SACRAMENT REVIEWER

1.Holy Eucharist Liturgical Year The Liturgical Year

• The Liturgical year is a cycle of seasons

repeating itself at the end of each cycle.
The Liturgical year
• The Church year or cycle begins with
• The notion of time helps us celebrate life
Advent and ends with ordinary time.
by marking and recalling the important
dates and events in our lives.

Ex: Birthdays, anniversaries, graduations,

etc.

• Time has an important place in our

spiritual life:

• It helps us reconnect with God.

• There are two types of time:

• Chronos and Kairos

• Chronos is the time we measure. Ex:

hours, days, weeks, minutes
• The Church calendar or Church year
• Kairos is the Lord's time. It is God's special begins with the Holy season of Advent.
time. Kairos reveals his will for our lives.
• The Church year begins in late November
• The Liturgical year or Church calendar or Early December.
helps us celebrate the life, death and
• Four weeks prior to December 25.
resurrection of Jesus.

• This is called the paschal mystery.

• The word liturgical comes from the Greek
word liturgia.
The Liturgical Cycle
• Liturgy meant "Public Works"
• The Paschal mystery is celebrated through
• In Church language liturgy is the public
specific seasons.
worship given to God.
• There are five specific seasons in the
• I.E. Mass and sacraments.
Church's calendar: Advent, Christmas,
Ordinary Time, Lent and Easter.
 32-38.

• Each season in the Liturgical calendar has

a particular theme.
ORDINARY TIME I
• Each season has a particular liturgical
from Monday after the Sunday following
color.
January 6 until Tuesday before Ash
• Each season concentrates on different Wednesday; cf. GNLYC 43-44.
parts of the Bible.

• Each season has different religious

LENT
practices, and symbols.
from Ash Wednesday until the Mass of the
Lord's Supper exclusive; the importance of
Holy Week; cf. GNLYC 27-31.

EASTER SEASON

the fifty days from Easter

Sunday to Pentecost which are

"celebrated in exultation as one feast day,

or better as one great Sunday"; the octave
of Easter; cf. GNLYC 22-26.

To sum it all, the Liturgical Year is divided

into

ADVENT A - dvent

from evening prayer 1 of the first Sunday of C - hristmas

Advent until before the evening prayer 1 of
O - rdinary Time I
Christmas; cf. aNLYC 39-42.
L - ent
CHRISTMAS SEASON
P - aschal Triduum
from evening prayer 1 of Christmas until
Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6 E - aster Time
inclusive; the octave of Christmas; cf. GNLYC O - rdinary Time II

LITURGICAL YEAR:
the memorial celebration of Christ's saving
work during the course of a particular
calendar year
In the course of the liturgical year the
whole mystery of Christ is, as it were,
unfolded. But since every aspect of elists to
stereath and resurrection, what
predominates the liturgical year is his
paschal mystery.
The term liturgical year entered the active
vocabulary of the Church only in 1841 when
the Benedictine Abbot Prosper Guéranger
of Solesmes popularized it. The early
medieval term for it was ordo anni circuli,
the order of the yearly cycle.
"The liturgical year is Christ himself who
lives on in the Church"
Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei, 39
The paschal mystery of Christ is present in
its entirety and is experienced by the
Church in every passing year. Odo Casel The
Mystery of Christian Worship
"Every week, on the day which the Church
has called the Lord's Day, it keeps the
memory of the Lord's resurrection, which it
also celebrates once in the year, together
with his blessed passion, in the most
solemn festival of Easter. Within the cycle of
a year, moreover, the Church unfolds the
whole mystery of Christ, from his
incarnation and birth until his ascension,
the day of Pentecost, and the expectation
of blessed hope and of the Lord's return"
SC, 102
The daily cycle refers to the liturgy of the
hours whereby Christ and his paschal
mystery are encountered in the course of
day and night through the chanting of
psalms, readings, and intercessions. Lauds
and vespers are the axis around which the
day of the Christian revolves.
The yearly cycle of feasts. Though the yearly
cycle centers on Easter, it also
commemorates the other events in Christ's
life and mission in the course of the year.
These are the yearly celebration of the
solemnities and feasts of the Lord.
Foremost among them are Christmas and
the sending of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.
The yearly cycle includes also the seasons
of Advent, Christmas, Lent, and Easter as
well as the Ordinary Time which, especially
on Sundays, unfolds in the gospel readings
the mystery of Christ in all its aspects.
Easter and the Other Feasts. In the course
of the liturgical year the whole mystery of
Christ is unfolded. But since every aspect of
Christ's mystery relates to his death and
resurrection, what predominates the
liturgical year is his paschal mystery. In this
sense, when the Church celebrates
Christmas, it points to the ultimate aim and
completion of the mystery of Christ's birth,
namely his death and resurrection.
Mary and the Saints in the
liturgical year
"In celebrating the annual cycle of
Christ's mysteries, the Church honors with
special love Mary, the mother of God, who
is joined by an inseparable bond to the
saving work of her Son.” MARY points to her
son.
When the Church celebrates Mary:
1. Proclaims Mary's role in Christ's saving
work.
2. Contemplates and proclaims the full
aspect of her Son's work of redemption.
3. Mirrors what the Church hopes for.
Marian feasts are all rooted in Mary's being
the mother of God. It is her principal title
from which all her special privileges, like
her
Immaculate Conception and Assumption
into heaven, are derived. When the Church
celebrates Mary, it celebrates in reality the
mystery of Christ to which she was
inseparably bound.
"The Church has also included in the annual
cycle days devoted to the memory of the
martyrs and the other saints...
celebrating their passage from earth to
heaven the Church proclaims the paschal
mystery achieved in the saints". SC, 103
"By recalling the mysteries of redemption,
the Church opens to the faithful the riches
of the Lord's powers and merits, so that
these are in some way made present in
every age in order that the faithful may lay
hold on them and be filled with saving
grace" SC, 102
"Each day is made holy through the
liturgical celebrations of the people of God,
especially through the Eucharistic sacrifice
and the divine office" GNLY, 3
"The liturgical day runs from midnight to
midnight, but the observance of Sunday
and solemnities begins with the evening of
the preceding day."
(GNLYC 3)
Solemnities,
Feasts,
Obligatory,
Memorials,
Optional,
Feast of Saints
"By celebrating their passage from earth to
heaven the Church proclaims the paschal
mystery achieved in the saints".
When the Church celebrates the saints, it
proclaims that the death and resurrection
By
of Christ have taken full effect in their lives. octave of Christmas Weekdays of Lent

Weekdays 10. Obligatory memorials in the general

According to degree of importance: Ash
Wednesday and from Holy Monday to Holy
Thursday inclusive; weekdays in Advent
from December 17 to 24, and all weekdays
of Lent; cf. GNLYC 16.
TRIDUUM from the evening Mass of the
Lord's Supper to the evening prayer on
Easter Sunday, with the Easter Vigil as its
high point; of. GNLYC 18-21).
calendar
11. Proper obligatory memorials
12. Optional memorials, as described in the
instructions indicated for the Mass and
office, may be observed even on the days in
no. 9. In the same manner obligatory
memorials may be celebrated as optional
memorials if they happen to fall on the
Lenten weekdays.

TABLE OF PRECEDENCE

1. Easter triduum of the Lord's passion and
resurrection
2. Christmas, Epiphany, Ascension, and
Pentecost, Sundays of Advent, Lent, and the
season of Easter Ash Wednesday Weekdays
of the Holy Week, Monday to Thursday
inclusive Days within the octave of Easter
3. Solemnities of the Lord, the Blessed
Virgin Mary, saints listed in the general
calendar and All Souls' Day
4. Proper solemnities
5. Feasts of the Lord in the general calendar
6. Sundays of the Christmas season and
Sundays in ordinary time
13. Weekdays of Advent up to December 16
inclusive Weekdays of the Christmas season
from January 2 until the Saturday after
Epiphany Weekdays of the Easter season
from Monday after the octave of Easter
until the Saturday before Pentecost
inclusive Weekdays in ordinary time
How the liturgical year is celebrated.
Recalling the mysteries of redemption, the
Church opens to the faithful the riches of
the Lord's powers and merits, so that these
are in some way made present in every age
in order that the faithful hold on them and
be filled with saving grace".

7. Feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary and of

the saints in the general calendar

8. Proper feasts

9.Weekdays of Advent from December 17

to December 24 inclusive Days within the

Briefly, then, what is the liturgical year?
It is none other than Christ himself who
walks among us in the course of the year as
we journey in exodus toward the kingdom.
It is a retelling of our story as Church, a
community journeying toward God, that
empowers us to continually live that story
and obtain the benefits of that gracious
God who chose to dwell among us and to
walk with us in our exodus toward the king
do
2.Introduction to Liturgy
Evolution of the word LITURGY
1. ETYMOLOGY
GREEK Laos (people) Ergon (work/activity)
Therefore: Liturgy means ACTIVITY OF THE
PEOPLE (FOR THE COMMON GOOD)
2. Early Church
Everything that Christians did to take part of
God's work, the "divine plan"
proclamation of the Gospel and service to
one's neighbor.
rubrics' - what the priest does around the
altar in the ceremonial worship.
3. Scripture
OLD TESTAMENT
bk of Leviticus - the worship of Yahweh
NEW TESTAMENT
Lk 1.23 ritual and priestly duty (Zechariah)
Acts 13.32 Worship of the Lord
Rom 13.16 Work or material service
Rom 15.16 Preaching the Good News
2 Cor 9.12 Service to others
Heb 8.2 Christ's sacrificial or priestly
offering whereby he became the liturgist of
the sanctuary
Rom 15.16 The spiritual sacrifice of
Christians
Acts 13.12 The cultic celebration of the
Christians who "made liturgy to the
Lord" at Antioch.
4. MEDIATOR DEI
# 25: "The public worship which our
Redeemer as head of the Church renders to
the Father, as well as the worship which the
community of the faithful renders to the
Founder, and through him to the heavenly.
Father."
It is the worship rendered by the Mystical
Body of Christ in the entirety of its head
:
and members.
5. VATICAN I: Sacrosanctum
Consilium #7: An exercise of the priestly
office of Jesus Christ as Full public worship
is performed by the Mystical Body of Jesus
Christ, that is, by the Head and his
members", and as An action of Christ Priest
and his Body which is the Church
BASIC CONCEPT OF THE PRESENCE OF
CHRIST.
•Celebration of the Mass
•The Sacraments
•Word of God
•Divine Office
•Therefore in the Holy Mass
Christ offers himself through the hands of
the priest, who formerly offered himself on
the cross.
What are the active role played by Christ in
the exercise of his priestly ministry?
•Therefore: the LITURGY being an action of
Christ, "is a sacred action surpassing all
others; no other action of the Church can
equal its effectiveness by the same title to
the same degree."
Essential Components of Liturgy:
•Sacred Scriptures
the readings are given and explained in the
homily psalms are sung the prayers,
collects, and liturgical songs are scriptural in
their inspiration it is from the Scriptures
that actions and signs derive their meaning.
In consequence the celebration of the
liturgy, whether of the MASS,
SACRAMENTS, SACRAMENTAL, or the
LITURGY OF THE HOURS always includes the
proclamation of God's Word.
ULTIMATE AIM OF LITURGY.
•"Perfect glorification of God and the
sanctification of those who celebrate it.
•These are signified and brought about

"by means of signs perceptible to the

senses."

Preached the Good News healed the sick

•SIGNS AND SYMBOLS give the liturgy a
freed those in bondage culminated his
sacramental dimension, that is, they.
death on the cross, resurrected from the
contain and reveal the presence of Christ
dead and bestowed the Holy Spirit upon his
and the mystery which Christ celebrates.
apostles.
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS in the LITURGY:
•The Church Ministerial Role in the Liturgy
•words: sacramental formularies
•"through the hands of the priest"
•gestures: hand laying
•"when a person baptize"
•materials: water, bread, wine, oil the
•"when the holy scriptures are read"
difference that exists among signs gives rise
•"when the Church prays and sings" to the different forms of liturgical
celebrations
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF LITURGY
1. SC # 10 - "culmen te fons" The liturgy is
the summit toward which the activity of the
Church is directed; at the same time the
source or fount which all the Church's
power flows.
2. SC #14: considers "the full, conscious and
active participation in the liturgy aim of the
conciliar reform and the promotion of
liturgy. Active participation is the right and
duty of the faithful "by reason of their
baptism.
3. SC 26: declares that "Liturgical services
are not private functions but are
celebrations belonging to the Church."
4. SC 38: speaks of "substantial unity" of the
liturgy in opposition to "rigid uniformity."
The liturgy is celebrated in the concrete
situation of the worshipping community
and hence takes into consideration their
culture and traditions.
LOCAL SITUATION
For FILIPINO CATHOLICS, liturgy means
being caught up in the yearly cycle of
liturgical
seasons like Advent, Lent, Holy Week,
Easter Time, Ordinary Time and
celebrating feast days like Pentecost, Christ
the King, Immaculate Conception and
others.
LITURGICAL CALENDAR
* The chart shows the 52 weeks of the year
situated around and centers in the paschal
mystery represented by the cross (death
and Easter candle (resurrection). The signs
alpha and omega mean Christ is the
beginning (alpha and the end (omega) of
everything.
* The lines in the circle mark the Sundays
directed towards the symbols of the paschal
mystery because Christians celebrate the
Lord's death and resurrection every Sunday.
Each Sunday is therefore a little Easter
Feast, the original day, the foundation, and
kernel of the whole liturgical year (SC 106).
* Every Sunday and important liturgical
events derive their themes from biblical
readings particularly from the Gospels
which are read in more or less a continuous
manner throughout the Sundays of a year.
There is a three-year cycle: Year A, B, & C.
Year A - main source is the gospel of
Matthew.
Year B - main source is the gospel of Mark
Year C - main source is the gospel of Luke.
* Gospel of JOHN is used to supplement
that of Mark during the Lenten season as
well as in the Easter season of every year
and to some special occasions.
in
SUMMARY:
* By virtue of our baptism, all Christians
have the right and duty to full, active and
conscious worshipping and celebrating
people, a priestly people. This priesthood is
expressed in our full and active • Confirmation is known as Christmation by
participation in liturgical and sacramental the Eastern Catholic churches in
celebrations, in prayer and thanksgiving, in communion with Rome.
active charity, in offering spiritual exercises.
Misconceptions about Confirmation
* We are all called to carry out and express
* Confirmation is not something one does
the priestly nature of our baptism through
in order to graduate.
1. regular mass
* Confirmation is not something one does
2. celebration of the sacrament’s bible just to get married in the Catholic Church
sharing (home and community)
* Confirmation cannot be reduced to a rite
3. celebration of the liturgy of the word in of passage.
the chapel (if there's no mass or if our
* Confirmation is not a cultural celebration
community is far from the parish church)
or party.
4. patronal fiesta
Confirmation
5. popular devotions such as rosary,
*Confirmation is a Sacrament (Holy
novena, etc. prayers for the dead rituals for
Mystery):
harvesting
* As a sacrament it communicates and
* From the definition of the liturgy, we were
reveals communion with God and his grace.
able to identify our rights and duties in the
liturgy by virtue of our baptism. All of you * Confirmation confers a sacramental
here are hoping to be commissioned to character that cannot be erased and that
serve Christ in the liturgy. I hope and pray predisposes the Christian person to receive
that Jesus the true liturgist will keep that the very life of God, and his divine
desire to serve him burning in your heart. protection.
And we all say: THAT IN ALL THINGS GOD
* Confirmation completes the baptismal
MAY BE GLORIFIED.
grace.

3.The Sacrament of * The Christian participates now fully in the

body of Christ with rights an obligations of a
Confirmation spiritual and temporal character.

*The Confirmed person is compelled to

witness the Christian faith with conviction
by word and deeds.

What is confirmation?

•Confirmation is one of the three * Confirmation perpetuates (keeps alive)

sacraments of initiation. the grace of Pentecost.
* In other words, the action and presence
of the Holy Spirit manifested in our lives'
character, words and actions.
* Confirmation has a Messianic (salvific)
character.
* Christ (messiah) promised to send his
Spirit.
* This promise was fulfilled at Easter
Sunday and at Pentecost.
* At confirmation we receive the Holy Spirit,
The paraclete, the advocate.
* To help us continue the mission of our
Lord.
* To strengthen our baptismal faith
* To guide us toward the truth.
The Mission of Christ our Mission
“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because
he has anointed me to bring glad tidings to
the poor. He has sent me to proclaim liberty
to captives and recovery of sight to the
blind, to let the oppressed go free, and to
proclaim a year acceptable to the Lord."
Luke 4: 18-19
Confirmation
Prertima quo a plate too
* Like Christ,
* We are anointed (chosen)
* Eastern Catholics use the word
Chrismation instead of confirmation to
highlight this important aspect.
The wordChrismation like the word
Christian comes fromChrist (the anointed
one)
* Like Christ,
* We are anointed to proclaim the good
news of the Kingdom of God
How to be a witness?
* Become involved in your community of
faith (parish), through its different
ministries.
* Be a role model of faith to your family,
friends, and your community.
* Share your faith with your co-workers and
friends.
* Support social justice (listen to the Pope
and the bishop's call for social change in
society on areas such: racism, prejudice,
wages, right to life, abortion, euthanasia
among others).
* Get to know your Catholic faith, the
scriptures.
What does Confirmation involve?
* Confirmation involves a mature faith ( a
desire to grow in the knowledge of God).
* Confirmation involves a commitment to
one's faith (Church)
* Confirmation involves a commitment to
know more about our faith's teachings,
practices and traditions.
What is the faith of the Church?
* The celebration of Confirmation
celebrates the faith of the Church in the
power of the Holy Spirit given to us at D. Through the gift of faith
Pentecost.

