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Mechanical Vibrations Theory and

Applications 1st Edition Kelly Solutions


Manual
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CHAPTER 6: TWO DEGREE-OF-
FREEDOM SYSTEMS
Short Answer Problems

6.1 True: A two-degree-of-freedom system has two natural frequencies. The normal mode
solution is assumed and substituted into the differential equations. Two linearly
independent solutions are obtained, one corresponding to each natural frequency.

6.2 False: The natural frequencies are determined by setting | | 0.

6.3 False: The natural frequencies of a two degree-of-freedom system are independent of
the choice of generalized coordinates used to model the system.

6.4 True: Even powers occur if the system is undamped. If the system has viscous damping
odd powers occur as well.

6.5 False: The modal fraction represents the displacement of the second generalized
coordinate compared to the displacement of the first.

6.6 False: The principal coordinates are the generalized coordinates for which the mass
matrix and the stiffness matrix are diagonal matrices.
6.7 False: The free response of a damped two degree-of-freedom system has two modes of
vibration, both of which may be underdamped.
6.8 True: A displacement of a node for a mode of a two degree-of-freedom system can
serve as a principal coordinate. Since a node can only occur for the second mode, the node
can serve as a principal coordinate for the first mode.
6.9 True: While the natural frequencies are independent of the choice of generalized
coordinates, the modal fractions for a two degree-of-freedom system depend upon the
choice of generalized coordinates.

6.10 True: The sinusoidal transfer function which is the transfer function evaluated at ,
where is the frequency of input, can be used to determine the steady-state response of a
two-degree-of-freedom system. The steady-state response is .

6.11 True: The addition of a vibration absorber adds another degree of freedom to the
original system.
6.12 False: The undamped vibration absorber is tuned to the excitation frequency to
eliminate steady-state vibrations of the primary systems.

424
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.13 False: An optimally tuned damped vibration absorber is tuned such that the amplitude
of vibration during start up is minimized as well as increasing the operating range.
6.14 False: Addition of a dynamic vibration absorber to a damped primary system will not
eliminate the steady-state vibrations of the primary system at any speed.
6.15 True: A Houdaille vibration absorber is used on engine crankshafts and other devices.

6.16

6.17

6.18 The normal mode solution is . It is substituted into the differential


equations for free vibration of a two-degree-of-freedom system to determine the natural
frequencies and mode shapes. The mode shapes are the solutions to | | 0 and
the mode shapes are the corresponding non-trivial solutions of KX= MX.

6.19 The assumed solution for an undamped system is while for a damped
system . The values of for a damped system may be complex while for an
undamped system must real. The modal fraction for a damped system are also complex and
occur in complex conjugate pairs.

6.20 A real solution for means that the mode associated with the value of is
overdamped.

6.21 A complex solution for means that the mode associated with the value of is
underdamped. Also the complex conjugate of the value is also a solution of the fourth
order equation.

6.22 The transfer function , is the transform of the response at the generalized
coordinate described by due to a unit impulse applied at the generalized coordinate
whose response is described by .

6.23 The sinusoidal transfer function is where is the frequency of excitation. It can
be written as | | where | | is the amplitude of the steady-state response
and is the phase angle between the excitation and the response.
6.24 The differential equations defining the principal coordinates are

0
6.25 A modal fraction equal to zero implies that the second mode is uncoupled from the
first mode.

425
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.26 A modal fraction equal to one means that the system moves as a rigid body for that
mode.
6.27 There are zero nodes corresponding to the lowest natural frequency of a tow degree of
freedom system.
6.28 If the differential equations governing a two degree-of-freedom system are uncoupled
when a certain set of generalized coordinates are used the coordinates must be principal
coordinates for the system.
6.29 (b) the denominator D(s)
6.30 The appropriate convolution integral solution is

where .
6.31 The amplitudes and phases are determined by applying the initial conditions to

sin

sin

6.32 | | where | | and


tan

6.33 The vibration amplitude of the primary system when a dynamic vibration absorber
tuned to the excitation frequency is added to the system is zero.
6.34 A dynamic vibration absorber works by adding one degree of freedom to a system
whose natural frequency is ear the excitation frequency such that the two natural
frequencies are away from the excitation frequency. One natural frequency is lower than
the excitation frequency one is higher.
6.35 A vibration damper is used in situations where vibration control is necessary over a
wide range of frequencies.
6.36 The two problems addressed by adding damping to a vibration absorber are the large
amplitude during start up when the lowest natural frequency of the system is passed and
the wide variation in amplitude of the primary system with operating speed.

6.37 The optimum damping ratio for a Houdaillle damper is where is


the ratio of the moment of inertia of the damper to the moment of inertia of the shaft.

426
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.38 Given: 6 27 21 0. The natural frequencies are obtained by applying the


quadratic formula 3.5, 1 leading to 1.87,1.

3 2 1 0
6.39 Given: (a) The equation is the frequency equation
2 2 0
for a system such that | | 0. Thus the differential equations are
1 0 3 2 0
0 1 2 2 0
which comes from the system shown in Fig SP 6.39a. (b) The natural frequencies of the
system are calculated from 3 2 0 3 2 4
2 2

5 2 0whose solutions are 0.662, 2.14 (c) The mode
shapes are determined from the given equation. The first equation yields which
1
leads to 1.28 and 0.781 which lead to mode shapes of and
1.28
1
(e) The mode shapes are illustrated in Figure SP 6.39b.
0.781

6.40 The mode shape corresponds to the higher mode.

6.41 Given: (a) 3 = 0.0120 0.00274


(b) The squares of the natural frequencies are the roots of 3 2 0 which are 1
and 2. Hence = 1 and √2 1.41

6.42 Given: , 2.5 sin 4 The steady-state response is


given by sin 4 where
| 4 | 2.5 |10 9.89 4.01i | 0.007 and
tan 0.3853. Thus 0.0107 sin 4 0.3853 .
427
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.43 (a) 1 (b) 1.05 (c) 1.05

6.44 Given: 100, 0.2

, 1 1.05 1 0.2 1.05 1 0.2 2 0.2 1 1.05 1



81.5 , 128.8

6.45 Given: f = 30 Hz, 200 N (a) The steady-state vibration of the machine are
eliminated if the absorber is tuned to a frequency of 30 Hz = 188.5 rad/s (b) If 3 kg
the stiffness of the absorber is 3 kg 188.5 rad/s 1.07 10 N/m
(c) 1.9 mm (d) 188.5 rad/s
. N/

6.46 Given: 50 kg, 10 kg, 100 rad/s (a) 0.2,


.
0.833, 0.833 100 83.33 rad/s (b)
. .
0.25.

6.47 Given: 0.1 kg · m , 0.01 kg · m , 0.002 (a) 0.1,

(a) 0.1, 0.465 (b) Θ


. .
.
0.002 0.042 rad
.

428
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Chapter Problems

6.1 Derive the differential equation


governing the two degree-of-freedom
system shown in Figure P6.1 using and
as generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations
Solution: Free-body diagrams of both masses are drawn at an arbitrary instant

Summation of forces on the FBD’s lead to

and
2 2

The equations are rearranged to

2 0

2 3 0

Problem 6.1 illustrates the use of Newton’s law to derive the differential equations for a
2DOF system.

6.2 Derive the differential equation governing the two


degree-of-freedom system shown in Figure P6.2 using x
and as generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations
Solution: Free-body diagrams of the bar and the discrete
mass, assuming small , are drawn at an arbitrary instant

429
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Summing moments on the bar using ∑ ∑ leads to


1
sin
2 2 2 2 12

Summing forces on the mass using ∑ ∑ leads to

Rearranging Eqs. (a) and (b) yields


1 3
sin
3 4 2

0
2

Problem 6.2 illustrates the use of D’Alembert’s principle to derive the differential
equations governing a 2DOF system.

6.3 Derive the differential equations governing the


two degree-of-freedom system shown in Figure P6.3
using and as generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations
Solution: Free-body diagrams of the disks are drawn
at an arbitrary instant

430
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Summing moments on disk A using ∑ ∑ leads to

Summing moments on disk B using ∑ ∑ leads to

sin 2 2 2

Rearranging Eqs. (a) and (b) lead to

2 0

and

4 2 sin

Problem 6.3 illustrates the use of D’Alembert’s principle to derive the differential
equations governing a 2DOF system.

6.4 Derive the differential equations governing


the two degree-of-freedom system shown in
Figure P6.4 using and as generalized
coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations

431
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Solution: Free-body diagrams of the disks are drawn at an arbitrary instant

Summing moments on disk A using ∑ ∑ leads to

Summing moments on disk B using ∑ ∑ leads to

Noting that

3 /2

Eqs. (a) and (b) are rearranged to

0
3 /2 3 /2

and

0
3 /2 3 /2

Problem 6.4 illustrates the use of D’Alembert’s principle to derive the differential
equations governing a 2DOF system.

6.5 A two degree-of-freedom model of an airfoil


shown in Figure P6.5 is used for flutter analysis.
Derive the governing differential equations using h
and as generalized coordinates.

Given: ,
Find: Differential equations
Solutions: FBD’s of the airfoil at an arbitrary instant are drawn.

432
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Summing Forces on the FBD using ∑ ∑ leads to

Summing moments according to ∑ ∑ leads to

ℓ ℓ

Rearranging the equations leads to

ℓ 0

ℓ ℓ 0

Problem 6.5 illustrates the derivation of differential equations governing the motion of a
2DOF system.

6.6 Derive the differential equations


governing the damped two degree-of-
freedom system shown using and as
generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations
Solution: Free-body diagrams of the blocks are drawn at an arbitrary instant

Summing forces on the first FBD leads to


2 2 2

Summing forces on the second FBD leads to


sin
433
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Equations (a) and (b) are rearranged to


2 3 3 0

and
sin

Problem 6.6 illustrates the use of Newton’s law to derive the differential equations for a
2DOF system with viscous damping.

6.7 Derive the differential equations governing the damped two


degree of freedom system shown in Figure P6.7 using and as
generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations
Solution: Free-body diagrams of the blocks are drawn at an arbitrary
instant

Summing forces on the first FBD leads to

Summing forces on the second FBD leads to


2

Equations (a) and (b) are rearranged to


2 0

and
434
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

2 0

Problem 6.7 illustrates the use of Newton’s law to derive the differential equations for a
2DOF system with viscous damping.

6.8 A two degree-of-freedom model of a machine


tool is illustrated in Figure P6.8. Using and as
generalized coordinates, derive the differential
equations governing the motion of the system.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations

Solution: Free-body diagram of the bar is drawn at an arbitrary instant

Summing moments on the FBD using ∑ ∑ leads to

Summing moments on the FBD using ∑ ∑ leads to

Rearranging Eqs. (a) and (b) leads to

and

Problem 6.8 illustrates the use of D’Alembert’s principle to derive the differential
equations governing a 2DOF system with viscous damping.

435
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.9 Derive the differential equation of the two


degree-of-freedom model of the machine tool of
Chapter Problem 6.8 using x and as generalized
coordinates.
Given: System shown
Find: Differential equations

Solution: Free-body diagram of the bar is drawn at an arbitrary instant

Summing moments on the FBD using ∑ ∑ leads to

Summing moments on the FBD using ∑ ∑ leads to

Rearranging Eqs. (a) and (b) leads to

and

Problem 6.9 illustrates the use of D’Alembert’s principle to derive the differential
equations governing a 2DOF system with viscous damping.

6.10 Determine the natural frequencies


of the system of Figure P6.1 if m = 10 kg
and k = 1 × 105 N/m. Determine and
graphically illustrate the mode shapes.
Identify any nodes.
Given: m = 10 kg, k = 1 × 105 N/m
436
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Find: , , ,

Solution: The differential equations are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.1.
They are written in matrix form using the given values of k and m as
10 0 2 1 0
10
0 20 1 3 0

The natural frequencies are determined as the solutions of | | 0 or


10 2
0 10 2 20 3
20 3
200 70 5

where 10 . The solutions of the equation are


rad rad
100 158.11
s s
The modal fractions are determined by
10 2

which when evaluated lead to 1 and 0.5. Hence the mode shapes are
1 1
2 0.5
The mode shape vectors are illustrated below. There is a node for the second mode in the
spring connecting the two masses.

Problem 6.10 illustrates the computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes for 2DOF
systems.

437
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.11 Determine the natural frequencies of the system of


Figure P6.2 if m = 2 kg, L = 1 m and k = 1000 N/m.
Determine the modal fractions for each mode.
Given: m = 2 kg, L = 1m, k = 1000 N/m

Find: , , ,

Solution: The differential equations are derived in the


solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 as
1 3
0
3 4 2

0
2
Rewriting Eqs. (a) and (b) in matrix form using the given values
0.667 0 750 500 0
0 2 500 1000 0

The natural frequencies are determined as the solutions of | | 0 or


0.667 750 500 0 0.667 750 2 1000 500
500 2 1000
1.33 2166.7 500000

The solutions of the equation are


rad rad
16.69 36.69
s s
The modal fractions are determined by
0.667 750
500
which when evaluated lead to 1.128 and 0.2949. Hence the mode shapes are
1 1
1.128 0.2949
Problem 6.11 illustrates the computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes for 2DOF
systems.

438
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.12 Determine the natural frequencies of the system


of Figure P6.3 if m = 30 g, I1 = 8 × 10-6 kg · m2,
I2 = 2 × 10-5 kg · m2, r = 5 mm, and k = 10 N/m.
Determine the modal fraction for each mode.

Given: m = 30 g, 8 10 kg · m ,

2 10 kg · m , r = 5 mm, k = 10 N/m
Given: m = 2 kg, L = 1 m, k = 1000 N/m

Find: , , ,

Solution: The differential equations are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.3 as

2 0

4 2 sin

Rewriting Eqs. (a) and (b) in matrix form using the given values

0.875 0 5 2.5 0
10 10
0 2.3 2.5 2.5 0

The natural frequencies are determined as the solutions of | | 0 or


0.875 5 2.5
0
2.5 2.3 2.5
0.875 5 2.3 2.5 2.5

where 10 and 10 The solutions of the equation are


rad rad
2.219 7.943
s s
The modal fractions are determined by
0.0875 5
2.5
which when evaluated lead to 1.827 and 0.2082. Hence the mode shapes are
1 1
1.827 0.2082
Problem 6.12 illustrates the computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes for 2DOF
systems.

439
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.13 Determine the natural frequencies of the system


of Figure P6.4 if 0.3 kg · m , 0.4 kg · m ,
N
1.6 10 m , 80 10
, and L = 30 cm. Determine the modal fractions for
each mode. Identify any nodes.

Given: 0.3 kg · m , 0.4 kg · m ,


N
1.6 10 m , 80 10 , and L = 30 cm.

Find: , , ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.4 as

0
3 /2 3 /2

and

0
3 /2 3 /2

Rewriting Eqs. (a) and (b) in matrix form using the given values

0.3 0 7.111 2.844 0


10
0 0.4 2.844 2.844 0

The natural frequencies are determined as the solutions of | | 0 or


0.3 7.111 2.844
0
2.844 0.4 2.844
0.3 7.111 0.4 2.844 2.844

where 10 . The solutions of the equation are


rad rad
61.11 164.6
s s
The modal fractions are determined by
0.3 7.111
2.844

which when evaluated lead to 2.106 and 0.358. Hence the mode shapes are
1 1
2.106 0.358
A node exists for the second mode in the shaft that connects the two disks.

440
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Problem 6.13 illustrates the computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes for 2DOF
systems.

6.14 An overhead crane is modeled as a two degree-


of-freedom system as shown in Figure P6.14. The
crane is modeled as a mass of 1000 kg on a steel
(E = 200 × 109 N/m2) fixed-fixed beam with a
moment of inertia of 4.2 × 10-3 m4 and length of 12 m.
The crane has an elastic rope of diameter 20 cm. At a
specific instant, the length of the rope is 10 m and is
carrying a 300 kg load. What are the two natural
frequencies of the system?
N
Given: = 1000 kg, E 200 10 , I = 4.2 10 m , L = 12 m, r = 10 cm,
10 m, 300 kg

Find: , ,

Solution: The stiffness of the beam is


N
192 192 200 10 4.2 10 m N
m 9.33 10
12 m m

The stiffness of the cable is


N
200 10 π 0.1 m N
m 5.24 10
10 m m

The differential equations for a model of the system as two suspended masses is
0 0
0 0

or
1000 0 6.16 5.24 0
10
0 300 5.24 5.24 0

The natural frequencies are the solutions of | | 0 which are


rad rad
266.6 1513.7
s s
Problem 6.14 illustrates the modeling and natural frequency computation of a 2DOF
system.

