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Globalization
and Diversity
Geography of a Changing World
F i f t h E di t i o n

Rowntree Lewis Price W yc ko f f

 The Critical Issues & Work of Geography
G E o G R A p H E R S AT W o R k
Tracking Conflict from Space

A
s an under-
graduate at
Eastern Ken-
tucky University, Susan
Wolfinbarger took a
world regional geog-
raphy class, and was
Figure 1.4.1 Susan
mesmerized: “There
are so many things
Wolfinbarger
you learn in geogra-
phy, and the methods of analysis can be applied
to different careers and research.” Years later,
with a PhD in Geography from the Ohio State
University, Wolfinbarger directs the Geospatial
Technologies Project at the American Association
for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (Figure
1.4.1). Her group uses high-resolution satellite
imagery to track conflicts and document issues
of global concern, such as human rights abuses
and damage to cultural heritage sites.
Most people have used Google Earth satel-
lite images to look at places. Wolfinbarger’s
team employs a time series of such images
in order to assess events such as destruction
of villages. Interpreting images and quanti-
fying findings is a challenge, but, she says,
“Geography taught me not just mapping but
statistics and surveying . . . it gave me a great
toolkit to apply to any topic.” Much of her
analysis is used by human rights organizations
such as the European Court of Human Rights
and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Wolfinbarger’s team analyzed the increase
in roadblocks in the Syrian city of Aleppo
(Figure 1.4.2). Roadblocks demonstrate a de-
cline in the circulation of people and goods
in this densely settled city, which is a major
problem. The Geospatial Technologies Project
NEW! Geographers At Work
features look at how geography is
practiced in the real world, profiling
active geographers who are using
the unique tools and techniques
of geography. These features
emphasize the diverse issues and
places that geographers explore,
emphasizing the different career
and research opportunities of
geography, and the interesting and
important real-world problems that
Figure 1.4.2 Monitoring Aleppo This image shows the city of Aleppo in May 2013, where
contemporary geography addresses.
over 1000 roadblocks were detected. Roadblocks are an indicator of ongoing conflict and potential
humanitarian concerns because they restrict the movement of people and goods throughout the city.
In a nine-month period from September 2012 to May 2013, the number of roadblocks doubled.
has also documented heritage sites at risk and a lot of opportunities out there other than
from damage and looting, especially in the academic jobs. Everyone wants a geographer!”
Southwest Asia, and is developing training ma-
1. Suggest ways that satellite imagery could
terials so that others can use this technology.
be used to document not just conflict but
Geographers are at the cutting edge of ap-
environmental change.
plying satellite imagery to a broad spectrum
2. Government agencies are constantly devel-
of human rights issues. Wolfinbarger notes,
oping and using satellite technology. How
“There are a lot of ways that geographers can
might a citizen or non-governmental group
contribute to things happening in the world,
in your city or state use this kind of analysis?

a viable social, economic, and political fabric more complementary to

the larger geopolitical state. This is the strategy recently employed by Economic and Social Development:
W O R K I N G T O WA R D S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y Google Earth Tour

UPDATED! Working Toward

the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The Geography of Wealth Women and Water in the Developing World
Sahel region Africa
https://goo.gl/oz3E31

