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Part III Confronting Armed Conflict Military Strategies 256
Compellence 257
Chapter 7 The Threat of Armed Deterrence 257
Conflict to the World 194 Preemption 260
8-4 Coercive Diplomacy Through Military
7-1 What Causes Armed Conflict? 196 Intervention 261
The First Level of Analysis: Individuals’ Human Nature 196 8-5 Realist Interpretations of Alliances in World
The Second Level of Analysis: States’ Internal Politics 263
Characteristics 198 8-6 Realism and the Balancing of Power 265
Geopolitical Factors and Length of Independence 198 Rules for Rivals in the Balancing Process 266
Nationalism and Cultural Traditions 199 Difficulties with the Maintenance of a Balance of
Poverty, Relative Deprivation, and Demographic Power 268
Stress 200 8-7 What Lies Ahead? 270
Militarization 202
Economic System 202 Chapter 9 The Quest for Peace
Regime Type 204 Through International Law and
The Third Level of Analysis: The Global System 205 Collective Security 274
Does Violence Breed Violence? 206
9-1 Liberal and Constructivist Routes to
Power Transitions 207 International Peace 275
Cyclical Theories 208 9-2 Beating Swords into Plowshares 277
7-2 Frequency and Types of Armed Conflict 211 Disarmament Versus Arms Control as Routes to Peace 278
7-3 Armed Conflict within States 213 Bilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 278
Intrastate Conflict 215 Multilateral Arms Control and Disarmament 280
The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict 220 The Problematic Future of Arms Control and
7-4 Terrorism 223 Disarmament 284
7-5 Armed Conflict and Its Future 228 9-3 Maintaining Collective Security Through
International Organizations 289
Chapter 8The Pursuit of The League of Nations, United Nations, and Collective
Power Through Arms and Security 291
vi
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Part IV H
uman Security, Prosperity, and Chapter 12The Demographic
Responsibility and Cultural Dimensions of
Chapter 10The Globalization of Globalization 391
International Finance 320 12-1 Population Change as a Global Challenge 392
World Population Growth Rates 393
10-1 Interpreting Contemporary Economic
Change 321 Demographic Divisions: Youth Bulges and Aging
Populations 395
10-2 Money Matters: The Transnational Exchange of
Money 323 12-2 Global Migration Trends 400
The Globalization of Finance 323 A Quest for Sustenance and Freedom 400
Monetary Policy: Key Concepts and Issues 327 Urbanization 405
10-3 Bretton Woods and Beyond 332 12-3 New Plagues? The Global Impact of Disease 408
Financial and Monetary Aspects of the Bretton Woods 12-4 The Global Information Age 412
System 333 The Evolution of Global Communications 412
The End of Bretton Woods 337 The Politics and Business of Global Communication 416
Floating Exchange Rates and Financial Crises 337 12-5 Globalization and the Global Future 417
10-4 The 2008 Global Financial Crisis 339
10-5 Recovery and Reform: Challenges Facing Global
Finance 343
The Promotion of
Chapter 13
U.S. Leadership and the Future of the Dollar 343 Human Development and Human
The End of the Liberal Consensus? 345 Rights 422
Whither the International Financial Architecture? 348
13-1 Putting People into the Picture 423
13-2 How Does Humanity Fare? The Human
Chapter 11International Trade in Condition Today 427
the Global Marketplace 353 Measuring Human Development and Human Security 430
Globalization, Democratization, and Economic Prosperity 432
11-1 Globalization and Trade 354 13-3 Human Rights and the Protection of People 434
Trade, Multinational Corporations, Internationally Recognized Human Rights 435
and the Globalization of Production 356 The Precarious Life of Indigenous Peoples 436
The Globalization of Labor 359 Gender Inequality and Its Consequences 438
11-2 Contending Trade Strategies 362 Gendercide, Slavery, and Human Trafficking 442
The Shadow of the Great Depression 363 Children and Human Rights 445
The Clash Between Liberal and Mercantilist Values 364 13-4 Responding to Human Rights 449
Commercial Liberalism 364 The Human Rights Legal Framework 450
Mercantilism 367 The Challenge of Enforcement 451
11-3 Trade and Global Politics 368
11-4 The Fate of Free Trade 374
Trade Tricks 375 CHAPTER 14 Global Responsibility
The Uneasy Coexistence of Liberalism and Mercantilism 377 for the Preservation of the
11-5 Triumph or Trouble for the Global Economy 378 Environment 455
The Development of the WTO 378
14-1 Framing the Ecological Debate 456
World Trade and the Global Financial Crisis 383
14-2 Globalization and the Tragedy of the Global
Regional and Plurilateral Trade Arrangements: Supplement or
Commons 457
Substitute for the WTO? 386
vii
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14-3 Global Ecopolitical Challenges 461 What Types of Armed Conflict Will Become the Major Fault
The Ecopolitics of the Atmosphere 461 Line in the Geostrategic Landscape? 499
Climate Change and Global Warming 461 Should the Global Community Intervene to Protect
Human Rights? 500
Ozone Depletion and Protection 466
Is the World Preparing for the Wrong War? 501
The Ecopolitics of Biodiversity, Deforestation, and Water
Shortages 467 Is This the “End of History” or the End of Happy
Endings? 502
Threats to Global Biodiversity 467
15-3 A New World Order or New World
Shrinking Forests and Dust Bowls 469 Disorder? 503
A Burgeoning Water Crisis 471
The Ecopolitics of Energy Supply and Demand 473
Glossary 507
14-4 Toward Sustainability and Human References 517
Security 475
Name Index 542
The Quest for Sustainable Development 475
Subject Index 549
Feeding the Masses 477
Converting to Renewable Sources of Energy 481
14-5 Global Efforts Toward Environmental
Solutions 485
viii
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Letter to Instructors
Dear International Relations Instructor:
Understanding world politics requires up-to-date information and analysis. In a constantly changing
world, it is imperative for our students to develop the intellectual skills to be better global citizens and
to effectively analyze key events and issues in international affairs. By presenting the leading ideas and
the latest information available, World Politics: Trend and Transformation provides the tools necessary for
understanding world affairs, for anticipating probable developments, and for thinking critically about the
potential long-term impact of those developments on institutions, countries, and individuals across the
globe.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture of the
evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that affect those
actors' relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those interactions produce.