441
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.15 A seismometer of mass 30 g and stiffness 40 N/m is used to measure the vibrations of
a SDOF system of mass 60 g and natural frequency 150 rad/s. It is feared that the mass of
the seismometer may affect the vibrations that are to be measured. Check this out by
calculating the natural frequencies of the two degree-of-freedom with the seismometer
attached.

Given: 60 g, 150 , 30 g, 40 N/m

Find: , ,

Solution: The stiffness of the original system is


0.06 kg 150 rad/s 1350 N/m

The 2DOF model of the seismometer attached to the machine is that of a mass suspended
by a spring suspended from a mass-spring system. The governing differential equations for
the model are
0 0
0 0

or
0.06 0 1390 40 0
0 0.03 40 40 0

The natural frequencies are the solutions of | | 0 which are


rad rad
35.95 152.3
s s
Problem 6.15 illustrates the modeling and natural frequency computation of a 2DOF
system.

6.16 Calculate the natural frequencies and modal fractions


for the system of Figure P6.16.
Given: System shown

Find: , , ,
Solution: FBD’s of the system at an arbitrary instant are
shown below

442
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Summing forces on the FBD’s using ∑ ∑ leads to

3 6000 4000 0

4 4000 4000 0

Assuming a normal mode solution to the differential equations and


yields
3 6000 4000 0

4 4000 4000 0

These equations have a non-trivial solution if and only if


3 6000 4000 0
4000 4 4000
Evaluation of the determinant leads to
3 6000 4 4000 4000 4000 0

or
12 38000 1.8 10 0

The solutions are


rad
ω 15.54 ω 52.52 rad/s
s
The modal fractions are determined from
3 6000
4000
which leads to
1 1
1.388 0.569
443
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Problem 6.16 illustrates natural frequencies and mode shapes of a 2DOF system.

6.17 Determine the forced response to


the system of Figure P6.1 and Chapter
Problems 6.1 and 6.10 if the left-hand
mass is given an initial displacement of
0.001 m while the right-hand mass is
held in equilibrium and the system is
released from rest.
1 1
Given: 100 , 158.11 , , , 0 0.001 m,
2 0.5
0 0, 0 0, 0 0.

Find: ,
Solution: The general solution of the differential equations is
1 1 1
cos 100 sin 100 cos 158.11
2 2 0.5
1
sin 158.11
0.5
Application of initial conditions to Eq.(a) leads to
0.001

2 0.5 0

100 151.1 0

2 100 0.5 158.1 0

The solution of Eqs. (c) through (e) is 0.0002, 0, 0.0008, 0 which


leads to
0.0002 cos 100 0.0008 cos 158.1

0.0004 cos 100 0.0004 cos 158.1

Problem 6.17 illustrates the free response of a 2DOF system.

6.18 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.2 and Chapter Problems 6.2 and
6.11 if the particle is given an initial velocity of 2 m/s when the system is in equilibrium.

444
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Given: 16.69 , 36.69 ,

1 1
, ,
1.128 0.2949
0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 2 m/s

Find: ,
Solution: The general solution of the differential

equations is

1 1 1
cos 16.69 sin 16.69 cos 36.69
1.128 1.128 0.2949

1
sin 36.69
0.2949

Application of initial conditions to Eq.(a) leads to


0

1.128 0.2949 0

16.69 36.69 0

1.128 16.69 0.2949 36.69 0

The solution of Eqs. (c) through (e) is 0, 0.0842, 0, 0.0383 which


leads to
0.0842 cos 16.69 0.0383 cos 36.69

0.0950 cos 16.69 0.0113 cos 36.69

Problem 6.18 illustrates the free response of a 2DOF system.

6.19 Determine the response of the system of


Figure P6.4 and Chapter Problems 6.4 and 6.13 if
the right-hand disk is given an angular
displacement of 2° clockwise from equilibrium
and the left-hand disk is given an angular
displacement of 2° counterclockwise.

445
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

1 1
Given: 64.1 , 164.6 , , ,
2.106 0.358
0 2°, 0 0, 0 2°, 0 0.

Find: ,
Solution: The general solution of the differential equations is

1 1 1
cos 64.1 sin 64.1 cos 164.6
2.106 2.106 0.358

1
sin 164.6
0.358

Application of initial conditions to Eq.(a) leads to


2

2.106 0.358 2

64.1 164.1 0

2.106 64.1 0.358 164.6 0

The solution of Eqs. (c) through (e) is 0.5207, 0, 2.5207 0 which


leads to
0.5207 cos 64.1 2.5207 cos 164.6

1.0976 cos 64.1 0.0924 cos 36.69

Problem 6.19 illustrates the free response of a 2DOF system.

6.20 Determine the response of the system of


Chapter Problem 6.14 if the crane is disturbed
resulting in an initial velocity of 10 m/s downward.

Given: 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0
10 m/s

Find: ,
Solution: The natural frequencies determined in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.14 are

446
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

rad rad
266.6 1513.7
s s
The modal fractions are determined from
1000 6.16 10 5.24 10 1 0
5.24 10 300 5.24 10 0

Using the first equation gives


1000 6.16 10
5.24 10
leading to
1 1
1.0309 3.1971
The general solution of the differential equations is
1 1 1
cos 266.6 sin 266.6 cos 1513
1.0399 1.0309 3.171
1
sin 1513
3.171
Application of the initial conditions gives
0 0 0

0 0 1.0399 3.171 0

0 0 266.6 1513 0

0 10 266.6 1.0399 1513 3.171 10

The solution of the equations is 0, 8.91 10 , 0, 1.57 10


resulting in
1 1
8.91 10 sin 266.6 1.57 10 sin 1513
1.0309 3.171

Problem 6.20 illustrates application of initial conditions to the response of a 2DOF system.

6.21 Determine the output from the seismometer of Chapter Problem 6.15 if the 60 g mass
is given an initial velocity of 15 m/s. Use a two degree-of-freedom system, remembering
that the seismometer records the relative displacement between the seismic mass and the
body whose vibrations are to be measured.

Given: 0 0, 0 0, 0 15, 0 0

447
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Find:
Solution: The natural frequencies are determined in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.15
as 35.95 , 152.3 . The modal fractions are determined from the
equations

0.06 1390 40 1 0
40 0.03 40 0
which leads to

0.06 1390
40

Equation (b) is evaluated for 35.95 , leading to 32.81 and for


152.3 leading to 0.0429. Thus the mode shape vectors are

1 1
32.81 0.0429
The general solution of the differential equations is
1 1 1
cos 35.95 sin 35.95 cos 152.3
32.81 32.81 0.0429
1
sin 152.3
0.0429
Application of the initial conditions to Eq. (d) leads to

32.81 0.0429 0

35.95 152.3 15

32.81 35.95 0.0429 152.3 0

The solution of Eqs. (e) through (h) are 0, 0.000545, 0, 0.0984. The
response of the seismometer is

32.81 0.000545 sin 35.95 0.0429 0.0984 sin 152.3


0.000545 sin 35.95 0.0984 sin 152.3

0.0173 sin 35.85 0.1026 sin 153.2


Problem 6.21 illustrates (1) the application of initial conditions to the solution for a 2DOF
system and (2) the effect of a seismometer on measuring the response of a system.

448
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.22 Determine the free response of the


system of Figure P6.6 if the left-hand mass
is given an initial displacement of 0.001 m
while the right-hand mass is held in
equilibrium and the system is released from
rest. Use m = 1 kg, k = 10,000 N/m and
c = 100 N · s/m.

Given: m = 1 kg, k = 10,000 N/m, c = 100 N · s/m, 0 0.001, 0 0,


0 01, 0 0

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations derived in the solution to Chapter Problem 6.6 are

2 3 3 0
and

0
Substituting given values into these equations leads to

2 300 100 30000 10000 0

100 100 10000 10000 0


Assuming a solution of the form
1

and substituting into the equations leads to

2 300 100 30000 10000 0

100 100 10000 10000 0


A non-trivial solution of the above equations exists if and only if

2 300 30000 100 10000 0


100 10000 100 10000
The solutions for are

27.437 135.174 , 27.437 135.174 , 32.291, 162.762

The value of corresponding to each is given by

449
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

2 300 30000
100 10000
Substituting calculated values of into the equation for and recognizing that the first
component of the mode shape vectors is equal to 1 leads to
1
27.437 135.174
0.4153 0.7035
1
27.437 135.174
0.4153 0.7035
1
32.291
0.3542
1
162.762
2.2552
The general solution of the differential equations is

. 1 . 1 .
0.4153 0.7035 0.4153 0.7035
1 . 1 .
0.3542 2.552
or

. 1 0
cos 135.17 sin 135.17
0.4153 0.7035
1 0
sin 135.17 cos 135.17
0.4153 0.7035
1 . 1 .
0.3542 2.552
Application of the initial conditions leads to

0 0.001

0 0 0.4153 0.7035 0.3542 2.2552

0 0 27.437 135.17 32.291 162.762

0 0 27.437 0.4153 135.17 0.7035


135.17 0.4153 27.437 0.7035 32.291 0.3542
162.762 2.552

Solution of these equations leads to 1.119 10 , 4.41 10 ,


4.43 10 , 2.54 10 . The response of the system is

450
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

. 1 0
10 11.19
cos 135.17 sin 135.17
0.4153 0.7035
1 0
4.41 sin 135.17 cos 135.17
0.4153 0.7035
1 . 1 .
4.43 2.54
0.3542 2.552
. 11.19 4.41
10 cos 135.17 sin 135.17
7.7496 6.0407
4.43 . 2.54 .
1.57 6.48
Problem 6.22 illustrates the damped response of a 2DOF system.

6.23 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.7 if the lower
mass is given a displacement from equilibrium of 0.004 m and the
upper mass is held in its equilibrium position and the system is
released. Use m = 5 kg, k = 4000 N/m and c = 30 N · s/m.

Given: m = 5 kg, k = 4000 N/m, c = 30 N · s/m, 0 0, 0


0.004, 0 0, 0 0

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations derived in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.7 are

2 0
and

2 0
Substituting given values into these equations leads to

5 60 30 4000 0

10 30 30 0
Assuming a solution of the form
1

and substituting into the equations leads to

5 60 30 4000 0

451
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

10 30 30 0
A non-trivial solution of the above equations exists if and only if

5 60 4000 30 0
30 30
The solutions for are

0, 33.9547, 4.0227 26.2801 , 4.0227 26.2801

The value of corresponding to each except 0 is given by

5 60 4000
30
The mode shape vector for the first mode is
0
1
Substituting calculated values of into the equation for and recognizing that the first
component of the mode shape vectors is equal to 1 leads to
1
4.0227 26.28014
0.5707 0.5774
1
4.0227 26.28014
0.5707 0.5774
1
33.29547
7.5859
The general solution of the differential equations is

. 1 .
0.5707 0.5774
1 . 0 1 .
0.5707 0.5774 1 7.5859
or

. 1 0
cos 26.2801 sin 26.2801
0.5707 0.5774
1 0 0
sin 26.2801 cos 26.2801
0.5707 0.5774 1
1 .
7.5859
Application of the initial conditions leads to

452
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0 0

0 0.004 0.5707 0.5774 7.5859

0 0 4.0227 26.2801 33.954

0 0 4.0227 0.5707 26.2801 0.5774


26.2801 0.5707 4.0227 0.5774
33.954 7.5859

Solution of these equations leads to 3.785 10 , 8.57 10 ,


1.027 10 , 2.154 10 . The response of the system is

. 1 0
10 37.85 cos 26.2801 sin 26.2801
0.5707 0.5774
1 0 0
8.57 sin 26.2801 cos 26.2801 10.27
0.5707 0.5774 1
1 .
2.154
7.5859
. 37.85 8.57
10 cos 26.2801 sin 26.2801
16.65 16.96
0 1 .
10.27
1 16.34
Problem 6.23 illustrates the damped response of a 2DOF system.

6.24 Determine the free response of the system of


Figure P6.8 if the machine tool has initial velocities
of 0 0.8 m/s and 0 5 rad/s if I = 0.03 kg
· m2, c = 100 N · m, m = 3 kg, a = 0.3 m, b = 0.4 m,
and k = 3000 N/m.

Given: 0 0.8 m/s , 0 5 rad/s, I = 0.03 kg


2
· m , c = 100 N · m, m = 3 kg, a = 0.3 m, b = 0.4 m,
k = 3000 N/m.

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.9 as

Substituting in the given values leads to

453
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0.03 1.2 21 70 630 2100 0


0.03 0.9 28 70 840 2100 0
The free solution is obtained by assuming
1

which when substituted into the governing equations leads to

0.03 21 630 1.2 70 2100 1 0


0.03 28 840 0.09 70 2100 0
Setting the determinant to zero leads to

0.063 56.7 5131 2.058 10 3.087 10 0


whose roots are

803.17, 31.62, 32.26 29.43

The values of for each value of are determined from

0.03 21 630
1.2 70 2100
leading to

803.17 0.004328

31.62 0.003763

32.26 29.43 3.6828 0.7223


The general solution is
1 . 1 .
0.004328 0.003763
. 1 0
cos 29.43 sin 29.43
3.6828 0.7223
1 0
sin 29.43 cos 29.43
3.6828 0.7223
Application of initial conditions leads to

0 0 0

0 0 0.004328 0.003763 3.6828 0.7223 0

0 5 803.17 31.62 32.26 29.43 5

454
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0 0.8 3.4761 0.1190 140.43 85.08 0.8


The solutions are

6.203 10 7.638 10 1.435 10

7.237 10
which leads to
1 . 1 .
10 6.203 7.638
0.004328 0.003763
. 1 0
1.435 cos 29.43 sin 29.43
3.6828 0.7223
1 0
7.237 sin 29.43 cos 29.43
3.6828 0.7223
6.203 . 7.368 .
10
0.0268 0.0275
. 1.435 0
cos 29.43 sin 29.43
5.2848 1.0365
7.237 0
7.237 sin 29.43 cos 29.43
26.652 5.3865
Problem 6.24 illustrates the solution for the free response of a 2DOF system.

6.25 Determine the principal coordinates


for the system of Figure P6.1 and Chapter
Problem 6.10. Write the differential
equations which the principal coordinates
satisfy.
Given: System shown

Find: ,
Solution: The natural frequencies and mode shape vectors are determined in the solution to
1 1
Chapter Problem 6.10 as 100 , 158.11 , and .
2 0.5
The principal coordinates are
1 1
0.5 0.2 0.4
0.5 2
1 1
2 0.4 0.8
0.5 2
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

455
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

10,000 0

25,000 0
Problem 6.25 illustrates the calculation of the principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.26 Determine the principal coordinates for the system of


Figure P6.2 and Chapter Problem 6.11. Write the
differential equations which the principal coordinates
satisfy.
Given: system shown

Find: ,
Solution: The natural frequencies and mode shape vectors
are determined in the solution to Chapter Problem 6.11 as
1 1
16.69 , 36.69 , , . The principal
1.128 0.2949
coordinates are
1 1
0.2949
0.2949 1.128
0.2072 0.7027
1 1
1.128
0.2949 1.128
0.7027 1.605
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

278.55 0

1346.15 0
Problem 6.26 illustrates the calculation of the principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.27 Determine the principal coordinates for the system


of Figure P6.3 and Chapter Problem 6.12. Write the
differential equations which the principal coordinates
satisfy.
Given: system shown

Find: ,

456
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Solution: The natural frequencies and mode shape vectors are determined in the solution to
Chapter Problem 6.12 as
1 1
2.219 , 7.943 , , . The principal
1.827 0.2082
coordinates are
1 1
0.2082
0.2082 1.827
0.1023 0.4914
1 1
1.827
0.2082 1.827
0.4914 0.8977
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

4.924 0

63.09 0
Problem 6.27 illustrates the calculation of the principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.28 Determine the principal coordinates for the


system of Figure P6.4 and Chapter Problem 6.13.
Write the differential equations which the principal
coordinates satisfy.
Given: system shown

Find: ,
Solution: The natural frequencies and mode shape vectors are determined in the solution to
1 1
Chapter Problem 6.13 as 61.11 , 164.6 , , .
2.106 0.358
The principal coordinates are
1 1
0.358 0.1453 0.4058
0.358 2.106
1 1
2.106
0.358 2.106
0.4058 0.8456
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

3734.4 0

457
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

27093 0
Problem 6.28 illustrates the calculation of the principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.29 Determine the principal coordinates for the


system of Figure P6.8 if it had no damping. Write
the differential equations which the principal
coordinates satisfy. Use 0.03 kg · m ,
3 kg, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, 3000 N/m

Given: 0.03 kg · m , 3 kg, 0.3 m,


0.4 m, 3000 N/m

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations obtained in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.8
assuming no damping are

Substituting given values and writing the equations in matrix form leads to
0.0729 0.0471 2100 0 0
0.0471 0.0428 0 2100 0
The natural frequencies are calculated from

0.729 2100 0.471 0.08984 2430 4.41 10


0.471 0.428 2100
and are equal to
rad rad
44.23 158.5
s s
The modal fractions are obtained by

0.729 2100 0.471 1


0.471 0.428 2100
which leads to

458
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0.729 2100
0.471
and

0.5888 1.3701
The principal coordinates satisfy
1 1
1.370 1.882 1.376
0.588 1.370
1 1
0.5888
0.5888 1.3701
1.376 0.7529
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

1956 0

25092 0
Problem 6.29 illustrates principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.30 Determine the principal coordinates for the


system of Chapter Problem 6.9. Write the
differential equations which the principal
coordinates satisfy if I = 0.03 kg · m2, c = 0 N · s/m,
m = 3 kg, a = 0.3 m, b = 0.4 m, and k = 3000 N/m.

