Microeconomics 9th Edition Boyes

Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-9th-edition-boyes-solutions-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Microeconomics 9th Edition Boyes Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-9th-edition-boyes-
test-bank/

Microeconomics 10th Edition Boyes Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-10th-edition-
boyes-solutions-manual/

Macroeconomics 9th Edition Boyes Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/macroeconomics-9th-edition-boyes-
solutions-manual/

Microeconomics 10th Edition Boyes Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-10th-edition-
boyes-test-bank/
Macroeconomics 9th Edition Boyes Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/macroeconomics-9th-edition-boyes-
test-bank/

Economics 9th Edition Boyes Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/economics-9th-edition-boyes-test-
bank/

Microeconomics 9th Edition Colander Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-9th-edition-
colander-solutions-manual/

Microeconomics 9th Edition Pindyck Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-9th-edition-
pindyck-solutions-manual/

Microeconomics 9th Edition Michael Parkin Solutions

Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/microeconomics-9th-edition-
michael-parkin-solutions-manual/
CHAPTER 23
(MICRO CHAPTER 9)

Perfect Competition

FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
1. What is perfect competition?
2. What does the demand curve facing the individual firm look like, and why?
3. How does the firm maximize profit in the short run?
4. At what point does a firm decide to suspend operations?
5. When will a firm shut down permanently?
6. What is the break-even price?
7. What is the firm’s supply curve in the short run?
8. What is the firm’s supply curve in the long run?
9. What are the long-run equilibrium results of a perfectly competitive market?

OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES

The primary purpose of this chapter is to analyze the techniques that a perfectly competitive firm uses
to set prices and outputs. Both the short run and the long run are discussed from a profit-maximizing
perspective, and the point is made that perfect competition generates allocative efficiency.
The unique features of this chapter are the concise discussions of increasing-, decreasing-, and
constant-cost industries, with real world examples provided for each. The chapter also discusses
consumer and producer surplus in evaluating perfect competition.
After reading and reviewing this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define perfect competition.
2. Illustrate the market and individual firm demand curve for perfect competition.
3. Determine the output level for profit maximization for a perfectly competitive firm using MR =
MC.
4. Determine a perfectly competitive firm’s shutdown price.
5. Determine a perfectly competitive firm’s break-even price.
6. Determine the perfectly competitive firm’s short-run and long-run supply curves.
7. Define producer surplus.

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
160 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition

KEY TERM REVIEW

price taker
shutdown price
break-even price
economic efficiency
producer surplus

LECTURE OUTLINE AND TEACHING STRATEGIES

I. The Perfectly Competitive Firm in the Short Run
The short run is a production period where at least one resource cannot be altered.
A. The definition of perfect competition: The perfectly competitive market comprises many
sellers, a non-differentiated product, free entry and exit, and perfect information for buyers
and sellers.
Teaching Strategy: Show how the typical farm approximates the definition of perfect
competition. Stress that the farmer is a price taker.
B. The demand curve of the individual firm: The curve is a horizontal line at the market price,
indicating a perfectly elastic environment.
Teaching Strategy: Show Figures 1(a) and 1(b) in terms of the farmer example.
C. Profit maximization
Teaching Strategy: Show profit maximization by plotting the TR and TC data in Figure 2
and citing the vertical distance between the two curves.
Marginal revenue and marginal cost—MR = P.
Teaching Strategy: Show in Figure 2 that price equals MR in perfect competition.
Teaching Strategy: Plot the MR and MC curves in Figure 2 to show the profit-
maximization point of the output of nine bushels when P = $1.
D. Short-run break-even and shutdown prices: To operate in the short run, the firm must earn
revenues at least equal to variable cost.
Teaching Strategy: Show that at $.70 per bushel, the firm is better off producing at a loss
than shutting down (Figure 4). If revenues fall below variable costs, the firm shuts down.
Teaching Strategy: Show that at $.50 per bushel, the firm loses less by shutting down, that
is, FC, than by operating (Figure 4). Therefore, the shutdown price is equal to minimum
AVC.
The break-even price equals minimum ATC. The shutdown price equals minimum AVC.
E. The firm’s supply curve in the short run: The individual firm’s supply curve is that portion
of the MC curve that lies above minimum AVC.
Teaching Strategy: Trace the firm’s supply curve at all prices above minimum AVC in a
separate graph placed next to Figure 4.
II. The Long Run
The long run is the production period during which all resources are variable; that is, firms enter
and leave the industry.

