Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition

Myers Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/psychology-in-everyday-life-4th-edition-myers-test-ba
nk/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life 4th Edition

Remland Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/nonverbal-communication-in-
everyday-life-4th-edition-remland-test-bank/

Psychology in Modules 12th Edition Myers Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/psychology-in-modules-12th-
edition-myers-test-bank/

Social Psychology Canadian 4th Edition Myers Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/social-psychology-canadian-4th-
edition-myers-test-bank/

Exploring Psychology in Modules 8th Edition Myers Test

Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/exploring-psychology-in-
modules-8th-edition-myers-test-bank/
Exploring Psychology in Modules 10th Edition Myers Test
Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/exploring-psychology-in-
modules-10th-edition-myers-test-bank/

Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life 4th Edition

Bennett Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/statistical-reasoning-for-
everyday-life-4th-edition-bennett-test-bank/

Social Psychology The Science of Everyday Life 2nd

Edition Greenberg Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/social-psychology-the-science-of-
everyday-life-2nd-edition-greenberg-test-bank/

Social Psychology The Science of Everyday Life 1st

Edition Pyszczynski Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/social-psychology-the-science-of-
everyday-life-1st-edition-pyszczynski-test-bank/

Psychology 12th Edition Myers Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/psychology-12th-edition-myers-
test-bank/
1. The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on
A) chunking.
B) massed practice.
C) visual encoding.
D) memory.

2. To help think about the processes involved in memory, some memory researchers have
developed
A) flashbulb memory.
B) information-processing models.
C) the serial position effect.
D) massed practice.

3. The process of encoding refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the recall of information previously learned.
C) getting information into memory.
D) a momentary sensory memory lasting less than a second.

4. The retention of encoded information over time refers to

A) effortful processing.
B) implicit memory.
C) the spacing effect.
D) storage.

5. Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) recognition; recall
B) rehearsal; retrieval
C) retention; acquisition
D) explicit memory; implicit memory

6. The process of getting information out of memory is called

A) encoding.
B) relearning.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Page 1
 7. Jeremy can accurately process and store new information, but when he is tested on what
he has learned, he becomes so anxious that he can't easily recall the new information.
Jeremy most clearly demonstrates difficulty with
A) iconic memory.
B) encoding.
C) echoic memory.
D) retrieval.

8. The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced

distinctions among
A) recall, recognition, and relearning.
B) proactive interference, retroactive interference, and repression.
C) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
D) the serial position effect, the spacing effect, and the testing effect.

9. Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A) repressed memory
B) sensory memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) long-term memory

10. Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) implicit
C) mood-congruent
D) explicit

11. Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or
two after they had been introduced to her. During this time their names were stored in
her ________ memory.
A) echoic
B) implicit
C) short-term
D) iconic

12. Long-term memory refers to

A) the conscious active processing of incoming visual and auditory information.
B) the retention of learned facts rather than learned skills.
C) a photographic or picture-image sensory memory.
D) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Page 2
13. The term working memory represents psychologists' newer understanding of
A) long-term memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) sensory memory.

14. Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________
memory.
A) sensory; working
B) working; sensory
C) working; long-term
D) long-term; working

15. Conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information

requires ________ memory.
A) implicit
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) echoic

16. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term
memory involves the activity of
A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) echoic memory.
D) working memory.

17. While shopping for groceries, Abby realized she had misplaced her shopping list. By
mentally visualizing the aisles she had walked and the items she had looked at, she was
able to recall the exact shelf space where she had placed the list. Her mental
visualization most clearly involved
A) iconic memory.
B) working memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) automatic processing.

Page 3
18. Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
A) implicit memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) working memory.
D) spaced practice.

19. The original Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model focused on how we

A) engage in automatic processing.
B) process our explicit memories.
C) form implicit memories.
D) develop classically conditioned associations without conscious awareness.

20. Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

A) encoding.
B) conscious rehearsal.
C) implicit memory.
D) chunking.

21. The distinction between automatic and effortful processing most clearly highlights the
nature of
A) the two-track mind.
B) the serial position effect.
C) sensory memory.
D) mood-congruent memory.