* The Power of the Holy Spirit is life

E. In our actions (our good deeds toward
transforming.
God and neighbor)
* Acts 2: 1-13
F. In the Truth (When we practice honesty
How does the Spirit of God act in us? and justice)

The Spirit of God is given to us through the Before Pentecost

sacraments of initiation. We believe in the
A. The disciples of Jesus were afraid.
Holy Spirit.
B. The disciples of Jesus were discouraged.
A. Lives in us
C. The disciples of Jesus were disappointed.
B. Act through us
D. The disciples of Jesus were confused.
C. Assist us
John 20:19
D. Strengthen us
After Pentecost
E. Guide us
A. The disciples were no longer afraid of
How Is the Spirit present in the life of persecution.
Jesus?
B. The disciples recovered the faith.
A. Through his birth (Jesus was conceived
C. The disciples were ready to continue
by the power of Holy Spirit)
what Jesus started.
B. At his baptism, Jesus was anointed and
D. The disciples were clear about God and
revealed as God's son.
his will.
C. In his preaching, Jesus revealed that the
The effects of Confirmation
Spirit was upon him (Matthew 3: 13-17)
A. Courage: mental strength
D. In his actions: forgiveness, miracles,
healings, exorcism. B. Hope: Positive outlook on life

How is the Spirit present in our lives? C. Strength: Power to conquer temptation.

A. In our baptism (we are marked forever) D. Purpose: Direction and meaning in life.

B. In our confirmation (We are anointed and E. Peace: the strength to overcome anxiety
filled with the gifts of the Holy Spirit) and fear.

C. In our daily lives (We are strengthened F. Grace: The power to do God's will.
through the sacraments and the Lords'
G. Truth: The power to do and follow what
divine protection.
is right and true.
How is the Sacrament of Confirmation
celebrated?
The sacrament is celebrated through the
anointing with chrism on the forehead.
* And the lying on of hands
* And the words: Be sealed with the gift of
the Holy Spirit
How is confirmation celebrated in the
East?
*Confirmation is celebrated after baptism
* In the East confirmation is known as
Chrismation
How is Confirmation celebrated in the
West? In the West
* Confirmation is delayed to a later date.
* In the West Confirmation does not follow
baptism (only in some exceptions)
Why are we anointed with Chrism?
* Anointing with oil, has been the practice
for confirmation since the early Church.
Chrism is connected to the word Christ,
"anointed one"
* We are anointed so that we can spread
the Kingdom of God on this earth
What is oil a symbol of?
* Oil is a symbol of strength and healing
* In the sacrament of confirmation, we
receive strength to be witnesses of Christ
resurrected, and to do what is right and
good.
What is the meaning of the different oils?
* Oil of Catechumens = cleansing and
strengthening
* Oil of the sick = healing and comfort
* Chrism = consecration (made holy) and
service
Can Confirmation be repeated?
NO, like baptism confirmation is only
received once.
What happens at Confirmation?
* The Christians received a spiritual seal,
our soul is marked with the Holy Spirit and
his strength.
* 2 Corinthians 1: 21-22
Who is the minister of Confirmation?
* The original minister of confirmation is
the Bishop
* Only the bishop can delegate (appoint) a
priest to confirm in his name on special
occasions or circumstances.
* In the Eastern Churches priest can confirm
infants after baptism.
What is the role of the sponsor?
* The role of the sponsor is to help the one
being confirmed remain firm and strong in
faith.
* Sponsors are role models of faith, their
task is to give support and inspiration to
those living the Christian faith.
The Sacrament of
Responsibility and Maturity
It is the sacrament, which completes
baptism by helping the confirmed to
become adult witnesses to
Christ and God's plan and by preparing
them to play a part in spreading God's
kingdom on earth.
"marami sa mga katoliko, binyagan at
tumatanggap ng mga sakramento subalit
hindi talaga nauunawaan ang tunay na
kahulugan ng sakramento.
Sacrament - is a sacred sign, instituted by
Christ to give grace.
The Seven Sacraments
1.Baptism
2.Confirmation
3.Reconciliation
4.Eucharist
5.Matrimony
6.Holy Order
7.Anointing of the Sick
Compendium of the Catechism
•265. What place does Confirmation have
in the divine plan of salvation?
•1285-1288
•1315
In the Old Testament the prophets
announced that the Spirit of the Lord would
rest on the awaited
Messiah and on the entire messianic
people. The whole life and mission of Jesus
were carried out in total communion with
the Holy Spirit. The apostles received the
Holy Spirit at Pentecost and proclaimed,
"the great works of God" (Acts 2:11) They
gave the gift of the same Spirit to the newly
baptized by the laying on of hands. Down
through the centuries, the Church has
continued to live by the Spirit and to impart
him to her children.
Introduction
* The Apostles underwent a great change
after the descent of the Holy Spirit. Before
that event, they were afraid; afterwards,
they preached the Word of God fearlessly
and spoke in foreign languages.
* In a similar way, the faithful receive the
Holy Spirit in the sacrament of
confirmation.
* This lesson could help you to understand
better the nature and the effects of this
sacrament. And it can also be useful for
those who are not baptized, as it will serve
as a preparation to receive the sacrament
with joy as soon as possible.
1. The Apostles received the Holy Spirit on
the day of Pentecost; we likewise receive
that same Spirit in the sacrament of
confirmation
* Jesus appeared to His apostles in the
upper room the evening of His resurrection.
He breathed on them and said: Receive the
Holy Spirit (John 20:22). But on the day of
Pentecost, they were filled with the Holy
Spirit and His exceptional gifts (Cf. Acts 2:1-
4).
* We also receive the Holy Spirit in the
sacrament of baptism along with
supernatural grace. But Our Lord instituted
the sacrament of confirmation as necessary
to receive the fullness of baptismal grace.
* Thus, we commit ourselves more fully as
authentic witnesses of Christ, to expand
and defend the Christian faith with our
words and deeds, and to show ourselves to
others as true disciples of Christ.
Confirmation - The Holy Spirit comes upon
the confirmed in a special way to enlighten
their faith and to strengthen them to
profess it before others.
The Holy Spirit
* Jesus instituted the sacrament of
Confirmation when he breathed on his
disciples and said to them: "As the Father
sent me, so lam sending you. Receive the
Holy Spirit" John 20:21-22).
* The Confirmation in the Spirit took place
for the first time on Pentecost. The Holy
Spirit, like tongues of fire, came over the
apostles and Mary gathered in prayer in the
cenacle (Acts 2:1-4). Thereafter, the
Confirmation in the Spirit took place
anytime the apostles laid their hands over
the disciple. As Scripture says: "They were
baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus, and
the moment Paul had laid hands on them
the Holy Spirit came down on them" (Acts
19:6).
* Baptism of Jesus
* The annunciation of Mary
It is the sacrament, which completes
baptism by helping the confirmed to
become adult witnesses to Christ and God's
plan and by preparing them to play a part in
spreading God's kingdom on earth.
2. Effects of the sacrament of Confirmation
* In a similar way to what happened on
the day of Pentecost, this sacrament
produces in our souls the following gifts: An
increase in grace, Imprints character,
Strengthens the faith, Makes us witnesses
of Christ.
3. Minister, subject, matter and form of the
sacrament of confirmation
* The ordinary minister is the bishop; the
extraordinary minister is the priest who has
this faculty by common law or by special
delegation from the proper authority.
* The subject of this sacrament is any
baptized person who has not received it. He
who receives this sacrament should be in
the state of grace, should know the main
mysteries of faith and should approach this
sacrament with due reverence and
devotion.
* The matter of this sacrament is the
anointing with chrism (a mixture of oil and
balsam, consecrated by the bishop) which is
done during the imposition of the hands
The anointing signifies one of the effects of
this sacrament: the strengthening of faith.
* The form is the words pronounced by the
minister: " Be sealed with the gift of the
Holy Spirit
4. Valuing confirmation highly
* It is necessary to struggle in order to
preserve the graces of this sacrament. Only
by doing so, will we be strong enough to
protest our Christian faith firmly. We can do
it by frequently receiving the Sacraments of
Penance and the Eucharist.
* Only in the case of extraordinary
circumstances would Our Lord ask us to be
heroes by shedding our blood to confess
our faith in Christ. But He asks us to make
an effort in the little battles of daily life
* In our relations with our parents and
brothers, in fulfilling our work and duties, in
helping our fellow men generously, in being
faithful to the doctrine of the faith and in
spreading it with our example, friendship
and good advice.
The Rite of Confirmation
The vestment for the Rite of
Confirmation is red or white or some other
festive color.
Minister / Celebrant bishop- The reception
of the Spirit through the ministry of the
bishop shows the close bond that joins the
confirmed to the Church and the mandate
received from Christ to bear witness to him
before all.
The Sacrament of Confirmation
A. Presentation of the Candidates
* It happens after the gospel reading
* Who presents? The pastor, another
priest, deacon or catechist
* How are they presented? According to the
custom of the place.
* The usual manner of presentation: call by
name, go to the sanctuary
* For children they are accompanied by one
of their sponsors or parents and stand
before the celebrant
* Many candidates: call by name, take a
suitable place before the bishop
B. Homily or Instruction
* He explains the readings for the
candidates, their sponsors and parents, and
the faithful to a deeper understanding of
the importance of the sacrament
C. Renewal of Baptismal Promises
* To reject satan and profess their faith to
God.
D. The Laying on of Hands
* Bishop and priests did the laying on of
hands for all while the bishop alone says
the prayer
E. Anointing with Chrism
* Manner of anointing: the bishop dips his 1. Wisdom - the capacity to love spiritual
right thumb in the chrism and makes the things more than material ones.
sign of the cross on the forehead and says:
2. Understanding - the capacity to
“(Y/N) be sealed with the Gift of the Holy
understand the truths of faith in an easy
Spirit.”
and deep way.
* Meaning of the anointing with Chrism and
3. Counsel - the capacity to discern
the form: expresses clearly the effect of the
correctly and immediately the will of God in
giving of the Holy Spirit, signifies the
the different circumstances of life.
reception of the indelible character.
4. Fortitude - the capacity to be strong in
* Peace be with you ... slapping on the face
fulfilling the will of God in moments of
trials.