Sustainability features and Poverty

explore how the theme ofThe pace of global economic change and omen
W
and children bear the bur-
✔
Review development
den has in
of water problems ac-most
1.19 Why is it common to use two different concepts—nation and developing
rapidlycountries. Not only are
sustainability plays out across
state—to describe political entities?
celerated in the past several decades, rising
children
of the 21st century and then slowing precipitously
at the start
the most vulnerable to waterborne
in 2008 as
diseases, but also adult females (mothers,
world regions, looking at the
1.20 Distinguish colonialism from neocolonialism. world fell into an economic recession.
now gradually recovering from the
Most countries are
aunts, grandmothers, and older siblings) are
1.21 Describe the differences between counterterrorism and thedepths of the for
major caregivers global reces-
these sick children,
counterinsurgency. initiatives and positive outcomes sion, although major economies suchaddingasyet
Brazil and
another Russia have
time-consuming task to
experienced weaker growth rates in theirthe lastbusy
already couple
days. of years. If
of environmental,
KEy TERMS geopolitics, sovereignty, cultural,nothing
nation-state, colonialism, decolonial- andelse, this recent global recession
Further, women
and itsandunsteady
older girls are
re-the
ization, neocolonialism, insurgency, terrorism, counterinsurgency primary question
covery have highlighted the overarching conveyers ofofwater from wells
whether the or
economic sustainability. Mobile- streams to their village homes. Every per-
benefits of economic globalization outweigh the negative aspects.
son requires about 5 gallons (18 liters) of
34 ready Quick Response (QR) codes water per day for their hydration, cooking,
and sanitation needs; consequently, this
link to narrated Google Earth amount (multiplied by the number of people
in a family) must be carried each day from Figure 2.4.2 Woman using Wello

M01_ROWN7010_05_SE_C01.indd 34
Virtual Tour Videos that explore source to residence. In addition, women and
children are responsible for supplying water 12/30/15 11:58 AM
WaterWheel

landscapes related to each feature. for kitchen gardens that provide the family’s
food. At a global level, the water source for
about a third of the developing world’s rural
population is more than half a mile (1 km)
away from residences. To meet water needs,
women spend about 25 percent of their day
carrying water. A recent United Nations study
estimated that in Sub-Saharan Africa about
40 billion hours a year are spent collecting
and carrying water, the same amount of time
spent in 1 year by France’s entire workforce.
Besides the time expenditure, water is
NEW & UPDATED! Expanded heavy, and most of it is carried by hand. In
Africa, 40-pound (151-liter) jerry cans are
Figure 2.4.1 Women in India carrying water
on their heads
women commonly suffer from chronic neck
and back problems, many of which com-
plicate childbirth. Additionally, girls’ water-
carrying responsibilities often interfere with
their schooling, resulting in a high dropout
rate and furthering female illiteracy in rural
villages.
Previously in that part of India, women and
girls were spending 42 hours per week car-
rying water back and forth; with the Wello
WaterWheel, that has been reduced to only
7 hours a week. Using this time-saving device
has also reduced the school dropout rate for
young girls in the region. Currently, Wello,
which is a nonprofit organization, can deliver
a WaterWheel from its factory in Mumbai to a
rural Indian family for a mere $20. In the last
year, thousands of Wello WaterWheels have
been purchased by international aid organiza-
tions and donated to villages in Rajasthan,
moving them closer to a sustainable existence.

coverage of Climate Change, common; in northwest India, women and girls

balance several 5-gallon (19-liter) containers
Toward a Solution: The Wello WaterWheel
After studying the water-carrying issue in
1. List the social costs incurred when the
responsibility for providing water falls to
Sustainability, Gender Issues, on their heads to lessen the number of trips
made (Figure 2.4.1). (Note that 40 pounds is
semiarid northwestern India, Cynthia Koenig,
a recent engineering graduate from the
the women and children of a village.
2. List the probable social benefits to a vil-
Food, Art, Music, Film, Sport, about the weight of the suitcase you check
with the airlines on a typical trip. Try carrying
University of Michigan, invented the Wello
WaterWheel, a barrel-like 13-gallon (50-liter) lage where clean water is readily available
it on your head through the airport parking instead of requiring transport over long
and Geopolitics in each regional lot someday.) After years of carrying water,
rolling water container that greatly reduces
women’s water-carrying duties (Figure 2.4.2). distances by women and children.