22. We encode implicit memories by means of

A) recall.
B) working memory.
C) automatic processing.
D) mnemonics.

23. Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do
so best illustrates ________ memory.
A) working
B) short-term
C) implicit
D) sensory

Page 4
24. Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called
A) massed practice.
B) effortful processing.
C) distributed practice.
D) priming.

25. Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) effortful processing.
D) the serial position effect.

26. Explicit memories are

A) classically conditioned associations that are automatically processed.
B) memories of physical skills such as how to ride a bike.
C) memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved.
D) memories that are formed by massed practice rather than by distributed practice.

27. Explicit memory is also known as

A) echoic memory.
B) working memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) iconic memory.

28. A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n)
________ memory.
A) iconic
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) nondeclarative

29. Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

A) iconic memory; echoic memory
B) automatic processing; effortful processing
C) short-term memory; long-term memory
D) the spacing effect; the testing effect

Page 5
30. Memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________
memories.
A) working
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) explicit

31. Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in
early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a
classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she
retains a(n) ________ memory.
A) working
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) implicit

32. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term
mnemonics. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared
toward the bottom of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental
information is best explained in terms of
A) automatic processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) echoic memory.
D) effortful processing.

33. Information about where, when, and how often you ate a meal in the last couple of days
is likely to be
A) a working memory.
B) an iconic memory.
C) automatically processed.
D) an echoic memory.

34. You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A) politicians' names.
B) friends' birthdays.
C) new web addresses.
D) the sequence of your day's events.

Page 6
35. The ability to unconsciously process how many times you looked at Facebook during
the past 24 hours best illustrates
A) working memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) distributed practice.

36. The encoding of many aspects of a remembered event simultaneously best illustrates our
brain's capacity for
A) massed practice.
B) automatic processing.
C) distributed practice.
D) parallel processing.

37. Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells
of a remembered baseball game best illustrates
A) distributed practice.
B) implicit memory.
C) parallel processing.
D) chunking.

38. The effortful processing of information

A) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.
B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.

39. When experimental participants viewed three rows of three letters each for only
one-twentieth of a second, they
A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of
them.
B) recalled only about seven of the letters because of storage limitations.
C) had a momentary sensory memory of all nine letters.
D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.

40. A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

A) echoic
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) implicit

Page 7
41. The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but
the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete
address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the
five-digit ZIP code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) flashbulb

42. An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) working
D) long-term

43. Echoic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of
events.
D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

44. For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory
impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.
A) short-term
B) iconic
C) implicit
D) echoic

45. Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.
A) iconic; short-term
B) short-term; sensory
C) working; echoic
D) long-term; iconic

Page 8
46. George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitute the capacity of
________ memory.
A) short-term
B) explicit
C) long-term
D) implicit

47. To retain a newly introduced group of three consonants such as CHJ in our working
memory, it is most clearly necessary to engage in
A) chunking.
B) proactive interference.
C) rehearsal.
D) automatic processing.

48. Researchers have demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three
consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as
A) 12 seconds.
B) 1 minute.
C) 12 minutes.
D) 1 hour.

49. After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a research study
counted aloud backward by threes to prevent
A) source amnesia.
B) iconic memory.
C) encoding failure.
D) rehearsal.

50. The ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has
been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity.
A) iconic
B) implicit
C) echoic
D) working

51. Chunking refers to

A) getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.
B) the organization of information into meaningful units.
C) the unconscious encoding of incidental information.
D) the tendency to recognize names we can't recall.

Page 9
52. Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the
mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
A) chunking.
B) the spacing effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) the serial position effect.

53. A mnemonic is a
A) sensory memory.
B) test or measure of memory retention.
C) long-term memory.
D) memory aid.

54. We are more likely to remember the words “bicycle, cigarette, and fire” than the words
“void, process, and inherent.” This best illustrates the value of
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) imagery.
D) iconic memory.

55. The use of mnemonics, which often rely on vivid imagery, illustrates
A) automatic processing.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) effortful processing.
D) echoic memory.

56. Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence “George eats old gray rats and paints houses
yellow” to help him remember the spelling of “geography.” Tim is using
A) a mnemonic technique.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Page 10
57. Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she
studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night
before the test. This illustrates what is known as
A) the spacing effect.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) chunking.
D) automatic processing.

58. Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a
semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term
retention of the course material. This best illustrates
A) implicit memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) chunking.
D) the spacing effect.

59. The testing effect refers to the enhanced memory resulting from
A) retrieving information from memory.
B) the automatic processing of information.
C) combining information into larger chunks.
D) rereading previously studied information.

60. The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention of memories is best
illustrated by
A) the testing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) classically conditioned associations.
D) iconic memory.

61. Answering questions about what she had read in her psychology textbook improves
Shauna's memory of the material more effectively than rereading the textbook material.
This best illustrates
A) parallel processing.
B) the serial position effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) the testing effect.

Page 11
62. When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often
replace some of the words on the original list with similar but more familiar words. This
best illustrates the impact of
A) automatic processing.
B) distributed practice.
C) encoding meaning.
D) echoic memory.

63. Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than
memorizing nonsense syllables. This best illustrates the advantage of
A) the spacing effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) meaningful encoding.

64. Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar
Latin word is explained to them. This best illustrates the value of
A) iconic memory.
B) encoding meaning.
C) state-dependent memory.
D) source amnesia.

65. To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates
it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it
involves
A) iconic memory.
B) meaningful encoding.
C) implicit memory.
D) massed practice.

66. Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

A) working memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) flashbulb memory

Page 12
67. Research on the storage of memory indicates that
A) our brain can store new memories only if it discards some old memories.
B) our capacity for storing information in our short-term working memory has no real
limit.
C) we do not process and store memories in only one spot in the brain.
D) once memories are consolidated in storage, they can never be forgotten.

68. Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge is known as

A) episodic memory.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) context-dependent memory.

69. Episodic memory is best described as ________ memory of ________.

A) implicit; facts and general knowledge
B) implicit; personally experienced events
C) explicit; facts and general knowledge
D) explicit; personally experienced events

70. Consciously recalling an event that you experienced during your last year of high school
best illustrates
A) state-dependent memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) context-dependent memory.
D) semantic memory.

71. Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?
A) hypothalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) cerebellum
D) hippocampus

72. Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn
A) to ride a bike.
B) to eat with a fork.
C) a classically conditioned fear response.
D) the names of newly introduced people.

Page 13
73. After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is
unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has
been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to
have suffered damage to her
A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) basal ganglia.
D) hippocampus.

74. Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.

A) encoding
B) priming
C) retrieval
D) storage

75. The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for
long-term storage to other regions of the brain is called
A) priming.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) implicit memory.

76. During the day, Bekah learned a lot of information about World War II. During her
sleep that night, memories of this history were transferred from her hippocampus to
areas within her brain's cortex. This transfer best illustrates
A) working memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) episodic memory.
D) memory consolidation.

77. Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to
activate the
A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right cerebellum.
D) left cerebellum.

Page 14
78. Recalling the stunning visual images of a Broadway musical and holding them in
working memory would most clearly require activation of the
A) basal ganglia.
B) right frontal lobe.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.

79. In experiments, rats have learned the location of a tasty new food. But if their ________
is removed 3 hours after they locate the food, they will not form a long-term memory of
the food's location.
A) amygdala
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

80. A good night's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of
A) priming.
B) proactive interference.
C) memory consolidation.
D) mood-congruent memory.

81. A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by promoting the
transfer of memories from the
A) amygdala to the hippocampus.
B) hippocampus to the cerebral cortex.
C) cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia.
D) basal ganglia to the cerebellum.

82. Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories
created by classical conditioning?
A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

83. People fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when their ________ is damaged.
A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Page 15
84. The basal ganglia help you form implicit memories of
A) motor skills.
B) class lecture material.
C) daily news events.
D) generally known historical facts.

85. Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to
play the piano.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) basal ganglia

86. A lack of conscious memories of your first four years of life best illustrates
A) priming.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) the serial position effect.

87. Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?
A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.
B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding.
C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events.
D) Implicit memories last for less than a second in infants.

88. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

A) working; long-term
B) long-term; working
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit

89. Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

A) decreasing the availability of serotonin.
B) increasing the availability of glucose.
C) decreasing the availability of epinephrine.
D) increasing the availability of dopamine.

Page 16
90. Stress hormones provoke the ________ to boost activity in the brain's memory-forming
areas.
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum

91. After watching a happy film, amnesia patients' happy emotion persisted, even though
they could not consciously recall the film. These patients had suffered damage to the
A) basal ganglia.
B) hippocampus.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.

92. Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

A) source amnesia.
B) implicit memories.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) flashbulb memories.

93. Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he
heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
A) nondeclarative
B) implicit
C) flashbulb
D) echoic

94. A flashbulb memory would typically be a(n)

A) motor skill memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) long-term memory.

95. Dramatic experiences that can trigger flashbulb memories are most likely to remain
bright and clear in our conscious memories because they
A) are automatically processed.
B) involve classically conditioned associations.
C) are frequently rehearsed.
D) initiate a memory trace in the cerebellum.

Page 17
 96. Research by Kandel and Schwartz on California sea slugs indicates that memory
formation is associated with the
A) structure of DNA molecules.
B) release of certain neurotransmitters.
C) activity level of the hippocampus.
D) development of the cerebellum.

97. By releasing more serotonin, the sea slug makes certain neurons more efficient at
________ the signals necessary to learn a classically conditioned association.
A) priming
B) transmitting
C) consolidating
D) repressing

98. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known
as
A) priming.
B) classical conditioning.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) the serial position effect.

99. Repeated rehearsal of your teachers' lectures and reading assignments leads to lasting
memories thanks to the neural process of
A) positive transfer.
B) LTP.
C) classical conditioning.
D) priming.

100. Long-term potentiation is believed to be

A) a memory-blocking process triggered by high levels of stress hormones.
B) the disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.
C) unnecessary for the formation of flashbulb memories.
D) a neural basis for learning and memory.

101. After long-term potentiation has occurred

A) sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily.
B) it takes longer to process new information.
C) a receiving neuron's receptor sites are reduced.
D) you more readily forget facts that you once knew.

Page 18
102. By activating the amygdala, stress hormones promote
A) source amnesia.
B) infantile amnesia.
C) repression.
D) long-term potentiation.

103. Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most
likely to disrupt
A) long-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) very recent memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

104. Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of
storage and into conscious awareness?
A) rehearsal
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) recall

105. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which
measure of memory is being used?
A) recognition
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) relearning

106. Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) rehearsal

107. Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with
their correct definitions?
A) recognition
B) relearning
C) rehearsal
D) recall

Page 19
108. Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still
remembers many of his high school classmates?
A) recall
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) retrieval

109. To study the impact of practice on memory retention, Hermann Ebbinghaus practiced
learning
A) poems.
B) names.
C) short sentences.
D) nonsense syllables.

110. Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the
retention of nonsense syllables?
A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) recitation

111. Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that
A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
B) what is learned while in one mood is most easily retrieved when in that same
mood.
C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

112. Words, images, and other bits of information used to access a stored memory are called
A) LTPs.
B) retrieval cues.
C) memory traces.
D) target stimuli.

Page 20
113. When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with
vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The
picture served as a powerful
A) memory trace.
B) implicit memory.
C) serial position effect.
D) retrieval cue.

114. Memories are primed by

A) memory consolidation.
B) retrieval cues.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) infantile amnesia.

115. Hearing the word rabbit may lead people to spell the spoken word hair as h-a-r-e. This
best illustrates the outcome of a process known as
A) flashbulb memory.
B) the serial position effect.
C) context-dependent memory.
D) priming.

116. After hearing the sound of an ambulance, you may be more likely to interpret a friend's
brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness. This best illustrates the impact of
A) retroactive interference.
B) the serial position effect.
C) priming.
D) flashbulb memory.

117. Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall
several instances in which her husband had thoughtlessly treated her. The effect of the
TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of
A) implicit memory.
B) memory consolidation.
C) the serial position effect.
D) priming.

Page 21
118. Recall of what you have learned is often improved when your physical surroundings at
the time of retrieval and encoding are the same. This best illustrates
A) long-term potentiation.
B) memory consolidation.
C) context-dependent memory.
D) the serial position effect.