The key theories for understanding international relations—realism, liberalism, constructivism, as well as
feminist and Marxist interpretations—frame the investigation. At the same time, this book presents all
the complexities of world politics, as well as the necessary analytic tools to make sense of a wide range
of substantive issues, from war to global finance to human rights. To foster critical thinking skills, the
text provides evidence-based assessments and intentionally presents contending views—throughout the
chapters, but especially in our “A Closer Look” and “Controversy” boxes—so that students have a chance
to critically evaluate opposed positions and construct their own judgments about key issues. Moreover,
our enhanced video resource program, provided in partnership with the Carnegie Council for Ethics
in International Affairs (CCEIA), further highlights current international trends and transformations by
applying World Politics' key terms and concepts in real-world applications.
ix
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• Updated discussions of conflict and cooperation around the world, including the prospect of a
resurgent Russia and an increasingly powerful China, thawing relations between Cuba and the United
States, terrorist groups such as Boko Haram and ISIS/ISIL, and international bodies such as the
United Nations, International Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court.
• Discussion of global trends, such as the pervasiveness of global corruption, the challenge of fragile
states, the consequences of youth bulges and declining populations, human trafficking, child
mortality, and advances in global communications and technological innovation.
• Discussion of the latest advances in military technology, including the growing prevalence of
drones and the threat of chemical and biological weapons, as well as a look at the changing nuclear
environment in Iran, the diffusion of civil war, and the role of peacekeeping in containing conflict.
• Updated discussions of the global political economy, including new coverage of the dilemmas in the
wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, growth of international stock exchanges, the controversial
strategy of corporate inversion, global supply chains, the vision for the BRICS' New Development
Bank, and the prospects for the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
• New discussion of preparation for the spread of global diseases such as Ebola, the evolution of
human rights as a concept in international relations, environmental degradation and the threat of
water and food crises, and the record number of refugees.
• New suggested Internet resources for further investigation of world politics at the close of each
chapter.
MindTap™
As an instructor, MindTap is here to simplify your workload, organize and immediately grade your stu-
dents' assignments, and enable you to customize your course as you see fit. Through deep-seated integra-
tion with your Learning Management System, grades are easily exported and analytics are pulled with
just the click of a button. MindTapprovides you with a platform to easily add in current events videos and
RSS feeds from national or local news sources. Looking to include more currency in the course? Students
can access the KnowNow International Relations Blog for weekly updated news coverage and pedagogy.
We thank you for using this book to help introduce your students to world politics. Our hope is that
it helps students to critically analyze and understand global affairs—and to better assess the possibilities
for the global future and its potential impact on their own lives.
Sincerely,
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Letter to Students
Dear Student:
In a constantly changing world, it is important to be able to effectively analyze key events and issues in
international affairs, and to critically assess different viewpoints concerning these issues. By providing
you with the leading ideas and the latest information available, World Politics: Trend and Transformation
offers the tools necessary for understanding world affairs, for anticipating probable developments, and
for thinking critically about the potential long-term impact of those developments on institutions, coun-
tries, and individuals across the globe. In essence, World Politics strives to help you become an informed
global citizen and establish a foundation for life-long learning about international affairs.
World Politics aims to put both change and continuity into perspective. It provides a picture of the
evolving relations among all transnational actors, the historical developments that affect those actors'
relationships, and the salient contemporary global trends that those interactions produce. You will learn
about key theories and worldviews for understanding international relations, and examine some of the
most prominent issues in global politics, including war, terrorism, world trade, global finance, demo-
graphic trends, environmental degradation, and human rights. To facilitate your understanding, World
Politics incorporates a number of features to clarify complex ideas and arguments:
• An Atlas with detailed political maps of each continent opens the book.
• Learning Objectives open each chapter, serving as a road map to the book's key concepts and
helping you assess your understanding.
• Controversy boxes examine rival viewpoints on major international relations issues and encourage
you to think critically and develop your own opinions.
• A Closer Look boxes address contemporary issues, pose critical thinking questions, and feature
relevant videos through the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (CCEIA).
• Each chapter includes Key Terms, their definitions, and pertinent videos through the Carnegie
Council.
• Each chapter ends with a list of Suggested Readings, Videos, and Web Resources to help you
prepare for your papers and essays.
As a student, the benefits of using MindTap with this book are endless. With automatically graded
practice quizzes and activities, an easily navigated learning path, and an interactive eBook, you will be
able to test yourself in and out of the classroom with ease. The accessibility of current events coupled with
interactive media makes the content fun and engaging. On your computer, phone, or tablet, MindTap is
there when you need it, giving you easy access to flashcards, quizzes, readings, and assignments.
We trust that you will find World Politics: Trend and Transformation to be an invaluable resource as you
seek to learn more about global affairs. Whether the study of world politics is one among many interests
that you are exploring as you earn your degree or a keen passion that may lead you to play an active
role in shaping our world, this book is designed to provide you a comprehensive coverage of the trends
and transformations that characterize international relations. It is our hope that as you conclude reading
World Politics you will be as fascinated as we are with the complex dynamics of global interactions, and feel
compelled to continue to observe, critically analyze, and address the challenges and opportunities that we
share as members of a global community.
Sincerely,
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Resources for
Students
and
Instructors
Students…
Access your World Politics, 2016–2017 Edition
resources by visiting
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9781305504875.
If you purchased MindTap access with your book, enter your access
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here separately through the “Study Tools” tab.
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Access your World Politics, 2016–2017 Edition resources via
www.cengage.com/login.
Log in using your Cengage Learning single sign-on user name and
password, or create a new instructor account by
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MindTap for
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Edition
ISBN for Instant Access Code: 9781305504851
ISBN for Printed Access Code: 9781305504837
MindTap for World Politics, 2016–2017 Edition is a highly per-
sonalized, fully online learning experience built on Cengage
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Learning content correlated to a core set of learning outcomes. MindTap guides students through
the course curriculum via an innovative Learning Path Navigator where they will complete read-
ing assignments, challenge themselves with focus activities, and engage with interactive quizzes.
Through a variety of gradable activities, MindTap provides students with opportunities to check
themselves for where they need extra help, as well as allowing faculty to measure and assess stu-
dent progress. Integration with programs like YouTube and Google Drive enables instructors to add
and remove content of their choosing with ease, keeping their course current while tracking global
events through RSS feeds. The product can be used fully online with its interactive eBook for World
Politics, 2016–2017 Edition, or in conjunction with the printed text.
Instructor Companion
Website for World Politics, 2016–2017 Edition—for
instructors only
ISBN: 9781305641235
This Instructor Companion Website is an all-in-one multimedia online resource for class preparation,
presentation, and testing. Accessible through Cengage.com/login with your faculty account, you
will find available for download: book-specific Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations; a Test Bank
compatible with multiple learning management systems (LMSs); an Instructor's Manual; Microsoft®
PowerPoint® Image Slides; and a JPEG Image Library.
The Test Bank, offered in Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, Canvas, and Angel formats, con-
tains Learning Objective–specific multiple-choice and essay questions for each chapter. Import the
Test Bank into your LMS to edit and manage questions and to create tests.
The Instructor’s Manual contains chapter-specific Learning Objectives, an outline, key terms
with definitions, and a chapter summary. Additionally, the Instructor's Manual features a critical
thinking question, lecture-launching suggestion, and an in-class activity for each Learning Objective.
The Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations are ready-to-use, visual outlines of each chapter.
These presentations are easily customized for your lectures and offered along with chapter-specific
Microsoft® PowerPoint® Image Slides and JPEG Image Libraries. Access the Instructor Companion
Website at www.cengage.com/login.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to author,
edit, and manage Test Bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions; create multiple test
versions in an instant; and deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want. The
Test Bank for World Politics, 2016–2017 Edition, contains Learning Objective–specific multiple-choice
and essay questions for each chapter.
xiii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Acknowledgments
Many people—in fact, too many to identify and thank individually—have contributed to the development
of this leading textbook in international relations, including Eugene R. Wittkopf, who served as a coauthor
of the first six editions. We are thankful for the constructive comments, advice, and data provided by an
array of scholars and colleagues. These include:
The reviewers for this edition: Reverend George Crow, Northeast Presbyterian
Church
Katherine Barbieri, University of South Carolina
Rebecca Cruise, University of Oklahoma
Shea Mize, Georgia Highlands College
Jonathan Davidson, European Commission
Robert Morin, Western Nevada College
Philippe Dennery, J-Net Ecology Communica-
Jeff Ringer, Brigham Young University
tion Company in Paris
Thomas E. Rotnem, Southern Polytechnic State
Drew Dickson, Atlantic Council of the United
University
States
Agber Dimah, Chicago State University
Past reviewers and other contributors to this text:
Gregory Domin, Mercer University
Duane Adamson, Brigham Young Thomas Donaldson, Wharton School of the
University–Idaho University of Pennsylvania
Daniel Allen, Anderson University Nicole Detraz, University of Memphis
Ruchi Anand, American Graduate School of Inter- Zach Dorfman, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
national Relations and Diplomacy in Paris International Affairs
Osmo Apunen, University of Tampere Ayman I. El-Dessouki and Kemel El-Menoufi,
Bossman Asare, Graceland University Cairo University
Chad Atkinson, University of Illinois Sid Ellington, University of Oklahoma
Andrew J. Bacevich, Boston University Robert Fatton, University of Virginia
Yan Bai, Grand Rapids Community College Matthias Finger, Columbia University
George Belzer, Johnson County Community John Freeman, University of
College Minnesota–Minneapolis
John Boehrer, University of Washington Eytan Gilboa, Bar-Ilan University in Israel
Pamela Blackmon, Penn State Altoona Giovanna Gismondi, University of Oklahoma
Robert Blanton, University of Alabama at Srajan Gligorijevic, Defense and Security
Birmingham Studies Centre of the G-17 Plus Institute in
Linda P. Brady, University of North Carolina at Belgrade, Serbia
Greensboro Richard F. Grimmett, Congressional Research
Leann Brown, University of Florida Office
Dan Caldwell, Pepperdine University Ted Robert Gurr, University of Maryland
John H. Calhoun, Palm Beach Atlantic University Aref N. Hassan, St. Cloud State University
John Candido, La Trobe University Russell Hardin, New York University
Colin S. Cavell, Bluefield State College James E. Harf, Maryville University in St. Louis
Roger A. Coate, Georgia College & State University Cristian A. Harris, North Georgia College and
Jonathan E. Colby, Carlyle Group in Washington, State University
D.C. Charles Hermann, Texas A&M University
Phyllis D. Collins, Keswick Management Inc. in Margaret G. Hermann, Syracuse University
New York City Stephen D. Hibbard, Shearman & Sterling LLP
Christopher R. Cook, University of Pittsburgh at Steven W. Hook, Kent State University
Johnstown Jack Hurd, Nature Conservatory
xiv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Ashley Brooke Huddleston, University of Ignacio de la Rasilla, Université de Genève
Memphis James Ray, Vanderbilt University
Lisa Huffstetler, University of Memphis Gregory A. Raymond, Boise State University
Patrick James, University of Southern California Andreas Rekdal, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
Loch Johnson, University of Georgia International Affairs
Christopher M. Jones, Northern Illinois University Neil R. Richardson, University of Wisconsin
Christopher Joyner, Georgetown University Peter Riddick, Berkhamsted Collegiate
Boris Khan, American Military University James N. Rosenau, George Washington
Michael D. Kanner, University of Colorado University
Mahmoud Karem, Egyptian Foreign Service Joel Rosenthal, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
Deborah J. Kegley, Kegley International, Inc. International Affairs
Mary V. Kegley, Kegley Books in Wytheville, Tapani Ruokanen, Suomen Kuvalehti, Finland
Virginia Alpo M. Rusi, Finnish Ambassador to
Susan Kegley, University of California–Berkeley Switzerland
Julia Kennedy, Carnegie Council for Ethics in Jan Aart Scholte, University of Warwick, UK
International Affairs Rebecca R. Sharitz, International Association for
Lidija Kos-Stanišic, University of Zagreb in Ecology
Croatia Shalendra D. Sharma, University of San
Matthias Kranke, University of Tier Francisco
Barbara Kyker, University of Memphis Richard H. Shultz, Fletcher School of Law and
Imtiaz T. Ladak, Projects International in Diplomacy, Tufts University
Washington, D.C. Dragan R. Simić, Centre for the Studies of the
Jack Levy, Rutgers University USA in Belgrade, Serbia
Carol Li, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Michael J. Siler, University of California
New York Christopher Sprecher, Texas A&M University
Urs Luterbacher, Graduate Institute of Interna- Jelena Subotic, Georgia State University
tional and Development Studies in Geneva Bengt Sundelius, National Defense College in
Gen. Jeffrey D. McCausland, U.S. Army War Stockholm
College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania David Sylvan, Graduate Institute of Interna-
James McCormick, Iowa University tional and Development Studies in Geneva
Kelly A. McCready, Maria College, Albany, William R. Thompson, Indiana University
New York Clayton L. Thyne, University of Kentucky
Karen Ann Mingst, University of Kentucky Rodney Tomlinson, U.S. Naval Academy
James A. Mitchell, California State University Deborah Tompsett-Makin, Riverside Community
Mahmood Monshipouri, San Francisco State College, Norco Campus
University John Tuman, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Donald Munton, University of Northern British Denise Vaughan, Bellevue Community College
Columbia Rob Verhofstad, Radmoud University in Nijme-
Todd Myers, Grossmont College gen, the Netherlands
Ahmad Noor, Youth Parliament Pakistan William C. Vocke, Jr., Carnegie Council for Ethics
Evan O'Neil, Carnegie Council for Ethics in in International Affairs
International Affairs William Wagstaff, Emory University
Anthony Perry, Henry Ford Community College Seth Weinberger, University of Puget Sound
Jeffrey Pickering, Kansas State University Robert Weiner, University of
Desley Sant Parker, United States Information Massachusetts–Boston
Agency Jonathan Wilkenfeld, University of Maryland
Albert C. Pierce, U.S. Naval Academy Alex Woodson, Carnegie Council for Ethics in
Alex Platt, Carnegie Council for Ethics in Inter- International Affairs
national Affairs Samuel A. Worthington, InterAction
xv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Also helpful was the input provided by honors undergraduate student Alexis Lincoln at the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, who provided invaluable research assistance. The always helpful and accom-
modating project manager Anupriya Tyagi with Cenveo and Photo Researcher Swarnadivya Chokkalingam
with Lumina Datamatics made valuable contributions to this book. In addition, also deserving of special
gratitude are our highly skilled, dedicated, and helpful editors at Cengage: Product Team Manager Carolyn
Merrill and Senior Content Developer Rebecca Green, who exercised extraordinary professionalism in
guiding the process that brought this edition into print, as well as Managing Content Developer Megan
Garvey, who helped see the book through the production process, assisted by the project management of
Cathy Brooks. Gratitude is also expressed to the always instructive advice of Valerie Hartman, Cengage's
skilled Political Science Marketing Manager.