chapter.
firms that have upgraded rudimentary water systems by installing mod-
ern water treatment and delivery technology have increased the costs
of water delivery to recoup their investment. Although the people may
now have access to cleaner and more reliable water, in many cases the
✔
Review
price is higher than they can afford, forcing them to either do without 2.10 How much water is there on Earth, and how much is available
or go to other, unreliable and polluted sources. for human usage? Use in your answer the concept that Earth’s
In Cochabamba, Bolivia, for example, the privatization of the water budget is just 100 liters.
water system 15 years ago resulted in a 35 percent average increase in 2.11 Describe the three major issues that cause water stress.
water costs. The people responded with demonstrations that became
2.12 Where in the world are the areas of the most severe water stress?
tragically violent. Eventually, the water system was returned to public
control. Today, however, 40 percent the city’s population is still with- KEY TERMS water stress
out a reliable water source.
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 3 61 08/01/16 2:03 PM
 Structured to Facilitate Learning
218 Globalization Amid Diversity

S
pring in the Mount Lebanon Range northeast of Beirut can be a beautiful time of
year as highland snowbanks retreat, flowers blossom, and upland pastures reveal 10°W
their first hint of green. Increasingly, these mountains are protected from devel-
opment and portions of the region are a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. They
EURASIAN PLATE
remain home to rare trees (the cedars of Lebanon) as well as an amazing collection
40°N
of mammals (boars, gray wolves, mountain gazelles) and birds (griffon vultures,
Eurasian jays). Now a focus of sustainable tourism, the region is a tiny pin-
Physical
point ofGeoGraPhy
optimism in a region and
reeling from economic turmoil and political
Algiers
upheaval.
environmental issues The CriticalStraitThemes
of Gibraltar of Geography
Oran E B
Tunis
R
The region’s vulnerability to water shortages is likely to Following two unique introductory
AT L A N T I C A G I N Schapters,
H TUNISIA
Rabat Fes M TA Medite
increase in the early 21st century as growing populations, each regional chapter is organized
O C E A N Casablanca N into five rranea
Diverse languages,
rapid urbanization, and increasing demands for agricultural
thematic sections: Physical
T LA
S M
OU
Geography and
Tripoli

land consume limited supplies. Marrakech A

religions, and ethnic Environmental Issues, Population and
MOROCCO
PoPulation and settlement Settlement, Cultural Coherence ALGERIA and
identities have molded land
30°N

Many settings within the region continue to see rapid

Diversity, Geopolitical Framework, and
and life within North Africa
population growth. These demographic pressures are
particularly visible in fragile, densely settled rural zones as
El Aaiún
S A H A R A
Economic and Social Development. D E S E

and Southwest Asia

well as in fast-growing large cities. WESTERN
SAHARA

cultural coherence for centuries.