* A third laying of hands: the person who

presented the candidate places his right
5. Knowledge - the capacity to appreciate
hand on the latter's shoulders
every creature in relation to its Creator.
The Rite of Confirmation By a MINISTER
6. Piety - the capacity to love God with all
who is NOT a bishop
our hearts and our neighbor as ourselves.
The celebrant of the sacrament who is not a
7. Fear of the Lord - the capacity to respect
bishop but has been given the proper
the majesty of God and to be scared of sin.
authority to confirm follows the rites that
have already been given.
4.Reconciliation
The Rite of Confirmation
The Sacraments of Healing
By a MINISTER who is NOT a bishop
* We have already studied the sacraments
Priests can help in conferring of the
of Christian initiation: Baptism,
sacrament
Confirmation and the Eucharist, which grant
The Rite of Confirmation in danger of death new life in Christ. But, in spite of so much
grace, man is weak, can sin and draw on
* The sick person in danger of death who
himself the misery of sin.
has reached the age of reason should
therefore be strengthened by confirmation * It was Christ wish that there would be a
before he receives the Eucharist as remedy for these needs, and we find it in
viaticum. the sacraments of Penance and of the
Anointing of the sick, which are called
* The manner of performing the rites
sacraments of healing because they cure
depends on the circumstances
our weakness and pardon our sins.
The 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit
"But if a wicked man turns away from all
the sins he has committed and keeps all my
decrees and does what is just and right, he
will surely live; he will not die. None of the
offenses he has committed will
remembered against him.” (Ezekiel 18:21-
22)
The repentance of sins is necessary for
salvation
*Salvation is not possible without true
repentance for one's sins. Jesus Christ put it
this way: "Unless you repent you will all
perish" (Luke 13:3).
* Before Christ's coming, men were not
sure whether God had forgiven their sins.
Jesus gave us this certitude when He said:
"Your sins are forgiven" (Matthew 9:2)
The Sacrament of Reconciliation
"But if a wicked man turns away from all
the sins he has committed and keeps all my
decrees and does what is just and right, he
will surely live; he will not die. None of the
offenses he has committed will
remembered against him.” (Ezekiel 18:21-
22)
The repentance of sins is necessary for
salvation
*Salvation is not possible without true
repentance for one's sins. Jesus Christ put it
this way: "Unless you repent you will all
perish" (Luke 13:3).
* Before Christ's coming, men were not
sure whether God had forgiven their sins.
Jesus gave us this certitude when He said:
"Your sins are forgiven" (Matthew 9:2).
Sacrament of Reconciliation
be
“I am the light of the world. Whoever
follows me will not walk in darkness, but
will have the light of life." (John 8:12)
"Those who are well do not need a
physician, but the sick do. I did not come to
call the righteous but sinners" (Mark 2:17)
Sin is Like Leprosy
It corrupts all that is good and noble in us
Put to death, therefore, whatever belongs
to your earthly nature: sexual immorality,
impurity, lust, evil desires and greed, which
is idolatry. (Colossians 3:5)
Sin is like a Fracture
He answered, "I heard you in the garden,
and I was afraid because I was naked; so I
hid." (Genesis 3:10)
Sin Lead us to Spiritual Death
Revelation 20: 11-15
be Then I saw a great white throne and him
who was seated on it. Earth and sky fled
from his presence, and there was no place
for them. 12And I saw the dead, great and
small, standing before the throne, and
books were opened. Another book was
opened, which is the book of life. The dead
were judged according to what they had
done as recorded in the books. 13The sea
gave up the dead that were in it, and death
and Hades gave up the dead that were in
them, and each person was judged
according to what he had done. 14Then
death and Hades were thrown into the lake
of fire. The lake of fire is the second death.
15If anyone's name was not found written
in the book of life, he was thrown into the
lake of fire.
Sin leads us to spiritual darkness
(John 2:9-11) “Lead us not into
flesh temptation, but deliver us from the
evil one”
Sacrament of Reconciliation
* Only God brings true forgiveness and
Peace.
* John 14:27
* Matthew 11. 28
Sin is A heavy burden
“Let us not become weary in doing good,
for at the proper time we will reap a harvest
if
we do not give up.” (Galatians 6:9)
Sacrament of Reconciliation
* Penance is an invitation to Conversion.
* A call to forgiveness
* A spiritual U-turn
The institution of the sacrament of
penance for the forgiveness of sin
* On the eve of the resurrection, Christ
instituted the sacrament of Penance when
He said to His disciples: "Receive the Holy
Spirit. If you forgive anyone's sins, they are
forgiven; if you retain anyone's sins, they
are retained" (John 22,23). Jesus instituted
this sacrament not as a court trial, but as a
trial of mercy, where His Apostles and
disciples would forgive sins.
* This sacrament is also called the
sacrament of conversion, reconciliation or
confession.
* On the eve of the resurrection, Christ
instituted the sacrament of Penance when
He said to His disciples: "Receive the Holy
Spirit. If you forgive anyone's sins, they are
forgiven; if you retain anyone's sins, they
are retained" (John 22,23).
* Jesus instituted this sacrament not as a
court trial, but as a trial of mercy, where His
Apostles and disciples would forgive sins.
* This sacrament is also called the
sacrament of conversion, reconciliation or
confession.
4. Jesus Christ is the one who, through the
priest, forgives sins
* Only priests -duly ordained and with the
corresponding faculty- can forgive sins,
because Christ gave this power only to
them.
* If someone tells his sins to a friend or
directly to God, his sins are not forgiven.
* It is Christ Himself who, in the moment of
absolution, forgives sins through the priest,
because a sin is an offence against God and
only God can forgive it. The priest is under
the most serious obligation to keep
sacramental secrecy.
5. Effects of this sacrament
* The effects of this sacrament are really
wonderful:
1. Reconciliation with God.
2. Reconciliation with the Church.
3. The remission of eternal punishment
incurred by mortal sins and the remission -
at least partially- of temporal punishment,
according to the dispositions of the
penitent.
necessary for those who have committed
mortal sin after baptism.
* The Church teaches that we have the
obligation of confessing all mortal sins at
least once a year, and also in case of
imminent danger of death, and before
receiving Holy Communion.
Conversion
For conversion to happen we must have:
Desire (Thirst for God) and Resolution

4. Peace of conscience along with a deep Interior conversion

consolation.
*expressed in outward concrete signs and
5. Spiritual help in the Christian struggle to actions.
avoid falling into sin again.
Ex: Prayer, Fasting, Almsgiving
5. Effects of this sacrament
* Reaching out to people
* The effects of this sacrament are really
* Defending justice and right
wonderful:
* Reading the scriptures
1. Reconciliation with God.
Names for the Sacrament of Reconciliation
2. Reconciliation with the Church.

3. The remission of eternal punishment

incurred by mortal sins and the remission -
at least partially- of temporal punishment,
A. Sacrament of Confession
according to the dispositions of the
penitent. B. Sacrament of Penance

4. Peace of conscience along with a deep C. Sacrament of Forgiveness

consolation.
D. Sacrament of healing
5. Spiritual help in the Christian struggle to
Essentials of the Sacrament
avoid falling into sin again.
* Contrition (sorrow)
6. The need for Penance
* Resolution = a firm desire not to offend
* The sacrament of Penance is absolutely
God through sinful behavior.
* Confession = the enumeration of our sins. “SEEK GOOD, NOT EVIL, THAT YOU MAY
LIVE. THEN THE LORD GOD ALMIGHTY WILL
* Satisfaction = Penance, making amends.
BE WITH YOU, JUST AS YOU SAY HE IS”
* A person that goes to confession to (Amos 5:14)
threaten the life of another is not making a
Satisfaction
confession. He or she is making a threat.
* The repair of the damage caused by our
* The priest is not bound in this case to
sins.
keep the seal of confession.
* It involves penance, making amends.
Contrition
* Amends= making up for what we do
Real interior sorrow and repentance for
wrong.
one’s sins.
Absolution
Two types:
* A blessing of forgiveness.
A. Perfect Contrition- Sorrow out of true
love for God. * The priest acting in the person of Christ
and through his power absolves the
B. Imperfect Contrition- Sorrow out of Fear
penitent from his or her sin.
for eternal punishment.
* Again Jesus said, "Peace be with you! As
Confession
the Father has sent me, I am sending you”
* Confession is the disclosure of our sins to And with that he breathed on them and
the minister said "Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive
anyone his sins, they are forgiven; if you do
* Confession is the admission of guilt "Then
not forgive them, they are not forgiven.
I acknowledged my sin to you and did not
(John 20: 21-23)
cover up my iniquity.

