played out in their lives.
xx
We aren't born with instincts. Nor do we come into
this world with preconceived notions of what life should
be like. At birth, we have no concepts of race-ethnicity,
gender, age, or social class. We have no idea, for example,
that people '' ought'' to act in certain ways because they
are male or female. Yet we all learn such things as we
grow up in our society. Uncovering the ''hows'' and the
''whys'' of this process is also part of what makes sociol-
ogy so fascinating.
One of sociology's many pleasures is that as we study
life in groups (which can be taken as a definition of sociol-
ogy), whether those groups are in some far-off part of the
world or in some nearby corner of our own society, we gain
new insights into who we are and how we got that way. As
we see how their customs affect them, the effects of our own
society on us become more visible.
This book, then, can be part of an intellectual adven-
ture, for it can lead you to a new way of looking at your
social world and in the process, help you to better under-
stand both society and yourself.
I wish you the very best in college-and in your career
afterward. It is my sincere desire that Sociology: A Down-
to-Earth Approach will contribute to that success.
,...
James M . Henslin
Department of Sociology
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
P.S. I enjoy communicating with students, so feel free to
comment on your experiences with this text. You can write
me at henslin@aol.com
To the Instructor ... from the Author
EMEMBER WHEN YOU FIRST GOT "HOOKED"
R on sociolog)~ how the windows of perception
opened as you began to see lifo-b1-society through
the sociological perspective? For most of us, this was an
eye-opening experience. 11US tc.xt is designed to open those
windows o nto social life, so students can see dearly the vital
effects of group membership on their lives. Although few
students will get into w hat Peter Berger calls "the passion
of sociolog)~" we at least can provide them the opportunity.
To study sociology is to embark on a fascinating process
of discovery. We can compare sociology to a huge jigsaw
puzzle. Only gradually do we see how the smaller pieces fi t
together. As we begin to sec lhe in terconnections, our per·
spective changes as we shift our eyes from the many small,
disjointed pieces to the whole that is being formed. O f all
the endeavors we could have entered, we chose sociology
because o f the ways in which it joins the "pieces" of society
together and the challenges it poses to "ordinary• think·
ing. Il is our privilege to sh are v,.rith students this process o f
awareness and discovery caUed lhe sociological perspective.
As instructors of sociology, we have set ambitious goals
for ourselves: to teach both social s tructure and social inlerac·
tion and to introduce students to the sodoJogicaJ literature-
botl, the classic theorists and contemporary research. As we
accomplish this, we would aJso like to enliven lhe classroom,
encourage critical thinking, and stimulate our students' so-
ciological imagination. Although formidable, these goals are
attab1able. This book is designed to help you reach tl1em.
Based on many years of Frontline {cla<;Sroom) experience, its
subtitle, A Dowtz·lo·Ear/1, Approad1, was not proposed lightly.
My goal is to share Ll,e fascination of sociology with students
and in doing so to m..1.ke your teachin g more rewarding.
Over the years, I have found the introductory course es..
pecially enjoyable. It is singuk1rly satisfying to see students'
faces ligh t up as tl1ey begin to see how separate pieces of
their world fit together. It is a pleasure t'o watch th em gain
insight into how their sodaJ experiences give shape to even
their inn ermost desires. This is precisely \\.ihat this text is
designed to do-to stimulate your studen ts' sociological
imagination so they can better perceive how the "pieces'' of
society fit together- and w hat this means for their own Jives.
Filled with examples from around the world as well as
from our own society, this text helps to make today's multi~
cultural, global society rome alive for studen ts. From learn·
ing how the in temational elite carve up global markets to
studying U,e intimacy of friendship and marriage, students
can see how sociology is the key to expla inin g conte.mpo..
rary life-and their own place in it
In short, this text is designed to make your teaching
easier. There simply is no justification for studen t'9 to have
to wade through c umbersome approaches to sociology. I am
firmly convinced that the introduction t'o sociology should
be enjoyable and that the introductory textbook can be an
essential tool in sh aring the discovery of sociology with
sh.1den ts.
What's New in This
14th Edition?
Bccaw;e sociology ls about social life and we Live in a chang·
ing g lobal society, this new edition of Sociology: A Down·lo·
Earth Approach reflects the national and g lobal changes that
enguH us, as well as presents new sociological rt.."SC'arch.. An
indication of the thoroughness of the preparation that went
into this 14th edition is the text's385 n ew citations (of a total
of 1,750}. This edition also has about 525 b1structional p ho-
tos, of wh ich 280 are new. I have either selected or taken
each of these ph otos, a,;; well as written each caption. By
tying the photos and tl1cir captions directly into the text,
they become part of the students' learning experience.
l am especially p leased with Applying Sociology
to Your Life, a new feature introduced in this edition.
Although Sociology: A Dow11-lo·Eart/1 Approach is well·
known for how it shows students h ow sociology is relevant
to their lives, this emphasis has been amplified in this edi-
tion. This new fea ture focl.L'; es cxpUcitly on how socio1ogy
applies to the student's life. It is one thing to say to stu·
dents Lhat sociological research on bureaucracy is relevant
because they might work in a bureaucrac)~ bul qu ite an·
other to show students how they can use impression man-
agemen t to get ahead in a b ureaucracy. It is also one thing
to review with students the average salaries accordin g to
college major, but quite another to show students how they
can use sociology to in crease their own salaries. V\'e can
point out w ha t sociologists have found when they studied
the glass ceiling, but sociology is much more relevant for
our studcnL;c; if we can show them how they can use sociol-
ogy to break th rough the g lass ceiling. These three exam·
ples are part of the eighteen items that make up this new
feature, Appf.yi11g Sociology lo Your Ufe.
And updates? As with previous editions, you can ex-
pect that they run throughout this n ew edition. The updates
are too nwnerous to mention, but to give you a n indication
of h ow extensively this edition is revised, fol1mving is a list
of the n ew topics, boxed features, tables, and figures.
xxi
 •
IS
Chapter 1
Applying Sociology to Your Life: The Sociological Perspec-
tive and Your Life Course
Figure 1.1 Suicide of Americans ages 18 to 24
Figure 1.7 Western Marriage: Husband-Wife Relationship
Topic: William Graham Sumner taught the first course in
sociology in the United States (Yale 1872)
Chapter 2
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
The End of Human Culture? Artificial Intelligence and
Super-Smart Computers
Topic: In the 1600s, killing cats was part of festive celebrations
Chapter 3
Topic: Ekman's conclusions on the universality of the ex-
pression of human emotions is challenged by research
among the Trobianders of Papua New Guinea.