and diversity Ahaggar
Highlands
Islam continues to be a vital cultural and political force
within the region, but increasing fragmentation within that
world has ledWhile settings such defined
as the Mount Lebanon Range are re- 20°N
to more culturally political instability.
minders of the region’s diversity, broadly shared patterns of cli-
mate, culture, and oil resources help define the unifying features ELEVATION IN METERS
4000+
of the Southwest Asia and North Africa region. Located at the
GeoPolitical
historic meetingFramework
ground of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the region
2000–4000
500–1,999
AFRICAN PLATE
The Arabincludes
Spring uprisings
thousandsinofthe early miles
square 2010s ofjolted the deserts, rugged
parched 200–499
Sea Level 0–199
geopolitical statusand
plateaus, quo in Tunisia,
oasis-like Egypt,
river Libya,
valleys. Yemen,4000
It extends and miles (6400 Below sea
Bahrain.km)
Internal instability
between ands the
Morocco’ growth
Atlantic of ISIL have
coastline and Iran’s boundary level
produced extensive
with bloodshed
Pakistan. More than in two
Syria and Iraq.
dozen Prospects
nations for within its
are included
peace between
borders,Israel
with and the Palestinians
the largest populationsremain murky,
located and Turkey, and
in Egypt, SOUTHWEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Iran’s growing political
Iran (Figure role is seen by many as a threat both
7.1). 10°N Political & Physical Map
within and beyond the region.
226
UPDATED! Region-specifi
Globalization Amid Diversity
c more
Metropolitan areas Learning
than 20 million
Objectives set up a structured Metropolitan areas learning
10–20 million
economic and social develoPment
Figure 7.1 Southwest Asia and North Africa This vast region extends path in the book and MasteringGeography,
Metropolitan areas 5–9.9 million
dramatically from crowded, irr
Metropolitan areas 1–4.9 million
Unstablefrom
world
the oil prices and unpredictable geopolitical
conditions
shores of the
have discouraged
Atlantic Ocean to the
investment
Caspian Sea. Within its framing the major learning
Selectedgoals of each
smaller metropolitan areas the Nile River. In Southwest As
boundaries, major cultural differences and tourismimportant
and globally in manypetroleum
Plate boundaries coastal and highland settings a
chapter.
10°W
countries. The pace
reserves have of social change,
contributed to recentespecially for women,
political tensions. 0°
available from nearby rivers or
has quickened, stimulating diverse regional responses. densities are found in better-wa
ranean (Israel, Lebanon, and S
This narrow road takes travelers from Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley into the beautiful Mount Lebanon population densities in such cou
Range northeast of Beirut. cal density, which is the num
✔ land, is quite high by global sta
Learning Objectives
Bekaa Valley, Lebanon After reading this chapter you should be able to: of the region’s overall populati
nated by huge cities (for examp
7.1 Explain how latitude and topography produce the region’s distinctive 7.5 NOTES:
List the major characteristics and patterns of diffusion of Islam.
and Tehran in Iran) that suffer
patterns of climate. 7.6 1.Identify
Did not change size; this is a double page spread
familiesand
thatright page is 39p wide, narrowerinthan
the key modern religions and language dominate found elsewhere the the 43p3
develop
7.2 Describe how the region’s fragile, often arid setting shapes 2.the
Edits to remove the callout boxes. I also deleted grid type under the callouts and shifted the scale ba
region.
contemporary environmental challenges. 7.7 Identify the role of cultural variables in understanding key regional Water and Life: Rural S
7.3 Describe
N O four
R T H Adistinctive
FRICA/
SOUTHWEST ASIA
ways in which people have learned to adapt conflicts in North Africa, Israel, Syria, Iraq, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Water and life are closely linke
their agricultural practices to the region’s arid environment. 7.8 Summarize the geography of oil and gas reserves in the region. of Southwest Asia and North Af
7.4 Summarize the major forces shaping recent migration patterns within 7.9 Describe traditional roles for Islamic women and provide examples of Asia is one of the world’s earl
the region. Figure 7.14 Alexandria, Egypt This beachside view along northern plants and animals were purp
recent changes.
Egypt’s low-lying coastline at Alexandria could change significantly if global sea desirable characteristics. Begi
levels rise.
creased experimentation with
to agricultural settlements that
such as cattle, sheep, and goat
M07_ROWN7010_05_SE_C07.indd 218
✔
Review tivity focused on the Fertile C
12/24/15 2:53 PM
7.1 Describe the climatic changes you might experience as you stretching from the Levant in
UPDATED! Review travel on a line from the eastern Mediterranean coast at Beirut of northern Syria into Iraq. Be
Questions and Key Terms
217 to the highlands of Yemen. What are some of the key climatic proved irrigation techniques
variables that explain these variations? states encouraged the spread
at the end of each section such as the Tigris and Euphra
7.2. Discuss five important human modifications of the Southwest
help students check their Asian and North African environment, and assess whether Africa’s Nile Valley.
comprehension of key concepts
1/5/16 3:22 PM
these changes have benefited the region. Pastoral Nomadism In the d
as they read. Key TeRmS Arab Spring, sectarian violence, ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and nomadism, where people mov
the Levant) Islamic fundamentalism, Islamism, culture hearth, Organization form of subsistence agricultur
of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Maghreb, Levant, salinization, toral nomads reflects their nee
fossil water, hydropolitics, choke point move camels, sheep, and goats
zones such as the Atlas Moun
mads practice transhumance—
greener high-country pastures
valley and lowland settings fo
Population and Settlement: seasonal movements often invo
Changing Rural and Urban Worlds small groups of a few dozen fam
nomads remain in the region to
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 4 08/01/16 2:04 PM
The human geography of Southwest Asia and North Africa demon-
 232 Globalization Amid Diversity
Turkoglu
Osmaniye TURKEY
Figure 7.26 Syrian Refugee Zones and Adana
Islahiye Karkamis Ceylanpinar
Selected Camps, 2015 Neighboring Oncupinar Akcakale
Domiz