We would also like to thank the supplement authors for this edition. Charles Hantz of Danville Area
Community College revised the test bank and Samuel Lucas McMillan of Lander University revised the
Instructor's Manual and PowerPoint lectures.
xvi
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
SHANNON LINDSEY BLANTON is a Professor in the Department of Government at the University of
Alabama at Birmingham, where she is also the inaugural Dean of the UAB Honors College. She is a past
vice provost for undergraduate programs, department chair, and undergraduate coordinator and has
served nationally as a facilitator for leadership development in higher education. A graduate of Georgia
College (BA), the University of Georgia (MA), and the University of South Carolina (PhD), she has received
numerous research awards and professional recognitions. She has served on a number of editorial boards,
including those for four of the discipline's foremost journals: International Studies Quarterly, Foreign Policy
Analysis, International Interactions, and International Studies Perspectives. She has published articles on U.S.
foreign policy decision making, with a particular focus on the determinants and consequences of U.S.
arms transfers and foreign aid. Her work has also examined the significance of human rights concerns in
global political and economic interactions.
CHARLES WILLIAM KEGLEY is a past president of the International Studies Association and has been
serving the past two decades on the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International
Affairs. Kegley holds the title of Pearce Distinguished Professor of International Relations Emeritus at the
University of South Carolina. A graduate of American University (BA) and Syracuse University (PhD) and a
Pew Faculty Fellow at Harvard University, Kegley previously served on the faculty at Georgetown Univer-
sity, and has held visiting professorships at the University of Texas, Rutgers University, the People's Uni-
versity of China, and the Institute Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales Et du Développement
in Geneva, Switzerland. He is also a recipient of the Distinguished Scholar Award of the Foreign Policy
Analysis Section of the International Studies Association. A founding partner of Kegley International, Inc.
(a publishing, research, and consulting foundation), he has authored more than fifty scholarly books and
over one hundred articles in journals.
Professors Blanton and Kegley have individually published extensively in leading scholarly journals, includ-
ing Alternatives, American Journal of Political Science, Armed Forces and Society, Asian Forum, The Brown
Journal of International Affairs, Business and Society, Comparative Political Studies, Conflict Management and
Peace Science, Conflict Quarterly, Cooperation and Conflict, Ethics and International Affairs, Feminist Econom-
ics, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Foreign Policy Analysis, Futures Research Quarterly, Harvard Inter-
national Review, International Interactions, International Organization, International Politics, International
Studies Quarterly, Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Peace
Research, Journal of Politics, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Journal of Third World Studies, Korean
Journal of International Studies, Leadership, Orbis, Political Research Quarterly, Social Science Journal, and
Western Political Quarterly.
Together Blanton and Kegley have coauthored publications appearing in the Brown Journal of World
Affairs, Futures Research Quarterly, Mediterranean Quarterly, and Rethinking the Cold War, as well as mul-
tiple editions of World Politics (since the twelfth edition's 2009-2010 update).
Dedication
To my husband Rob and our sons Austin and Cullen, in appreciation of their love and support
—Shannon Lindsey Blanton
To my loving wife Debbie and the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs,
in appreciation for its invaluable contribution to building through education a more
just and secure world
—Charles William Kegley
xvii
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
WORLD
80°N
GREENLAND
(DENMARK)
ALASKA ICELAND NO
(U.S.)
60°N
CANADA UNITED
KINGDOM
D
IRELAND
GE
SPAIN
40°N
PORTUGAL
UNITED STATES Azores
(Port.)
Bermuda MOROCCO
(U.K.)
AT L A N T I C O C E A N
Midway Is.
(U.S.) WESTERN
BAHAMAS SAHARA
(MOROCCO)
Hawaiian Is. MEXICO DOMINICAN REP.
Virgin Is.
(U.S.) CUBA (U.S.)
JAMAICA HAITI ST. KITTS AND NEVIS 20°N MAURITANIA
BELIZE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA MALI N
HONDURAS Puerto(U.S.)
Rico DOMINICA
BARBADOS CAPE
ST. LUCIA VERDE SENEGAL BURKINA
GUATEMALA NICARAGUA GRENADA ST. VINCENT AND
THE GRENADINES GAMBIA FASO
EL SALVADOR B
PAC I F IC OC EAN COSTA RICA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA
IVORY
N
VENEZUELA GUYANA SIERRA COAST
PANAMA FR. GUIANA LEONE
(FRANCE) LIBERIA
COLOMBIA GHANA EQ.
TOGO
Equator SURINAM 0°
Galapagos Is. ECUADOR
(Ecuador)
SÃO TO
PERU
BRAZIL
SAMOA
French Polynesia
(France) BOLIVIA
20°S
TONGA
PARAGUAY N
Easter Is. CHILE
(Chile)
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
40°S
0 1,000 2,000 Km.
Falkland Is.
(U.K.)
80°S
xviii
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
ARCTIC OCEAN
NORWAY FINLAND
SWEDEN ESTONIA RUSSIA
LATVIA
DEN. LITHUANIA
NETH. BELARUS
D
GERMANY POLAND
LUX. CZ.
BEL. SLK. UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN
FRANCE AUS. HUNG. MOLDOVA MONGOLIA
SLN. CR. ROMANIA
B. H. SE. GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN
SWITZ. ITALY
MO. K. BULGARIA
MAC.