I said, "I will confess my transgressions to

the LORD- and you forgave the guilt of my * Only bishops and priests can give
sin" (Psalm 32:5) absolution and hear confessions.

Examination of Conscience * The minister of confession is bound by the

seal of confession, under penalty of ex-
* A close look at our sins.
communication.
* An inventory of our lives.
* He cannot reveal any sins confessed.
* An honest inspection of the way we live.
7. The value of frequent confession
*An essential component in the preparation
* The Church strongly recommends the
for the sacrament of reconciliation.
practice of frequent confession, also when punishments resulting from sin
we have committed venial sins.
4. peace and serenity of conscience, and
* By doing so, one grows in self-knowledge spiritual consolation;
and humility, bad habits disappear, and it
5. an increase of spiritual strength for the
becomes easier to fight lukewarmness. In
Christian battle.
addition, the conscience is purified, our
interior life is helped, and the grace of the
sacrament increases. In order to grow in
The Sacrament of Reconciliation
love of God, we ought to venerate this
sacrament highly, going to confession often, Tips:
and well prepared.
1. Receive this sacrament as often as
possible.

Reconciliation 2. Make an examination of conscience

before going to confession.
* The acts of penitence, which are divided
into three parts: 3. Make an honest confession (do not
exaggerate your sins, do not talk about
1. repentance
others in your confession, do not mention
2. confession or disclosure of sins to the any names. Do not avoid confessing certain
priest sins out of shame.

3. the intention to make reparation and do 4. Trust in God's mercy.

works of reparation.
5. Fulfill your penance with a contrite, joyful
* The absolution of the Priest: "I absolve heart.
you from your sins, in the name of the
6. Give thanks to Almighty God for his
Father and of the Son and of the Holy
unending mercy and love.
Spirit"
7. Pray for the unrepentant hearts that are
* Priest
harden by sin.