areas of Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon Al Hasakah

have been inundated with refugees since Reyhanli

Apaydin Erbil

Tig
Aleppo
Boynuyogun

ris R
2012 and growing numbers are fleeing Yayladagi Kuyubasi Al-Raqqah

iver
the region to Europe and beyond.
Latakia
CYPRUS Deir al-Zor

Data-Rich, Visual Explorations

Hamah

Tartus
Mediterranean Wadi Khalid
Homs
Euphra
tes
Sea Tripoli Riv
er
SYRIA Al Qa’im

ey
al l
of Earth’s People & Places

aV
ka
Beirut

Be
Barr Elias
LEBANON Damascus I R A Q
Tyre Al Walid

Areas of conflict
and displacement
ISRAEL
0 50 100 Miles
Zones of major Syrian
Riba refugee population
al-Sarhan Al Zaatari 0 50 100 Kilometers
Tel Aviv Selected refugee camps
Amman
JORDAN Refugee clusters
Jerusalem
SAUDI ARABIA Internal movements
Migration flows
Figure 7.27 Population Pyramids: Egypt, Iran, and united Arab Emirates, 2015 Three distinctive
demographic snapshots highlight regional diversity: (a) Egypt’s above-average growth rates differ sharply
from those of (b) Iran, where a focused campaign on family planning has reduced recent family sizes. (c) Male NEW! Visual Analysis Questions
immigrant laborers play a special role in skewing the pattern within the United Arab Emirates. Q: For each
example, cite a related demographic or cultural issue that you might potentially find in these countries.
within each chapter section give
Medite Egypt
age
Iran
students more opportunity to stop
rranean 85+
Sea 80–84 and practice visual analysis, data
75–79 Cultural Coherence and
male female
70–74
male female analysis, and critical thinking as they
65–69
60–64 Diversity: Signatures of
55–59 read.
50–54
45–49
Complexity
40–44 Although Southwest Asia and North Africa remain the
35–39
heart of the Islamic and Arab worlds, cultural diversity also
D E S E R T 30–34
25–29 characterizes the region. Muslims practice their religion in
20–24 varied ways, often disagreeing strongly on religious views.
15–19
10–14 Elsewhere, other religions complicate cultural geography.
5–9
0–4
NEW! End-of-Chapter Review features
Linguistically, Arabic languages are key, but non-Arab peo-
ples, including Persians, Kurds, and Turks, also dominate
6
(a)
4 2 0 2
2015 population (millions)
4 6 6
(b)
4 2 0
2015 population (millions)
2 4 6 provide highly-visual and interactive reviews of each
portions of the region. These cultural geographies can help

age chapter, organized around learning outcomes and

us understand the region’s political tensions and appreciate
why many of its residents resist processes of globalization.
United Arab Emirates
85+
80–84 incorporating satellite-based imagery, photos, and
75–79 Patterns of Religion
70–74
65–69 male female GIS-built
Religion is an important part of the lives of most people in maps. This active-review section revisits
60–64
55–59 the
Southwest Asia and North Africa. Whether it is the quiet
key
ritual of morning prayers or discussions about current po-
issues from the region at multiple spatial
50–54
45–49
40–44
scales,
litical and social issues, religion remains part of the daily links to constantly updated resources at
routine of regional residents from Casablanca to Tehran.
35–39
30–34 the Author Blogs, and presents students with
25–29 Hearth of the Judeo-Christian Tradition Both Jews
20–24
15–19
and Christians trace their religious roots to an eastern NEW conceptual, visual, & Data Analysis
Mediterranean hearth. The roots of Judaism lie deep in
10–14
5–9 the past: Some 4000 years ago, Abraham, an early leader activities.
0–4 in the Jewish tradition, led his people from Mesopotamia
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400
(c) 2015 population (thousands)