ALBANIA KYRGYZSTAN
TURKEY
N. KOREA
GREECE ARMENIA TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN
CYPRUS JAPAN
MALTA AZERBAIJAN S. KOREA
TUNISIA SYRIA
AFGHANISTAN PAC I F IC OC EAN
LEBANON
ISRAEL
IRAQ
IRAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
BAHRAIN BHUTAN
JORDAN PAKISTAN
QATAR
ALGERIA LIBYA EGYPT KUWAIT NEPAL
SAUDI
ARABIA BANGLADESH
Taiwan
UNITED MYANMAR
ARAB EMIRATES
OMAN INDIA (BURMA)
A LAOS
NIGER SUDAN
Mariana Wake I.
(U.S.)
CHAD ERITREA THAILAND
VIETNAM Islands
(U.S.)
YEMEN
MARSHALL
FASO CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES Guam ISLANDS
BENIN DJIBOUTI (KAMPUCHEA) (U.S.)
RY
NIGERIA
CENTRAL SOUTH ETHIOPIA SRI LANKA BRUNEI
ST PALAU
AFRICAN REP. SUDAN DARUSSALAM FEDERATED STATES
CAMEROON MALDIVES OF MICRONESIA
SOMALIA M A L AYS I A
HANA EQ.
KIRIBATI
TOGO GUINEA UGANDA KENYA
REP. OF SINGAPORE
GABON CONGO RWANDA NAURU
DEM. REP. INDIAN OCEAN
SÃO TOMÉ OF CONGO SEYCHELLES
& PRINCIPE PAPUA
BURUNDI TANZANIA INDONESIA NEW SOLOMON IS.
GUINEA TUVALU
ABBREVIATIONS TIMOR LESTE
COMOROS
ANGOLA AUS. AUSTRIA
ZAMBIA MALAWI VANUATU
BEL. BELGIUM
B. H. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FIJI
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE CR. CROATIA
MAURITIUS
CZ. CZECH REPUBLIC
BOTSWANA New Caledonia
DEN. DENMARK (France)
MOZAMBIQUE EQ. GUINEA EQUATORIAL GUINEA AUSTRALIA
SOUTH
SWAZILAND HUNG. HUNGARY
AFRICA
LESOTHO
K. KOSOVO
LUX. LUXEMBOURG
MAC. MACEDONIA
MO. MONTENEGRO
NETH. NETHERLANDS
NEW
SE. SERBIA ZEALAND
SLK. SLOVAKIA
SLN. SLOVENIA
SWITZ. SWITZERLAND
xix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
North America
R USS IA ICELAND
A R C T I C Qaanaaq
(Thule) GREENLAND
Barrow O C E A N (Denmark)
Prudhoe Illulissat
Nome Bay (Jakobshavn) Tasiilaq
ALASKA Resolute
Pond Inlet
°N
(U.S.) Sisimiut
60
(Holsteinsborg)
Bethel tic
Fairbanks Arc rcle
Inuvik Cambridge Ci
Bay Nuuk 40°W
Anchorage Dawson (Godthåb) Qaqortoq
Gjoa (Julianehåb)
Valdez Haven
Iqaluit
Whitehorse
Rankin
Juneau Inlet
Arviat
Fort Nelson Hudson Kuujjuaq
140°W Bay
Churchill Happy Valley-
Fort Goose Bay
McMurray
Prince St. John’s
George C A N A D A Chisasibi
Edmonton
R
Chicoutimi Sydney
Saskatoon Moosonee
(Saguenay) Charlottetown
O
Vancouver
C
Bay Halifax
Co Seattle Great Montréal St. John
Y
Boston °N
.
Toronto 40
O
T S
Providence
Buffalo
Boise Minneapolis M
U N
M
New York
ss
Washington, D.C.
Sacramento City Indianapolis io Cincinnati
R.
IA
.
oR
I N
Oklahoma
AT L A N T I C
L
City Memphis
Los Angeles
A
Albuquerque Atlanta
O C E A N
P
San Tampa
o
Antonio
Gr
Chihuahua r
Miami ance
of C
an
120°W
Gulf of Trop
ic
ed
xx
U NI T ED
ST AT ES N
Ri o
Houston AT L A N T I C
Gr a
New
Orleans
O C E A N
nd
e
Monterrey Gu l f o f
Miami BAHAMAS
MEXICO M exi co
Havana
HAITI DOMINICAN REP.
CUBA
Mexico City Guantánamo 20°N
Veracruz Puerto Rico (U.S.)
Port-au-Prince
Acapulco BELIZE Santo
JAMAICA Domingo Guadeloupe (Fr.)
HONDURAS
Martinique (Fr.)
GUATEMALA Caribbean Sea
NICARAGUA ST. VINCENT BARBADOS
EL SALVADOR Managua GRENADA
Panama
100°W City TRINIDAD &
COSTA RICA Caracas TOBAGO
GUYANA
R.
Panama Paramaribo
Canal Bogotá FRENCH GUIANA (Fr.)
Ma
COLOMBIA
SURINAME Equator 0°
Ne g r o
Galápagos Quito R
zon R.
Islands ECUADOR ma
.
(Ec.) Manaus A
R.
i ra
a de BRAZIL
M
R. Recife
.
o
guaya R
PERU
c
ci s
P A C I F I C
Fran
Lima
A ra
Sã o
Lake Titicaca
O C E A N La Paz
Brasilia
.
yR
BOLIVIA .
ua
áR
g
20°S
Para
an
ar
P
PARAGUAY Rio de Janeiro
Asunción São Paulo
CHILE
.
ná R
ra
Pa
URUGUAY
Santiago Montevideo
ARGENTINA
Buenos Aires
Falkland Islands
(Gr. Br.)
Cape Horn
80°W 60°W 40°W
xxi
Ca
sp
Black Sea
ia
n
Se
a
Mediter TURKEY
ra
Tangier
Algiers ne
Madeira Is. Rabat Tunis an CYPRUS SYRIA
(Portugal) Casablanca Baghdad
TUNISIA Sea LEBANON IRAN
MOROCCO Tripoli Cyrene ISRAEL I R AQ KUWAIT
Alexandria
Canary Is. JORDAN
Arabi-
Pe
(Spain)
Cairo
Pasha ia
rs
n OMAN
ALGER IA 1881–1882 BAHRAIN Gu
WESTERN Sanusi lf
A
L I B Y1912–1913 SAUDI
SAHARA EGYPT QATAR
(MOROCCO) ARABIA
Re
N ile R .
cer
Aswan Tropic of Can
d
UNITED
ARAB 20°N
MAURITANIA
Se
CAPE EMIRATES
a
VERDE Mahdists OMAN
MALI
Rabih
Se
1892–1900
SENEGAL YEMEN
ga
Ni g
Bamako
er
Lake
Samori BURKINA Chad
R.