Given: 0.03 kg · m , 3 kg, 0.3 m,


0.4 m, 3000 N/m

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations obtained in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.9
assuming no damping are

0
0
Substitution of given values leads to
0.03 1.2 630 2100 0
0.9 0.03 840 2100 0

459
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The natural frequencies and mode shape vectors are determined in the solution to Chapter
Problem 6.14 as 266.6 , 1513.7 . The modal fractions are determined
from

1000ω 6.16 10 5.24 10 1 0


5.24 10 0 300ω 5.24 10 0
which leads to

1000ω 6.16 10
5.24 10

For 266.6 , 1.04. For 1513.7 , 3.20. The principal


coordinates are
1 1
3.20 0.928 0.290
3.20 1.04
1 1
1.04 0.290 0.301
3.20 1.04
The principal coordinates satisfy the differential equations

71076 0

2.913 10 0
Problem 6.30 illustrates the calculation of the principal coordinates for a 2DOF system.

6.31 Determine the response of the system


of Figure P6.1 and Chapter Problem 6.10
due to a sinusoidal force 200 sin 110 N
applied to the block whose displacement
is using the method of undetermined
coefficients.

Given: = 200 N, 110 rad/s

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the system are derived in the solution of
Chapter Problem 6.1 and modified to take the applied force into account. They are
10 0 2 1 200 sin 110
10
0 20 1 3 0

460
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The method of undetermined coefficients is used and a solution assumed as

sin 110

Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

110 10 2 10 1 10 200
1 10 110 20 3 10 0

The solution of Eq. (c) is


1.16
10
2.00
Problem 6.31 illustrates application of the method of undetermined coefficients applied to
determine the steady-state response of a 2DOF system.

6.32 Determine the response of the system


of Figure P6.1 and Chapter Problem 6.10
due to a sinusoidal force 200 sin 80
applied to the block whose displacement is
using the Laplace transform method.

Given: 200 sin 80


Find: Response of system using Laplace transforms
Solution: The differential equations governing the system are derived in the solution of
Chapter Problem 6.1 and modified to take the applied force into account. They are
10 0 2 1 0
10
0 20 1 3 200 sin 80
Taking the Laplace transform of Eq. (a) assuming all initial conditions are zero leads to
0
10 200000 100000 200 80
100000 20 300000
64000
where . Solving Eq. (b) leads to

1 1.6 10
200 5 10 5 10 64000 1.6 10 3.2 10

461
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Partial fraction decompositions yield and which can be inverted to determine


and .
Problem 6.32 illustrates the use of the Laplace transform method to a two-degree-of-
freedom system.

6.33 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.2


and Chapter Problem 6.11 due to a sinusoidal force
100 sin 70 N applied to the particle using the method of
undetermined coefficients.

Given: 100 sin 70

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 and put in a matrix form
in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.11. They are
modified to take the applied force into account as
0.667 0 750 500 100 sin 70
0 2 500 1000 0
A steady-state solution is assumed as

sin 70
Θ
Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

0.667 70 750 500 100


500 2 70 1000 Θ 0

Equation (c) is solved leading to 0.0402, Θ 0.0023.


Problem 6.33 illustrates the use of the method of undetermined coefficients on 2DOF
systems.

6.34 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.2


and Chapter Problem 6.11 due to a sinusoidal moment
50 sin 90 N· m applied to the bar using the method of
undetermined coefficients.

Given: 50 sin 90

462
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 and
put in a matrix form in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.11. They are modified to take the
applied force into account as
0.667 0 750 500 0
0 2 500 1000 50 sin 90
A steady-state solution is assumed as

sin 90
Θ
Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

0.667 90 750 500 0


500 2 90 1000 Θ 50

Equation (c) is solved leading to 3.55 10 , Θ 3.30 10 .


Problem 6.34 illustrates the use of the method of undetermined coefficients on 2DOF
systems.

6.35 Determine the response of the system


of Figure P6.1 and Chapter Problem 6.10
due to a (a) a unit impulse applied to the
block whose displacement is , and (b) a
unit impulse applied to the block whose
displacement is .

Given: applied first to block 1 and then to block 2

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the system are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.1 as

10 0 2 1
10
0 20 1 3
Taking the Laplace transform of the equations assuming all initial conditions are zero leads
to

10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000

463
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

where and Solving Eq. (b) leads to


1 1 10 20 300000
200 5 10 5 10 1 10 10 200000

(a) Setting 0 leads to the transfer functions

20 300000
,
200 5 10 5 10
1 10
,
200 5 10 5 10
The response due to a unit impulse applied to the particle whose displacement is is the
inverse of the transfer functions , and , . Partial fraction decompositions yield
0.03811 0.0619
,
23596 1043
0.0011275 0.0011275
,
23596 1043
The impulsive responses are

0.248 sin 153.61 1.917 sin 32.296 mm

7.314 sin 153.61 34.9 sin 32.296 m

(b) Setting 0 in the transfer functions leads to

1 10
,
200 5 10 5 10
10 200000
,
200 5 10 5 10
A partial fraction decomposition yields
0.0079 0.0402
,
23596 1043
Inverting the transfer functions leads to the impulsive responses

7.314 sin 153.61 34.9 sin 32.296 m

7.9 sin 153.61 40.2 sin 32.296 mm


Problem 6.35 illustrates the transfer functions for a 2DOF system and the system’s
impulsive responses.
464
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.36 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.1 and


Chapter Problem 6.10 due to the force of Figure P6.36 applied
to the block whose displacement is .

Given: force shown applied to block whose displacement is

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the system are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.1 as
10 0 2 1
10
0 20 1 3 0
Taking the Laplace transform of the equations assuming all initial conditions are zero leads
to

10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000 0
where and F Solving Eq. (b) leads to
1 20 300000
200 5 10 5 10 1 10
This leads to the transfer functions

20 300000
,
200 5 10 5 10
1 10
,
200 5 10 5 10
The force is

100 0.01 200 10000 0.01 0.02

100 10000 0.01 0.01 100000 0.02 0.02


The Laplace transform is obtained by the second shifting theorem
100 10000 .
10000 .

The Laplace transforms of the responses are obtained by multiplying the transfer functions
by F(s)

465
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

,
100 20 300000
200 5 10 5 10
10000 20 300000 . .
200 5 10 5 10
1.0482 0.1386 1.1868
153.61 32.73
1.0482 0.1386 1.1868 . .
100
153.61 32.73

,
1 10
200 5 10 5 10
1 10 . .
200 5 10 5 10
0.377 0.0180 0.3956
153.61 32.73
0.377 0.0180 0.3956 . .
100
153.61 32.73
Inverting the transforms using the second shifting theorem yields

1.082 0.1386 cos 153.61 1.1868 cos 32.73


100 1.0482 0.01 9.02 10 sin 153.61 0.01
0.0110 sin 32.73 0.01 0.01
100 1.0482 0.02 9.02 10 sin 153.61 0.02
0.0110 sin 32.73 0.02 0.02

0.377 0.0180 cos 153.61 0.3956 cos 32.73


100 0.377 0.01 1.149 10 sin 153.61 0.01
0.0121 sin 32.73 0.01 0.01
100 0.377 0.02 1.149 10 sin 153.61 0.02
0.0121 sin 32.73 0.02 0.02
Problem 6.36 illustrates the use of transfer functions to determine the transient response of
a 2DOF system.

6.37 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.2 and Chapter Problem 6.11 due to
a unit impulse applied to the particle.
Given: system shown

466
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 as
1 3
0
3 4 2

2
Substituting the given values into the differential equations leads to
2
750 500 0
3
2 500 1000
The transfer functions are the Laplace transforms of the response due to a unit impulse
applied to the system. Solving for the correct transfer functions leads to
2
750 500 0
3 1
500 2 1000
Solving for the transfer functions
0 500
1 2 1000 500
2 1.67 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
500
16.68 36.698
2
750 0
3
500 1 0.667 750
2 1.33 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
0.667 750
16.68 36.698
Partial fraction decompositions lead to
0.4682 0.4682
16.68 36.69

467
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0.5285 0.1385
16.68 36.69
Taking the inverses of the Laplace transforms

0.0128 sin 16.68 0.0281 sin 36.69

0.0317 sin 16.68 0.00377 sin 36.69


Problem 6.37 illustrates the use of transfer functions to determine the transient response of
a 2DOF system.

6.38 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.2


and Chapter Problem 6.11 due to a unit impulsive moment
applied to the bar.
Given: system shown

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 as
1 3
3 4 2

0
2
Substituting the given values into the differential equations leads to
2
750 500
3
2 500 1000 0
The transfer functions are the Laplace transforms of the response due to a unit impulse
applied to the system. Solving for the correct transfer functions leads to
2
750 500 1
3 0
500 2 1000
Solving for the transfer functions

468
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

1 500
0 2 1000 2 100
2 1.67 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
2 100
16.68 36.698
2
750 1
3
500 0 500
2 1.33 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
500
16.68 36.698
Partial fraction decompositions lead to
0.4274 2.4274
16.68 36.69
0.4682 0.4682
16.68 36.69
Taking the inverses of the Laplace transforms

0.0256 sin 16.68 0.0662 sin 36.69

0.0128 sin 16.68 0.0281 sin 36.69


Problem 6.38 illustrates the use of transfer functions to determine the transient response of
a 2DOF system.

6.39 Derive the response of Figure P6.2 and Chapter


Problem 6.11 due to the force of Figure P6.39 applied
downward to the end of the bar.
Given : F(t) as shown

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 as
1 3
3 4 2
469
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0
2
Substituting the given values into the differential equations leads to
2
750 500
3
2 500 1000 0
The transfer functions are the Laplace transforms of the response due to a unit impulse
applied to the system. Solving for the correct transfer functions leads to
2
750 500 1
3 0
500 2 1000
Solving for the transfer functions
1 500
0 2 1000 2 100
2 1.67 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
2 100
16.68 36.698
2
750 1
3
500 0 500
2 1.33 2167 500000
750 500
3
500 2 1000
500
16.68 36.698
The moment is given by

1 200 0.3 100 0.3 0.5


200 300 0.3 100 0.5
Taking the Laplace transform of this function yields
100 . .
2 3

The Laplace transforms of the responses are

470
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

. .
100 2 100 2 3
Θ
16.68 36.698
. .
100 500 2 3
16.68 36.698
Partial fraction decomposition leads to
8.213 8.480 0.267 . .
Θ 0.1 2 3
16.68 36.69
5.134 6.459 1.335 . .
X 0.1 2 3
16.68 36.69
Inverting the transforms leads to
0.2 8.213 8.840 cos 16.68 0.267 cos 36.69
0.3 8.213 8.840 cos 16.68 0.3 0.267 cos 36.69 0.3 0.3
0.1 8.213 8.840 cos 16.68 0.5 0.267 cos 36.69 0.5 0.5

0.2 5.134 6.459 cos 16.68 1.335 cos 36.69


0.3 5.134 6.459 cos 16.68 0.3 1.335 cos 36.69 0.3 0.3
0.1 5.134 6.459 cos 16.68 0.5 1.335 cos 36.69 0.5 0.5

Problem 6.39 illustrates the use of transfer functions to determine the transient response of
a 2DOF system.

6.40 Derive the response of the system of Figure P6.2 and


Chapter Problem 6.11 due to a moment 10
N · m applied to the bar.

Given: 10 N· m, m = 2 kg, L = 1m, k = 1000


N/m

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations are derived in the
solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 as
1 3
10
3 4 2

0
2
Substituting the given values into the differential equations leads to

471
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

2
750 500 10
3
2 500 1000 0
The homogeneous solution is determined in Chapter Problem 6.11 as

1
cos 16.69 sin 16.69
1.128
1
cos 36.69 sin 36.69
0.2949
The particular solution is assumed as

Substitution into the differential equations leads to


8
750 500 10
3
8 500 1000 0
Solution of the simultaneous equations leads to

0.0202
0.0102
The general solution is

1
cos 16.69 sin 16.69
1.128
1 0.0202
cos 36.69 sin 36.69
0.2949 0.0102
Assuming all initial conditions are zero leads to

0 0 0.0202

0 0 1.128 0.2949 0.0102

0 0 16.69 36.69 0.0404

0 0 1.128 16.69 0.2949 36.69 0.0204


Solving for the constants of integration and substitution into the solution leads to

472
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

1
10 11.355 cos 16.69 1.361 sin 16.69
1.128
1 0.0202
8.842 cos 36.69 0.482 sin 36.69
0.2949 0.0102
Problem 6.40 illustrates the particular solution of differential equations for 2DOF systems.

6.41 Determine the response of the system


of Figure P6.6 due to a force
20 sin 20 N applied to the block whose
displacement is using the method of
undetermined coefficients. Use m = 10 kg,
k = 90,000 N/m, and c = 100 N·s/m.

Given: System shown, m = 10 kg, k = 90,000 N/m, and c = 100 N·s/m.

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the system are derived in the
solution of Problem 6.6 as

2 3 3 0

sin
Substituting given numbers leads to

20 300 100 27000 9000 0

10 100 100 9000 9000 20 sin 20


A steady-state solution is assumed as

sin 20 cos 20

Substitution into the differential equations leads to


20 0 300 100 27000 9000
400 sin 20 20 cos 20 sin 20
0 10 100 100 9000 9000
20 0 300 100
400 cos 20 20 sin 20
0 20 100 100
27000 9000 0
cos 20 sin 20
9000 9000 20
or

473
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

19000 9000 6000 2000 0


9000 5000 2000 2000 20
6000 2000 19000 9000 0
2000 2000 9000 5000 0
The solution of the above equations is
1.035
2.261
10
0.173
0.178
The solutions are

10 1.035 sin 20 0.173 cos 20

10 2.261 sin 20 0.178 cos 20


which are also written as

0.0149 sin 20 0.165

0.0227 sin 20 0.079


Problem 6.41 illustrates the use of the method of undetermined coefficients for damped
2DOF systems.

6.42 Determine the response of the system of Figure 6.7 due to a


force 40 sin 60 N applied to the block whose displacement
is using the method of undetermined coefficients. Use m = 20 kg,
k = 200,000 N/m, and c = 400 N·s/m.

Given: system shown, F(t) = 40 sin 60t N, m = 20 kg, k = 200,000


N/m, and c = 400 N · s/m.

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the
system are derived in the solution of Problem 6.7 as

2 40 sin 60

2 0
Substituting given numbers leads to

20 800 400 200000 40 sin 60

474
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

40 400 400 0
A steady-state solution is assumed as

sin 60 cos 60

Substitution into the differential equations leads to


20 0 800 400 200000 0
3600 sin 60 60 cos 60 sin 60
0 40 400 400 0 0
20 0 800 400
3600 cos 60 60 sin 60
0 40 400 400
200000 0 40
cos 60 sin 60
0 0 0
or
128000 0 48000 24000 40
0 144000 24000 24000 0
48000 24000 128000 0 0
24000 24000 0 144000 0
The solution of the above equations is
2.807
0.269
10
1.103
0.513
The solutions are

10 2.807 sin 60 1.103 cos 60

10 0.269 sin 20 0.513 cos 20


which are also written as

2.819 10 sin 60 0.374

5.788 10 sin 60 1.759


Problem 6.42 illustrates the use of the method of undetermined coefficients for damped
2DOF systems.