* Reconciliation with God by which the

penitent recovers grace:
8. Ask the Good Lord to give you his grace,
1. reconciliation with the Church;
to live a life worthy of the Gospel.
2. remission of the eternal punishment
WHAT IS A MORTAL SIN?
incurred by mortal sins
"AMEN, AMEN, I SAY TO YOU: IF ANY MAN
3. remission at least in part of temporal
KEEP MY WORD, HE SHALL NOT SEE DEATH
FOREVER." (JOHN 8:51)
The Distinction between two types of sin
All sin is an offense against God and a
rejection of his perfect love and justice. Yet,
Jesus makes a distinction between two
types of sins. We call the most serious and
grave sins, mortal sins. Mortal sins destroy
the grace of God in the heart of the sinner.
By their very grave nature, a mortal sin cuts
our relationship off from God and turns
man away from his creator. St. Paul's letter
to the Hebrews tell us that "if we sin
willfully after having the knowledge of the
truth, there is now left no sacrifice for sins"
(Hebrews 10:26). The second type of sin,
venial sin, that of less grave matter, does
not cut us off from Christ. However, venial
sin does weaken grace in the soul and
damages our relationship with God. A
person who frequently indulges in venial sin
is very likely to collapse into mortal sin if
they persist in their evil ways.
SO WHAT KIND OF SINS ARE MORTAL?
In order for a sin to be mortal, it must meet
three conditions:
* Mortal sin is a sin of grave matter
* Mortal sin is committed with full
knowledge of the sinner
* Mortal sin is committed with deliberate
consent of the sinner
This means that mortal sins cannot be
done "accidentally." A person who commits
a mortal sin is one who knows that their sin
is wrong, but still deliberately commits the
sin anyway. This means that mortal sins are
"premeditated" by the sinner and thus are
truly a rejection of God's law and love.
The first condition, that a mortal sin is of
grave matter, means that certain
premeditated offenses against God are
more severe than others. We know that
some sins are graver than others (e.g. it is a
graver sin to murder someone than to lie to
someone). St. John tells us, "If anyone sees
his brother sinning, if the sin is not deadly,
he should pray to God and he will give him
life. This is only for those whose sin is not
deadly. There is such a thing as deadly sin,
about which I do not say that you should
pray. All wrongdoing is sin, but there is sin
that is not deadly." (1 John 5:16-17). Thus
St. John distinguishes between mortal and
venial sin. Jesus also warns us that "Anyone
who does not remain in me will be thrown
out like a branch and wither; people will
gather them and throw them into a fire and
they will be burned" (John
15:6).
WHAT KINDS OF OFFENSES AGAINST GOD
CONSTITUTE "GRAVE MATTER"?
In the Bible, St. Paul gives us a list of grave
sins. He states that anyone who commits
these sins shall not enter the kingdom of
God. "Now the works of the flesh are
manifest, which are these;
Adultery, fornication, uncleanness,
lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred,
variance, emulations, wrath, strife,
seditions, heresies, envying, murders,
drunkenness, reveling, and such like: of the
which I tell you before, as I have also told
you in time past, that they which do such
things shall not inherit the kingdom of God"
(Galatians 5:19-20). Paul also tells the
Corinthians, "know you no that the unjust
shall not possess the kingdom of God? Do
not err: neither fornicators, nor idolaters,
nor adulterers, Nor the effeminate, nor liars
with mankind, nor thieves, nor covetous,
nor drunkards nor railers, nor extortioners
shall possess the kingdom of God" (1
Corinthians 6:9-10). These sins constitute
grave matter and if they are committed
willingly and with full consent, constitute
mortal sin.
The Church also tells us that the sins of
anger, blasphemy, envy, hatred, malice,
murder, neglect of Sunday obligation, sins
against faith (incredulity against God or
heresy), sins against hope (obstinate
despair in the hope for salvation and/or
presumption that oneself can live without
God or be saved by one's own power) and
sins against love (indifference towards
charity, ingratitude, and/or hatred of God)
also constitute grave matter. This list of
grave sins, is based on Jesus Christ's
interpretation of the gravity of
the Ten Commandments. Grave sins can be
classed as sins against God, neighbor and
self, and can further be divided into carnal
and spiritual sins (CCC 1853).
Four other sins are considered grave also.
These sins not only offend God, but men as
well. Thus these four sins are called "the
sins that cry to heaven for vengeance" and
are likewise mortal sins. These grave sins
are:
1. The voluntary murder (Genesis 4:10)
2. The sin of impurity against nature
Sodomy and homosexual relations
(Genesis 18:20)
3. Taking advantage of the poor (Exodus
2:23)
4. Defrauding the workingman of his
wages (James 5:4)
Finally, the capital sins are also considered
grave matter. These sins are vices and are
defined as contrary to the Christian virtues
of holiness. They are pride, avarice, envy,
wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth (acedia).
Note from the author: For those of you who
do not understand why these particular sins
are of grave matter, I would suggest that
you refer to the Summa Theologiae of St.
Thomas Aquinas. He does an excellent job
of explaining why these sins are of grave
matter, and also explores the counter-
arguments and objections that some people
have regarding these grave sins.
THE FIRST COMMANDMENT, "YOU SHALL
WORSHIP THE LORD YOUR GOD AND HIM
ONLY SHALL YOU SERVE"
1. Idolatry, Idolatry is the worship,
veneration or belief in false gods. Because it
is a direct rejection of God, it is a grave sin
(1 Corinthians 6:9-10). Idolatry includes
worship of images (This does not mean that
we cannot venerate religious images.
Veneration of images such as a crucifix is
veneration of the person depicted, and not
the actual image in and of itself.)
2. Divination, magic and sorcery- This is a
grave sin which includes attempting to
command the powers of the occult, control
or speak to demons or spirits (especially
Satan), attempting to divine the future, and
the use of magic charms (CCC 2116).
Deuteronomy 18:10-11 speaks against this
grave sin.
3. Sacrilege, The sin of sacrilege is a grave
sin that consists of profaning or treating
unworthily the sacraments and liturgical
actions of the Church as well as things
consecrated to God (CCC 2120).
4. Atheism, Because atheistic humanism
falsely seeks man and human glory and
rejects God, atheism is a grave sin (CCC
2125). It is a sin against the virtue of
religion. St. Paul tells us, "For the wrath of
God is revealed from heaven against all
unholiness and injustice of those men that
detain the truth of God in injustice"
(Romans 1:18).
THE SECOND COMMANDMENT, "YOU
SHALL NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE LORD
YOUR GOD IN VAIN'
1. Blasphemy-This grave sin is the
uttering of hatred, reproach, defiance or
speaking ill of God. Blasphemy against the
Church, the saints and sacred things is also
a grave sin (CCC 2148). It fails to give love
and respect to our Creator. St. James speaks
against sinners who "blaspheme the good
name that is invoked upon you" (James
2:7).
2. Perjury and False Oaths-Those who take
an oath in the name of the Lord and fail to
keep it, or break the oath at a later date,
show a grave lack of respect for the Lord of
all speech (CCC 2152). Pledging oneself to
commit an evil deed is also sinful. During
his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus speaks
against sinners who give false oaths
(Matthew 5:33-34)
THE THIRD COMMANDMENT, "REMEMBER
THE SABBATH DAY, TO KEEP IT HOLY"
1. Deliberate failure of the Sunday
obligation-The Christian Sunday (the Lord's
Day) celebrates the new life of the world
born in Christ's Resurrection. All humans
have a duty, to praise God and give him
thanks. Thus all Christians are bound to
participate in the Mass, and must partake
of the Eucharist at least on holy days of
obligation. Deliberate failure to do this
constitutes a grave sin (CCC 2181).
THE FOURTH COMMANDMENT:
"HONOR YOUR FATHER AND MOTHER"
1. Serious failure to care for aged
parents The commandment is very clear
that we are to honor our parents.
That would include taking care of them in
their time of need. Our parents nurtured us
5. Failure to baptize children in a
during our childhood and possibly even up
reasonable time (within a few months)
to our older years as well. It makes sense
after birth. As a Catholic, we are
for us to take care of them, and as long as
responsible for baptizing our children. No
their last will is not immoral, to follow that
ifs, ands or buts about it. We believe that
up for them.
baptism washes away the stain of original
2. Serious disrespect for or disobedience to sin and infuses God's grace into us. It is a
parents, superiors or authorities. We have permanent sign of God's love and mercy. It
to respect our parents. We also are to is understandable that when the new baby
respect superiors (boss, supervisors, arrives you are incredibly busy, but, you are
managers, teacher, etc) as well as now responsible for your child's religious
authorities (judges, police, etc). Again, it upbringing and forming their conscience in
has to be moral. Obviously, we do not have this stage of their life. If your baby dies and
to listen if it breaks the law, and especially if hasn't received baptism, there is the chance
it breaks moral law that they will not make it to Heaven. The
Church teaches that if we die with
3. Wishing death or evil on parents. We
unrepentant mortal sin, as well as have not
are not to wish death or evil on anybody,
been washed with the saving grace of
but most importantly, not our parents.
Baptism, we can go to Hell. Baptize your
4. Abuse or serious neglect of children. children shortly after they are born, the
This is where some people will think it goes sooner the better.
a little different. Yes, we are to honor our
6. Serious neglect of the religious
parents, but we as parents must also take
education or upbringing of children. As
care of our children. What makes it a mortal
mentioned above, parents are now
sin to abuse or seriously neglect our
responsible for formulating the conscience
children is that they are individuals that
of children. Parents need to teach their
God has given to us to take care of. They are
children about the faith, and educate them
not ours, nor are they our property. Some
in it. Get them to practice their faith,
abuses would be beating your children
explain it to them, get them excited about
(especially adult children), starving your
it. Take them to Mass weekly. Pray at meals.
children (for lengthy periods of time).
The family that prays together, stays
Serious neglect would also include
together. When you die and are judged by
abandonment, failure to take care of your
Jesus, you will be held responsible for the
children, and other such parenting failures.
early formation that you have given your
children. It is one thing for
them to abandon the faith when
they go out on their own (you can't
control them, keep this in mind
(and pray for them!)) but, if you did
not give them any reason to keep
the faith, that is on you.
THE FIFTH COMMANDMENT, "YOU SHALL
NOT KILL"
1. Murder (intentional homicide)-Direct
and intentional killing is gravely sinful (CCC
2268). It is a sin that cries to heaven for
vengeance, much like the murder of Abel at
the hands of Cain. Indirect homicide can
also be of grave nature (such as refusing to
help a person in danger). However, the
Church teaches that self-defense is
permissible for the preservation of a one's
life. If the attacker is mortally wounded or
killed, then the death of the attacker is not
a sin. Those who use unnecessary
aggression in self-defense can sin mortally,
if the attacker is killed or gravely injured.
2. Abortion- Human life begins at
conception in the mother's womb. For God
tells us, "Before I formed you in the womb I
knew thee, and before you were born I
consecrated you" (Jeremiah 1:5). Abortion
is therefore murder. The oldest Christian
book (besides parts of the Bible) is the
Didache, a book composed by the twelve
apostles or their disciples. The Didache
proclaims the ancient teaching of the
Catholic Church, "You shall not kill the
embryo by abortion and shall not cause the
newborn to perish" (Didache 2.2). All
Catholics who procure a completed
abortion or participate in
execution of an abortion are automatically
excommunicated from the Catholic Church
(CCC 2272 and CIC Canon 1314).
3. Euthanasia- The direct killing of the
sick, handicapped, or dying, regardless of
motive, is a grave sin. The will and action
taken to cause a person's death is an act of
murder (CCC2277). Those who are suffering
and are nearing death must be allowed to
die (or recover, which is sometimes a
possibility) naturally. Administration of
painkillers is permissible, provided the
drugs are not willed as an end or a means
to precipitate death. "Discontinuing medical
procedures that are burdensome,
dangerous, extraordinary, or
disproportionate to the expected outcome
can be legitimate; it is the refusal of
'overzealous treatment" (CCC 2278). In this
case death is not willed, but is merely
accepted as inevitable and cannot be
impeded.
4. Suicide is murder of the self. It is
contrary to the love of God, self, family,
friends and neighbors (CCC 2281). It is of
especially grave nature, if it is intended to
set an example for others to follow.
Voluntary cooperation in a suicide is also
contrary to the moral law. However, the
responsibility of and gravity of suicide can
be diminished in the cases of grave
psychological disturbances, anguish, grave
fear of hardship, suffering, or torture. But
this does not make it morally permissible,
and it is the judgement of God that will
measure the gravity or responsibility of the
sin.
5. Scandal- is an attitude or behavior that
leads another to do evil. If someone is
deliberately lead into a grave offense, that
person's tempter commits a grave sin (CCC
2284 and 2285). Jesus said, "Whoever
causes one of these little ones who believes
in me to sin, it would be better for him to
have a great millstone fastened round his
neck and to be drowned in the depth of the
sea" (Matthew 18:6).
6. Drug abuse- does grave damage to
health and life and is a grave offense. Only
legitimate therapeutic use is acceptable
(CCC2290).
7. Gluttony- Gluttony is an excessive love
for food, and is a disordered passion for
wordly appetites. Because it is contrary to
the virtue of temperance, it can constitute a
grave sin. Gluttony is also a capital sin (CCC
1866, 2290)
8. Alcohol Abuse- can also be excessively
dangerous and harmful to the body, and
sometimes to neighbors (CCC 2290)..
Because it is also contrary to temperance
and is a disordered passion, it is a grave sin
(1Corinthians 6:9-10).
9. Terrorism- that threatens, wounds and
kills indiscriminately is of grave matter (CCC
2297). Other forms of bodily violence
(kidnapping, hostage taking, non-medical
amputations, mutilations and sterilization)
are also contrary to the moral law.
10. Extreme Anger- "Anger is a desire for
revenge. If anger reaches the point of a
deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound
a neighbor, it is gravely against charity; it is
a mortal sin (CCC 2302).
Christ speaks against anger saying,
"Everyone who is angry with his brother
shall be liable to judgement (Matthew
5:22)." o Hatred Hatred of a neighbor is to
deliberately wish him evil, and is thus a
grave sin (CCC 2303 and Galatians 5:19-20).
11. Extortion- Extortion is to obtain
something from another by coercion or
intimidation. It is an act of violence and
theft, and is condemned by (1 Corinthians
6:9-10.)
THE SIXTH COMMANDMENT, "YOU SHALL
NOT COMMIT ADULTERY"
1. Adultery-Adultery is marital infidelity.
A married person who has sexual relations
with anyone but their lawful spouse, even
transient sexual relations, commits adultery
(CCC 2380).
2. Divorce The grave sin of divorce
condemns those who divorce and remarry
(Matthew 5:32) and those who divorce in
the civil sense (except by grave
dispensation). Hence divorce between two
baptized Christians is a mortal sin
(CCC2384).
3. Fornication- Fornication is carnal union
between an unmarried man and an
unmarried woman and is a grave sin (CCC
2353). St. Paul condemns fornication in his
epistle 1 Corinthians 6:18. All aspects of
intimate contact associated with the
marriage act also constitute fornication for
Jesus said, "I say to you, everyone who
looks at a woman with lust has already
committed adultery with her in his heart"
(Matthew 9:28). If lustful looks are
adulterous, how much worse is lustful
physical contact?
4. Pornography- Pornography is the
display of intimate real or simulated sexual
acts to a third party. Because it removes the
marriage act from within the sacramental
sanctity of marriage, and perverts sex, it is
gravely contrary to charity (CCC 2354). The
display of pornography to children and
other parties is especially gravely sinful
because it is gravely scandalous.
5. Prostitution- Prostitution reduces a
person to an instrument of sexual pleasure
and lust. It is gravely contrary to charity and
chastity and defiles the body, the temple of
the Holy Spirit. However, destitution,
blackmail or social pressure can reduce the
gravity of the sin. Still, prostitution is always
a sin (CCC 2355).
6. Rape A person who commits rape
violates the respect, freedom, physical and
moral integrity of the victim. It is a brutal
crime of violence that can physically and
psychologically scar a person for life. It is
thus a grave sin (CCC 2356).
7. Homosexual acts Although it remains
to be determined if homosexuality is a
genetic, social or personal stigma,
homosexual acts are condemned by God
and can NEVER be approved by the Church
(1 Corinthians 6:9-10, Genesis 19:1-29,
Romans 1:24-27 and CCC 2357). If
homosexuals are born with the condition,
then they are called to live a life of Christian
purity and chastity for the greater love of
Christ. Such people can experience a life of
trial, which all others must treat with
compassion and sensitivity.
8. Incest-"Incest is intimate relations
between relatives or in-laws within a
degree that prohibits marriage between
them" (CCC 2388). St. Paul condemns incest
in his letter to the Corinthians (1
Corinthians 5:1,4-5).
9. Masturbation- "Masturbation is the
deliberate stimulation of the sexual organs
in order to derive sexual pleasure" (CCC
2352). The Church teaches that sex has two
main purposes that must be sought in the
marriage act: sex is for reproduction of
children within a valid marriage, and it is a
loving, unifying act between husband and
wife. Masturbation violates both aspects of
the natural law and is thus a grave sin.
THE SEVENTH COMMANDMENT “YOU
SHALL NOT STEAL"
1. Theft- All persons have a right to lawful
private property obtained by legitimate
work, inheritance or gift. To violate a
person's right to property by theft is a grave
sin, especially if the loss of the property will
severely hurt the victim (CCC 2408). The
gravity of theft is determined by the harm it
does to the victim. A poor beggar who
steals a loaf of bread commits a less grave
sin than a rich man who steals the savings
of a destitute person. St. Paul tells us that exonerate the guilty or increase
thieves shall not inherit the kingdom of God punishment of the accused. They are of
(1 Corinthians 6:9-10). grave matter because they contradict
justice (CCC 2476).
2. Cheating -A cheater defrauds his victim
of their property.It is morally of grave 2. Adulation- Adulation is verbal speech
matter unless the damage to the victim is or an attitude that encourages or confirms
unusually light (CCC 2413). another in malicious acts and perverse
conduct. It is a grave sin if it makes one an
accomplice in another's vices or grave sins
(CCC 2480).