DJIBOUTI
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA FASO Fon Sokoto
1881– 1892– 1892 1900 N’Djamena
Bureh 1898
Bai Freetown NIGERIA Fashoda Addis
IA
1892 1898
B EN I N
AL
SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE 1900 SOUTH Sayyid Muhammad
. CENTRAL
Lagos Benue R
Ijebu 1892 SUDAN
M
Monrovia GHANA 1891–1920
AFRICAN
ETHIOPIA
SO
LIBERIA Accra REPUBLIC
Abidjan Juba
CAMEROON Uele R.
EQUATORIAL GUINEA Congo Bunyoro
UGANDA Mogadishu
O
Nairobi
GABON . Hutu
R E Pand
D E M . Tutsi
Lake
P.
CONGO 1911–1917
O C E A N Victoria
RE
Mombasa
Brazzaville RWANDA
SEYCHELLES
Kinshasa BURUNDI Lake Abushiri 1888–1889
(ANGOLA) Tanganyika Zanzibar (Gr. Br.)
Dar es Salaam
N I A1891–1898
T A N Z AHehe
Luanda Maji-Maji
N 1905–1907
COMOROS
ANGOLA Lake
Malawi
ZAMBIA
Zambezi R. MALAWI
R
Lusaka Shona
CA
1896–1903
AS
Harare Antananarivo
Herero
ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE
AG
1904–1908 20°S
NAMIBIA Ndebele
AD
1896 MAURITIUS
M
˚N
0˚ 70˚N 40˚E
60
Reykjavik
ICELAND
Arctic
Circle
N
Faroe Islands
(Den.)
SWEDEN
Shetland FINLAND
Islands N OR WAY
(U.K.) Lake
A T L A N T I C Ladoga
R U S S I A
Helsinki
Oslo St. Petersburg
O C E A N Stockholm Tallinn ˚N
NORTHERN 50
IRELAND ESTONIA
Glasgow
R
North lg a .
Vo
Moscow
a
IRELAND Sea Riga LATVIA
Dublin
DENMARK
Se
Copenhagen
.
UNITED c LITHUANIA
KINGDOM lti Vilnius aR
g
NETHERLANDS Ba (RUSSIA) Vol K A Z A K H S T A N
Hamburg
E Gdansk Minsk
lb
London Amsterdam P OL A N D
eR
BELARUS A ra l
.
Berlin
Sea
Vis
Brussels GE R MA N Y Warsaw
tul
Bonn Leipzig
BELGIUM
.
Kiev
a R.
Frankfurt Kharkov
Se
nR
Paris Dn UZBEKISTAN
Luxembourg Prague
in e
.
Do
iep
LUX.
R
. R CZECH UKRAINE er R
e
Loire R
. Stuttgart . Donetsk
REPUBLIC Dnepropetrovsk
SLOVAKIA
Rhi n
FRANCE Munich
Zurich LIECH. Vienna Bratislava
Bern MOLDOVA C
Budapest
a
Turin
Milan SLOVENIA Zagreb R OM A N I A TURKMENISTAN
ia
Porto Po R . CROATIA
n
nu be R ck AZERBAIJAN
la Vella MONACO Sarajevo KOSOVO Bla
e
Gibraltar
M e d i t GREECE
(U.K.)
e r r
a n T U R K E Y IRAN
e Sicily Athens
a (It.)
n SY R IA
MOROCCO MALTA Nicosia
Valletta ˚N
Crete IRAQ 30
S e a (Gr.) CYPRUS
TUNISIA LEBANON
ALGER IA WEST BANK
KUWAIT
ISRAEL
GAZA
JORDAN
0 200 400 Km.
L I B YA SAUDI ARABIA
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
EGYPT
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0 200 400 Mi.
xxiii
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
A partir de ce jour, il devient très difficile, pour ne pas dire
impossible, de décrire les faits et gestes de Placide. Une relation de
sa vie depuis cette singulière maladie ne peut prendre que le ton de
la légende, non point celui de l’histoire ; à moins que l’auteur ne soit
un fieffé coquin.
Le parti le plus sage et le plus honnête est de rapporter la fin de
l’aventure, telle que les bons vieillards aiment à la conter à leurs
petits-enfants assemblés devant l’âtre, pendant les longues veillées
d’hiver.
Donc, disent ces sapristi de vieillards, le médecin tâta le pouls de
Placide ; puis il lui tapota l’envers et l’endroit pour savoir où il y avait
de la pourriture et où il y avait du vent ; enfin, il lui fit tirer la langue
pour observer la couleur de son âme.
Après cela, il sourit amèrement et s’en alla retrouver la belle
Hélène qui l’attendait avec impatience dans le corridor. Ils
poussèrent la porte, mirent le verrou, puis se retirèrent eux-mêmes
dans une chambre secrète où ils eurent une longue conversation.
On ne sait pas au juste ce qu’ils purent bien se raconter, mais on
suppose que la belle Hélène, par son insistance, finit par agacer le
médecin. Car il est sûr et certain qu’il cria :
— Mais enfin, ma chère amie, vous n’y pensez pas !… Vous ne
savez donc pas ce que je risque ?…
Hélène ne dut pas se tenir pour battue et le médecin essaya
encore de la ramener à de meilleurs sentiments.
— Tout beau ! chère amie… un peu de patience, que diable !…
Croyez-m’en : il y arrivera sans le secours de la science et avant que
tout le monde soit content…
Hélène ne voulait rien entendre. Vaincu, le médecin conclut
ainsi :
— Eh bien, soit ! Je vais remonter lui prodiguer tout de suite mes
soins éclairés… Et je lui ferai cette petite piqûre…
Là-dessus, la belle Hélène battit des mains, transportée de joie.
Le médecin voulut faire comme il avait dit : il remonta dans
l’intention de voir Placide. Il ôta donc le verrou, ouvrit la porte,
pénétra tranquillement dans la chambre. Mais il ne vit point Placide,
car Placide était parti… Parti ? Oui, parti !… Par la cheminée ? il n’y
en avait pas !… Par la fenêtre ? elle était très haute et fermée !… Par
la porte ? il y avait le verrou !…
Le pauvre médecin cherchait vainement à comprendre. Il appela
Hélène et celle-ci appela ses serviteurs dévoués. On mit la maison
sens dessus dessous, sans aucun résultat.
Alors le médecin fit une déclaration : selon ses prévisions, le
malade avait été pris d’un accès soudain de fièvre chaude ; après de
longues et pénibles recherches, on ne retrouverait qu’un cadavre.
Puis il s’en alla, bien content, car ce dénouement inespéré
simplifiait beaucoup le travail.