475
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.43 Determine the response of the system of Figure


P6.8 due to a unit impulse applied at the mass
center. Use m = 100 kg, I = 4.5 kg · m , k = 200,000
N/m, c = 500 N · s/m, b = 2 m, and a = 1 m.
Given: System shown with unit impulse applied at
mass center, m = 100 kg, I = 4.5 kg · m , k =
200,000 N/m, c = 500 N · s/m, b = 2 m and a = 1 m

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations derived for the problem in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.9 are

Substituting given values leads to

4.5 200 1500 1500 600000 600000 2

4.5 100 3000 3000 1200000 600000


Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equations assuming all initial conditions
are zero leads to

4.5 Θ 200 1500 Θ 1500 600000Θ 600000


2

4.5 Θ 100 3000 Θ 3000 1200000Θ 600000


1
Writing the above equations in a matrix form

4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000 Θ 2


4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000 1
Solving by Cramer’s rule

476
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

2 200 1500 600000


Θ 1 100 1500 600000
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
400 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
400 4500 1800000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
0.00453 0.00476 0.00023 0.3203
2.31 15.58 526.8 2.22 10
4.5 1500 600000 2
X 4.5 3000 1200000 1
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
4.5 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
4.5 4500 1800000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
0.000452 0.000452 0.00001 0.003192
2.31 15.58 526.8 2.22 10
Inverting the transforms leads to
. .
0.00453 0.00476
.
0.00023 cos 390.6 0.000649 sin 390.
. .
0.00452 0.000452
.
0.000001 cos 390.6 0.00000727 sin 390.
Problem 6.43 illustrates the use of Laplace transforms to solve 2DOF forced vibrations
problems.

6.44 Determine the response of the system of Figure


P6.8 and Chapter Problem 6.43 to a unit impulse
applied t to the right end or the machine tool using x
and as generalized coordinates.
Given: System shown with unit impulse applied at
mass center, m = 100 kg, I = 4.5 kg · m , k =
200,000 N/m, c = 500 N · s/m, b = 2 m and a = 1 m

Find: ,

477
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Solution: The differential equations derived for the problem in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.9 are

0
Substituting given values leads to

4.5 200 1500 1500 600000 600000 3

4.5 100 3000 3000 1200000 600000 0


Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equations assuming all initial conditions
are zero leads to

4.5 Θ 200 1500 Θ 1500 600000Θ 600000


3

4.5 Θ 100 3000 Θ 3000 1200000Θ 600000


0
Writing the above equations in a matrix form

4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000 Θ 3


4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000 0
Solving by Cramer’s rule

3 200 1500 600000


Θ 0 100 1500 600000
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
300 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
300 4500 1800000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
0.000453 0.000470 0.000017 0.2251
2.31 15.58 526.8 2.22 10

478
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

4.5 1500 600000 3


X 4.5 3000 1200000 0
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
13.5 9000 3600000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
13.5 9000 3600000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
0.000905 0.000903 0.000002 0.002908
2.31 15.58 526.8 2.22 10
Inverting the transforms leads to
. .
0.000453 0.000470
.
0.000017 cos 390.6 0.00056549 sin 390.6
. .
0.000905 0.0009030
.
0.000002 cos 390.6 0.00000610 sin 390.6
Problem 6.44 illustrates the use of Laplace transforms to find the transient response of
2DOF systems.

6.45 Determine the response of the system of Figure P6.8 and


Chapter Problem 6.43 to the force shown in Figure P6.45
applied at the right end of the machine tool.
Given: System shown with unit impulse applied at mass
center, m = 100 kg, I = 4.5 kg · m , k = 200,000 N/m, c = 500
N · s/m, b = 2 m and a = 1 m, triangular pulse input at right
end of bar.

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations derived for the problem in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.9 are

0
where

2000 0.05 200 2000 0.05 0.1

2000 4000 0.05 0.05 2000 0.1 0.1


479
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Substituting given values leads to

4.5 200 1500 1500 600000 600000 3

4.5 100 3000 3000 1200000 600000 0


Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equations assuming all initial conditions
are zero leads to

4.5 Θ 200 1500 Θ 1500 600000Θ 600000


3

4.5 Θ 100 3000 Θ 3000 1200000Θ 600000


0
where
2000 . .
1 2

Writing the above equations in a matrix form

4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000 Θ 3


4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000 0
Solving by Cramer’s rule

3 200 1500 600000


Θ 0 100 1500 600000
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
300 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
300 4500 1800000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
4.5 1500 600000 3
X 4.5 3000 1200000 0
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
13.5 9000 3600000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
13.5 9000 3600000
1350 526.8 2.22 10 2.31 15.58
It is noted that the response due to a force F(s) is the convolution of the response due to a
unit impulse with the force. To this end the response due to a unit impulse is found in
Chapter Problem 6.44 as
480
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

. .
0.000453 0.000470
.
0.000017 cos 390.6 0.00056549 sin 390.6
. .
0.000905 0.0009030
.
0.000002 cos 390.6 0.00000610 sin 390.6
The convolution solution to the problem is

Problem 6.45 illustrates the use of the convolution property of Laplace transforms.

6.46 A schematic of part of a power transmission


system is shown in Figure P6.46. A motor of moment
of inertia I = 100 kg · m2 is mounted on a shaft of
shear modulus G = 80 × 109 N/m2, polar moment of
inertia J = 2.3 × 10-4 m4, and length 10 cm. Gear A, of
moment of inertia 50 kg · m2 with 40 teeth is at the
end of the shaft which meshes with a gear, gear B, of
moment of inertia 25 kg · m2 with 20 teeth. Gear B is on a shaft of elastic modulus G = 80
× 109 N/m2, polar moment of inertia J = 1.2 × 10-5m4, and length 60 cm. At the end of the
shaft is a large industrial fan of moment of inertia 300 kg · m2. Determine the natural
frequencies of the system and the modal fractions.
Given: System of Figure 6.46
Find: Natural frequencies
Solution: The system is actually an unrestained 3DOF system. The system is modeled by
three disks attached by torsional springs. The stiffnesses of the torsional springs are
N
2.3 10 m 80 10 N·m
m 1.84 10
0.1 m rad
N
1.2 10 m 80 10 N·m
m 1.6 10
0.6 m rad
The gears mesh, thus

40 20 2
481
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The equivalent moment of inertia of the gears is calculated from


1 1 1
50 25 2 150 kg · m 150 kg · m
2 2 2
The differential equations governing the disks are obtained by summing moments on the
FBD's of the disks

00θ 1.84 10 θ 1.84 10 θ 0

150 1.84 10 θ 1.872 10 θ 3.2 10 θ 0

300 3.2 10 θ 3.2 10 θ 0


The natural frequencies of the system are calculated as
rad rad
0 153 1736
s s
Problem 6.46 illustrates the natural frequencies of an unrestrained system.

6.47 Determine the natural frequencies and modal fractions


for the two degree-of-freedom system sof Figure P6.47.
Given: m, k, r

Find: , , ,
Solution: The Lagrangian for the system is

1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
Application of Lagrange’s equations leads to

2 4 2 0

2 0
A normal mode solution is assumed as

482
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

and leads to

4 2
0
2
The determinant is expanded to

4 2 2 0

5 0

5
0,

The modal fractions are obtained from

4 2 1 0
0
2
The first equation leads to

4
2
Evaluating for the lowest natural frequency

2
For the higher natural frequency
9
2 2
Problem 6.47 illustrates determination of natural frequencies and modal fractions for an
unrestrained 2DOF system.

483
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.48 Determine the frequency response of


the system of Figure P6.1 and Chapter
Problem 6.10 due to a sinusoidal force
sin applied to the block whose
displacement is .
Given: system shown
Find: Frequency response
Solution: The differential equations of motion are derived in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.1 and put in matrix form in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.10. They are
modified to take the force into account as
10 0 2 1 sin
10
0 20 1 3 0
Using the method of undetermined coefficients a solution is assumed as

sin

Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000 0
The solution of Eq. (c) is obtained using Cramer’s rule
100000
0 20 300000
10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000
20 300000
200 7 10 5 10
10
200000
100000 0
10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000
100000
200 7 10 5 10
Plots of / and / are presented

484
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

-5
x 10
10

6
X1/F0

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ω (rad/s)

-5
x 10
10

6
X2/F0

-2
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ω (rad/s)

Problem 6.48 illustrates determination of the frequency response of a 2DOF system.

485
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.49 Determine the frequency response of the


system of Figure P6.1 and Chapter Problem
6.10 due to a sinusoidal force sin
applied to the block whose displacement
is .
Given: system shown
Find: Frequency response
Solution: The differential equations of motion are derived in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.1 and put in matrix form in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.10. They are
modified to take the force into account as
10 0 2 1 0
10
0 20 1 3 sin
Using the method of undetermined coefficients a solution is assumed as

sin

Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

10 200000 100000 0
100000 20 300000
The solution of Eq. (c) is obtained using Cramer’s rule
0 100000
20 300000
10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000
100000
200 7 10 5 10
10
200000 0
100000
10 200000 100000
100000 20 300000
10 200000
200 7 10 5 10
Plots of / and / are presented

486
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

-4
x 10

2
X1/F0

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ω (rad/s)

-5
x 10

18

16

14

12

10
X2/F0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200


ω (rad/s)

Problem 6.49 illustrates the frequency response of a 2DOF system.

487
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.50 Determine the frequency response of the system of


Figure P6.2 and Chapter Problem 6.11 due to a sinusoidal
force sin applied to the particle.
Given: system shown
Find: Frequency response
Solution: The differential equations of motion are derived in
the solution of Chapter Problem 6.2 and put in matrix form
in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.11. They are modified
to take the force into account as
0.667 0 750 500 sin
0 2 500 1000 0
Using the method of undetermined coefficients a solution is assumed as

sin
Θ
Substitution of Eq. (b) into Eq. (a) leads to

0.667 750 500


500 2 1000 Θ 0
The solution of Eq. (c) is obtained using Cramer’s rule
500
0 2 1000 2 1000
0.667 750 500 1.333 2167 500000
500 2 1000
0.667 750
500 0 500
0.667 750 500 1.333 2167 500000
500 2 1000
Plots of / and / are presented

488
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0.05

0.04

0.03
X1/F0

0.02

0.01

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ω (rad/s)

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03
X2/F0

0.02

0.01

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ω (rad/s)

Problem 6.50 illustrates the frequency response for a 2DOF system.


489
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.51 Determine the frequency response of the system of the system


of Figure P6.7 and Chapter Problem 6.42 due to a sinusoidal force
sin applied to the block whose displacement is .

Given: system shown, F(t) = 40 sin 60t N, m = 20 kg, k = 200,000


N/m, and c = 400 N · s/m.

Find: ,
Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the
system are derived in the solution of Problem 6.7 as

2 sin

2 0
Substituting given numbers leads to

20 800 400 200000 sin

40 400 400 0
A steady-state solution is assumed as

sin 60 cos 60

Substitution into the differential equations leads to


20 0 800 400 200000 0
sin cos sin
0 40 400 400 0 0
20 0 800 400
cos sin
0 40 400 400
200000 0
cos sin
0 0 0
or

20 200000 0 800 400


0 40 400 400 0
800 400 20 200000 0 0
400 400 0 40 0
Solution of the above equations leads to

490
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0.05 485 5 10
25 5 10
2 50
1.79 10 4.94 10 1 10 1
5.01 10
2
Then

17900 w4 + 94040000
x 10
-6
w2 + 10000000000)2 + (485 w2 - w4/20 + 50000)2/(w6 - 17900 w4 + 9404000

4
U/F0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
ω

491
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6
- 17900 w4 +x 94040000
10
-6
w2 + 10000000000)2 + (w2 (w2 - 10200)2)/(2 w6 - 35800 w4 + 188080000

3.5

2.5

2
V/F0

1.5

0.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
ω

Problem 6.51 illustrates frequency response of a 2DOF system.

6.52 Determine the frequency response of the system of Figure P6.8 and Chapter Problem
6.43 due to a sinusoidal force F0 sin ωt applied to the mass center of the machine tool.
Given: System of Figure P6.8 and Problem 6.43, Sinusoidal force applied at the middle of
the bar

Find: frequency response

Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the system with a force
applied at the middle of the bar are derived in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.8 and the
numbers substituted in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.43. The Laplace transforms are
taken in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.43. The results are

4.5 Θ 200 1500 Θ 1500 600000Θ 600000 2

4.5 Θ 100 3000 Θ 3000 1200000Θ 600000

The transfer functions are calculated from

4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000 Θ 2


4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000

492
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

which lead to

2 200 1500 600000


Θ 1 100 1500 600000
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
400 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
and

4.5 1500 600000 2


4.5 3000 1200000 1
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
4.5 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
The sinusoidal transfer function is used to determine the frequency response
400 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10

4500 1800000 400


1.8 10 1350 3.122 10 5.4 10 7.635 10

The frequency response is | | plotted on the vertical scale versus .


-3
x 10

4
G1(iω)

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ω

493
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

4.5 4500 1800000


1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10

4500 1800000 4.5


1.8 10 1350 3.122 10 5.4 10 7.635 10

-4
x 10
20

15

10
|G2(iω)|

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ω

Problem 6.52 illustrates frequency response

6.53 Determine the frequency response of the system of Figure P6.8 and Chapter Problem
6.43 due to a sinusoidal force F0 sin ωt applied to the right end of the machine tool.
Given: System of Figure P6.8 and Problem 6.43, Sinusoidal force applied at end of the bar

Find: frequency response

Solution: The differential equations governing the motion of the system with a force
applied at the end of the bar are modified form those derived in the solution of Chapter
Problem 6.8 and the numbers substituted in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.43. The
Laplace transforms are taken in the solution of Chapter Problem 6.43. The results are

4.5 Θ 200 1500 Θ 1500 600000Θ 600000 3

4.5 Θ 100 3000 Θ 3000 1200000Θ 600000 0

494
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The transfer functions are calculated from

4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000 Θ 3


4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000 0
which lead to

3 200 1500 600000


Θ 0 100 1500 600000
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
300 4500 1800000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
and

4.5 1500 600000 3


4.5 3000 1200000 0
4.5 1500 600000 200 1500 600000
4.5 3000 1200000 100 1500 600000
13.5 4500 3600000
1350 7.635 10 3.122 10 5.4 10 1.8 10
The sinusoidal transfer function is used to determine the frequency response

-3
x 10
6

4
|G1(iω)|

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ω

495
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

-3
x 10

6
|G2(iω)|

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
ω

Problem 6.53 illustrates frequency response.

6.54 A 50 kg lathe mounted on an elastic foundation of stiffness 4 × 105 N/m has a


vibration amplitude of 35 cm when the motor speed is 95 rad/sec. Design an undamped
dynamic vibration absorber such that the steady–state vibrations are completely eliminated
at 95 rad/sec and the maximum displacement of the absorber mass at this speed is 5 cm.
Given: m1 = 50 kg, k1 = 4 × 105 N/m, X1 = 35 cm, ω = 95 rad/sec, X2 = 5 cm
Find: k2, m2
Solution: The natural frequency of the original system is

N
4 10 rad
m 89.44
50 kg sec

When the original system operates at 95 rad/sec, its frequency ratio is


rad
95 sec
1.062
rad
89.44
sec

496
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The excitation amplitude is calculated from

1
1.062,0 7.805
1.062 1

rad
50 kg 89.44 0.35 m
sec 17900 N
7.822
In order for the steady-state amplitude of the absorber mass be limited to 5 cm,
17900 N N
5 cm, 3.58 10
0.05 m m
Then, if steady-state vibrations of the original system are eliminated at 95 rad/sec

rad
95
sec

N
3.58 10
m 39.67 kg
rad
95
sec
Problem 6.54 illustrates undamped absorber design.

6.55 What is the required stiffness of an undamped dynamic vibration absorber whose
mass is 5 kg to eliminate vibrations of a 25 kg machine of natural frequency 125 rad/sec
when the machine operates at 110 rad/s?
Given: m1 = 25 kg, m2 = 5 kg, ωn = 125 rad/sec, ω = 110 rad/sec
Find: k2
Solution: In order for steady-state vibrations of the machine to be completely eliminated
when the machine operates at 100 rad/sec, the natural frequency of the absorber must be
110 rad/sec,

rad
110
sec

Hence

rad N
5 kg 110 6.05 10
sec m
497
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Problem 6.55 illustrates design of an undamped vibration absorber to eliminate steady-


state vibrations of a one-degree-of-freedom system at a single frequency.