Topic: Negative effects of day care depend on the age at
which children are placed in day care
Chapter4
Applying Sociology to Your Life: Getting Promoted:
Making Impression Management Work for You
Topic: Transgender as a master status
Topic: Students learn more from attractive teachers
Chapter 6
Applying Sociology to Your Life: The New World of Work:
How to Keep a Paycheck Coming in the New Global
Marketplace
Topic: Explaining the conformity of the Asch experiments:
people feel less agency when they do something they
have been ordered to do
Topic: Investigation of JonBenet Ramsey as an example of
groupthink
Chapter 7
Applying Sociology to Your Life: Using Mirroring
to Improve Popularity and Open the Doors to Success
••
XXII
Applying Sociology to Your Life: ''So You Want That Job.
What about Your Past?''
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to Humanize Your
Work Setting
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
Virtual Reality and Diversity Training
Topic: The experience and perspective of white males are
being added to diversity training
Topic: As a warning to Russia, NATO has stationed token
troops in the Baltics
Topic: Strengths-based management as a way to make work
teams more effective
Chapter 8
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How Does Social Control
Theory Apply to You?
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How Do You Use
Techniques of Neutralization to Protect Your Self
Concept?
Topic: In murder trials, if the victim is white and the ac-
cused is black, juries are more likely to impose the death
penalty than if the accused is white and the victim is
black
Chapter 9
Topic: Face-recognition software can turn the police's body
cameras into surveillance machines, able to identify
everyone an officer passes on the sidewalk
Chapter 10
Figure 10.7 Physical Health, by Income: People Who Have
Difficulty with Everyday Physical Activities
Figure 10.8 Mental Health, by Income: Feelings of Sadness,
Hopelessness, or Worthlessness
Figure 10.10 An Overview of Poverty in the United States
Figure 10.13 Poverty and Family Structure
Figure 10.14 Poverty and Race-Ethnicity
Figure 10.15 Poverty and Age
Topic: The 20 richest Americans have more wealth than the
bottom half of the U.S. population combined
Topic: Before they turn 65, about 60 percent of the U.S. pop-
ulation will experience a year of poverty
Topic: The Jardin in Las Vegas sells a $10,000 cocktail and a
weekend Valentine package for $100,000

Chapter 11
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to (',ct a Higher S.1Iary
Apply ing Sociology to Your Life: Breaking through the
Glass Ceiling
Figure 11.10 Women in U.S. Congress
f igure 11.7 i\'iaster's degree was added to this figure
Topic: The effects of testosterone differ \\'lth the situation:
Women g iven testosterone in a competitive s ituation
grow suspicious and less trusting, but g iven testosterone
in a situation where they are bein g trusted, they become
more responsible and generous.
Topic: Many mi nority women feel th at the feminist move-
ment represents "white" experiences. Their attempt to
change e mphases has led to a clash of perspectives.
Topic: Among the CEOs of the largest U.S. companies, a
reverse: pay gap has emerged, with women ou tearning
men by several million dollars a year.
Topic: The rate o f sexuaJ assau1t on boys and men is about
one,.tcnth that of girls and women.
Chapter 12
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Exploring Racism
Table 12.3 Race-Ethnicity and Income Extremes
Topic: Arizona has agreed U,at the police will not stop peo·
pie solely to determine if U1ey are in the coun try illegally.
Topic: Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada became the first
Latina sen ator.
Topic: Native Americans operate their own embassy in
Wash ington, D.C.
Topic: The bamboo curtain: A.'5ian American s claiming they
arc discrimin.a.ted .against in colJege .admissions
Chapter 13
Topic: In Japan, more adult d i apers are sold than baby
d iapers.
Topic: The Social Security d ependency ra tio has dropped to
3.6 (current workers to one beneficiary)
Topic: Of the world1s 44 supercente narians whose age J-,as
been confirmed, 43 are women.
Chapter 14
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to Network
fig ure 14:1 How Networks Can Create Opportunities and
Build Sources of Knowledge
Topic: Techn ology is leading to a mobile sirift, executives
, ..rithout offices, more mobile in the corporation.
Chapter 15
Sociology and Technology : The Shifting landscape: How
Could the Polls Get It So Wrong?
New to This Edition xxiii
Topic: From President Obama to President Trump used as
an example of the transition of au th ority in a r.ation al-
lcgal structure even when a n ewly elected leader rep·
resents id eas extremely different from the predecessor
Topic: Kim Jong· un o f North Korea had his vice premier for
education shot for slouching during a meeting of parliament
Chapter 16
Applying Sociology to Your Life: What Are Yo11r Ch ances
of Get ling Divorced? The Misuse of Statistics
Applying Sociology to Your Life: What Kind of Parent Will
You Be?
Apply ing Sociology lo Your Lil e: Finding Quality Daycare
Cultural Diversity around the World: Arran ged Marriage
in India: Probing beneath the Surface
Figure 16.5 The Remarkable O , angc in Tv,ro- and Fou r-
Children Families
Figure 16:16 Today's Newlyweds: Their Marital H istory
Topic: One,.third o f Am ericans who marr)r met onlin e.
Topic: The latest research on children reared by same·sex
parents
Topic: For the first time since 1880, the percentage o f young
adults who live with their parents is larger than those,vho
live \1/lth a spouse or partner in a separate h ousehold.
Topic: "Adultolescence" is aJso known as "w.aithood.1'
Topic: The average age o f those wh o are cohabiting is 39.
Topic: Helicoptering, parents' hovering over their children to
be certain they make the right decisions and have the right
experiences, increasingly common in the upper-middle class
Topic: Implications for human evolution of Crispr (Cius·
tered Regularly lnterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)
Chapter 17
Applying Sociology to Your Life: You Wan t to Get Through
College? Let's Apply Sociology
Applying Sociology lo Your life; You Really Wan t to Get
11, mugh College? Let's Apply More Sociology (Experi-
ment that manged self-expectations, leading lo higher
completion of the first year of college)
Topic: To increase graduation rates, community colleges are
developing guided pnllrwnys.
Topic: A major change is occurring in Japan's higher
education- a s hift to job training in its lower tier
universities and more research in its top tier.
Topic: University salaries in Russia .a.re so low that tens o f
thousands of academics have left Russia.
Topic: Tucson., Ari zona, r w1s a "Teen age Paren t High
Sch ool," where pregnant girls and those who have a l·
ready given birth learn parenting skills as well as tradi·
tional subjects
Topic: What does an A mean? High school teachers give
twe,ity Umes more A's than C's.