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition 161

A. The market supply curve and exit and entry: The market supply curve shifts to the right
when firms enter the industry, and it shifts to the left when firms leave. Firms enter when
profits are being made, thereby shifting the market supply curve to the right and lowering
market price. Firms leave when economic losses are being incurred, thereby shifting the
market supply curve to the left and raising the market price.
Teaching Strategy: Carefully draw Figure 5, showing market D and S on the left and the
firm’s revenue/cost data on the right. Begin with a market price that generates a profit for the
firm. Be sure to connect price from the left-hand graph carefully to price on the right-hand
graph.
B. Normal profit in the long run
Teaching Strategy: Show how losses drive firms out of the industry, which decreases
market supply and raises price. Raise price only equal to minimal LRATC. Follow Figure 5.
Teaching Strategy: Show that when P = minimal LRATC, firms are making only normal
(zero economic) profits. No firms enter or leave; thus, the market is in long-run equilibrium.
C. The predictions of the model of perfect competition: These are zero economic profits (MR =
MC), production at the minimum point on LRATC, and price = MC (economic efficiency).
1. Consumer and producer surplus: When the firm receives a price above MC.
Teaching Strategy: Show how rent control reduces producer surplus by explaining
Figure 7.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR DISCUSSION

1. Discuss the role of substitutes in a perfectly competitive market structure.
2. How do price floors in agriculture set by the federal government change producer and consumer
surpluses for food products?
3. Farming was used as an example of a perfectly competitive market. Can you think of other
examples? Are there any that represent pure perfect competition?
4. Is perfect competition “better” than the other three product markets?
5. If you were a producer, would you prefer to operate under perfect competition or some other
product market?
6. Explain the concepts of “short run” and “long run” in terms of profits for perfectly competitive
firms.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
1.
a.
Output Fixed AFC Variable AVC Total ATC MC
Cost Cost Cost
1.00 50.00 50.00 30.00 30.00 80.00 80.00 30.00
2.00 50.00 25.00 50.00 25.00 100.00 50.00 20.00
3.00 50.00 16.67 80.00 26.67 130.00 43.33 30.00
4.00 50.00 12.50 120.00 30.00 170.00 42.50 40.00
5.00 50.00 10.00 170.00 34.00 220.00 44.00 50.00

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
162 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition

b. $42.50 = minimum ATC

c. Shutdown price: minimum AVC = $25
d. 4 (MR = 40 = MC); a loss of $10 (TR − TC = 160 − 170); remember P = MR for perfect
competition.
2.
a. At P1 , Q1 ; at P2 , Q2 ; at P3 , Q3 .

b. Economic loss is earned at P1.

c. Shutdown price is below P1; break-even price is P2.
3. If market price at least equals minimum AVC, the firm will produce in the short run at an
economic loss, even though ATC exceeds price. This is a loss-minimization level of production;
losses would be greater at a zero output level, that is, FC.
4. A perfectly competitive firm’s demand curve is a horizontal line because price elasticity of
demand equals infinity; that is, it is perfectly elastic. This results from many firms producing
nondifferentiated products; thus, perfect substitutability is evident. The firm has no control over
market price and can adjust only quantity.
5. When market demand declines, average costs in a constant-cost industry remain constant, average
costs in an increasing-cost industry fall, and average costs in a decreasing-cost industry rise.
6. In the long run, perfectly competitive firms produce output where only normal profits are made
(zero economic profits).
P = MC = MR = minimal LRATC, indicating consumer efficiency.
The quantity produced is the profit-maximizing level, where MR = MC, indicating economic
efficiency (no waste).
P = MC = ATC