119. It's harder for Alonso to recall the name of a colleague from work when he sees her in a
grocery store than at her desk. This best illustrates
A) the serial position effect.
B) context-dependent memory.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) memory consolidation.

120. After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't
remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best
illustrates
A) proactive interference.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) state-dependent memory.

121. Mood-congruent memory best illustrates that the emotions we experienced while
learning something become
A) implicit memories.
B) retrieval cues.
C) iconic memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

122. The recall of sad experiences is often primed by feelings of sadness. This most clearly
illustrates
A) the serial position effect.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) implicit memory.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Page 22
123. Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of
instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience
best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) memory consolidation.

124. When Tony is in a bad mood, he more easily recalls his parents' critical comments than
their encouraging ones. When he is in a good mood, he more easily recalls their
encouraging comments than their critical ones. This best illustrates that our mood states
influence the process of
A) encoding.
B) proactive interference.
C) retrieval.
D) positive transfer.

125. The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is
known as
A) the serial position effect.
B) implicit memory.
C) memory consolidation.
D) flashbulb memory.

126. A full week after Usha heard her mother read her a list of 12 different farm animals,
Usha is most likely to remember the animals ________ of the list.
A) at the beginning and end
B) at the end
C) at the beginning
D) in the middle

127. Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list
especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates
A) state-dependent memory.
B) context-dependent memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) a recency effect.

Page 23
128. After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to
show a(n)________ effect than is their later recall of the items.
A) automatic processing
B) recency
C) memory consolidation
D) implicit memory

129. After having brain surgery to stop severe seizures, Henry Molaison could recall events
he experienced prior to the surgery but was unable to form new conscious memories.
Molaison's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates
A) motivated forgetting.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

130. An inability to retrieve information learned in the past is called

A) flashbulb memory.
B) déjà vu
C) proactive interference.
D) amnesia.

131. Following a brain injury from a brutal knife attack, Mike is unable to consciously recall
or recognize what a knife is. But he still shows a conditioned fear response to the sight
of a knife. His conditioned reaction best indicates that he retains a(n) ________
memory.
A) sensory
B) flashbulb
C) working
D) implicit

132. Some people with severe amnesia can learn how to do something despite having no
conscious recall of learning their new skill. This best illustrates the need to distinguish
between
A) proactive interference and retroactive interference.
B) encoding failure and storage decay.
C) infantile amnesia and source amnesia.
D) explicit memory and implicit memory.

Page 24
133. We are unable to consciously attend to most of the sights and sounds that are
continually bombarding us. This fact most clearly contributes to
A) storage decay.
B) retroactive interference.
C) encoding failure.
D) repression.

134. The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone keypad are not accompanied by
alphabetically sequenced letters is most likely due to
A) encoding failure.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) retroactive interference.
D) source amnesia.

135. The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is mostly likely due
to a failure in
A) retrieval.
B) storage.
C) encoding.
D) implicit memory.

136. The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember
information depends on
A) how long ago we learned that information.
B) the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval.
C) whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory.
D) whether the information was forcibly repressed.

137. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is
initially
A) slow and subsequently stays slow.
B) slow and subsequently speeds up.
C) rapid and subsequently stays rapid.
D) rapid and subsequently slows down.

138. A lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms is called a

A) priming effect.
B) positive transfer.
C) memory trace.
D) retrieval cue.

Page 25
139. A loss of an encoded memory as a result of a gradual fading of the physical memory
trace best illustrates
A) repression.
B) interference.
C) storage decay.
D) the misinformation effect.

140. Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the
organic chemistry she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best
illustrates
A) storage decay.
B) proactive interference.
C) encoding failure.
D) repression.

141. An inability to access information in long-term memory is known as

A) the misinformation effect.
B) long-term potentiation.
C) déjà vu.
D) retrieval failure.

142. Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name.
Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
A) storage.
B) encoding.
C) rehearsal.
D) retrieval.

143. The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone
mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most
likely caused by
A) encoding failure.
B) automatic processing.
C) retrieval failure.
D) repression.