3. Defrauding a worker of his wages- This

is one of the sins that cry to heaven for
3. Lying- Lying is the most direct offense
vengeance. Defrauding a worker of his
against the truth. It is gravely sinful when it
wages withholds and impedes his ability to
significantly degrades the truth. The gravity
sustain basic needs for himself and his
of this sin is measured by the truth it
family. It is a sin that cries to heaven for
perverts, the circumstances, intentions of
vengeance (CCC 1867).
the liar and harm done to the victims (CCC
4. Unfair wagers- Unfair wagers in games 2484). Lying is a sin that originates from the
of chance are of grave matter if they devil, Satan, who is "the father of all lies"
deprive someone of what is necessary to (John 8:44).
provide for his needs and those of others
THE NINTH COMMANDMENT-_"YOU
(CCC 2413).
SHALL NOT COVET…YOUR NEIGHBOR'S
5. Taking advantage of the poor- The WIFE"
economic or social exploitation of the poor
1. Lust- Lust is disordered desire for or
for profit harms the dignity and natural
inordinate enjoyment of sexual pleasure. It
rights of the victim. It is a sin that cries to
is disordered because sexual pleasure must
heaven for vengeance (CCC 1867).
not be isolated from its true, natural place:
THE EIGHTH COMMANDMENT-_"YOU within the Sacrament of Matrimony that is
SHALL NOT BEAR FALSE WITNESS AGAINST ordered to procreation of children and a
YOUR NEIGHBORS" unifying love between husband and wife
(CCC 2351). Lust, a sin and vice of the flesh,
1. False witness and perjury False
is often a difficult vice to overcome. Human
witness is a public statement in court
weakness of will and lack of conformity to
contrary to the truth. Perjury is false
God is a result of the fall of mankind that
witness under oath. Both acts are gravely
causes a disorder between soul and body
sinful when they condemn the innocent,
(called concupiscence) which is often a person's will to avoid evil and thus may
manifested in lust. Yet, lust is a sin that can indirectly lead to mortal sin. Regardless, all
be overcome through prayer and grace sin is an offense against God and should be
through the Christian sacraments. Christ avoided.
wills that we overcome lust and replace it
INDIVIDUAL CONFESSIONS
with Christian love and purity of heart
(Matthew 9:28). "Blessed are the pure of Beginnings of practising the sacrament of
heart, for they shall see God" (Matthew penance in the form of individual
5:8). confession as we know it now, i.e. bringing
confession of sins and reconciliation
THE TENTH COMMANDMENT-__"YOU
together, can be traced back to 11th
SHALL NOT COVET…ANYTHING THAT IS
century
YOUR NEIGHBORS"

1. Avarice- Avarice is greed and the SACRAMENT OF HOLY

desire to amass earthly goods without limit.
It is a passion for riches and luxury.
ORDERS

Those who seek temporal happiness at the

expense of spiritual duties, risk the grave
sin of avarice. Avarice is one of the deadly
vices (CCC 2536).

2. Envy- Envy, another capital sin, is sadness There are two sacraments of service:
at the sight of another's goods and the A. Holy Orders
immoderate desire to acquire them for
oneself. Envy can lead to grave B. Holy Matrimony
consequences and can harm neighbors. If Two Kinds of Priesthood:
envy leads to grave harm to a neighbor, it is
* The Ministerial Priesthood
surely a grave sin.
* The Priesthood of all believers
WHAT IS VENIAL SIN?
St. Thomas on the Priesthood
As stated before, venial sin is a sin of lesser
matter than grave sin. It can also be a sin of A. Only Christ is the true High Priest
grave matter in which the sinner did not
B. All others are ministers of Christ
fully consent to the sin or did not have
knowledge that his actions where sinful. The priesthood in the O.T announces Christ.
Venial sins will not destroy grace in the soul.
The priesthood in the N.T acts in the person
and will not directly cause a person who
of Christ.
dies in the state of venial sin to lose the
promise of heaven. Yet, venial sin weakens Priesthood of believers
Like Christ we are anointed priest, prophet,
and Kings
Through baptism we receive the priesthood
of all believers.
Priest: We have the ability to offer prayers
and spiritual sacrifices to God, (holiness)
King: We share the promise of eternal life in
the kingdom of heaven
We are all called:
A. to serve God and neighbor
B. To be witnesses
C. To live a holy life acceptable to God
MINISTERIAL PERIOD
Is at the service of the common priesthood
of believers
It sanctifies the people of God, through the
sacraments, word and deeds
The institution of the sacrament of Holy
Orders
Christ chose His apostles and at the Last
Supper instituted the priesthood of the
New Covenant. He told the apostles and
their successors to renew the sacrifice of
the cross. With the words "Do this in
remembrance of me" (Luke 22:19), He
made them priests of the New Testament.
On the day of His Resurrection, He
conferred on them the power to forgive or
retain sins
Since the apostles knew that the priesthood
must continue in the Church after they
would die, when evangelizing a city and
before setting out for a new one, they
imposed their hands on others, conferring
on them the priesthood (Cf. 2 Timothy 1:6;
Acts 14:23).
Holy Orders
The sacrament of mission through which
Christ continues his presence through the
ministry of the Bishop and priest.
This ministry is exercise until the end of
time.
Jesus- chose apostles (those who are sent)
To continue his ministry on earth and He
gave them the power to act in his name.
Who may receive worthily the sacrament of
Holy Orders?
•Christian Catholic who are in the state of
grace
•Excellent character
•Those who have sound doctrine
•Those who have reached the prescribed
age and learning, passes all the required
Philosophical and Theological studies
• Those who have the intention of devoting
their lives to the sacred ministry and with a
sure vocation from God
•Those who are called to holy orders by
their bishop, approved by the Church
Consecration forever

*This word comes from the Latin.
*It means:
A. To set aside for a holy purpose
Through this consecration or ordination the
minister of God serves the Church by word
and deed.
Jesus the Son of God
Jesus is the perfect mediator; unique priest.
The perfect High priest
* Through the sacrament of Holy Orders the
priest is Christ's minister, a mediator
between God and men, who has the duties
of worshipping God -adoration,
thanksgiving, satisfaction and petition- and
of communicating grace to men.
* The powers conferred on priests, powers
that even angels do not have, are not
temporal but permanent. Those who
receive this sacrament receive an indelible
character and become priests forever.

Through Jesus a new covenant is * This sacrament can be received not only
established. by baptized men who full-fill due conditions

* A perfect sacrifice is offered Holy Orders

* A new people is formed Ministers: only the Bishops

* A new covenant is created Effects

Biblical Basis & Institution • Becoming

Jesus chooses Apostles: "ordained" clergy, in leadership

* Mark 3:13-19; etc. "orders":

* Strength
* Grace

Laying on of Hands:

* Acts 6:6 * INDELIBLE MARK = to act in the person of

* 1 Tim 4:14; 5:22 Christ

* 2 Tim 1:6 Words & Actions

Institution Words:

* Last Supper * "Prayer of Consecration"

* Resurrection Actions:

* Before the Ascension * Laying hands on ordinand's head.