Mais, comme le médecin marchait lestement, en fredonnant un
vieil air de son pays natal, il trébucha on ne sait comment et tomba
de façon si fâcheuse qu’il resta sur le terrain. Il expliqua plus tard
qu’il avait eu l’impression de recevoir un sale coup sur le crâne et
que ce coup avait causé sa chute. Mais on ne fit guère attention à
ces boniments d’idiot, car ce n’était pas la tête qu’il avait de cassée,
c’était une jambe !…
Pendant que le médecin gisait sur le bord de la route, la belle
Hélène, accoudée, rêveuse, à son balcon, bâtissait des châteaux
bleus en Espagne. Le soir venu, elle commanda pour elle seule un
bon petit souper, afin de prendre des forces pour l’avenir. Mais
quand elle voulut se mettre à table, elle jeta un cri de surprise et
d’horreur ! Placide était assis à sa place habituelle ! Il avait déjà
expédié à peu près tout le souper, et, visiblement, il se portait fort
bien.
La belle Hélène, sans l’ombre d’une hésitation, lui reprocha sa
conduite inexplicable, la fausse joie qu’il lui avait procurée et jusqu’à
la salade qu’il venait de manger.
Placide, tranquillement, passa sans interruption de la poire au
fromage ; puis il releva la tête et fit : chut !…
Cela ne fut pas suffisant ; alors il mit son doigt sur ses lèvres et
lança un regard de côté, comme il faisait jadis, lorsque feu sa
nourrice l’accablait de questions ridicules. Mais la belle Hélène ne
connaissait pas ces manières et, d’ailleurs, on ne l’effrayait pas
comme ça ! Elle reprit son discours avec une vigueur nouvelle ; si
bien que Placide se vit dans l’obligation de se lever avec brusquerie.
Et, inversement, il arriva peu après que la belle Hélène se trouva par
terre, tout étourdie. Elle non plus ne sut pas exactement comment
elle était tombée ! Mais, par mesure de précaution, elle jura de se
venger.
Placide, revenant à ses premières amours, avait, d’un seul coup,
retrouvé la santé…
Il marchait allégrement sur la pointe des pieds, écoutait aux
portes avec ravissement, jouait à chacun des tours inexplicables.
Malgré le voisinage de sa femme, il reprenait goût à la vie. Pendant
quelques jours, cela ne marcha pas mal du tout.
Cependant, Placide fit bientôt une observation qui lui donna à
réfléchir : tous les secrets qu’il surprenait se rapportaient, de
quelque manière, à lui-même. Il crut à une coïncidence et redoubla
de zèle pour apprendre enfin quelque chose de tout à fait neuf ; car il
éprouvait un violent désir de voir clair, non en ses propres affaires,
mais en celles des autres. Hélas ! il dut se rendre à l’évidence ! Alors
que, jadis, son nom ne venait jamais dans les discours de ses
compatriotes, maintenant qu’il était marié, riche et puissant, chacun
avait sur son compte, à lui, Placide, un mot à dire…
Il comprit, mais un peu tard, que, pour vivre caché, il faut vivre
malheureux.
Il se fit un peu de bile à ce sujet et recommença à regarder son
monde de côté, avec un drôle de sourire.
La conversation la plus importante qu’il surprit, après celle de son
épouse et du médecin, fut celle de certains bons amis d’autrefois,
assidus à ses festins. Ces amis se passaient de l’un à l’autre, sous
le manteau, de beaux contes dont leur hôte était le héros. De
supposition en supposition, de mal en pis, de contravention en délit
et de délit en crime, ils déroulaient joyeusement le fil des aventures.
Bien entendu, dans tout cela, il y avait beaucoup de vrai ; mais il y
avait aussi du faux et Placide eût pu rire en constatant combien ils
étaient mal renseignés et peu malins, en somme. Placide cependant
n’eut point envie de rire. Ses amis le virent qui, soudain, surgissait
au milieu d’eux et ils furent aussitôt dans leurs petits souliers.
Placide leur reprocha leur conduite à son égard ; puis comme il
savait sur leur compte, depuis longtemps, les plus sales histoires —
incontestablement vraies dans tous les détails — il se mit à les
raconter sans ménagement.
Les bons amis, épouvantés, voulurent se jeter à ses pieds pour
lui faire des excuses. Mais il les planta là, avec leurs excuses. Car
tout cela commençait à lui porter sur les nerfs.
Le lendemain, Placide épia ses commis, les uns après les autres.
Eux aussi parlaient de lui comme si, vraiment, ils n’avaient rien eu
de mieux à faire. Ils savaient bien des choses qu’ils auraient dû
ignorer ; en outre, comme ils avaient une belle âme, ils parlaient de
ces choses avec une sombre indignation et l’on sentait bien que leur
conscience allait être à bout.
Placide se trouva dans une situation fausse et plutôt embêtante.
Car ces commis étaient des étrangers sur lesquels il ne savait rien
d’utile et il ne pouvait, par conséquent, river leur clou, comme il
aurait eu cependant tant de plaisir à le faire.
Il dut leur tendre des pièges et les faire tomber en tentation.
Après bien des peines, bien des tracas, il eut enfin la satisfaction de
les renvoyer tous comme des malpropres en les priant de n’y plus
revenir.
Instruit par l’expérience, il les remplaça par des gens à toute
épreuve, de vieilles connaissances sur lesquelles il lui serait facile, à
tout moment, de fournir des renseignements précis, avec preuves à
l’appui.
Les nouveaux commis se mirent à l’œuvre avec entrain. Ils
n’étaient pas très au courant de leur nouveau métier, mais s’ils
négligeaient certains détails, ils comprenaient admirablement les
principes. Ils n’avaient point cet air préoccupé et rébarbatif qu’on voit
souvent aux commis affligés d’une belle âme. Assez malhonnêtes
pour être toujours polis, ils plaisaient beaucoup aux clients de
Placide et Cie. Aussi, ces braves gens se pressaient-ils à la porte,
apportant leur trésor dans l’espoir de le voir fructifier outre mesure.
Tranquillisé de ce côté, Placide pensa devoir prendre quelque
récréation à l’extérieur. Mal lui en prit. Il ne put, encore cette fois, se
réjouir aux dépens de ses compatriotes. En revanche, il en apprit de
belles sur son propre compte !
Il écouta ses meilleurs amis, des hommes, des femmes, des
vieillards qui avaient déjà un pied dans la tombe, des enfants qui
agissaient sans discernement : tous eurent à son adresse des
paroles désagréables qui ne l’intéressèrent pas du tout.
Des ivrognes citaient son nom en des chansons joyeuses, mais
dégoûtantes ; des coquettes tenaient sur la belle Hélène et sur lui-
même des propos que l’on ne répète pas en bonne société.
Un jour, il écouta des joueurs : ils l’accusaient précisément
d’avoir des cartes truquées et de faire sauter la coupe. Une autre
fois, il écouta des médecins ; à leur avis unanime, il n’en avait pas
pour longtemps.
Tout cela, au fond, ne lui faisait pas bonne bouche. Et, pourtant, il
ne pouvait pas s’empêcher de prêter l’oreille… On ne se fait pas soi-
même et l’on se refait difficilement. Une voix intérieure commandait
à Placide : marche ! marche toujours sur la pointe des pieds !