Page 26
144. Proactive interference refers to the
A) blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness.
B) incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event.
C) disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information.
D) disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

145. Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to
recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) proactive interference.

146. The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information is
called
A) repression.
B) source amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) reconsolidation.

147. Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new
password. This illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) repression.
D) proactive interference.

148. After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to
remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the
effects of
A) source amnesia.
B) retroactive interference.
C) proactive interference.
D) automatic processing.

149. Retroactive interference involves the disruption of

A) automatic processing.
B) sensory memory.
C) memory retrieval.
D) effortful processing.

Page 27
150. The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less
than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve
A) encoding failure.
B) repression.
C) implicit memory loss.
D) interference.

151. Previously learned information often makes our learning of new information easier. This
effect is called
A) déjà vu.
B) positive transfer.
C) reconsolidation.
D) the misinformation effect.

152. Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their
memory failure best illustrates
A) source amnesia.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) the serial position effect.

153. A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from
conscious awareness is known as
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) repression.
D) déjà vu.

154. Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a
process that involves
A) retroactive interference.
B) memory decay.
C) retrieval failure.
D) proactive interference.

Page 28
155. Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ________
rarely, if ever, occurs.
A) retroactive interference
B) automatic processing
C) source amnesia
D) repression

156. Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely
to be
A) difficult to retrieve but never completely lost.
B) distorted by our current expectations.
C) much easier to recall if they are seldom rehearsed.
D) retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded.

157. When retrieving memories of a past event, we often fill in memory gaps with guesses
about details. The fact that these guessed details are then incorporated into our memory
of that event is most relevant to appreciating the importance of
A) anterograde amnesia.
B) automatic processing.
C) memory construction.
D) proactive interference.

158. Memory reconsolidation involves the modification of stored memories following the
process of
A) déjà vu.
B) repression.
C) retrieval.
D) source amnesia.

159. After research participants have retrieved a long-term memory of a traumatic

experience, researchers have attempted to use a drug or painless electroconvulsive shock
to disrupt the ________ of that memory.
A) repression
B) reconsolidation
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference

Page 29
160. In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two
cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly
descriptive word “smashed” in relation to the accident later recalled
A) broken glass at the scene of the accident.
B) that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.
C) that the drivers of the vehicles were males.
D) the details of the accident with vivid accuracy.

161. Many of the research participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic
accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing
broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
A) proactive interference.
B) source amnesia.
C) positive transfer.
D) the misinformation effect.

162. After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have
contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident
began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually
the case. This provides an example of
A) proactive interference.
B) déjà vu.
C) automatic processing.
D) the misinformation effect.

163. Children reported false memories of taking a hot-air balloon ride after viewing digitally
altered photos of themselves and other family members involved in such an event. The
children's reports best illustrated
A) implicit memory.
B) proactive interference.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) retroactive interference.

164. The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of

A) memory construction.
B) repression.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.

Page 30
165. Research on memory construction indicates that
A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more
distant past.
B) false memories of imagined events are often recalled as something that really
happened.
C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory
retrieval.
D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never
happened.

166. Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called
A) source amnesia.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) repression.
D) déjà vu.

167. After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse,
Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her
own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of
A) proactive interference.
B) positive transfer.
C) implicit memory.
D) source amnesia.

168. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many
years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false
recollection best illustrates
A) infantile amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) implicit memory.
D) source amnesia.

169. Déjà vu refers to the

A) emotional arousal produced by proactive interference.
B) memory of events as real when they were only dreams.
C) unconscious activation of particular associations in memory.
D) eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.

Page 31
170. While wandering through the streets of a foreign city for the first time, Maurice
experienced a strange sense of familiarity with the city's landmarks as if he had been in
this exact location before. His experience best illustrates
A) the spacing effect.
B) proactive interference.
C) positive transfer.
D) déjà vu.

171. Source amnesia helps to explain

A) déjà vu.
B) sensory memory.
C) proactive interference.
D) implicit memory.

172. Research on memory construction indicates that

A) recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more
distant past.
B) false memories often feel as real as true memories.
C) hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory
retrieval.
D) it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never
happened.