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition 163

7. Illegal drugs are a market where many sellers exist, producing and selling a standardized product
to many consumers, with free entry into the market.
This model predicts that only normal profits will be made by producers in the long run, with
prices equaling MC (consumer efficiency) and sellers producing where MR = MC (economic
efficiency) at minimal LRATC.
In the short run, the impact of the war on drugs will be to increase costs of production and thus
increase prices as supplies of drugs are confiscated by the government. In the long run, the higher
prices may mean entry by more drug dealers and a return to or near the original (lower)
equilibrium price. The government may be able to permanently decrease market supply, causing
equilibrium prices to increase to the consumer. If entry is virtually unrestricted, it is unlikely that
the government will be able to permanently cut supply and increase drug prices.
8. Even though perfect competition does not exist in real life, the study of perfect competition allows
one to simulate optimal economic results, which include consumer and economic efficiency.
These results can then be compared to what is happening in the real world.
The relevance to switch careers was that if entry is free, an entrepreneur can leave one
unprofitable industry and go into a potentially more profitable one.
Social problems such as acid rain and pollution occur because the firm is not forced to include
these added costs of operation and thus produces too much at an inefficient point. The firm should
be forced by government involvement to take account of pollution damage, raise prices, and
reduce production.
9. To say that too much electricity is generated implies that costs exceed benefits at a particular level
of production and that society would benefit from a decline in electricity production. To say that
too little education is produced implies that benefits exceed costs at a particular level of education
and that society would benefit from allocating more resources to education.
In the case of electricity, the firm produces at an output level greater than minimum ATC; for the
education example, production occurs at a level less than minimum ATC.
10. No. The loss in consumer surplus (pool users) and producer surplus (pool builders) may exceed
the “market” value of the loss arising from injury. Despite the difficulty of estimating the value of
human injury (which includes the value of a human life), the overall loss in producer/consumer
surplus to society would exceed the benefits of fewer injuries if swimming pools were banned. A
net overall loss would result.
11.
a. The shares of stock of individual firms are different. To become a broker on the exchange is
a very costly and difficult process—entry is restricted. These features do not match those of
the model of perfect competition. However, there are many hundreds of thousands of shares
of stock and hundreds of thousands of buyers. No one buyer or seller can dictate the price—
it is determined through the process of market exchange. These features match the model of
perfect competition very well.
b. There are few firms, entry is very difficult, and products are differentiated. There is no
resemblance to a purely competitive market.
c. The entire electronics market resembles perfect competition because entry in some facet is
not too difficult and the products are very similar. In any specific area, such as DVD players
or PCs, the products are differentiated, the number of firms is relatively small, and entry is
difficult.

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
164 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition

d. Colleges compete for students and students offer their attendance to colleges. There are
many sellers; however, the products are differentiated among the different colleges that a
student can attend.
12. Macy’s could not earn sufficient revenue to cover its variable costs in the short run and all its
costs in the long run.
13. The short run is a period of time in which at least one resource cannot be varied. The long run is a
period of time sufficiently long that all resource quantities are variable. Only in the long run can
firms acquire different quantities of all resources, so only in the long run can entry and exit occur.
Whether entry or exit is easier depends on the industry. There is no rule stating that entry is more
difficult than exit.
14.
a. Price is $14 and quantity is 15.
b. The curves are market curves; supply is the sum of the individual firm marginal-cost curves
(above average total cost in the long run).
c. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price of $14. Producer
surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the price of $14.
d. A price ceiling of $12 means that consumers pay less than $14. The price ceiling increases
consumer surplus and reduces producer surplus. The consumer surplus becomes the area
above $12 and below the demand curve; the producer surplus becomes the area below $12
and above the supply curve. A price floor of $16 reduces consumer surplus and increases
producer surplus. The consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above $16;
the producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below $16.
15. According to the model of perfect competition, if one U.S. farmer decided to set the price of corn
higher than others, no one would purchase the higher-priced corn because the identical product
could be purchased without difficulty at the lower price. The price of corn is determined solely by
supply and demand in the market for corn.
16. Gains from trade are the benefits from market exchange, or the sum of the consumer surplus and
the producer surplus.

17. The graph is #16 displays gains from trade as the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.
Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers would be willing and able to pay for
a product and the price they actually have to pay to buy a product. Producer surplus is the
difference between the price that firms would have been willing and able to accept for their
products and the price they actually receive.

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition 165

ANSWERS TO STUDY GUIDE HOMEWORK

1. In a perfectly competitive market structure, there are many small firms producing an identical
product. Entry and exit are easy.
2.