Anointing hands with holy oil
5. A priest is a man consecrated to God
* Several other symbolic gestures
 (Magisterium).

4. The three degrees of the sacrament of The Priests

Holy Orders
Presbyter = elder
The sacrament of Holy Orders consists of
Priest are incorporated into the priesthood
three degrees related to each other.
of Christ
* The episcopate and priesthood are
A.They represent the bishop (subordinates)
different degrees of the ministerial
participation in the priesthood of Christ. B.They have the power to preach, and
celebrate the sacraments and lead the
* Deacons help bishops and priests
people in worship.
* Thus, the term priest designates both
Deacons
bishops and priests, but not deacons.
Nevertheless all three degrees are * There are two types
conferred through the sacrament of Holy
* Transitional = those studying for the
Orders.
priesthood (celibate)
When we say priests, we usually refer to
* Permanent = Married or single Men who
those in the priesthood.
wish to serve the Church as ministers
There are three degrees or orders
* Deacons do not share in the priesthood.
• Episcopate They are ordain to ministry (service).
= Bishop
Some of the Deacon's functions are:
• Presbyterate
= Priest A.Witness marriage union
• Diaconate B.Lead funerals
= Deacon C.Proclaim
D. Preach Proclaim the word of God
E.Serve as Chaplain
F.Baptize
The Bishops

• Episcopos = oversee
G. Assist the Bishop or the priest in the
A. has the fullness of the priesthood liturgy

B.has the power to ordain, to teach, to
rule
C.Successors of the Apostles
D.With the Pope guide the people of God to
holiness, truth and the experience of God
8.Duties this of the faithful towards priest
* strongly recommended that parents
should give their sons complete freedom to
follow this vocation, if God calls them to the
priesthood.All the faithful should pray that
God may grant His Church good shepherds
and ministers full of zeal. Mark 10:2-12; Matt 19:1-9

* We should show great respect, veneration
and love for priests, keeping in mind that
they are Christ's ministers -fathers and
shepherds of souls. We must help them too
in their material needs
- Jesus teaches against divorce; "What God
has joined together, let no one separate"
Eph 5:22-33; 1Cor 7:10-16
- Paul stresses the unity of husbands and
wives

MATRIMONIAL CONSENT
SACRAMENT OF MATRIMONY The parties to a marriage covenant are a
baptized man and woman, free to contract
* A sacrament through which a baptized
marriage, who freely express their consent;
man and woman join themselves in a lawful
"to be free" means:
marriage of love and a partnership
throughout their whole life. - not being under constraint;

* Is there for the mutual help of the - not impeded by any natural or
spouses and the increase of the people of ecclesiastical law.
God
* The Church holds the exchange of consent
* Signifies the union of Christ and the between the spouses to be the
Church indispensable element that "makes the
marriage." If consent is lacking there is no
"The covenant, by which a man and a
marriage.
woman establish between themselves a
partnership of the whole of life, is by its * The consent consists in a "human act by
nature ordered toward the good of the which the partners mutually give
spouses and the procreation and education themselves to each other": "I take vou to be
of offspring; this covenant between my wife" - "I take vou to be my husband."
baptized persons has been raised by Christ This consent that binds the spouses to each
the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.” other finds its fulfillment in the two
"becoming one flesh." [Gen 2:24; cf. Mt
10:8; Eph 5:311]

OUTWARD SIGN - MUTUAL CONSENT

INSTITUTED BY CHRIST
* Therefore, the efficient cause of
Gen 2:24 Matrimony is the mutual consent of the
partners. Consent affects the partners both
- "a man leaves his parents and clings to his
as minister and also as recipients of the
wife and they become one flesh"
sacrament. The exchange of consent is the
essential component of Marriage, without
which the sacrament does not take place.
* MATRIMONIAL CONSENT may be defined
as an act of will by which a man and a
woman, by an irrevocable covenant
mutually give and accept one another for
the purpose of establishing marriage.
OUTWARD SIGN - MUTUAL CONSENT
* CAPACITY
-Sufficient use of reason
-A sufficient discretionary judgment
concerning the essential rights
obligation to be mutually given and
accepted in the marriage covenant -
Psychological capability.
* KNOWLEDGE
-The partners must at least not be ignorant
of the fact that Marriage is a permanent
partnership between a man and a woman,
ordered to the procreation of children.
The consent must be an act of the will of
each of the contracting parties, free of
coercion or grave external fear. No human
power can substitute for this consent. If this
freedom is lacking the marriage is invalid.
For this reason (or for other reasons that
render the marriage null and void) the
Church, after an examination of the
situation by the competent ecclesiastical
tribunal, can declare the nullity of a
marriage, i.e., that the marriage never
existed. In this case the contracting parties
are free to marry, provided the natural
obligations of a previous union are
discharged.
The priest (or deacon) who assists at the
celebration of a marriage receives the
consent of the spouses in the name of the
Church and gives the blessing of the
Church. The presence of the Church's
minister (and also of the witnesses) visibly
expresses the fact that marriage is an
ecclesial reality.
and
This is the reason why the Church normally
requires that the faithful contract marriage
according to the ecclesiastical form. Several
reasons converge to explain this
requirement:
* Sacramental marriage is a liturgical act. It
is therefore appropriate that it should be
celebrated in the public liturgy of the
Church;
* Marriage introduces one into an ecclesial
order, and creates rights and duties in the
Church between the spouses and towards
their children;
*Since marriage is a state of life in the
Church, certainty about it is necessary
(hence the obligation to have witnesses);
* The public character of the consent
protects the "I do" once given and helps the
spouses remain faithful to it.
FREEDOM TO MARRY
The participants in a marriage contract
must be free to marry, and to marry each
other. That is, they must be an unmarried
man and woman, with no impediments as
set out by Canon law. In addition to being
free to marry, the participants must intend
marriage. Consent must be a free act of the
will of the consenting parties, free of
coercion or grave external error. If freedom
is lacking, the consent is invalid.
IMPEDIMENTS
A Catholic marriage cannot be formed if
one or more of the following Impediments
are given, though of some of these a
dispensation can be given
* antecedent and perpetual Impotence
* Consanguinity to the fourth collateral
line (1st cousin), including legal adoption to
the second collateral line direct
relationship by marriage, e.g. a brother-in-
law) in the
* prior bond
* Holy Orders
* perpetual vows of chastity in a religious
institute
* Disparity of cult (one party not being
baptized)
* Crime (one party previously conspiring to
marry (upon condition of death of spouse)
while still married): also
"conjugicide"
* non-age (at least 16 for males, 14 for
females)
* abduction
MATTER AND FORM
* The MATTER is the mutual self-giving
(tradition) of the spouses.
* The FORM is the mutual acceptance
(acceptatio) of this self-giving. This mutual
acceptance must be expressed in words and
signs.
The main symbols in the Sacrament of
Matrimony are the couples themselves.
Traditions:
Rings-marriage agreement; eternity
Candle-God's presence within the union
Y
Veil-union of couple clothed as one
Cord-infinite bond of marriage
Coins- good luck; prosperity
MINISTER
The couples are the ones who administer
the wedding, the priest is there to guide
and witness
"To become one body”
- "To become"- implies a life-long process
which begins only during the wedding day.
called
- "One Body" unity of two persons in all
their basic human level- physical,
psychological, or spiritual.
MATTER AND FORM
The sacrament of Marriage begins when a
man and a woman stand before God and
the community, and publicly and freely
declare (promise):
“To be one heart and one soul from this day
forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for
poorer, in sickness and in health, until death
do us part.”
Rite of Marriage (state of intentions)
Celebrant: And so, in the presence of the
Church, I ask you to state your intentions.
1. Have you come here freely and without
reservation to give yourselves to each other
in marriage?
2. Will you love and honor each other as
man and wife for the rest of your lives?
3. Will you accept children lovingly from
God, and bring them waccordingly to the
law of Celebrant bless and pray for the
couple (consent).
Giving of Consent (joined hands)
Groom: I, (GN), take you (BN), to be my
wife. I promise to be true to you in good
times and in bad, in sickness and in health. I
will love you all the days of my life.
Bride: I, (BN), take you (GN), to be my
husband. I promise to be true to you in
good times and in bad, in sickness and in
health. I will love you all the days of my life.
Blessing and Exchange of the Rings
Celebrant bless the rings
Groom:(place ring on his wife's finger):
(BN), take this ring as a sign of my love and
fidelity. In the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
Bride: (place ring on her husband's finger):
(GN), take this ring as a sign of my love and
fidelity. In the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
THAT GIVES GRACE
* THE EFFECTS OF THE SACRAMENT OF
MATRIMONY?
1. first, to sanctify the love of husband and
wife;
2. second, to give them grace to bear with
each other's weaknesses;
3. third, to enable them to bring up
their children in the love and fear of
God.
The union and love existing between a
husband and wife should be like the
union and love existing between Our
Lord and His Church. The grace of the
Sacrament helps them to have such a
love.
"Weaknesses" that is, their faults, bad
dispositions, etc. "Bring up their
children." This is their most important
duty, and parents receive grace to
perform it, and woe be to them if they
abuse that grace!
Sacraments Matter and Form