 •
XXIV New to This Edition
Chapter 18
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
Changing Religious Practices in the Digital Age
Topic: Roman Catholics use Confessor Go to locate priests
to hear confessionsf and WhatsApp to discuss moral di-
lemmas with priests.
Chapter 19
Topic: To whitewash international relations, China made a
law prohibiting the harvesting of organs from executed
prisoners, but the practice continues.
Topic: In Holland, there are about 6,000 medically assisted
suicides a year.
Topic: Each of the half million U.S. patients on dialysis costs
$88,000 per year.
Topic: Americans spend more on alcoholic beverages than
they spend on beef, fish, and eggs combined.
Topic: The average smoker dies ten years younger than the
average non-smoker.
Topic: Nanorobots are being developed to travel down
a patient's bloodstream to deliver drugs that target a
tumor's cancer cells.
Chapter 20
Topic: The United States has 40 million immigrants.
Topic: The world now has thirty-one megacities.
Topic: Japan's population is shrinking by a million people
a year.
Topic: Update on Monsanto subverting GMO research.
Topic: Tomorrow's suburb: Attempts of suburbs to trans-
form themselves into cities.
The Organization of . . .·s
. Text
The text is laid out in five parts. Part I focuses on the socio-
logical perspective, which is introduced in the first chapter.
We then look at how culture influences us (Chapter 2), exam-
ine socialization (Chapter 3), and compare macrosociology
and microsociology (Chapter 4). After this, we look at how
sociologists do research (Chapter 5). Placing research meth-
ods in the fifth chapter does not follow the usual sequence,
but doing so allows students to first become immersed in
the captivating findings of sociology then, after their in-
terest is awakened, they learn how sociologists gather their
data. Students respond very well to this approach, but if you
prefer the more traditional order, simply teach this chapter
as the second chapter. No content will be affected.
Part II, which focuses on groups and social control,
adds to the students' understanding of how far-reaching
Chapter 21
Down-to-Earth Sociology: The True Believer: The Nazis
and ISIS
Figure 21.2 The Participants in a Crowd
Topic: Bringing emotions back in: the study of crowd
behavior
Topic: Pokemon Go and fidget spinners added to crazes
Topic: The demonstrations of ''the dreamers'' added as an
example of relative deprivation theory
Chapter 22
Topic: The United States withdrew from G7's Paris Accord
on Climate Change.
Topic: Global warming threatens the Earth's coral reefs,
which hold chemicals to cure diseases. Venom from the
cone snail, fifty times more potent than morphine, is
being used as a painkiller.
Topic: In coming distance learning classes, the simul-
taneous translation of speech will allow students
from different cultures to talk and to understand one
another.
Topic: In coming distance learning classes, artificial
intelligence will enable students to go on virtual field
trips in other cultures that immerse them in different
realities.
Topic: The Pentagon operates a Cyber Command with nine
''National Mission Teams'' of sixty military personnel
each
Topic: An Italian company sells '' off-the-shelf'' programs
that allow someone to insert malicious code in comput-
ers and mobile devices
society's influence is how group membership penetrates
even our thinking, attitudes, and orientations to life. We first
examine the different types of groups that have such pro-
found influences on us and then look at the fascinating area
of group dynamics (Chapter 6). We then examine the impact
of bureaucracy and formal organizations (Chapter 7). After
this, we focus on how groups ''keep us in line'' and sanction
those who violate their norms (Chapter 8).
In Part III, we turn our focus on social inequality, ex-
amining how it pervades society and how it has an impact
on our own lives. Because social stratification is so signifi-
cant, I have written two chapters on this topic. The first
(Chapter 9), with its global focus, presents an overview of
the principles of stratification. The second (Chapter 10),
with its emphasis on social class, focuses on stratification
in the United States. After establishing this broader con-
text of social stratification, we examine gender, the most
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 He sprang to his feet, his long, gaunt hands reaching for the
deputy’s throat. Arnold swept him back with one motion of his
powerful arm.
“Don’t you do anything like that,” he said, with rough kindness.
“You’d be just a skeeter if I took hold of you, and I don’t want to.
Suffering snakes!” he pleaded, “Don’t look like that! I’m sorry, man;
by Heaven, I’ve hated this job like blue poison, ever since I laid eyes
on you.”
The words died away in his throat before the dumb misery in the
other man’s face. The wasted figure was slumped forward in an
abandon of despair. All the man’s pride and courage died in the face
of his fearful disappointment.
“Oh, God! Oh, God!” he moaned. “And I thought I was going to die
in the open.”
He turned to the deputy, a sudden hope lighting his woe.
“Let me get out,” he begged. “Let me get out right here. I can’t get
anywheres: I’m bound to die; but it’ll be out in the open. Please let
me out.”
“I can’t.” The words came through Arnold’s set teeth.
“Why not? I never killed Dan Lundy. Before God, I never laid a
finger on him.” Barker spoke fast and thick, in his eagerness.
“I went to his shack and found him there, knifed to death. And Jim
Texas swore he saw me do it. Swore it, mind you; when Hart Dowling
and I both knew Texas had threatened Lundy time and again.”
A fit of coughing interrupted him, but he went on as soon as he
could, his hoarse voice breaking now and then.
“And Westcott came sneaking ’round to see what there was in it for
him. He was just starting in then, and I’d heard he was a smart
fellow. I told him of the fifteen hundred dollars dust I had hid in my
shack. He was to find Dowling. Dowling ’d gone up into Wyoming.
Westcott was to get him down here as a witness. And the damned
coyote was to have my fifteen hundred.”
Again the racking cough, and his voice trailed off in a choking
struggle for breath. He was shrieking when he continued.
“And Westcott took the money! Took it out of my shack, and never
came near me again. Left me to die. They’d ha’ hung me, sure, if
some of the jury hadn’t believed Jim Texas lied.”
The deputy’s face was twisted with pity and shame; the man was so
horribly broken.
“They’s a flask in the pocket o’ that coat,” he said. “Take a pull; it’ll
brace you up.”
“I don’t want it,” Barker snarled. “It chokes me more.”
He had drawn the coat about him, the sleeves tied across his chest.
“And Westcott went back on me this time, too.” He took up the
pitiful tale again. “He couldn’t be satisfied, the devil, with what he’d
done. He had to do it over. But what for? What for? I say? I never did
him dirt.”
The deputy gave a start of surprise.
“Why Westcott got—” he began, then pity kept him silent. If Barker
had not guessed he would not tell him.