10°W

M07_ROWN7010_05_SE_C07.indd 232 12/24/15 2:54 PM

D A T A A N A LY S I S
atically from crowded, irrigated locations, such as those along E Cultural Coherence Economic and Social Health care is often considered
ile River. In Southwest Asia, many residents 40°N
live in well-watered and Diversity Development a basic human right in more

al and highland settings and in desert localities where water is 7.5 List the major characteristics and patterns of 7.9 Describe traditional roles for Islamic women developed portions of the world,
but large parts of Southwest Asia
diffusion of Islam. and provide examples of recent changes.
ble from nearby rivers or subsurface aquifers. High population D 7.6 Identify the key modern religions and Abundant reserves of oil and natural gas,
http://goo.gl/oSK5Fa and North Africa are poorly served
A by health-care providers. The
ties are found in better-watered portions of the eastern Mediter- language families that dominate the region. coupled with the global economy’s continuing World Health Organization (WHO)
reliance on fossil fuels, ensure that the region gathers data on the number of physicians per 1000
n (Israel, Lebanon, and Syria), Turkey, and Iran. While overall
30°N 7.7 Identify the role of cultural variables in
will remain prominent in world petroleum population, which can be used as a measure of
C understanding key regional conflicts in North
markets. Also likely are moves toward economic access to health care as well as social development.
ation densities in such countries appear modest, the physiologi- Africa, Israel, Syria, Iraq, and the Arabian Peninsula. diversification and integration, which may According to recent data, the United States had
ensity, which is the number of people per unit area of arable Culturally, the region remains the hearth of
Christianity, the spatial and spiritual core of Islam,
gradually draw the region closer to Europe and
other participants in the global economy.
about 2.5 physicians per 1000 and Germany about
3.9. Go to the WHO website (www.who.int) and
is quite high by global standards. Although less than two-thirds and the political and territorial focus of modern
Judaism. In addition, important sectarian divisions
9. What are likely to be the chief drivers of eco- access the data/interactive atlas page on physicians
nomic growth in settings such as Istanbul, Turkey, per 1000 population.
e region’s overall population is urban,
20°N many nations are domi- 20°N within religious traditions (especially the schism in the next 10–20 years? 1. Make your own data table and map showing
B between Sunnis and Shiites), as well as long-standing
by huge cities (for example, Cairo in Egypt, Istanbul in Turkey, linguistic differences, continue to shape the local
10. Write an essay comparing and contrasting the
challenges of producing sustained economic growth
the regional pattern of health-care access
across Southwest Asia and North Africa.
cultural geographies and regional identities.
ehran in Iran) that suffer the same problems of urban crowding in Turkey and Saudi Arabia between 2020 and 2030. 2. In a few sentences, summarize the general
de, narrowerinthan
elsewhere the the 43p3 page
developing worldwidth.(Figure 7.16).
5. Why is Islam both a powerful unifying and a
divisive cultural force in the region?
patterns and trends you see. How would you
explain some of the major variations you
uts and shifted the scale bar to the 10°N
lower right so not crossing a boundary line. 10°N
6. Why does Saudi Arabia remain such a pivotal
part of the Islamic world?
E observe across the region?