6.56 A 35 kg machine is attached to the end of a cantilever beam of length 2 m, elastic


modulus 210 × 109 N/m2, and moment of inertia 1.3 × 10-7 m4. The machine operates at
180 rpm and has a rotating unbalance of 0.3 kg · m.
(a) What is the required stiffness of an undamped absorber of mass 5 kg such that steady–
state vibrations are eliminated at 180 rpm?
(b) With the absorber in place, what are the natural frequencies of the system?
(c) For what range of operating speeds will the steady–state amplitude of the machine be
less than 8 mm?
Given: m1 = 35 kg, L = 2 m, E = 210 × 109 N/m2, I = 1.3 × 10-7 m4, ω = 180 rpm = 18.85
rad/sec, m0e = 0.3 kg · m, m2 = 5 kg
Find: (a) k2 (b) ω1, ω2 (c) range of ω such that X1 < 8 cm
Solution: (a) The stiffness of the cantilever beam is
N
3 3 210 10 1.3 10 m N
m 10,240
2m m
The natural frequency of the original system is

N
10,240 rad
m 17.1
35 kg sec

The original system is modeled as a one-degree-of-freedom mass-spring system. Inertia


effects of the beam are ignored. Steady-state vibrations of the original system are
eliminated when the machine operates at 180 rpm if the natural frequency of the absorber
is 180 rpm,

rad
180 rpm 18.85
sec

rad N
5 kg 18.85 1777
sec m
(b) For the absorber designed
498
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

rad
18.85 sec 5 kg
1.102, 0.143
rad 35 kg
17.1
sec
The natural frequencies of the resulting two degree-of-freedom system are calculated from
eq.(6.46)
rad
17.1 sec
, 1 1.102 1.143
√2
1.102 1.143 2 0.857 1.102 1

or
rad rad
14.65 , 21.99
sec sec
(c) In order for the amplitude of the original system to be less than 8 cm at a given
operating speed,

1
0.008
1 1
1
1 1

Hence

N
1 10240 0.008 m
m 0.769
1 1 rad
0.3 kg m 18.85
sec
Using the positive sign of the absolute value leads to the upper bound on the frequency
range. Rearranging leads to

1.465 0.3975 0
whose appropriate solution is r2 = 1.108 which leads to ω < 19.85 rad/sec. Use of the
negative sign leads to the lower bound on the frequency range. Rearranging leads to

12.26 11.29 0
whose appropriate solution is r2 = 0.928 which leads to ω > 17.49 rad/sec.
rad rad
17.49 19.85
sec sec

499
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Problem 6.56 illustrates (a) design of an undamped absorber, (b) calculation of the natural
frequencies with the absorber in place, and (c) the effective operating range with the
absorber in place.

6.57 A 150 kg pump experiences large amplitude vibrations when operating at 1500 rpm.
Assuming this is the natural frequency of a SDOF system, design a dynamic vibration
absorber such that the lowest natural frequency of the two degree-of-freedom system is
less than 1300 rpm and the higher natural frequency is greater than 1700 rpm.
Given: m1 = 50 kg, ω11 = ω = 1500 rpm = 157.1 rad/sec, ω1 < 1300 rpm = 136.1 rad/sec, ω2
> 1700 rpm = 178.0 rad/sec
Find: k2, m2
Solution: The absorber is designed such that

Then from eq.(6.46) with q = 1,

2 4
2

2 4
2
Hence

2
or

rad rad
136.1 178.0
2 sec sec 2 0.0356
rad
157.1
sec
The absorber mass must be greater than

0.0356 150 kg 5.34 kg


The absorber stiffness is

rad N
5.34 kg 157.1 1.32 10
sec m

500
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Problem 6.57 illustrates the difference in natural frequencies for the system when the
absorber is added.

6.58 A solid disk of diameter 30 cm and mass 10 kg is attached to the end of a solid 3-cm-
diameter, 1-m-long steel (G = 80 × 109 N/m2) shaft. A torsional vibration absorber consists
of a disk attached to a shaft that is then attached to the primary system. If the absorber disk
has a mass of 3 kg and a diameter of 10 cm, what is the required diameter of a 50-cm-long
absorber shaft to eliminate steady–state vibrations of the original system when excited at
500 rad/sec?
Given: rD = 30 cm, mD = 10 kg, L1 = 1 m, rs = 3 cm, G = 80 × 109 N/m2, mD2 = 3 kg, rD2 =
10 cm, L2 = 50 cm, ω = 500 rad/sec
Find: rs2
Solution: The addition of the shaft and disk to the original system acts as a dynamic
vibration absorber for the torsional oscillations. Steady-state torsional oscillations of the
original system are eliminated if the natural frequency of the absorber coincides with the
excitation frequency. That is

rad
500
sec

The moment of inertia of the absorber disk is


1 1
3 kg 0.05 m 0.00375 kg · m
2 2
Thus

rad N·m
0.00375 kg · m 500 937.5
sec rad
The radius of the shaft is calculated from

N·m
2 937.5 0.5 m
rad 7.8 mm
N
π 80 10
m
Hence the required shaft diameter is

501
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

15.6 mm
Problem 6.58 illustrates design of a vibration absorber for a torsional system.

6.59 A 200 kg machine is placed on


a massless simply supported beam
shown in Figure P6.59. The
machine has a rotating unbalance of
1.41 kg · m and operates at 3000
rpm. The steady-state vibrations of
the machine are to be absorbed by hanging a mass attached to a 40 cm steel cable from the
location on the beam where the mass is attached. What is the required diameter of the cable
such that machine vibrations are eliminated at 3000 rpm and the amplitude of the absorber
mass is less than 50 mm?
Given: m = 200 kg, m0e = 1.41 kg · m, ω = 3000 rpm, L = 40 cm, E = 210 × 109 N/m2,
X2,max = 50
Find: d
Solution: The steady-state vibrations of the location on the beam where the absorber is
attached are absorbed if the absorber is tuned to the excitation frequency,

rad 1 min rad


3000 rpm 2π 314.6
rev 60 sec sec

The steady-state amplitude of the absorber is

Requiring the amplitude to be less than 50 mm leads to

rad
1.41 kg · m 314.6
0.05 m sec
k
N
2.78 10
m
This leads to

502
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

4
0.00259 m

Problem 6.59 illustrates the use of a mass attached to a flexible cable as a vibration
absorber.

6.60 The disk in Figure P6.60 rolls without


slip and the pulley is massless. What is the
mass of the block that should be hung from
the cable such that steady-state vibrations of
the cylinder are eliminated when ω = 120
rad/sec?
Given: ω = 120 rad/sec, k1 = 5 × 105 N/m,
m1 = 25 kg, rD = 40 cm, r1 = 20 cm, r2 = 40
cm, k2 = 3 × 106 N/m
Find: m2 such that X1 = 0
Solution: The block of mass m2 acts as a vibration absorber. When an absorber is added to
a system, steady-state vibrations of the point to which the absorber is attached vanish when
the absorber frequency is equal to the excitation frequency. If is the angular
displacement of the pulley, then the displacement of the center of the disk is

0.2 m
Thus if, pulley oscillations vanish, so do oscillations of the cylinder.
Hence, in order to eliminate steady-state vibrations of the cylinder at 120 rad/sec,

rad
120
sec

N
3 10
m 208.3 kg
rad
120
sec
Problem 6.60 illustrates design of a dynamic vibration absorber to eliminate steady-state
vibrations of a one-degree-of-freedom system.

503
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.61 Vibration absorbers are used in boxcars to protect sensitive cargo from large
accelerations due to periodic excitations provided by rail joints. For a particular railway,
joints are spaced 5 m apart. The boxcar, when empty, has a mass of 25,000 kg. Two
absorbers, each of mass 12,000 kg, are used. Absorbers for a particular boxcar are designed
to eliminate vibrations of the main mass when the boxcar is loaded with a 12,000 kg cargo
and travels at 100 m/s. The natural frequency of the unloaded boxcar is 165 rad/sec.
(a) At what speeds will resonance occur for the boxcar with a 12,000 kg cargo?
(b) What is the best speed for the boxcar when it is loaded with a 25,000 kg cargo?
Given: d = 5 m, m0 = 25,000 kg, ma = 12,000 kg, mc = 12,000 kg, v = 100 m/s,
ωn(unloaded) = 165 rad/sec
Find: (a) ω1, ω2, (b) v for mc=25,000 kg
Solution: (a) The vertical oscillations of the boxcar by itself are modeled using a one-
degree-of-freedom system. The mass of the system is the mass of the boxcar plus the mass
of its cargo. When the boxcar is unloaded, it has a mass of 25000 kg and a natural
frequency of 165 rad/sec. Hence the equivalent stiffness for one-degree-of-freedom model
is

rad N
25000 kg 165 6.906 10
sec m
The absorbers are assumed to be placed such that they are equidistant from the center of
the boxcar. Thus the vibrations of the boxcar with the absorbers are modeled by the system
shown below.

The differential equations of motion governing the three-degree-of-freedom system are

0
Note that x2 and x3 are interchangeable in the above equations. Hence x2 = x3 and the
above equations become

2 2
504
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

0
Note that when the second equation is multiplied by 2 the two equations are identical to the
equations describing the motion of a one-degree-of-freedom with a single vibration
absorber added of mass 2ma and stiffness 2k2.
The period of excitation is the time it takes for the boxcar to travel between joints,
5m
m 0.05 sec
100
sec
Thus the period of excitation is
2 rad
125.6
sec
The natural frequency of the boxcar with a 12,000 kg cargo is

37000 kg rad
135.6
N sec
6.906 10
m
The absorbers have been designed to eliminate vibrations at 125.6 rad/sec. Thus the natural
frequencies of the resulting two degree-of-freedom system can be obtained using eq.(6.46)
with
rad
125.6 sec 24,000 kg
0.926, 0.649
rad 37,000 kg
135.6
sec
ABSORB can also be used. The output from ABSORB follows.
UNDAMPED ABSORBER DESIGN USING ABSORB.BAS
Primary system parameters
Mass = 3.700E+04 kg
Stiffness = 6.906E+08 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.256E+02 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 1.000E+02 N

Design specifications
Absorber mass = 2.400E+04 kg

The results
Absorber stiffness = 3.786E+08 N/m
Steady-state absorber amplitude = 2.641E-07 m
Lower natural frequency = 8.965E+01 rad/sec
505
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Higher natural frequency = 1.914E+02 rad/sec

ABSORB reveals that the natural frequencies of the resulting system are
rad rad
89.7 , 191.4
sec sec
The boxcar speeds to induce these frequencies are
rad rad
71.3 , 152.3
2 sec sec
(b) Steady-state vibrations of the primary system are eliminated only at the frequency of
the absorber,

rad
125.6
sec

If an absorber is already in place, the addition of mass to the primary system does not alter
the absorber frequency and hence the frequencies at which steady-state vibrations are
eliminated. The addition of mass to the primary system does not affect the steady-state
amplitudes at other speeds, the steady-state amplitudes of the absorbers, and the resulting
natural frequencies.
Thus, in light of the above, the best speed of the boxcar with any loading is 100 m/sec, as
long as the same absorber is in place and the railway joints are 5 m apart.
Problem 6.61 illustrates (a) the use of multiple identical vibration absorbers is modeled as
if adding a single vibration absorber with a multiple mass and multiple stiffness, (b) the
determination of the natural frequencies of a system with a vibration absorber, and (c)
steady-state oscillations are eliminated only at the speed to which the absorber is tuned.

6.62 A 500 kg reciprocating machine is mounted on a foundation of equivalent stiffness 5


× 106 N/m. When operating at 800 rpm, the machine produces an unbalanced harmonic
force of magnitude 50,000 N. Two cantilever beams with end masses are added to the
machine to act as absorbers. The beams are made of steel (E = 210 × 109 N/m2) and have a
moment of inertia of 4 × 10-6 m4. A 10 kg mass is attached to each beam. The absorbers are
adjustable in that the location of the mass on the absorber can be varied.
(a) How far away from the support should the masses be located when the machine is
operating at 800 rpm? What is the amplitude of the absorber mass?
(b) If the compressor operates at 1000 rpm and produces a harmonic force of amplitude
100,000 N, where should the absorber masses be placed and what is their vibration
amplitude?
506
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Given: m1 = 500 kg, k1 = 500 × 106 N/m, E = 210 × 109 N/m2, I = 4 × 10-6 m4, m2 = 10 kg
(a) ω = 800 rpm = 83.77 rad/sec, F0 = 50,000 N, (b) ω = 1000 rpm = 104.7 rad/sec, F0 =
50,000 N
Find: (a) and (b) L, x2
Solution: It is shown in the solution of problem 6.67 that the addition of two identical
absorbers to a one-degree-of-freedom system is equivalent to adding a single absorber of
twice the mass and twice the stiffness of each of the absorbers. The cantilever beam is
assumed to be negligible mass and acts as an absorber of stiffness
3

and natural frequency

where L is the distance from the support to the absorber mass.


Steady-state vibrations of the primary system are eliminated if the absorber frequency ω22
is equal to the excitation frequency.
(a) For ω = 83.77 rad/sec, with m = 20 kg

rad N
20 kg 83.77 1.4 10
sec m
Since two absorbers are used, keq is twice the stiffness of a single absorber. Hence the
stiffness of a single absorber is
N
7 10
m
which leads to

3
3.30 m

The steady-state amplitude of the absorber is


N
50000
m 0.357 m
2 N
1.4 10
m
(b) Repeating the calculations of (a) with ω = 104.7 rad/sec and F0 = 100,000 N leads to
507
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

rad N
20 kg 104.7 2.19 10
sec m

N
3 210 10 4 10 m
m 2.84 m
N
0.5 2.19 10
m
100000 N
0.456 m
2 N
2.19 10
m
Problem 6.62 illustrates (a) the use of identical multiple absorbers (b) the use of cantilever
beams of vibration absorbers, and (c) calculation of the steady-state absorber amplitude.

6.63 A 100 kg machine is placed at the midspan of a 2-m-long cantilever beam (E = 210 ×
109 N/m2, I = 2.3 × 10-6 m4). The machine produces a harmonic force of amplitude 60,000
N. Design a damped vibration absorber of mass 30 kg such that when hung from the beam
at midspan, the steady-state amplitude of the machine is less than 8 mm at all speeds
between 1300 and 2000 rpm.
Given: m1 = 100 kg, E = 210 × 109 N/m2, I = 2.3 × 10-6 m4, L = 2 m, m2 = 30 kg, X1,max = 8
mm, 136.14 rad/sec < ω < 209.44 rad/sec
Find: k2, c2
Solution: The equivalent stiffness of the beam at the location where the machine is
attached is
N
3 3 210 10 2.3 10 m N
m 1.49 10
1m m
2
The natural frequency of the primary system is

N
1.49 10 rad
m 122.1
100 kg sec

If the maximum amplitude of the primary system is required to be less than 8 mm, then the
magnification factor for the primary system has an upper bound of

1.49 10 0.008
0.199
60000

508
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

First consider the addition of a damped absorber with the optimum damping ration and the
optimum tuning. Use of ABSORB.BAS shows that the steady-state amplitudes at the
boundaries of the operating range are

136.14 rad/sec 0.104 m

309.44 rad/sec 0.0213 m


both of which exceed the maximum allowable.
Next consider the design of an undamped absorber with steady-state vibrations eliminated
at the lowest operating speed. The range of frequencies for which the steady-state
amplitude is less than 8 mm is 128 rad/sec < ω < 156.8 rad/sec.
An undamped absorber is generally not suitable for use over such a wide operating range.
Indeed, id steady-state vibrations are eliminated at one operating speed; there is a very
small range around that speed such that the steady-state amplitude is less than 8 mm. In
fact, as the speed is further away from the tuning speed, the steady-state amplitude gets
very large. This leads to a situation where the absorber works over a small range. Outside
of this range, the steady-state amplitude with the absorber attached is much larger than the
steady-state amplitude of the system without the absorber.
One possible solution is to increase the absorber mass. However calculations show that the
absorber mass would have to be increased to over 400 kg, in order for the absorber to
work.
Thus a damped absorber is more useful over a wide range of operating speeds. However,
since M1 is required to be less than 0.199 over the enter operating range, it is not possible
to design an appropriate absorber with an absorber mass of 30 kg. ABSORB.BAS is used
to test several absorber designs. The output follows. The final design selected uses a
frequency ratio of 1.21 and a damping ratio of 0.15. The steady-state amplitudes at the
ends of the operating range are

136.14 rad/sec 0.0286 m, 209.44 rad/sec 0.0273 m


The plot from ABSORB follows showing that the addition of the absorber leads to a
decrease in amplitude over most of the operating range.
DAMPED VIBRATION ABSORBER ANALYSIS
PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 1.229E+06 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.361E+02 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 6.000E+04

509
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (DIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Stiffness = 2.572E+05 N/m
Damping coefficient = 1.634E+03 N-sec/m

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (NONDIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E-01
Frequency ratio = 7.692E-01
Damping ratio = 2.942E-01

STEADY-STATE AMPLITUDES AT SPECIFIED FREQUENCIES


For omega = 1.361E+02 rad/sec, X = 1.040E-01 m
For omega = 2.094E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.132E-02 m

MAXIMUM START-UP AMPLITUDE = 1.150E-01 m at OMEGA = 8.599E+01 rad/sec

UNDAMPED ABSORBER DESIGN USING ABSORB.BAS


PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 4.490E+06 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.361E+02 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 6.000E+04

Design specifications
Absorber mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Maximum steady-state amplitude = 8.000E-03 m

The results
Absorber stiffness = 5.560E+05 N/m
Lowest operating speed = 1.281E+02 rad/sec
Highest operating speed = 1.568E+02 rad/sec
Lower natural frequency = 1.248E+02 rad/sec
Higher natural frequency = 2.311E+02 rad/sec

UNDAMPED ABSORBER DESIGN USING ABSORB.BAS


PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 1.490E+06 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.361E+02 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 8.000E-03

510
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Design specifications
Absorber mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Maximum steady-state amplitude = 8.000E-03 m

The results
Absorber stiffness = 5.560E+05 N/m
Lowest operating speed = 9.920E+01 rad/sec
Highest operating speed = 1.675E+02 rad/sec
Lower natural frequency = 9.644E+01 rad/sec
Higher natural frequency = 1.723E+02 rad/sec

DAMPED VIBRATION ABSORBER ANALYSIS


PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 1.490E+00 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.000E+02 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 6.000E+04

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (DIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Stiffness = 4.470E-01 N/m
Damping coefficient = 1.099E+00 N-sec/m

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (NONDIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E-01
Frequency ratio = 1.000E+00
Damping ratio = 1.500E-01

STEADY-STATE AMPLITUDES AT SPECIFIED FREQUENCIES


For omega = 1.361E+02 rad/sec, X = 3.237E-02 m
For omega = 2.094E+02 rad/sec, X = 1.368E-02 m

MAXIMUM START-UP AMPLITUDE = 3.459E+05 m at OMEGA = 9.411E-02 rad/sec

DAMPED VIBRATION ABSORBER ANALYSIS


PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 1.490E+06 N/m
Excitation frequency = 1.361E+02 rad/sec
511
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Excitation amplitude = 6.000E+04

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (DIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Stiffness = 6.545E+05 N/m
Damping coefficient = 1.329E+03 N-sec/m

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (NONDIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E-01
Frequency ratio = 1.210E+00
Damping ratio = 1.500E-01

STEADY-STATE AMPLITUDES AT SPECIFIED FREQUENCIES


For omega = 1.361E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.855E-02 m
For omega = 2.094E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.730E-02 m

MAXIMUM START-UP AMPLITUDE = 7.754E-01 m at OMEGA = 9.900E+01 rad/sec

Problem 6.63 illustrates (a) the design of a damped vibration absorber (b) the increase in
operating range achieved by using a damped absorber, and (c) not all problems with strict
specifications (e.g. small steady-state amplitude and small mass ratio) have solutions.