S’armant de courage, il se glissa sans y être invité chez ses
concurrents, chez ses ennemis même. Là comme ailleurs, on
discutait sur son cas. Mais il ne s’agissait plus de plaisanteries ! Ces
messieurs se proposaient tout simplement de faire passer dans leurs
caisses le trésor de Placide et ceux de ses clients. Pour mener à
bien cette opération, on projetait de mettre Placide et Cie en relation
avec la justice du pays.
— Tout d’abord, prévenons les gendarmes ! disait un de ces
messieurs.
Placide ne voulut pas en savoir davantage ; ce qu’il avait entendu
lui suffisait largement pour se faire une opinion.
Il revint donc chez lui ; mais personne ne put savoir quels furent
ses sentiments et ses intentions. A deux voisins qui l’interrogeaient
sur sa santé, il répondit : chut !… chut !… puis il s’esquiva comme un
jeune homme très pressé.
Les voisins ne s’en étonnèrent pas, car il avait, en effet, fort à
faire chez lui.
Profitant de son absence, les nouveaux commis s’étaient
débrouillés de leur mieux. Eux aussi pensaient qu’il fallait priver
Placide de ses richesses et des richesses des clients. Mais, s’ils
étaient d’accord sur cette question primordiale, ils se méfiaient les
uns des autres et se disputaient à l’avance pour le partage.
Placide eut tôt fait de découvrir ce micmac.
Il sut aussi que le premier commis jouait son jeu tout seul, avec
l’aide de la belle Hélène. Là était le point dangereux, car la belle
Hélène n’oubliait pas qu’elle avait juré de se venger.
En ces circonstances difficiles, Placide ne perdit point courage. Il
trouvait l’occasion depuis longtemps cherchée d’occuper utilement
ses facultés ; aussi donna-t-il toute sa mesure.
Sans perdre de vue son trésor, il surveillait, d’un côté, ses
concurrents, les gendarmes et les juges ; de l’autre, la belle Hélène
et le premier commis.
Ces derniers avaient souvent des apartés dans les petits coins ;
de temps en temps, pour être plus tranquilles, ils s’en allaient en
bateau sur le fleuve.
— Si tu veux, faisons un rêve ! proposait le commis.
— Oui ! je le veux ! répondait Hélène… Nous sommes deux, nous
serons trois… Un homme tombe, un homme boit… Ce petit bateau
a-t-il des jambes ?
— J’aurai le trésor !
— Je serai vengée !
Pauvre Placide !
Le premier commis l’accablait de prévenances. Quant à la belle
Hélène, elle ne craignait pas de donner publiquement à son époux
les doux témoignages de sa tendresse.
Souvent Placide était invité à quelque petite excursion, à une
gentille partie de canotage, par exemple. Il regrettait bien, mais
impossible d’accepter : des clients attendaient à sa porte…
Cependant, le jour où les derniers clients eurent apporté leur
trésor, Placide n’eut plus de bonne raison pour refuser. Il consentit
d’autant plus volontiers à s’accorder cette partie de plaisir qu’il
prévoyait, pour un avenir très prochain, des ennuis du côté des
concurrents et des gendarmes.
Il suivit donc la belle Hélène et le premier commis. Mais, dès que
ceux-ci eurent embarqué, Placide poussa le bateau de la pointe du
pied et revint à la maison, car il avait, disait-il, oublié quelque chose
de première importance.
Le bateau gagna le milieu du fleuve où le courant était rapide.
Tout à coup, la belle Hélène et le commis se levèrent en poussant
des cris d’effroi : le bateau s’enfonçait ! Il disparut dans les flots
écumeux, entraînant les deux infortunés qui se noyèrent sous les
yeux des spectateurs impuissants…
Pendant que de courageux citoyens se mettaient à la recherche
des cadavres, on alla prévenir Placide, avec tous les ménagements
nécessaires. Mais, dès les premiers mots, il entrevit l’affreuse vérité.
Alors, il eut une crise de violent désespoir ; il roulait des yeux égarés
et poussait des cris déchirants. Puis, brusquement, il parut se
calmer ; on put lire sur son visage une résolution farouche. Il prit sa
course et disparut…
Et s’il ne s’est pas arrêté depuis ce moment-là, il a dû faire un
bout de chemin !…
C’est ici la fin du récit des bons vieillards.
Et les pauvres enfants, qui dorment depuis longtemps déjà, n’ont
pas l’habitude d’en exiger davantage.
Alors les grandes personnes commencent à s’inquiéter.
— Et le trésor ? demandent-elles.
— Oui ! le trésor, qu’est-il devenu ? clament les individus cupides.
— Le trésor ? Eh bien, on ne l’a pas retrouvé !…
Mais la disparition de trois personnes à la fleur de l’âge est chose
plus attristante, il nous semble !
La belle Hélène et le premier commis, qui avaient été emportés
par les eaux en furie, échappèrent à toutes les recherches des
dévoués sauveteurs. Huit jours plus tard, ils remontèrent d’eux-
mêmes, gonflés comme des chiens. On fit signe au médecin légiste
qui accourut avec plaisir. Il déclara que les malheureux avaient
succombé tous les deux à l’asphyxie par immersion — sans se
tromper le moins du monde, l’animal ! — mais il lui fut impossible de
dire pourquoi le bateau avait sombré.
Ce mystère passionnait l’opinion publique. Ce qui la passionnait
bien plus encore, c’était la disparition de Placide. L’hypothèse de la
fugue amoureuse ayant été repoussée avec dédain, celle du crime
avec horreur, restait l’hypothèse du suicide. Le disparu avait laissé,
sur le parapet d’un pont, son chapeau, sa montre et une fausse
dent : cela semblait bien indiquer une décision désespérée. Placide,
incapable sans doute de résister à son chagrin, s’était jeté au sein
des flots qui venaient d’engloutir son épouse.
Très bien ! Mais son cadavre ne remontait pas !
Fallait-il donc admettre qu’il avait été entraîné vers les rapides,
roulé jusqu’à la lointaine embouchure et dévoré par les monstres
marins ?
Pour leur part, les concurrents de Placide, ses clients, ses
commis eux-mêmes, n’y consentaient point.
On mit donc sur la piste les plus fameux limiers.
Ils y sont encore.
On ne peut que leur souhaiter bonne chance. Car il est
démoralisant de voir un homme s’évanouir ainsi, comme une fumée,
au détour du chemin. Et l’on voudrait savoir, une fois pour toutes, si
Placide mérite qu’on le pleure, ou s’il n’est, au contraire, qu’un
ingénieux filou, dont il faudrait encore se méfier, en somme…
CAMILLE ET LES BONNES CHOSES