“Westcott ... hell!” He spat savagely out upon the desert, shaking
his head with pity, as he glanced again at the huddled figure.
“Westcott’s a damned side-winder,” he muttered.
They were descending into an arroyo, once the bed of a creek; dry,
now, for more than a year. The road crossed it, here.
“We’re going to get our weather, quick,” the deputy said, as he
noticed that the bottom of the arroyo held tiny pools of water.
Even as he spoke a little stream came trickling down.
“It’s us for the level! Quick!” he shouted, urging the bay.
In an instant darkness was upon them. A sudden flash of steely
blue rent the sky; almost with it a quick roll of thunder was all about
them and a bellowing rush of water came tearing along the arroyo.
The bay colt squealed with terror, plunging sidewise, heedless of
whip and voice. The deputy tried to turn him back to where the bank
sloped, but already they were sweeping along with the torrent.
“A cloudburst,” Arnold shrieked, and with the words he was
wrested from his seat.
The shafts of the light vehicle snapped short at the gear. The colt,
plunging, open-mouthed, was hurled forward in a fearful somersault,
and went under, just as the wagon and its remaining occupant rolled
over and over, as a boulder might roll, in the churn of maddened
water.

It was far into the night when, amid a matted drift, half-way up
one bank of the arroyo, something stirred, faintly. Caught in a web of
debris, and a tangle of mesquite roots that thrust far out from the
soil, a man strove feebly to disentangle his head from a smother of
something that enwrapped it. When at last he partly succeeded he
looked up at the calm stars, lamping the sky in solemn splendor.
Below him he could still hear the rush of water, but above all was
peaceful.
Long he lay, more dead than alive, trying to remember what had
happened. By the bright starlight he managed to make out that the
body of the light wagon had caught upon an out-thrust web of
mesquite roots. He was lying on his side in the wagon box, one arm
thrust, to the shoulder, through something that he could not see.
About his neck and head was a tangle of cloth which he made out to
be the deputy’s coat, and a long thong of leather, probably one of the
harness reins. This was wound, as well, about what remained of one
of the seat braces.
Slowly, by agonizing degrees, the man began to work himself loose
from the tangle. Then he discovered that the thing binding his
shoulder was the strap of a horse’s nose-bag, and the bag itself. It
was caught over a long, splintered fragment of the reach, which had
broken through the bottom of the wagon box. The bag seemed to be
about half full of oats.
Inch by inch he cleared himself, and laying hold upon the mesquite
roots, rose slowly, until he stood up. Every movement was pain, but
he persisted doggedly, climbing little by little up the bank, clinging
now to a root of mesquite, now to a point of rock, pausing for breath,
or to ease the strain upon his tortured muscles. At last he grasped the
trunk of a mesquite and dragged himself out upon the desert, where
he fell helpless upon the sand.
 CHAPTER III

The shadowy bulk of distant mountains changed to pale blue as the

purple of night slowly lightened. The stars faded, one by one, and a
spectral moon slipped wearily down the sky. Beyond the scant
mesquite fringing the arroyo the desert lay still and gray, like a
leaden sea.
The man woke, and moved slightly, groaning as his wrenched and
stiffened body protested. Consciousness strengthened, and he
struggled to his knees to stare about him. The chill of early morning
had him by the bones, and he shook in its grip. After a little he got to
his feet and tried, painfully, to swing his arms.
Away westward a subtle hint of color crept across the pale sky,
heralding a coming radiance in the east; but it brought no sense of
comfort.
“There’s no one left alive but me,” the man whispered, as his gaze
took in the awful solitude. “No one but me, Gabriel Gard!”
The sound of that name, spoken all unconsciously, made him start,
and look furtively about. The loneliness of the plain had betrayed his
jealously guarded secret. Then his mood changed.
“I’ve a right to die with it, at least,” he muttered. “They can’t steal
that from me. Barker’s dead, already. Gabriel Gard goes next. Hear
that, Gabriel? You go next. Y-a-a-h.... God!”
A sudden agony of pain shook him as he began to cough. Every
muscle in his body was sore. Then, as the racking grew less, he stood
transfixed, staring across the desert.
A crimson glow from the coming sunrise flushed far across the
eastern sky, and coming toward him, touched by its glory, was a
figure that his astonished brain sought to define.
It was no mirage. He knew the marks of that supreme cheat of the
desert. This was no trick of refraction or of reflection. He saw, as a
man sees, this creature silently, steadily drawing near.
It was a strangely familiar shape; vague, uncouth, incredible, it
seemed; yet he recognized it. He recognized the slender, shuffling
legs, the swinging gait, the mis-shapen body, the ungainly, crooked
neck and high held head; but why, in the name of reason, should a
camel be coming to him, out of nowhere?
Nearer and nearer the creature drew, the uncouth form now a
wonder of azure and crimson, as the light became stronger, and still
the man gazed, his bewildered mind refusing to accept the testimony
of his eyes.
He was filled with awe. It was true, then, what old prospectors had
lately declared, that this solitary wanderer was still in the desert, sole
survivor of the old Jeff Davis caravan.[1] Old man Dickson, and again
young Bennett, swore they had seen it. Dickson told, indeed, of
having had the creature about his camp for nearly a week.
1. When Jefferson Davis was Secretary of War he imported a caravan of camels
into the desert, to carry supplies for the army. The creatures stampeded the army
mules, whenever they appeared, and the soldiers took to shooting them, on the sly.
In time so many were killed that not enough remained to form a caravan, so the
survivors were turned loose in the desert. Here they were hunted by tourists, who
shot them for “sport,” until it was supposed that all had perished. It is known now,
however, that one, at least, survives. This solitary one still wanders about the
desert, and the writer knows of more than one prospector who has encountered it,
very recently.
On came the camel, looking neither to the right nor the left, its
shuffling stride getting it over the ground with curious swiftness.
When it was very near it stopped, under the mesquites, and seemed
to wait for the man to approach. Recovered somewhat from his
amazement, Gabriel Gard drew nearer and, reaching out a tentative
hand, touched the creature’s neck.
The animal neither started nor flinched, but began cropping beans
from the mesquite trees, quite as if the man were not there. Gard,
noting the action, became aware that he was himself faint with
hunger.
On the desert, where he had thrown it in rising, lay the deputy’s
coat, and tangled with it Gard found his own canteen. He took this as
a good omen.
“I may need you, yet,” he whispered, as he took it up.