512
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.64 Repeat Chapter Problem 6.63 if the excitation is due to a rotating unbalance of
magnitude 0.33 kg · m.
Given: m1 = 100 kg, E = 210 × 109 N/m2, I = 2.3 × 10-6 m4, L = 2 m, m 2 = 30 kg, X1,max =
8 mm, 136.14 rad/sec < ω < 209.44 rad/sec, m0e = 0.33 kg · m
Find: k2, c2
Solution: The equivalent stiffness of the beam at the location where the machine is
attached is
N
3 3 210 10 2.3 10 m N
m 1.49 10
1m m
2
The natural frequency of the primary system is

N
1.49 10 rad
m 122.1
100 kg sec

In order for the absorber to work over such a wide range of frequencies, the absorber must
be tuned such that the second peak in the frequency response curve is much smaller than
the first. ABSORB.BAS is used to help design such an absorber. ABSORB.BAS is used,
trying a variety of absorber designs. The excitation force at the lowest operating speed
(6100 N) is used for input, and the steady-state amplitude at five operating speeds are
printed, assuming an excitation of 6100 N. An absorber with q = 1.21 and ζ = 0.20 is
chosen. The output from ABSORB for this absorber design follows, as well as the
frequency response curves plotted from ABSORB.
Since the excitation is actually a frequency squared excitation the amplitudes at the upper
operating speeds are incorrect. Since the excitation force at the lowest operating speed is
used, the true amplitude at another speed is obtained by multiplying the printed amplitude
by the square of the ratio of the excitation frequency to 136.14 rad/sec. This results in the
following steady-state amplitudes

X 150 rad/sec 0.00345 m, X 175 rad/sec 0.00516 m

X 200 rad/sec 0.00595 m, X 209.44 rad/sec 0.00581 m


Hence the design is acceptable.
DAMPED VIBRATION ABSORBER ANALYSIS
PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 1.000E+02 kg
Stiffness = 1.490E+06 N/m
513
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Excitation frequency = 1.360E+02 rad/sec


Excitation amplitude = 6.100E+03

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (DIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E+01 kg
Stiffness = 6.545E+05 N/m
Damping coefficient = 1.772E+03 N-sec/m

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (NONDIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.000E-01
Frequency ratio = 1.210E+00
Damping ratio = 2.000E-01

STEADY-STATE AMPLITUDES AT SPECIFIED FREQUENCIES


For omega = 1.361E+02 rad/sec, X = 3.478E-03 m
For omega = 1.500E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.844E-03 m
For omega = 1.750E+02 rad/sec, X = 3.128E-03 m
For omega = 2.000E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.758E-03 m
For omega = 2.094E+02 rad/sec, X = 2.453E-03 m

MAXIMUM START-UP AMPLITUDE = 6.293E-02 m at OMEGA = 9.900E+01 rad/sec

Problem 6.64 illustrates (a) the design of a damped vibration absorber for a system with a
frequency squared excitations, and (b) the use of ABSORB.BAS.
514
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.65 For the absorber designed in Chapter Problem 6.63, what is the minimum steady-state
amplitude of the machine and at what speed does it occur?
Given: system of Problem 6.63
Find: X1,min, ω
Solution: Please refer to the solution of Problem 6.63 for the details of the absorber design.
The plot from ABSORB.BAS is shown below. The minimum magnification factor appears
to be 0.55 at a frequency ratio of 1.2. Using the values determined in Problem 6.63, this
yields
60000 0.55
0.0221
1.49 10

1.2 122.1 rad/sec 146.5 rad/sec

Problem 6.65 illustrates the use of ABSORB.BAS to determine the minimum steady-state
amplitude for a given absorber design.

515
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.66 Determine values of k and c such that


the steady-state amplitude of the center of the
cylinder in Figure P6.66 is less than 4 mm
for 60 rad/sec < ω < 110 rad/sec.
Given: m1 = 40 kg, k1 = 5 × 105 N/m, r = 40
cm, M0 = 200 N-m, 60 rad/sec < ω < 110
rad/sec, r1 = 20 cm, r2 = 40 cm, m2 = 8 kg, X1
< 4mm
Find: c, k
Solution: Let x1 be the displacement of the mass center of the disk and x2 be the
displacement of the block, both measured from the system’s equilibrium position.
Assuming no slip between the disk and the surface, the kinetic energy of the system at an
arbitrary time is

1 11 1
2 22 2
The potential energy at an arbitrary time is
1 1
2 2
The work done by the nonconservative forces as the system moves through variations δx1
and δx2 is

Thus using Lagrange’s equations

to derive the governing differential equations leads to


3
2

Let
516
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Then using z as a dependent variable instead of x1 leads to


3
2

0
Multiplying the first equation by r2/r1 and the second equation by (r2/r1)2 leads to
3
2

Now define
3
60 , 5 10 , 1000
2

32 , 4 , 4

which leads to

0
which are identical to the differential equation governing the motion of the system with a
damped vibration absorber. Hence the 8 kg block acts as a vibration absorber.
The program ABSORB.BAS is used to determine the parameters of the optimum damped
vibration absorber using the information given. The steady-state amplitudes for z are
determined at 60 rad/sec and 110 rad/sec. Both are less than 8 mm, so the design is
acceptable. The output from ABSORB follows.
DAMPED VIBRATION ABSORBER ANALYSIS
PRIMARY SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Mass = 6.000E+01 kg
Stiffness = 5.000E+05 N/m
Excitation frequency = 9.000E+01 rad/sec
Excitation amplitude = 1.000E+03

517
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (DIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 3.200E+01 kg
Stiffness = 1.134E+05 N/m
Damping coefficient = 1.376E+03 N-sec/m

ABSORBER PARAMETERS (NONDIMENSIONAL)


Mass = 5.333E-01
Frequency ratio = 6.522E-01
Damping ratio = 3.612E-01

STEADY-STATE AMPLITUDES AT SPECIFIED FREQUENCIES


For omega = 6.000E+01 rad/sec, X = 4.245E-03 m
For omega = 1.100E+02 rad/sec, X = 3.309E-03 m

MAXIMUM START-UP AMPLITUDE = 4.377E-03 m at OMEGA = 5.578E+01 rad/sec

The required stiffness and damping coefficients are calculated as


1 N N
1.134 10 2.835 10
4 m m
1
1.37610 N sec/m 342 N sec/m
4
Problem 6.66 illustrates (a) that the differential equations for many two-degree-of-freedom
systems can be put into the form of the equations derived governing the motion of the
system with a damped vibration absorber and (b) the design of a damped vibration
absorber.

6.67 Use the Laplace transform method to analyze the


situation of an undamped absorber attached to a viscously
damped system, as shown in Figure P6.67.
(a) Determine the steady-state amplitude of the mass m1.
(b) Use the results of part (a) to design an absorber for a 123 kg machine of natural
frequency 87 rad/sec and damping ration 0.13. Use an absorber mass of 35 kg.
Given: (a) m1, k1, c, m2, k2, F0, ω

(b) m1 = 123 kg, ω11 = 87 rad/sec, 0.13, 35 kg


Solution: (a) The differential equations governing the motion of the system are
518
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

sin

0 1
Define

, 2
Taking the Laplace transforms of eq.(1), using the definitions in eq.(2), properties of the
transform, and known transform pairs leads to

0
or

0
Application of Cramer’s rule leads to

1
det
0

where

det

Note that

Setting s = iω in the above equation leads to

519
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

The steady-state solution is obtained by inverting

which leads to

cos sin

sin
where

(b) Note that the steady-state amplitude of the primary system is zero

when the absorber is tuned to the primary system’s excitation frequency. Assume that the
primary system is being excited at a frequency near its natural frequency. Then choose

rad N
35 kg 87 2.65 10
sec m
Problem 6.67 illustrates that the steady-state vibrations of a primary system with viscous
damping can be eliminated by addition of an undamped vibration absorber.

6.68 Design an undamped absorber such that the steady-state motion of the 25 kg machine
component in Figure P6.68 ceases when the absorber is added. What is the steady-state
amplitude of the 31 kg component?
Given: m1 = 25 kg, m2 = 31 kg, k1 = 5 × 104 N/m, k2 = 4 × 104 N/m, F0 = 200 N, ω = 67
rad/sec, m3 = 5 kg
520
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

Find: k3, X2
Solution: Steady-state vibrations of the 25 kg mass will be
eliminated if the absorber is added to the 25 kg mass and tuned to
the excitation frequency. The resulting three-degree-of-freedom
system is shown. The absorber stiffness is calculated by

rad N
5 kg 67 2.25 10
sec m
The differential equations governing the motion of the three-degree-
of-freedom system are
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
sin
0
The steady-state response is assumed as

sin

Substitution of the preceding into the differential equations leads to

0
0
0 0

The third of the above equations leads to U1 = 0, as expected. The second equation then
gives
200N
2.017 mm
N rad
4 10 31 kg 67
M sec
Problem 6.68 illustrates (a) the use of an absorber in a two-degree-of-freedom system, (b)
the use of undetermined coefficients to determine steady-state amplitudes for a two-
degree-of-freedom system.

521
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Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.69 A 300 kg compressor is placed at the end of a cantilever beam of length 1.8 m, elastic
modulus 200 × 10 N/m and moment of inertia 1.8 × 10 m . When the compressor
operates at 1000 rpm, it has a steady-state amplitude of 1.2 mm. What is the compressor’s
steady-state amplitude when a 30 kg absorber of damping coefficient 500 N · s/m and
stiffness 1.3 × 10 N/m is added to the end of the beam?

Given: Beam: L = 1.8 m, E = 200 × 10 N/m , I = 1.8 × 10 m ; Compressor: m = 300


kg, 1000 rpm, X = 1.2 mm; Absorber: m = 30 kg, c = 500 N · s/m, k = 1.3 × 10
N/m

Find:
Solution: The stiffness of the beam is
3
1.85 10 N/m

The natural frequency of the mass attached to the beam is

78.57 rad/s

which leads to a frequency ratio of


1 min
1000 rev/m 2π r/rev
60 s 1.33
78.57 rad/s
The steady-state amplitude without the absorber is 1.2 mm. Modeling it as an undamped
mass spring system the amplitude is
1
1.85 10 N/m 0.0012 m |1 1.33 | 1.73 10 N
|1 |

The absorber properties are

1.3 10 N/m
65.83 rad/s
30 kg

0.1266
2
30 kg
0.1
300 kg

522
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

1.59

65.83 rad/s
0.8379
78.57 rad/s
The amplitude with the absorber in place is given by Eq. (6.100) and is given by

2
1 1 2 1 1

which implies that

2
1 1 2 1 1

1.73 10 N 2 0.1266 1.33 0.8379 1.33 0.8379


N 2 0.1266 1.33 0.8379 1 1.33 1 0.1
1.85 10
m
where

1.33 1 1 1 0.1 0.8379 1.33 0.8379


Then

0.69 mm
Problem 6.69 illustrates the use of a damped vibration absorber.

6.70 An engine has a moment of inertia of 7.5 kg · m and a natural frequency of 125 Hz.
Design a Houdaille damper such that the engine’s maximum magnification factor is 4.8.
During operation, the engine is subject to a harmonic torque of magnitude 150 N · m at a
frequency of 120 Hz. What is the engine’s steady-state amplitude when the absorber is
used?

Given: = 7.5 kg· m , 125 Hz, 4.8, 150 N · m , f = 120 Hz

Find: c, ,X

Solution: The problem is to choose and such that

4
4.8
4 1 1
523
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

for all r. For 0.1 and 0.1 the magnification factor is plotted versus r

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
M

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
r

The maximum value of M is 1.8. This is an acceptable design. The moment of inertia of
the Houdaille damper is

0.1 7.5 kg · m 0.75 kg · m

The damping coefficient is


cycles 2π rad
2 2 0.1 0.75 kg · m 125
2 s cycle
2
117.8 N · s · m
The steady-state amplitude at 120 Hz is

M 4 150 N · m
Θ
J ω 4 1 1 r
7.5 kg · m 120 · 2π
s

120
4 0.1
125
120 120 120 120
4 0.1 0.1 1 1
125 125 125 125

7.95 10 rad
Problem 6.70 illustrates a Houdaille damper.
524
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Two Degree-of-Freedom Systems

6.71 A 200 kg machine is subjected to an excitation of magnitude 1500 N. The machine is


mounted on a foundation of stiffness 2.8 × 10 N/m. What are the mass and damping ratio
coefficients of an optimally designed vibration damper such that the maximum amplitude
is 3 mm?

Given: 1500 N, 2.8 10 N/m, 3 mm

Find: ,

Solution: Choosing 0.2 lead to the following plot of steady-state amplitude versus
frequency ratio
-3
x 10
2.5

1.5
X1

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
r1

The maximum amplitude is 2.4 mm, less than the 3 mm allowed. Thus

0.2 200 40 kg
and

3 3 0.2
0.25
8 1 8 1 0.2

Problem 6.71 illustrates the design of a damped vibration absorber.