To be correct, the marginal revenue must be above the minimum point of average total cost
(ATC). The firm’s short run supply curve is marginal cost (MC) above where it intersects average
variable cost (AVC).
3. In the short run, the firm has fixed costs (for example, rent or mortgage payments) that it must pay
even if it produces no output. If the firm just covers its variable costs, it takes the same loss
whether it produces or shuts down. If it can take in revenue greater than its variable costs, it will
take a smaller loss by producing than it will by shutting down.
4.
a. ATC
b. ATC
c. AVC, ATC
d. AVC
5. At its current output, Josie’s firm is producing at the lowest point on its average variable cost
curve, so its marginal cost and average variable costs are equal ($50, in this case). Price and
marginal revenue are equal for a perfectly competitive firm, so Josie’s marginal revenue is equal
to its price, $90. Because marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost at this output ($90 >
$50), the firm should increase its output. We know that the firm should not shut down in the short
run because its price of $90 is greater than its average variable cost of $50. Josie will take a larger
loss if she shuts down.
The correct answer is increase output. Because Josie is in a perfectly competitive industry, she
can’t change her price. She also can’t leave the industry in the short run. (She might call home if
anyone there is rich.)
At its current output, Josie’s firm has total fixed costs of $100,000 and total variable costs of
$100,000 (TVC = AVC × Q = $50 × 2,000 = $100,000). Its total costs at this output are therefore

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
166 Chapter 23: Perfect Competition

$200,000 (TC = TFC + TVC = $100,000 + $100,000 = $200,000). Its average total cost is $100
(ATC = TC/Q = $200,000/2,000 = $100). Because its price is below its average total cost ($90 <
$100), the firm should leave the industry in the long run. In the short run, it could not leave the
industry because it had some fixed input that could not be varied.

ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE

By using an auction process, students will explore the impact of different market structures on the
economy. This simple but fun exercise stresses the definition of perfect competition and profit
maximization. Be sure to make students aware of the different market structures used in the exercise.
There are two parts to this exercise. The first is to auction five $1 bills. The highest bidder takes the
dollar bill. Each bid is recorded. If a student bids, then that bid commits the student to paying the
amount bid. Only the highest bidder gets the dollar, but all bids must be paid. If a student bids more
than once, only the highest bid has to be paid.
The second part to the exercise is to allow anyone who wants to an opportunity to auction off dollar
bills. In other words, there are a large number of individuals who offer identical products—a dollar bill.
Once the bidding is over, divide the class into groups of five. Each group should explain the outcome of
the two auctions. Why do the results differ? How do they differ?

Copyright © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or
in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cairo to Kisumu
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Cairo to Kisumu

Egypt—The Sudan—Kenya Colony

Author: Frank G. Carpenter

Release date: September 14, 2023 [eBook #71651]

Language: English

Original publication: Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company,

1923

Credits: Peter Becker and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAIRO TO

KISUMU ***
 CARPENTER’S
WORLD TRAVELS

Familiar Talks About Countries

and Peoples

WITH THE AUTHOR ON THE SPOT AND

THE READER IN HIS HOME, BASED
ON THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND
MILES OF TRAVEL
OVER THE GLOBE

CAIRO TO KISUMU
EGYPT—THE SUDAN—KENYA COLONY
 ON THE GREAT ASWAN DAM

“The dam serves also as a bridge over the Nile. I crossed on a car, my motive
power being two Arab boys who trotted behind.”

CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS

CAIRO TO KISUMU
Egypt—The Sudan—Kenya
Colony

BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
LITT.D., F.R.G.S.