In one pocket of the coat was a nickle watch, made fast by a leather
thong, to a buttonhole. Another contained the deputy’s pipe, some
loose tobacco, and a water-tight box, in which were fourteen
matches. Gard counted them, carefully.
 He turned to the other side-pocket, with but faint hope that the
flask which he had scorned the day before would be in it yet.
It was there, however, and beside it, in a greasy, crushed packet, a
big beef sandwich. The deputy, accustomed to provide against long
rides in the desert, had secured this before leaving the hotel.
The man ate it eagerly, and took a swallow from the flask. The
food, and the fiery liquor, warmed him, and revived his courage.
In the coat’s inner pocket were papers, a worn memorandum book,
an envelop covered with figures, another, longer one, containing a
document. As Gard turned them over a postal-card fell to the desert.
He picked it up. On the back were a picture, and some printing.
The man read the latter through before he realized what the card was
for. It published his escape from jail, and the fact that five hundred
dollars reward was offered for his capture.
Now he remembered the deputy’s unfinished sentence, and knew
why Westcott had betrayed him.
Westcott had got that reward! He had sold him back to death as he
had sold him before. God! Why could he not have had his fingers
upon that lying throat just once? He would have found strength for
the job that needed doing!
He stretched forth his wasted, jail-bleached hands, and regarded
them, snarling. Then he raised them, shaking them at the sky.
“I’ll live to do it yet! Do you hear?” he shrieked, “I say I will live!”
He beat the desert air with his clenched fists.
“God—devil—whatever you are that runs this hellish world, you’ve
got to let me live. I’ll make that infernal side-winder wish he could
hide in hell’s mouth, before I die!”
The torrent of his rage was stemmed by a vicious attack of that
racking cough. It tore his chest, and flecked his lips with blood.
When it was over he lay upon the sand for a long time, sobbing the
dry, anguished sobs of a man’s helpless woe.
The sun, rising above the distant mountains, shone red upon him.
The camel left the mesquite’s thin shade for the warmer light and the
pad of its soft feet aroused Gard. He must not let the creature get
away.
 He rose, painfully, and went to it, considering the brute carefully.
A plan was dawning in his brain. He took the strap that served him
for a belt, and buckled it around the camel’s neck. The animal
followed him, docile as a sheep, when he led it back to the mesquite.
Then he bethought himself of the oats, in the horse’s bag, below.
Going to the edge of the arroyo he could see it in the wreck of the
road-wagon, and he made his way painfully down to it. As he was
clambering back he noticed that the back spring of the light rig still
clung to it by a single bolt. A slight wrench brought it away, and he
secured it, with a vague feeling that it might prove useful.
The full horror of his position was becoming clear to him. He was
alone in the desert, without food or weapons. He put the thought
away, summoning all his faculties for the need of the moment.
The camel was indifferent to the oats, turning from them to the
mesquite, after a tentative investigation. With his belt and the
harness rein, Gard proceeded to fashion a sort of rude hackamore,
which he put over the creature’s head. The great beast, as soon as it
was adjusted, settled itself, as by instinct, in an attitude of waiting,
while Gard proceeded to fill his canteen and to gather quantities of
mesquite beans, bestowing them in the feed bag, and in the pockets
of Arnold’s coat.
He threw the coat across the camel’s back, the buggy-spring and
the bag secured by its knotted sleeves. Then he took the leading strap
in his hand, spoke to the animal, and they moved out upon the
desert.
Gard had no idea in which direction it was best to go, but he
argued that the camel knew the plain, and its fastnesses. For himself,
he had but one thought—to hide, to rest, to gather strength for
vengeance. At that thought he stifled the cough that rose in his
throat.
Once they were started he let the strap hang loose and gradually
fell behind. The camel went forward a few paces in the direction
ahead of them, but feeling no guidance, gradually deflected its course
toward the west. Gard followed every movement eagerly, until
presently they were going forward at a steady pace, as travelers with
a definite aim.
 The sun was well up now, and its beams warmed the man’s chilled,
sore body. The desert was no longer gray, but a glowing yellow. Even
the air was warm-hued, suffusing the landscape with a roseate
loveliness that yet seemed less of life than of death.
Everywhere were the desert growths, travesties of vegetation,
twisted, grotesque, ghostly gray and pale green in hues. A profound
stillness, insistent, oppressive, was upon everything. The yellow
sand, the glowing air, the cloudless dome of the sky, the far-off
mountains, all seemed to soak up sound. The world lay hushed in
fierce, tense quiet, as though waiting the appearance of some savage
portent.
The camel did not hasten. Gard, walking beside it, had a feeling
that the creature was very old. Its eyes were bright, its coat silky and
fine, but deep under the hair’s soft luxuriance the man’s fingers felt
the skin, wrinkled and folded over shrunken muscles.
But there was neither feebleness nor hesitation in the forward
progress of the desert pilot. It moved forward with a sort of
inexorableness, its padded feet making no sound on the hard sand,
its gaze bent steadily ahead, its inscrutable visage wearing ever, a
look of centuries-old scorn for all things made.
They passed a huge bull-snake sunning upon a rock, and here and
there a silent bird flitted to or from its home in some thorn-guarded
cholla. Once a coyote tossed lightly across their vision, a blown gray
feather along the horizon, but no other signs of animal life stirred the
death-like plain.
The sand grew warmer in the sun’s rays, till permeating heat
radiated from it and hung over it everywhere, a palpable,
shimmering mist of lavender and gold, between earth and air. By
mid-forenoon the sun’s rays were oppressive, and they halted in the
shadow of a giant suhuaro.
The camel, when the man released the leading-strap, lowered itself
slowly to rest, doubling down its legs like the shutting of a jack-knife,
and settling upon the sand with the curious, sighing grunt of old age.
Gard, in the meantime, set about the preparation of a meal. He
shelled a handful of tree beans and crushed them between two
stones, mixing them with water from his canteen into a sort of paste,
which he ate. The suhuaro’s fruit was yet hanging upon its great
branches, dried, somewhat, by the autumn sun and wind, but
palatable and nutritious still. Gard found a long pole, once part of the
frame of another giant cactus, and with this succeeded in knocking
down some of the fig-like growths.
When he had eaten them he stretched himself upon the sand, filled
the deputy’s pipe, and lighted it with one of the precious matches.
The unwonted luxury brought him comfort, and ease of mind. He
smoked slowly, making the most of it in delicious relaxation, his
head in the shade, his weary, sick body basking in the heat of desert
and sunlight.