173. After falling in love with Jill, Derrick verbally exaggerated how much he had liked her
the first time they ever met. Later Derrick's memory of his first impressions of Jill
became increasingly more positive. This best illustrates
A) proactive interference.
B) the spacing effect.
C) déjà vu.
D) the misinformation effect.

174. Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony and reception. After their painful divorce,
however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant
event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of
A) proactive interference.
B) memory construction.
C) repression.
D) the serial position effect.

Page 32
175. Incest survivors who lack conscious memories of their sexual abuse may be told they
are repressing the memory. This explanation for their lack of memory of abuse
emphasizes
A) implicit memory.
B) encoding failure.
C) proactive interference.
D) retrieval failure.

176. To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse,
major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that
A) all our experiences are preserved somewhere in our minds.
B) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously
forgotten.
C) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early
childhood abuse.
D) adult memories of experiences happening before age 4 are unreliable.

177. Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that

A) people rarely recall memories of long-ago stressful events.
B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory.
C) only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are
likely to be reliable.
D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.

178. Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's
recollections of sexual abuse?
A) repression
B) proactive interference
C) the misinformation effect
D) positive transfer

179. Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that
A) children are less susceptible to source amnesia than adults.
B) children are no more susceptible to the misinformation effect than adults.
C) it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably
separate the children's true memories from false memories.
D) all of these statements are true.

Page 33
180. When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their
reports are especially credible if
A) they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general,
open-ended questions.
B) after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question
they just answered.
C) they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been
physically touched.
D) they are asked nonleading questions by a neutral interviewer soon after the possible
abuse.

181. The last three steps of the SQ3R study technique are
A) recognize, recall, and relearn.
B) reason, research, and revise.
C) read, retrieve, and review.
D) repeat, reconsolidate, and rest.

182. By consciously rehearsing the facts you need to learn in many separate study sessions
over the semester, you are most clearly taking advantage of
A) proactive interference.
B) serial position effect.
C) distributed practice.
D) automatic processing.

183. Forming conscious associations between new course material and facts you already
know is an effective way to build a network of
A) retrieval cues.
B) sensory memories.
C) implicit memories.
D) distributed practice.

184. People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French
vocabulary in order to minimize
A) déjà vu.
B) mnemonics.
C) implicit memory.
D) interference.

Page 34
185. During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ________ memory.
A) working
B) recognition
C) long-term
D) sensory

Page 35
Answer Key
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. C
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. C
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. C
27. C
28. B
29. B
30. B
31. D
32. A
33. C
34. D
35. B
36. D
37. C
38. C
39. C
40. C
41. A
42. A
43. D
44. D

Page 36
45. A
46. A
47. C
48. A
49. D
50. D
51. B
52. A
53. D
54. C
55. C
56. A
57. A
58. D
59. A
60. A
61. D
62. C
63. D
64. B
65. B
66. C
67. C
68. C
69. D
70. B
71. D
72. D
73. D
74. D
75. B
76. D
77. B
78. B
79. C
80. C
81. B
82. B
83. D
84. A
85. D
86. C
87. A
88. C
89. B
90. A

Page 37
 91. B
92. D
93. C
94. D
95. C
96. B
97. B
98. C
99. B
100. D
101. A
102. D
103. C
104. D
105. C
106. B
107. A
108. B
109. D
110. C
111. A
112. B
113. D
114. B
115. D
116. C
117. D
118. C
119. B
120. D
121. B
122. D
123. C
124. C
125. A
126. C
127. D
128. B
129. C
130. D
131. D
132. D
133. C
134. A
135. C
136. A

Page 38
137. D
138. C
139. C
140. A
141. D
142. D
143. C
144. D
145. D
146. C
147. B
148. B
149. C
150. D
151. B
152. C
153. C
154. C
155. D
156. B
157. C
158. C
159. B
160. A
161. D
162. D
163. C
164. A
165. B
166. A
167. D
168. D
169. D
170. D
171. A
172. B
173. D
174. B
175. D
176. D
177. D
178. C
179. C
180. D
181. C
182. C

Page 39
183. A
184. D
185. C

Page 40
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.