525
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Avez-vous gardé le souvenir que naguère je répétais à la maman


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Je n’étais pas très convaincu. J’avais même des motifs de fatuité
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Mais voilà que mes yeux viennent de se dessiller. Le père de
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l’on se dit : « J’ai eu tort ! J’ai fait juste le contraire de ce que j’aurais
dû faire. » Et l’on songe, après coup, qu’il eût été si simple de faire le
contraire. On ne comprend même pas comment on n’y a point
pensé, on est humilié par l’insuccès, par l’erreur, par l’idée que les
gens auront de vous ; on est diminué à ses propres yeux, on se juge
subitement plus petit dans l’immense univers. C’est un sentiment
très pénible. On a conscience aussi qu’il ne servirait de rien d’avouer
son échec, on sait « qu’il ne faut pas le dire ». Mais presque toujours
on le dit, parce qu’on est hanté.
Le potage fume sur la table et les serviettes sont dépliées.
Caillou est assis sur sa grande chaise. Il a déjà accompli les rites, il
a présenté son front, il est sage, c’est-à-dire qu’il est muet, mais il
attend qu’on lui parle pour qu’il puisse parler, il attend que son père
lui demande : « Qu’est-ce que tu as fait de mal aujourd’hui ? »
Il sait que ce n’est pas pour le gronder, ni pour le punir. C’est le
petit examen de conscience qu’on l’oblige à faire pour qu’il se
souvienne qu’il y a le bien et qu’il y a le mal, pour qu’il prenne
l’habitude de faire attention. Et Caillou est toujours très franc :
d’abord parce qu’il n’est pas menteur naturellement, mais aussi
parce que, quand il a répondu, durant quelques minutes encore il
peut causer, avant qu’on ne parle de choses qu’il ne comprend plus
du tout, mais qu’il écoute cependant, car il écoute toujours. Il y a
dans sa mémoire le coin des histoires et des mots qu’il ne comprend
pas ; et c’est le mieux rangé, c’est celui où il revient le plus souvent.
Il arrive que parfois, en écoutant un récit qui n’est pas pour lui, il fait :
« Ah ! » involontairement, ou bien s’absorbe dans une rêverie
profonde. Ne le questionnez pas. C’est vous qui pourriez être
embarrassé ; il vient d’associer ce nouveau récit avec un autre, et il
tire ses conclusions.
Aujourd’hui, ce qu’il a fait n’est pas bien grave. Sa conscience est
assez tranquille : il n’a pas été gentil avec la bonne, et il a désobéi.
Mais après, il a obéi, et il a demandé pardon. Donc ce n’est rien.
Certains soirs sont tombés où l’aveu était plus dur. Il avait menti,
bien que, je vous le répète, il ne soit pas menteur naturellement. Et il
y a aussi ce jour, ce jour tragique, où l’on a découvert qu’il avait
creusé, avec un grattoir pris dans le cabinet de travail, un trou dans
le mur de la chambre d’enfants « pour faire une grotte », et ensuite,
épouvanté de cette ouverture béante, l’avait bouchée avec du savon
bien malaxé, ce savon lui paraissant tout juste de la couleur de la
peinture.
Donc Caillou parle sans détour, ses bons yeux bien droits et bien
tranquilles. C’est fini ; son père ne dit rien ; tout s’est bien passé.
Puis, par un retour bien naturel, et puisque maintenant il a le droit de
parler un peu :
— Et toi, papa, qu’est-ce que tu as fait ?
Alors les regrets, les rancœurs, les remords du jour reviennent,
ils se font clairs, pressants, visibles comme des êtres ayant leur
forme et leur voix, et « papa » répond, sans y penser, mais du timbre
grave, profond, sincère, qu’il prend quand il ne plaisante pas :
— Moi ? Une bêtise !
Un silence. La mère de Caillou est elle-même un peu inquiète.
Elle attend les développements. Mais avant qu’elle ait posé la
moindre question, un autre souci la prend, sa sollicitude est
détournée par un autre objet : c’est la figure de Caillou qui change,
qui s’allonge, qui se contracte. Elle sait ce qui vient : Caillou va
pleurer !
Et Caillou pleure, en effet, silencieusement d’abord, puis à gros
sanglots, qui lui font mal, et qui font mal à tout le monde. Caillou est
tombé dans un abîme, et son âme souffre, et elle a peur, et elle
s’agite dans les décombres d’une religion qui vient de crouler. Son
père a fait une bêtise ! C’est lui qui le dit, et d’une façon qui prouve
que c’est la vérité, que ce n’est pas une histoire pour les petits
enfants. Cela se pouvait donc, cette chose impossible ? Alors où est-
il, le Dieu sur terre ?
On le console, on le caresse, on l’aime comme on ne l’a jamais
aimé. Mais il a toujours le cœur gros et les cils mouillés. Quand on le
couche dans son petit lit, il pleure encore.
… On se retrouve alors entre « grands », sans lui, et on essaye
de parler d’autre chose. Mais je n’y puis parvenir. Je n’arrive pas à
m’arracher à la pensée de cet événement si petit et mince en
apparence, de cet enfant qui soupire, en dormant à côté de nous,
parce qu’il a perdu sa foi ; et je songe que, quand les hommes
assistèrent à la destruction, il y a dix-neuf siècles, de leur croyance
en l’âge d’or de l’humanité, ou lorsqu’ils apprirent du moins que cette
félicité de leur race n’avait duré que quelques jours, et s’était
évanouie par la faute de leurs premiers ancêtres, ils durent éprouver
autant de désespoir, d’humiliation, d’amour et de pitié.
DU SENTIMENT DE LA PROPRIÉTÉ

Une des choses qui m’ont frappé davantage, et dès les premiers
temps, chez mon ami Caillou, c’est qu’il se montre d’une délicatesse
aiguë et scrupuleuse sur le chapitre de la probité. Il en a, si j’ose
dire, le sentiment mystique. Prendre ce qui n’est pas à lui, mais
évidemment à d’autres, lui inspire une espèce d’horreur. J’en fus tout
d’abord assez étonné, et même vexé ; car cette probité enfantine est
contraire à mes théories.
Comme tout Français mâle et adulte qui se respecte, je suis en
effet matérialiste. Je crois que l’homme a commencé par la barbarie,
la cruauté, la lubricité, la gourmandise, qu’il avait instinctivement le
goût des rapines et des déprédations, qu’il a fallu bien du temps
pour qu’il ne se montrât point, avec ingénuité, un loup féroce et
déchaîné à l’égard des autres hommes. Et l’on sait qu’on doit
retrouver, dans les enfants, l’âme toute nue de l’humanité primitive.
Justement Caillou me paraissait, à bien des égards, justifier cette
vue de l’esprit. S’il n’est pas sensuel, c’est qu’il n’a pas encore de
sens ; mais il rêve de guerre et de meurtre ; les plus belles histoires
pour lui sont les histoires où l’on tue — où un enfant tue des géants
— et il n’a nulle pitié pour les bêtes qu’il chasse, les papillons, les
mouches et les vers. Il n’est pas naturellement propre ; tout au
contraire, il semble éprouver une joie particulière à salir ses
vêtements et lui-même. Enfin pour la gourmandise et même la
voracité, il ne craint personne, car il est encore à cet âge heureux où
l’estomac est si frais et solide qu’il n’avertit jamais de son existence.
Caillou a, vous le savez, dans l’idée que ce viscère est une grande
poche qui part de son cou pour aller jusqu’à ses cuisses, et par
conséquent presque impossible à remplir. Il y ferait d’ailleurs tous
ses efforts, mais on l’en empêche ; de lui-même il ne penserait pas à
s’arrêter. C’est ainsi, je pense, chez les sauvages et les enfants qui
se portent bien. Mais voilà qu’en même temps Caillou respecte le
bien d’autrui ; cela ne va plus d’accord !
J’ai failli passer d’un extrême à l’autre, et croire aux idées innées
ou acquises par l’hérédité. Mais lui et moi vivons maintenant trop
fréquemment ensemble, nous sommes trop amis pour que mes
hypothèses résistent longtemps aux effets de l’expérience. Et j’ai fini
par découvrir qu’à l’origine de la probité de Caillou, il y a l’instinct de
propriété. C’est d’abord parce qu’il y a des choses qui sont à lui qu’il
comprend qu’il y en a d’autres qui sont au voisin. Il souffre quand on
prend ce qui lui appartient, donc les autres ont le droit de crier quand
on leur prend ce qui est à eux, puisqu’ils ont de la peine. Et Caillou,
qui est logique, est aussi sensible.
Pourtant, cela ne suffirait pas. Les enfants ont un tel besoin
d’avoir dans les mains ce qui attire leurs yeux, de goûter ce qui se
mange, de jouir en des jeux personnels de ce qui les entoure ! Mais
ils sont aussi tout pénétrés d’un instinct d’imitation. Ils font ce qu’ils
voient faire, ils ne font pas ce qu’ils ne voient pas faire. Or, on ne
vole pas autour de Caillou ! Aussi n’a-t-on guère besoin avec lui
d’user là-dessus de commandement ou de suggestion. A peine lui a-
t-on dit deux ou trois fois : « Il ne faut pas voler ! » Les grandes
personnes n’ont presque jamais à user de pression que pour
empêcher les petits de faire ce qu’elles font elles-mêmes. C’est
pourquoi on est si souvent obligé de répéter aux enfants qu’il ne faut
point mentir — ils nous voient si souvent altérer la vérité — ni se
mettre en colère : ils nous sentent parfois si laidement hors de nous-
mêmes !
… L’honnête Caillou est donc sorti avec sa sœur Lucile, qui est
son aînée. Il est allé encore une fois aux Tuileries, il est revenu par
le marché Saint-Honoré et les boulevards. A cette heure, qui est
celle du grand déjeuner de midi, le voici bien calé sur sa haute
chaise ; mais il est préoccupé.
C’est très facile de voir quand les enfants sont préoccupés. Ça
leur met une barre entre les deux yeux, sur le front, parce qu’ils n’ont
pas l’habitude de réfléchir. Caillou est bien élevé, il ne parle jamais à
table, mais il a la barre. Et sa mère le regarde avec un peu
d’inquiétude. Qu’est-ce qu’il a ? Il mange et il a bonne mine. Faut-il
l’interroger ? C’est toujours un problème de savoir s’il faut interroger
les petits.
Mais Caillou est un homme, il ne sait pas garder ce qu’il a sur le
cœur. (Ça serait peut-être différent s’il était une petite fille.) Au
dessert, quand on lui a permis de descendre de sa chaise, il se
rapproche tout doucement. Il n’a plus la barre ; depuis qu’il a décidé
de demander à ceux qui savent, son souci s’en est allé. Il croira ce
qu’on lui dit, et voilà tout. Alors il commence :
— Maman, tu ne sais pas ce qu’elle a fait, Tili ?
Tili, qui s’entend mettre en cause, prend subitement l’air très
sage. La maman de Caillou écoute.
— Eh bien, continue Caillou, quand on a passé devant l’épicier
qui est près du marché, il y avait deux fraises tombées par terre de
l’étalage, deux grosses fraises… Alors Tili les a ramassées et les a
mangées.
— Oh ! dit la maman de Caillou.
Elle a dit « oh ! » parce qu’il faut bien répondre quelque chose, et
aussi parce qu’elle trouve que ce n’est pas très propre, de manger
des fraises qui out traîné sur le trottoir.
— C’est voler, n’est-ce pas ? fait Caillou.
C’est ça qui le préoccupait. Et c’est la seule chose à quoi sa
mère n’avait pas pensé.
— Non, dit-elle, embarrassée, ça n’est pas voler, pas
précisément… Mais enfin c’est sale, c’est vilain.
— Mais ça n’est pas voler ? répète Caillou.
— Non, répond sa mère. Elles étaient par terre ces fraises…
Alors Caillou, subitement furieux, jette le poing vers Lucile. Et il
lui crie :
— Pourquoi tu ne m’en as pas donné une, alors !

Cette aventure me conduisit à chercher si les cinq ans de Caillou


avaient la conception de l’argent. Les conversations que j’eus avec
lui à ce sujet ne me donnèrent rien de précis. Le mot « argent »
évoquait bien chez Caillou l’idée de monnaie, de pièces en métal
brillant, mais il était impossible de savoir s’il en comprenait l’usage.
Cependant quelques-unes de ses phrases me firent croire qu’il
considérait l’argent comme une chose analogue à la barbe,
désirable parce qu’elle appartient uniquement aux grandes
personnes. C’était encore là une de ces mille erreurs qu’on commet,
parce qu’on n’emploie point avec les enfants le vocabulaire qui leur
est propre.
Un jour que j’arrivais plus tard que de coutume aux Tuileries, je
m’aperçus que Caillou m’attendait avec une grande impatience ; il
courut à moi comme un petit boulet, la tête en avant, et je le reçus
entre mes genoux. Cet empressement me flatta, je l’attribuais à
l’affection. Mais Caillou me dit tout de suite :
— Conduis-moi à la marchande de gâteaux.
Je connais la marchande de gâteaux. C’est une dame qui habite
dans un abat-jour, suivant la définition de Caillou lui-même. L’abat-
jour est en bois, peint en vert, et se trouve non loin du bassin, près
de la place de la Concorde. Quand nous fûmes devant l’étal, mon
ami commanda impérieusement :
— Prends-moi dans tes bras !
Et je fis comme il voulait.
Ainsi dressé, Caillou avait la tête au niveau de celle de la dame.
Dans cette situation d’égalité, il lui dit :
— Madame, je t’avais donné deux sous, tu me dois deux
gâteaux !
Voilà ! Si au cours de mon enquête j’avais employé le mot « sou »
au lieu du mot « argent », j’aurais su tout de suite que Caillou connaît
la valeur des sous et n’aime pas à être trompé. Il avait bien essayé
de régler son affaire lui-même mais il était trop petit, la dame de
l’abat-jour ne l’entendait pas. Voilà pourquoi il m’avait attendu :
c’était pour être mis à hauteur !
C’est ainsi que j’appris qu’il sait calculer et aussi défendre ses
intérêts. Il m’en donna bientôt une preuve plus singulière.
— La dame vend des palmiers, me dit-il un jour.
Avant que nos relations fussent intimes, j’aurais cru qu’il
s’agissait d’arbres exotiques, et j’en eusse éprouvé quelque stupeur.
Mais dans sa compagnie, je suis devenu savant. Je n’ignore plus
que les palmiers sont une petite pâtisserie sucrée. Ceux qu’on
trouve sous l’abat-jour sont grands à peine comme une pièce de
cinq francs.
— … La dame vend des palmiers, poursuivit-il, et quand c’est
une demi-douzaine, on en a sept pour cinq sous. Mais quand c’est
une douzaine, on n’en a que douze pour dix sous.
— Eh bien, Caillou ?
— Ça n’est pas juste.
Ce problème d’économie politique l’inquiéta plusieurs jours. A la
fin, il en trouva la solution. De nouveau, je dus lui servir de piédestal
devant la marchande.
— Madame, dit-il, en tendant une pièce de cinquante centimes,
donne-moi-z’en deux demi-douzaines de sept.
LE MYSTÈRE