Lying thus there presently spread out before his eyes the sudden
vision of a great, island-dotted sea. The surface of the water dimpled
and sparkled in the sun; the islands shone jewel-like with verdure, an
exquisite suggestion of rich color was over it all.
His eye was not deceived, though his mind half accepted the
vision. He knew that it was a mirage, but he lay for a long time
watching its changing beauty, a half-amused sense of superiority to
illusion ministering pleasantly to his pride. The scene was so very
like what it seemed to be.
Suddenly, from the surface of the sea rose a monstrous thing,
huge, formidable, portentous, and endowed with motion. Gard
turned upon his side, with a gasp. The mystic sea still wavered in the
distance, but the shape was no part of it.
An instant he studied it, then sank back with a sigh of relief. The
apparition, upon scrutiny, had resolved itself into a little wild burro,
perhaps a quarter of a mile away, passing across the face of the
mirage. It was such a germane little shape, this familiar of the desert,
that he was cheered by the sight of it. The next instant he noted a
tarantula, hairy, vicious, glaring at him from a tiny eminence of sand.
Acting upon impulse, Gard hurled at it the rounded stone with
which he had crushed the mesquite beans. The missile struck the
sand close beside the tarantula and the huge spider sprang upon it in
a frenzy of stupid ferocity. The man laughed silently, a laugh not
good to see.
A shadow floated across the plain, and then another. The man
glanced upward, to see three or four great black forms circling
against the blue.
 “You would, eh?” he shrieked, springing to his feet. “Yah! Not yet,
you devils! I’m not dead yet!”
He shook his fist skyward at the huge, waiting birds.
“I’m alive yet!” he yelled. “You don’t get me yet; not till I’ve had my
meat.”
The cough seized him, and ere it let go its hold the disappointed
vultures, with never a stroke of their wide wings, faded into the skyey
depths.
But Gard had no heart to linger further. The sight of the desert
scavengers had shaken him sorely, he hastened to rouse his strange
fellow, and soon the pair were again threading that weary way from
nowhere to the unknown.
All day they had moved steadily mountainward, and now they
began to draw nearer the range that ever since dawn had reared a
jagged line along the horizon. Gard had not known whether they
would reach the mountains that day. One does not predicate
distances in the desert. They may be long, or short; the lying air gives
no clue.
But as the afternoon shadows were turning to mauve and blue,
what had for hours looked like sloping foothills, leading gently
toward further heights, suddenly reared itself before them in a long
stretch of high, perpendicular wall.
Straight toward it the camel went, never pausing or looking around
at the man beside him, and when another forward step would have
found their progress barred, the creature swerved to the left, to enter
a narrow pass that appeared as if by magic in the seemingly
unbroken wall.
Now the way wound upward along a dry wash, climbing almost
imperceptibly, at first, growing steeper, by degrees, though at no
time a sharp ascent. The shadows closed in upon them, and the air
grew chill, but still the camel walked on, and beside him, clinging,
now, in his weakness, to the animal’s long hair, toiled the man.
More and more often he paused for breath, his lungs tortured by
the pace. He was faint with fatigue, chilled by the shadow-cooled air,
but a drink from the flask gave him brief strength, and he struggled
on.
 An hour, and they were well within the mountains. The way wound
now among greasewood and scrub oaks, with only here and there a
cactus. The chaparral drew dense, and Gard could hear birds calling
in its depths.
The trail began to widen, and patches of coarse grasses cropped
out, here and there. The altitude was not particularly great, but it was
beginning to tell upon the man when his strange guide halted in a
little open glade, where the wash ended abruptly.
Night was falling, and Gard could make out very little save that the
forest growth closed in the glade on all sides. Overhead he could just
get a glimpse of the purpling sky, where the stars were already out.
Off at one side he could see these reflected in water, and he could
hear, as well, the gentle splash of a stream.
The camel stood beside him, wearily patient until, lifting a hand,
he removed its load and slipped the hackamore from its head. Freed,
the creature turned away, and presently Gard heard him drinking,
not far off.
He followed the sound until he reached water, and passing beyond
the camel, knelt to drink his fill from a clear, cold fountain.
Later he gathered such dry sticks as he could find and kindled a
fire, as much for protection as for warmth. He was too weary to think
of food, but crouched before the cheering blaze, alternately dozing,
and rousing to feed the flame.
As often as he did the latter he could see, in the darkness beyond
the blaze, the gleaming eyes of small forest-prowlers, come to stare
in wonder at the strange thing by the pool. Nothing molested him,
however, and toward dawn he fell into a profound, restful slumber.
 CHAPTER IV

The morning light did not confirm Gard’s impression that he was in
the deep woods. Beyond the thin region of growth fed by the pool the
little valley into which he had been led lay sandy and cactus-grown,
like the desert. The stream that should have watered it, that had
probably, at some time, made its way down the dry wash which he
had traversed, now found some underground outlet, and was
swallowed up by the vampire plain below.
Above the glade was a steep, rockbound ravine, down which the
stream still flowed. The pool seemed to be its last stand against the
desert. Gard, tentatively exploring the lower end of this ravine for
fuel, found a few blackberries, drying upon the bushes, and ate them,
eagerly, with appetite still unsated by his breakfast of mesquite
beans. The mesquite grew here, too; with manzanita and scrub oak,
arrow-weed, and black willow.
The man’s chief sensation was a vague surprise at finding himself
still alive. He was too sick—too weak—after his exertion and his rages
of the day before, to consider the problem of keeping himself alive.
He was chilled to the marrow, and yearned like a fire-worshipper
toward the warmth of his camp-glow. He tended the fire carefully.
He dared not let it go out; for that meant the sacrifice of another
precious match.
The elemental appetite awoke when, stooping to drink from the
pool, he saw fish darting about in its clear depths. He worked with
the cunning of a pre-historic man until, by means of the feed bag,
which he emptied of its contents, he succeeded in catching two of
these.
A long thorn of palo-verde served him for a knife in dressing them,
and he cooked them in the earth, with hot stones, laying each fish
between the split halves of broad lobes of the prickly pear. They were
insipid, and full of bones, but they served to satisfy his hunger.
He decided to keep a record of the days that he should spend in
this place; by sticking palo-verde thorns into an out-reaching branch
of willow, near the pool. He would stick in a thorn for each day. He
cursed the first one, as he thrust it against the wood; because he felt
powerless to do anything else.
Following, half sullenly, a mere human instinct to be busy about
something, he set about making a knife from the smallest plate of the
buggy-spring. He heated it in his fire till the paint came off, broke it
in two and spent the day working one thin end down to a cutting
edge, on a big, rough boulder. By night he had six inches of blade
with one rounded, sharp end.