WITH 115 ILLUSTRATIONS

FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS
AND TWO MAPS IN COLOUR

GARDEN CITY NEW YORK

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1923
 COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION
INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
AT
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
First Edition
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the publication of this book on Egypt, the Sudan, and Kenya
Colony, I wish to thank the Secretary of State for letters which have
given me the assistance of the official representatives of our
government in the countries visited. I thank also our Secretary of
Agriculture and our Secretary of Labour for appointing me an
Honorary Commissioner of their Departments in foreign lands. Their
credentials have been of the greatest value, making available
sources of information seldom open to the ordinary traveller. To the
British authorities in the regions covered by these travels I desire to
express my thanks for exceptional courtesies which have greatly
aided my investigations.
I would also thank Mr. Dudley Harmon, my editor, and Miss Ellen
McBryde Brown and Miss Josephine Lehmann for their assistance
and coöperation in the revision of the notes dictated or penned by
me on the ground.
While most of the illustrations are from my own negatives, these
have been supplemented by photographs from the Publishers’ Photo
Service and the American Geographic Society.
F. G. C.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Just a Word Before We Start 1
II. The Gateway to Egypt 3
III. King Cotton on the Nile 13
IV. Through Old Egypt to Cairo 22
V. Fellaheen on Their Farms 29
VI. The Prophet’s Birthday 41
VII. In the Bazaars of Cairo 49
VIII. Intimate Talks with Two Khedives 58
IX. El-Azhar and Its Ten Thousand Moslem
Students 70
X. Climbing the Great Pyramid 79
XI. The Pyramids Revisited 87
XII. Face to Face with the Pharaohs 96
XIII. The American College at Asyut 106
XIV. The Christian Copts 112
XV. Old Thebes and the Valley of the Kings 117
XVI. The Nile in Harness 128
XVII. Steaming through the Land of Cush 140
XVIII. From the Mediterranean to the Sudan 149
XIX. Across Africa by Air and Rail 160
XX. Khartum 167
XXI. Empire Building in the Sudan 175
XXII. Why General Gordon Had No Fear 181
XXIII. Omdurman, Stronghold of the Mahdi 187
XXIV. Gordon College and the Wellcome
Laboratories 200
XXV. Through the Suez Canal 208
XXVI. Down the Red Sea 218
 XXVII. Along the African Coast 224
XXVIII. Aden 229
XXIX. In Mombasa 236
XXX. The Uganda Railway 243
XXXI. The Capital of Kenya Colony 252
XXXII. John Bull in East Africa 261
XXXIII. With the Big-Game Hunters 269
XXXIV. Among the Kikuyus and the Nandi 277
XXXV. The Great Rift Valley and the Masai 285
XXXVI. Where Men Go Naked and Women Wear Tails 293
See the World with Carpenter 303
Bibliography 305
Index 309
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
On the great Aswan Dam Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
The bead sellers of Cairo 2
The veiled women 3
On the cotton docks of Alexandria 6
Nubian girls selling fruit 7
Woman making woollen yarn 14
Fresh-cut sugar cane 15
One of the mill bridges 18
The ancient sakieh 19
The native ox 19
Water peddlers at the river 22
Women burden bearers 23
Threshing wheat with norag 30
A corn field in the delta 30
The pigeon towers 31
In the sugar market 38
Flat roofs and mosque towers of Cairo 39
Tent of the sacred carpet 46
The Alabaster Mosque 47
“Buy my lemonade!” 54
A street in old Cairo 55
Gates of the Abdin Palace 62
The essential kavass 63
In the palace conservatory 66
The famous Shepheard’s Hotel 67
Learning the Koran 67
Approaching El-Azhar 70
In the porticos of El-Azhar 71
The Pyramids 78
Mr. Carpenter climbing the Pyramids 79
Standing on the Sphinx’s neck 82
Taking it easy at Helouan 83
View of the Pyramids 86
Uncovering tombs of ancient kings 87
The alabaster Sphinx 94
The great museum at Cairo 95
Students at Asyut College 102
American College at Asyut 103
Between classes at the college 103
In the bazaars 110
A native school in an illiterate land 111
The greatest egoist of Egypt 118
The temple tomb of Hatshepsut 119
Sacred lake before the temple 119
The avenue of sphinxes 126
The dam is over a mile long 127
Lifting water from level to level 134
Where the fellaheen live 135
A Nubian pilot guides our ship 142
Pharaoh’s Bed half submerged 143
An aged warrior of the Bisharin 150
A mud village on the Nile 151
Where the Bisharin live 151
A safe place for babies 158
Mother and child 159
A bad landing place for aviators 162
Over the native villages 162
The first king of free Egypt 163
Soldiers guard the mails 166
An American locomotive in the Sudan 167
Light railways still are used 167
Along the river in Khartum 174
Where the Blue and the White Nile meet 175
The modern city of Khartum 175
A white negro of the Sudan 178
Where worshippers stand barefooted for hours 179
Grain awaiting shipment down river 182
“Backsheesh!” is the cry of the children 182
Cotton culture in the Sudan 183
The Sirdar’s palace 183
The bride and her husband 190
Omdurman, city of mud 191
Huts of the natives 191
A Shilouk warrior 198
In Gordon College 199
Teaching the boys manual arts 206
View of Gordon College 207
On the docks at Port Said 207
Fresh water in the desert 210
The entrance to the Suez Canal 211
A street in dreary Suez 226
Ships passing in the canal 227
Pilgrims at Mecca 230
Camel market in Aden 231
Harbour of Mombasa 238
Where the Hindus sell cotton prints 239
The merchants are mostly East Indians 239
A Swahili beauty 242
Passengers on the Uganda Railroad 243
An American bridge in East Africa 246
Native workers on the railway 246
Why the natives steal telephone wire 247
In Nairobi 254
The hotel 255
Jinrikisha boys 255
A native servant 258
Naivasha 259
The court for white and black 259
Motor trucks are coming in 262
How the natives live 263
Native taste in dress goods 266
The Kikuyus 266
Wealth is measured in cattle 267
Zebras are frequently seen 270
Even the lions are protected 271
Giraffes are plentiful 271
Elephant tusks for the ivory market 278
How the mothers carry babies 279
Mr. Carpenter in the elephant grass 286
Nandi warriors 287
Woman wearing a tail 290
How they stretch their ears 291
The witch doctor 298
Home of an official 299
The mud huts of the Masai 299
MAPS
Africa 34
From Cairo to Kisumu 50
 CAIRO TO KISUMU
EGYPT—THE SUDAN—KENYA
COLONY
 CHAPTER I
JUST A WORD BEFORE WE START