Le printemps est revenu, et quand il entre le matin dans la


chambre d’enfants, il est si vif, ardent et clair qu’on dirait que c’est lui
qui allume le feu qu’on fait encore dans la cheminée. Même les
vieilles personnes, même les gens comme vous et moi, ont des
envies de pleurer sans cause, comme des vierges attendant l’époux.
Et Caillou est ivre, littéralement ivre, depuis l’aube jusqu’au soir. Il a
plus de rose aux joues, même quand il n’a pas encore joué, remué,
couru ; il a plus de gestes, lui qui avait déjà tant de gestes ; il est plus
agité, plus joyeux, plus sombre, plus colère et plus tendre.
Parfois, je vous l’ai dit, pour m’expliquer la vivacité inquiétante
des fox-terriers, je me suis dit : « Il y a dans le corps de ces petites
bêtes, fabriquées par des éleveurs astucieux et patients, le système
nerveux d’un grand chien ; et elles éclatent sous la pression de leur
machine. » Je crois, par un raisonnement analogue, que les enfants
naissent avec toute l’intelligence, tout le caractère, toute la capacité
d’attention, de souffrance, d’amour et de haine qu’ils auront hommes
faits, de même que la vue porte aussi loin à cinq ans qu’à vingt-cinq
et que les oreilles entendent aussi bien. Il n’y a que la quantité des
sensations enregistrées qui diffère ; l’expérience, la science, ce
qu’on apprend au cours des années par soi-même, par le prochain
ou par les livres. Mais les enfants sont déjà l’homme et la femme
qu’ils seront, tout entiers, comprimés dans une petite enveloppe. Il
est possible aussi que ce soit pour cette cause que leurs yeux sont
si beaux et leur corps frêle toujours si trépidant. Jugez alors combien
le printemps peut agir sur eux qui ont encore à grandir et à fleurir,
qui ont toute leur âme, certes, et sont de plus comme des plantes
qui croissent.
Voilà pourquoi sans doute la maman de Caillou passe son temps
à lui dire :
— Vraiment, qu’est-ce que tu as ? On ne peut plus te tenir.
C’est qu’intérieurement il se sent devenu gigantesque, et qu’il a
besoin de s’épandre sur le monde. Je l’entends qui dit à sa sœur :
— Moi, je n’ai peur de rien. Des lions, je les tuerais. Des loups et
des baleines, je les tuerais.
Je remarque une fois de plus qu’il mentionne exclusivement les
animaux qu’il n’a jamais vus, dont il ne connaît que les figures
tracées sur des livres, et qui par conséquent font partie de son
domaine imaginaire. Alors je lui rappelle certaine poule, devant
laquelle il a pris si honteusement la fuite. Il demeure un instant
interdit et confus devant ce souvenir, mais redresse bientôt son front
humilié :
— Une poule aussi, je n’aurais pas peur !
C’est qu’on s’est moqué de lui, et qu’il connaît maintenant que
les poules ne sont pas des ennemies dangereuses. C’est aussi à
cause de la saison. Oui vraiment, je crois qu’il tiendrait tête à la
poule ! Cependant je continue :
— Et d’entrer dans la nuit dans une chambre sans lumière, est-ce
que tu aurais peur, Caillou ?
Il est franc, et de plus, pour lui les mots créent les choses. J’ai à
peine parlé de l’obscurité qu’il la voit, et qu’elle l’étreint, Il avoue
sincèrement :
— Oui. Ça, j’aurais peur.
— Pourquoi, Caillou ? La chambre où tu es, celle-ci, est la même
nuit et jour. Tu sais bien qu’il n’y a rien de dangereux dedans, pas de
bêtes, pas de trous où on peut tomber. Pourquoi aurais-tu peur ?
— Je ne sais pas. J’aurais peur.
C’est tout ce qu’il peut dire et je n’insiste pas. Je songe aux
terreurs que j’ai eues moi-même la nuit à son âge, et dont je ne me
rappelle plus la cause, que je n’ai peut-être d’ailleurs jamais
distinguée nettement. Je mets cette conversation dans un coin de
ma mémoire, et je l’oublie jusqu’au jour où un grand désespoir
bouleverse Caillou.
Dans une cage, à la fenêtre de la chambre d’enfants, un serin
chantait, un beau serin jaune que j’ai donné à Caillou parce que je
sais qu’il aime les bêtes vivantes. Comme il chantait, l’oiseau
couleur de tulipe sauvage, comme il chantait ! Aussitôt qu’il voyait le
soleil, sa gorge se gonflait, son petit bec tremblait une seconde,
comme s’il allait bégayer ; et puis il chantait de toutes ses forces,
des airs inventés, perpétuellement neufs. C’est encore un problème
bien difficile à résoudre que de savoir pourquoi toutes les
sympathies des poètes, et même des foules, vont au rossignol et
jamais au serin. Il se peut que ce soit parce que le serin consent à
chanter dans une cage, et en plein jour. Mais alors, c’est de
l’ingratitude ! Je pense toutefois, pour avouer toute ma pensée, que
le serin est au rossignol ce que la sérénade italienne contemporaine
est au lied allemand. L’oiseau des vieux murs et des jardins feuillus
a des accents qui vont au cœur, on ne sait par quels chemins ;
l’autre a l’air seulement d’être la voix du soleil qui rit dans les rues.
Mais c’est déjà bien beau, et on lui devrait de la reconnaissance : on
n’en montre aucune. Pourtant, il y a tant de personnes qui préfèrent
au fond la musique à fleur de peau ! Le lied allemand ne plaît pas à
tous les Français. Je voudrais savoir ce que nous penserions du
rossignol s’il était jaune, en cage, chanteur de rues et de plein jour.
Mais Caillou aimait le sien, tout simplement, même pour sa
couleur, qu’il trouvait belle, et pour l’illusion qu’il avait de le faire
chanter ou taire selon sa volonté, rien qu’en mettant ou en ôtant un
voile noir sur sa cage. Enfin, c’était une bête à lui, grande raison, la
plus forte qui se puisse trouver au monde. Quand on lui dit que ce
serin était malade, ce fut une nouvelle qu’il accepta sous les
apparences du jeu, comme tous les événements de son existence :
un serin malade, c’est plus intéressant. Il ne pouvait croire que ce
serin mourrait ; il n’avait qu’une idée bien vague de ce qu’est la mort,
l’arrêt définitif des mouvements, la fin d’un être qui sera perdu pour
tout le monde. Il y eut des gens, dans la maison, qui dirent que
c’était aussi le printemps qui avait fait mourir le serin, parce que c’est
une époque où ces petits oiseaux sont trop tristes d’être seuls… En
somme, on n’en saura jamais rien : le fait est qu’un matin on le
trouva couché au fond de sa cage, les pattes raides, et qu’on
découvrit sous sa queue une espèce de bouton blanc, d’un aspect
vilain. Il paraît que c’était la maladie qui l’avait fait mourir. Voilà du
moins ce qu’affirma la cuisinière, qui sait tout.
Je pensais bien que la douleur de Caillou serait amère, et que les
accents en seraient déchirants. J’en avais grand’peine pour moi-
même ; il ne faut pas prendre à la légère les chagrins des petits : ils
durent moins longtemps que les nôtres, mais leurs joies aussi, et ils
sont aussi profonds, plus profonds ; ils les prennent tout entiers,
parce qu’ils ne rencontrent point d’obstacles. Nul abri dans leur âme,
pas un seul coin qui soit tranquille en eux. C’est comme les tornades
des pays chauds : elles sont courtes, mais elles dévastent. Je ne
m’étonnai donc pas de voir le pauvre petit Caillou pleurer comme
pleurent les enfants, à grands cris. Ce que je ne compris pas
d’abord, c’est pourquoi il ne voulait pas se consoler. Il y avait dans
sa tristesse quelque chose qui n’était pas désintéressé, quelque
chose de personnel, il y avait de l’épouvante : l’effroi d’un mauvais
sort qui n’était pas conjuré. Il criait :
— J’ai été méchant, j’ai été méchant ! C’est Dieu qui me punit !
— Tu as été méchant, Caillou ? Qu’est-ce que tu as fait ?
Je l’avais pris dans mes bras, je le berçais, et tandis que je
m’efforçais de ramener la paix dans son âme, j’éprouvais cette
curiosité cruelle qui est le propre des hommes, et l’un de leurs plus
détestables instincts : je voulais savoir le péché qu’il avait commis.
Oui, oui, je croyais qu’il y avait quelque chose, je le désirais presque.
Il n’y avait rien ! Et je vis cependant, avec stupeur, apparaître dans
cette âme de six ans des remords pour des crimes illusoires qui
remontaient à des mois, à des années, pour des désobéissances, de
petits mensonges qui n’avaient pas été découverts, des actes
insignifiants en eux-mêmes, mais dont il se demandait maintenant
« si c’était mal » !
J’allai trouver sa mère, et je lui demandai :
— Est-ce vous qui lui avez annoncé dernièrement que « Dieu le
punirait » ?
— Moi ou sa bonne, fit-elle. On lui a peut-être dit ça sans y
attacher d’importance. Il était surexcité, il était insupportable. Ce
sont des phrases comme on en fait tous les jours.
— Hum ! dis-je, ce n’est pas à recommencer.
Caillou venait de ressusciter l’une des premières, sans doute la
première des religions de l’humanité. Il croyait qu’il n’y a pas d’effet
sans cause, ce qui est vrai ; mais ignorant les lois générales de
l’univers, il se voyait, lui Caillou, centre du monde et cause de tout
ce qui arrive sur l’étendue de ce monde ouverte à ses pauvres yeux.
Ainsi raisonnèrent les Grecs qui sacrifièrent Iphigénie pour obtenir
des vents favorables. Ainsi raisonnent encore les sauvages qui
s’imaginent que l’esprit de tel arbre et de telle bête, offensé par eux,
se peut venger.
Et je compris encore pourquoi Caillou a peur de l’obscurité des
nuits : il la conçoit pleine d’êtres et de choses redoutables, parce
que ce n’est pas possible, dans son idée, qu’elle soit vide. C’est un
primitif.

Il y en a encore d’autres preuves. Une nouvelle année s’est


écoulée. On vient de conduire Caillou à la campagne, dans le vieux
jardin que vous connaissez, un peu précipitamment, comme pour
une cure. C’est que sa mère est obligée de lui dire, un peu plus
souvent encore qu’elle n’avait coutume de faire : « Mais vraiment,
Caillou, je ne sais pas ce que tu as ! » Et même il lui arrive d’ajouter :
« Tu es méchant, tu es très méchant ! »
Et c’est vrai. Caillou devient méchant. Cette petite âme, jusque-là
si douce, tendre et confiante, s’est tendue tout à coup, sans qu’on
puisse guère s’expliquer pourquoi. C’est peut-être qu’il grandit, c’est
peut-être qu’il est malade, d’une maladie qu’on ne connaît pas, car
s’il est pâle et plus silencieux que d’habitude, le médecin n’en
comprend pas la cause et n’a pu donner de remède. Caillou a aussi
bon appétit que jamais ; ni son cœur, ni son estomac ne sont
troublés, et il dort comme il a toujours dormi, d’une traite, du soir au
matin, ses deux petits poings sur la poitrine ; mais il a peur quand on
le met au lit, il a peur du noir, et supplie qu’on n’enlève pas la
lumière. J’ai essayé de le raisonner, de lui prouver qu’il n’était qu’un
pauvre poltron.
— Vois, petit, vois. J’éteins la lampe et je la rallume tout de suite :
est-ce qu’il y a quelque chose de changé ? Eh bien, tout était pareil,
dans le noir.
— Je ne sais pas, répond Caillou. Il devait y avoir quelque chose
de changé !
On a mis une veilleuse près de son lit, mais il est resté inquiet, à
cause des ombres que cette veilleuse fait sur le plafond, et qui
bougent. Caillou se sent entouré d’ombres, telle est la vérité, et c’est
parce que sa raison commence à fonctionner, mais à faux ; non pas
sur des raisonnements, non pas même sur des sensations, mais sur
les sentiments qu’il éprouve et qui sont à la fois très obscurs et très
puissants. Il a toujours cru que l’inanimé peut devenir animé, ou
plutôt il n’a pas encore bien fait la différence entre l’animé et
l’inanimé. Que des brins de bois plantés dans le sable d’une allée
des Tuileries puissent lui sembler, durant le jour, des soldats, des
chevaux, des voitures, ce n’est qu’un jeu dont il se plaît à être dupe,
et si ces brins de bois se changeaient en hommes, en animaux, en
voitures véritables, il ne serait pas très étonné et il n’aurait pas trop
peur. Mais la nuit, qu’est-ce qui change ? Il n’en sait rien, et c’est ce
qui l’épouvante.
Dans cette crise d’énervement qu’il traverse, les humains même
lui inspirent moins de confiance. Il en est qui lui paraissent
malfaisants dès l’abord, à cause de leur voix ou de leur figure. Il
désobéit, il cherche des choses mauvaises à dire, même à sa mère,
et il les trouve. Alors, l’autre jour, elle a pleuré.
Caillou l’a regardée, et il a ri !
On l’a grondé très fort, et on l’a puni. Mais Caillou n’a pas
compris. Il est devenu encore plus silencieux et plus concentré,
comme si on lui avait fait une injustice après avoir joué une comédie.
Car il n’avait pas cru un instant que sa mère eût pleuré pour de bon :
c’est une grande personne, une puissance, et il ne suppose pas que
les grandes personnes et les puissances daignent pleurer pour les
choses que font les petits enfants ; elles sont trop loin et trop haut.
Des puissances ! qui existent réellement et qui sont trop
dominatrices pour qu’il puisse faire autre chose que de les subir,
d’autres qui n’existent pas, mais que crée son imagination : voilà de
quoi est peuplé l’univers qu’il se représente. Si mes souvenirs
d’enfance m’aident à comprendre ce qui se passe en lui, ils sont trop
confus pourtant, trop fous, trop hors de l’humanité d’aujourd’hui pour
que j’ose en rien révéler à ses proches. J’accepte donc ce qu’on dit
autour de moi, d’autant plus que c’est peut-être également vrai :
Caillou est un peu anémié, et l’air de la campagne lui fera du bien.
Maintenant il est dans un vieux jardin, tel qu’on les dessinait il y a
trois quarts de siècle. Tous les accidents, toutes les « beautés » de la
nature s’y reproduisent, vus par le petit bout de la lorgnette
romantique. Derrière une pelouse, où croissent en bouquets cinq ou
six sapins noirs, une montagne en miniature se dresse, hérissée
d’ormes et de marronniers ; et de l’un des flancs de cette montagne,
taillé à pic, abrupt et rocailleux, une source s’épanche en cascade
dans un bassin de forme irrégulière, dont les feuilles mortes,
tombées l’année précédente, ont rendu le fond noirâtre et
mystérieux. Plus loin se creuse un petit vallon, où l’ombre est
perpétuelle, où ne poussent que des pervenches aux tiges qui
rampent, des mousses très humides et très vertes. Parfois on trouve
sous un arbre une statue dont la tête et les bras sont tout rongés de
pluie ; parfois, c’est un rocher qui ressemble à un gros crapaud
accroupi. Et comme justement un crapaud chante dans le jardin, dès
le soir tombé, Caillou est persuadé que le crapaud vivant loge dans
le gros crapaud de pierre, qui en est le père ou du moins la cause,
d’une façon ou d’une autre. Et le jour il va guetter le crapaud vivant
sous le crapaud de pierre, étonné de ne pas le voir sortir, mais
heureux aussi, car il en aurait crainte.
De plus, il a découvert les fourmis. Caillou a du génie pour voir
avec détails ce qui est tout petit. Il se met la tête dans l’herbe, et il
regarde. Les connaissances nouvelles qu’il a de la sorte acquises en
très peu de temps m’émerveillent. Il sait que les fourmis qui
bâtissent des villes dans la pelouse sont noires, de taille infime et
très nombreuses, tandis que dans les fentes des rochers il en est de
deux autres espèces : des grosses, toutes noires, et de minuscules,
d’un roux très clair, qui piquent très fort. Et il en est d’autres encore
qui construisent de très belles chambres entre le crépi et les
moellons de la muraille qui borne le jardin ; celles-là ont la tête noire,
le ventre noir et le corselet brun. J’ai cru d’abord que Caillou allait
devenir savant, qu’il instituerait des études sur les mœurs des
fourmis ; mais c’était une idée de grande personne. Caillou a fini par
ne plus regarder qu’une seule fourmilière, justement celle qui se
cache dans un rocher, et dont on ne voit rien. Il lui apporte du sucre,
des mouches, et même d’autres fourmis que ces grosses noires
tuent tout de suite. Alors, en captant sa confiance, j’ai découvert que
ces offrandes ne sont pas désintéressées : Caillou parle à ces
fourmis, il leur demande des services.
Il leur demande d’aller piquer, la nuit, la cuisinière, qu’il n’aime
pas !
Quelquefois aussi, il charge de ce message Steck, le fox-terrier,
parce qu’il lui a toujours parlé, et que Steck, étant une bête, doit être
un bon interprète auprès des autres bêtes. Dans ces occasions,
Caillou exécute des espèces de danses avec le chien, il aboie, il se
met à quatre pattes, renifle, gronde ; et c’est après avoir accompli
ces espèces de rites qu’il parle à Steck. De son côté, Steck, qui est
toujours content quand il est avec Caillou, danse aussi très fort et
saute sur ses pattes de derrière.
… Enfin, voilà qu’un soir on met sur la table un plat que les
grandes personnes considèrent avec curiosité et un peu de
répugnance. Il s’est établi dans le pays une boucherie
hippophagique : c’est un bifteck de cheval. Les yeux de Caillou
brillent. Il supplie qu’on lui donne un morceau, un tout petit morceau.
On y consent, et il mange sa portion avec des mines sérieuses.
— Est-ce que c’est bon, Caillou ?
Il lève les yeux, étonné. Il n’a pas fait attention au goût : il a
mangé du cheval, voilà tout, et s’absorbe dans une rêverie dont rien
ne le peut tirer. Mais le lendemain, comme nous nous promenons
ensemble, il lâche ma main et se met à courir, à courir !
Je l’appelle, et il me crie :
— J’ai mangé du cheval, tu ne m’attraperas pas !

C’est ainsi qu’il croit sentir, entre lui et le monde extérieur, des
correspondances mystérieuses, des participations singulières. Il
n’observe pas pour connaître ce qui est. Il fait une espèce de magie.
Une fois revenu à Paris, on décide que, pour garder le souvenir de
ses jeunes années, on demandera à une amie, qui est artiste, de
modeler son effigie dans la glaise ou la cire, et tous les jours,
maintenant, le matin, on conduit Caillou chez madame Marcelle
Luze, qui est statuaire. L’atelier de madame Luze, là-bas, très loin
dans Paris, plus haut que la gare Montparnasse, est au fond d’une
espèce de rue d’ateliers tout pareils, en briques roses, et qui
ressemblent à des joujoux bien rangés dans une boîte. Le long des
murs, il pousse une chose qui grimpe. Caillou ne sait pas son nom ;
il ne sait le nom d’aucune plante : il ignore que c’est de la clématite.
Mais il sent que c’est joli. C’est même tout ce qu’il y a de plus joli
pour une âme enfant. On dirait que ce n’est pas arrivé, ou du moins
que ce n’est pas tout à fait vrai, qu’on a mis ces choses en cet
endroit rien que pour jouer, pour voir le décor végétal et vivant,
quand il a grimpé, retomber comme un dais au-dessus de ceux qui
passent. En hiver, le dais est tout plein de graines blanches et
floconneuses, comme les cheveux d’une vieille dame très douce. Au
printemps, c’est tout vert, si vert que l’air même devient vert à la
hauteur des yeux ; et plus tard il n’y a plus que des fleurs. C’est en
hiver que Caillou est venu, et il entre dans cette ombre candide
comme un petit berger dans une crèche de Noël.

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