He used this, next day, to cut ocotilla-stalks, to make a bed,
scraping away the thorns with sharp stones. He worked all day; less
because he wanted a bed than because he dimly realized that sanity
lay in occupation. That night he set a snare, and before morning
managed to catch a cotton-tail which he dressed and roasted for his
breakfast.
He was getting over the feeling of being hunted. They would not
search for him now, he reasoned; they must feel satisfied that he had
died in the cloudburst. He bathed in the pool that day, when the sun
was high, and set about constructing a fireplace against the big
boulder. This would make fire-keeping easier.
The days slipped into weeks. Little by little the man was adapting
himself to his environment. He learned to dry the mesquite beans
and grind them between stones into a coarse flour. This he made into
little cakes, which he baked upon a flat stone before the fire. Later, he
turned over a patch of earth, watered it, and sowed it with the oats he
had saved from the storm. Now, however, his food was the mesquite,
the prickly pear, the century plant, and the fish and small game that
he managed to catch.
As he grew stronger he fashioned himself a bow of oak, shaping
and smoothing it with his rough knife, and stringing it with fibres
from the century plant. His shafts were those of the desert Indians,
the arrow weeds growing close at hand, and he tipped them with the
cruel, steel-hard dagger-points of the yucca.
With this primitive weapon he gradually grew skilful; and at last he
shot a buck, as the creature came down to the pool one night, to
drink. He dried the meat, and used the skin, when he had made it
ready, as a covering for his bed.
 Twice, during the winter, the camel came back to the pool. The
creature went as it came, silent, inscrutable. Whither it went Gard
did not know; the pool was evidently one of its ports of call while
going to and fro on the mysterious business of being a camel. It
accepted the man as a matter of course, and left him, when ready,
with the indifference of fate, though Gard could have begged it on
bended knees, to remain.
He was horribly lonely, with nothing but his hate, and a sick
longing for vengeance upon life, to bear him company. There were
days when he cursed the chance that had kept his worthless hulk
alive, while sending Arnold, in all his strength, down to death. He
had no doubt but that the deputy had perished. Nothing could ever
have come, alive, through the rush of water into which he had been
flung.
The weeks became months. His oats were coming up, a little patch
of cool green on the yellow sand, and he had occupation to fend the
field from the small desert creatures that coveted it. He also worked
at times at making various utensils of the red clay that he found in
the valley, baking them in a rude kiln of his own fashioning.
He came by degrees to love this work, and took great pleasure in it.
He even tried to contrive a potter’s wheel, but was balked by lack of
material. He had to content himself, therefore, with modeling the
clay into such shapes of use and beauty as his untaught hands could
achieve. In time he came to ornament his work as well, graving
designs on the edges of his plates and bowls. The camel’s counterfeit
presentment figured on one or two of the larger pieces, and upon the
others, as the impulse prompted, he put inscriptions, until the
homely articles of his daily use came to be a sort of commentary,
seen by no eyes save his own, of his moods, and the longing for their
expression.
He wrote thus upon other things as well. Lacking paper or
implements charcoal and sharpened sticks became his tools; the
rocks and trees; his broad earthen hearth; the plastic clay; even the
yellow sand of the desert, his tablets, and little by little all these
became eloquent of his lonely thoughts.
He put them down upon whatever served, for the mere comfort of
seeing them; scraps of lessons conned in the old brick school-house;
sums; fragments of the multiplication table; roughly drawn maps
and sketches of boyhood scenes; lines from half-remembered poems
and hymns; familiar Bible verses that his mother had taught him.
They came back to him bit by bit, in his solitude. And one and all his
soul found them camps by the way on its long journey up from
despair.
From one of his excursions into the valley he brought home the
empty shell of a desert turtle. This he split, and fashioned the upper
half into a bowl to contain the palo-verde thorns of his record. They
were already crowding the willow branch, and but for them he could
scarcely have realized the passage of days.
There were a hundred and forty-seven thorns on the day that he
transferred them to the new receptacle. Gard could not be sure that
he had one for each day in the desert, but he knew that each one
there actually represented a day.
“I’ve had every one of that lot,” he told himself, talking aloud, as a
solitary man gets to do. “Had ’em in the open, in spite of the law
sharks.”
He still lived from day to day, however, despite his vows, and his
threats of vengeance. He had known, when he sought Ashley
Westcott, begging the price of a ticket east, that he was a doomed
man.
“It’s all borrowed time,” he muttered, shaking the turtle-shell.
His face darkened.
“’T ain’t either,” he cried. “It’s time won back. They stole it from
me down there. They robbed me of three years, the filthy thieves!
What’s a hundred and forty-seven days against that?”
He remembered an occasion when to get away from the wood-pile
that was his special charge, in his boyhood, he had heaped a scant
supply of split wood over a pile of chunks yet untouched by the axe,
and exhibiting the result as his finished task had escaped with his
fellows upon some expedition of pleasure. He had meant to return in
time to complete his work before the cheat should be discovered, but
he forgot it.
His father had first thrashed him well for his wickedness, then
lectured him tenderly about it. The wicked, he had told him, would
not live out half their days. Gard’s laugh as he recalled the words was
more nearly a snarl.
 “He was a good man all right,” he said, “but he didn’t know it all;
not by an eternal lot.”
He tormented himself with other boyish memories: the broad
grassy stretches of the prairie came up before him; the woods that
neighbored his father’s farm; the pleasant fields, and occasional low
hills that had seemed to him so high, before he had seen mountains;
the swimming-pool where he and the fellows played in summer; the
skating-pond where they raced and built forts and fought mimic
battles in winter; the red brick school-house at “The Corners”; the
white church at “The Centre,” where he had gone to Sunday school;
the little shed chamber with its creaking stairs that his mother had
climbed, how many cold nights! to see if he were warmly covered.
She was gone from earth now, but the old boyhood places were left,
and he yearned for them all, with yearning unspeakable.
“I thought I was going to get back to it,” he groaned, through his
set teeth. “I trusted that poison-snake to help me; God! If I could get
these hands on him, just once!”
But the quiet of his hundred and forty-seven days, and the balm of
the healing air, had wrought within him more than he knew. His
excursions afield grew longer, day by day, and in the gray of one
beautiful morning he started out to explore the mountain.