This volume on Egypt, Nubia, the Sudan, and Kenya Colony is

based upon notes made during my several trips to this part of the
world. At times the notes are published just as they came hot from
my pen, taking you back, as it were, to the occasion on which they
were written. Again they are modified somewhat to accord with
present conditions.
For instance, I made my first visit to Egypt as a boy, when Arabi
Pasha was fomenting the rebellion that resulted in that country’s
being taken over by the British. I narrowly escaped being in the
bombardment of Alexandria and having a part in the wars of the
Mahdi, which came a short time thereafter. Again, I was in Egypt
when the British had brought order out of chaos, and put Tewfik
Pasha on the throne as Khedive. I had then the talk with Tewfik,
which I give from the notes I made when I returned from the palace,
and I follow it with a description of my audience with his son and
successor, Abbas Hilmi, sixteen years later. Now the British have
given Egypt a nominal independence, and the Khedive has the title
of King.
In the Sudan I learned much of the Mahdi through my interview
with Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, then the Governor General of the
Sudan and Sirdar of the British army at Khartum, and later gained an
insight into the relations of the British and the natives from Earl
Cromer, whom I met at Cairo. These talks enable one to understand
the Nationalist problems of the present and to appreciate some of
the changes now going on.
In Kenya Colony, which was known as British East Africa until after
the World War, I was given especial favours by the English officials,
and many of the plans that have since come to pass were spread out
before me. I then tramped over the ground where Theodore
Roosevelt made his hunting trips through the wilds, and went on into
Uganda and to the source of the Nile.
These travels have been made under all sorts of conditions, but
with pen and camera hourly in hand. The talks about the Pyramids
were written on the top and at the foot of old Cheops, those about
the Nile in harness on the great Aswan Dam, and those on the Suez
Canal either on that great waterway or on the Red Sea immediately
thereafter. The matter thus partakes of the old and the new, and of
the new based upon what I have seen of the old. If it be too personal
in character and at times seems egotistic, I can only beg pardon by
saying—the story is mine, and as such the speaker must hold his
place in the front of the stage.
 Beggars and street sellers alike believe that every foreigner visiting Egypt is not
only as rich as Crœsus but also a little touched in the head where spending is
concerned, and therefore fair game for their extravagant demands.
 Among the upper classes an ever-lighter face covering is being adopted. This is
indicative of the advance of the Egyptian woman toward greater freedom.