He had traversed the cañon before now, climbing over rocks, and
around mighty boulders washed down by ancient avalanches, or torn
from above by titanic storms, until he came to where the mountain
stream took a leap of some seventy feet, and the sheer face of the cliff
barred his way. This time, however, he followed the cañon’s edge, to
which the trees clung precariously, sycamores, oaks, and, to his
delight, some walnuts. He marked the spot where they grew, as a
place to be visited in the nut season.
The morning was far spent when he reached this point, so he
lingered to rest, to eat the jerked venison and mesquite bread he had
brought with him. Then he resumed his climb until he was well
beyond the timber growths and had to fight his way through
chaparral.
He crawled among this on hands and knees, now and then,
frightening birds, and other small game, from their hiding-places,
and at last came out upon the rocky open, and the broad spaces
where the large creatures of the mountains make their homes. He
noted more than one faint trail leading over the wastes, and now and
again he caught sight of deer in the distance.
Higher still he climbed, into the regions of white sunlight, until the
cold, pure air of the snowy ranges blew through his hair, and he
began to feel the altitude. In spite of this he pressed on, and at last
reached a ridge where grew a few scattered heralds of the great pine
belt above him. Here, quite unexpectedly, the vast waste of the desert
suddenly met his gaze, far, far below.
There was a strange, horrible unreality about it. The far gray plain;
the mountain’s bare, brown bones; the wind-distorted trees; the
solemn, snowy sierras, even the blue arch of the sky, seemed but
components of some fearful nightmare.
“I’m not asleep,” he muttered; “and it’s no dream; I’ve died, and
gone to hell!”
The bitterness of desolation was upon him. His very soul lay bare
in the bright, white sunlight of the heights, and he cowered, like a
child afraid of the dark.
As he stood thus, from out the silence a soft, clear whistle rose
upon the air. It was repeated, then taken up, farther away. The man
quivered as though the sound had struck him. Then his tense
muscles relaxed; he saw the whistlers to be a covey of quail, moving
along the rocks a little below him.
They came nearer, walking in single file, full of curiosity about
him, alert, speculative, keeping up a murmur of little ornithological
remarks among themselves, the while. The gentle fearlessness of the
small, pretty creatures filled all that grim place with an ineffable
grace. A sob strained at the man’s throat.
“Just as if they were in a garden!” he whispered.
Long he stood watching the birds, who presently, as if satisfied
that no harm dwelt in him, scattered about the rocky waste in search
of food. One only remained on watch, guarding the flock from a little
eminence where he stood motionless save for his pretty crest, which
the wind blew from side to side. Gard watched him, fairly hushing
his own breath lest he alarm the small sentinel, who in turn regarded
him, with bright, innocent eyes.
 “To think of it,” the man murmured, “the little, little things, so
fearless, up here in this—this—secret—place—of—the—Most—High!”
He stopped, in vague surprise at his own speech. He had not
meant to say that, but from some neglected recess of his boyhood’s
memory the words had sprung, vital with meaning.
“I wish,” he finally began, after a long pause, and ceased speaking
as a wave of sickening despair swept over his soul. The idleness of
the phrase mocked him; the folly of wishing anything, helpless there
in the bitterness of desolation, came home to him with cruel force.
Then the ache of his spirit’s yearning drew his clenched hands up
toward the blue vault.
“I wish,” he breathed, his heart pounding, his brain awhirl with a
sudden vision of the infinite wonder of things, “I wish that—if there
is such a thing as God in the world I might come to know it.”
Slowly his hands came down to his sides. The sentinel of the rocks
gave a soft little call of reassurance to the flock, which had halted,
observant of the gesture, and the birds resumed their feeding. Gard
turned for another look at the snowy ramparts on high; at the vast
plain below. All their horror was gone, for him, and he began the
descent of the mountain with the peaceful visage of one who has
been in a good place.

Far into the night he awoke with the feeling of something stirring
near him. In the dim firelight he could make out a shadowy figure on
the hearth, and he sprang up in haste. A second glance, however, as
he sat upon his ocotilla bed, showed him that there was no harm in
the visitor shivering there by the coals.
It was a burro, and the listless pose, the drooping ears and the
trembling knees proclaimed a sick burro. It was too miserable even
to move, when Gard threw an armful of brush on the fire and
speedily had a blaze by which he could see the intruder plainly. His
first glance revealed a jagged, dreadful sore on the shoulder next to
the light.
Speaking very gently, he drew nearer to the burro and though the
little creature trembled violently, it let him bend down and examine
the wound.
 A great spike of the long, tough crucifixion-thorn had somehow
become imbedded in the flesh, and the whole surface of the shoulder
was swollen and inflamed. Gard made a little sound of pity in his
throat, and the burro, turning, tried to lick the sore.
“No use to do that yet, Jinny,” the man said. “That thorn’s got to
come out first.”
The burro had probably never before been touched by hands; but
not for nothing was Jinny wide between the ears. She scrutinized her
would-be helper closely, for a moment, through her long lashes, and
drooped her wise-looking little gray head still lower. Gard threw
another armful of light stuff on the fire and when the blaze was
brightest attacked the thorn, using one of his sharp arrows as a
probe.
Once or twice the creature flinched. Once she snapped her strong
teeth at the hurting side; but Gard worked steadily and quickly, and
presently had the offender out.
“Look a’ that, Jinny,” he cried, triumphantly. It was a joy to hear
himself speaking to something alive.
“Look a’ that!” he repeated, “Ain’t you glad you found the doctor
in?”
He dipped warm water from an earthen pot in the ashes, and
washed the wound carefully, talking all the while to the still
trembling patient, silently regarding him. When the place was quite
clean he made a poultice of prickly pear and bound it on with a strip
of deer-skin.
“Lucky I shot another buck, Jinny,” he said, “or you wouldn’t have
that nice bandage.”
The little burro expressed no thanks; only stared solemnly at the
fire. Gard strode out into the darkness and pulled, recklessly, an
armful of his precious, growing oats. He threw the green stuff down
before her and she sniffed it curiously before she began, ravenously,
to eat it.
“Hungry, weren’t you?” the man said, sympathetically. “Been too
sick to eat. Well, well, make yourself at home.”
He threw a big stick upon the fire and went back to his bed, leaving
the burro chewing, meditatively, before the blaze.
 He was just falling asleep when he felt something warm fumbling
about him, and he awoke with a start, and an exclamation that
quickly turned to something very like a laugh. The grateful little
burro was licking his hands.
“Why, Jinny!” he cried, sitting up. “Well, well, Jinny! Well, I’ll be
jiggered!”
He slipped an arm over the rough little neck and the two watched
the fire till dawn.