60°E 3. Compare the pattern you see for physicians

er and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns C
with the map in the text on childhood
mortality (Figure 7.44). What similarities and

FPO
differences do you see? How might these
r and life are closely linked across rural settlement landscapes two indicators be a good measure of future
50°E
uthwest Asia and North Africa (Figure 7.17). 10°W
Indeed, 0°
Southwest social development? How might they predict
political stability?
s one of the world’s earliest hearths of domestication, where
Review
s and animals were purposefully selected and bred for their
able characteristics. Beginning

icultural settlements that later7.1

around
Physical
ed experimentation with wildEnvironmental
included
10,000 and
Geography
varieties of wheat Issues
domesticated
Explain how latitude
years ago, Many

and topography animals,

and barleyenvironmental
produce the region’s distinctive patterns of
as cattle, sheep, and goats. Much
climate. of the early agricultural along
7.2
focused on the Fertile Crescent, an ecologically diverse zone
Describe how the region’s fragile, often
arid setting shapes contemporary environmental
PM
hing from the Levant inlandchallenges.
through the fertile hill country
7.3 Describe four distinctive ways in which
rthern Syria into Iraq. Between 5000 and 6000 years
people have learned to adapt their agricultural
ago, im-
d irrigation techniques andpractices
increasingly powerful
to the region’s arid environment. political
in-nations within the region face significant
led challenges and growing pressures
on limited supplies of agricultural land and
water. The results, from the eroded soils of the
A
Geopolitical Framework
FPO KEY TERMS
Arab League (p. 242)
Arab Spring (p. 219)
brain drain (p. 248)
choke point (p. 224)
Looking for additional review and test
prep materials? Visit the Study Area in
7.8 Summarize the geography of oil and gas culture hearth (p. 220) MasteringGeography™ to enhance your
Atlas Mountains to the overworked garden plots domestication (p. 226)
reserves in the region.
ac-the Nile, illustrate the environmental price exotic river (p. 228) geographic literacy, spatial reasoning skills,
paid when population growth outstrips the Political conflicts have disrupted economic Fertile Crescent (p. 226) and understanding of this chapter’s content
development. Civil wars, sectarian violence, fossil water (p. 224) by accessing a variety of resources, including
ability of the land to support it.
Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) (p. 245)
conflicts between states, and regional tensions MapMaster interactive maps, geoscience
1. If populations outstrip water supplies in North
Africa’s oasis settlements, how might residents work against initiatives for greater cooperation
Hajj (p. 233)
hydropolitics (p. 224) animations, videos, In the News RSS feeds,
and trade. Perhaps most important, the region
adjust?
must deal with the conflict between modernity
ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant; also ISIS or Islamic State)
(p. 220)
flashcards, web links, self-study quizzes, and an
eText version of Globalization and Diversity.
2. List ways in which modern technology might
address water shortages across the region. Are
and more fundamentalist interpretations of
Islam.
Islamic fundamentalism (p. 220)
Islamism (p. 220)

encouraged the spread of agriculture into nearby lowlands, there limits or challenges to this approach?
7. How likely is it that the cultural and religious
Levant (p. 220)
Maghreb (p. 220) Authors’ Blogs
divisions in Iraq will be healed in 5–10 years? medina (p. 229) Scan to visit the
as the Tigris and Euphrates valleys (Mesopotamia) and North 8. Work with other students in the class to orga-
monotheism (p. 233)
Author’s Blog
Population and Settlement 3. Briefly describe the population density and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Pe

Kuwait
a’s Nile Valley. nize a debate on whether a renewed oil boom in for field notes, media
rsi

land-use patterns you might be likely to see out B Gu (p. 220)

an

7.4 Summarize the major forces shaping recent the plane window on a flight between Riyadh
Jubail lf the Iraqi economy might spur greater or reduced Ottoman Empire (p. 234) resources, and chapter
Manama
Doha Dubai Palestinian Authority (PA) (p. 241)
migration patterns within the region. (Saudi Arabia) and San’a (Yemen). levels of sectarian violence within the country. updates
ral Nomadism In the drier The portions
population geography region,Asiapastoral
of theof Southwest 4. How might very low population densities
Madinah
Yanbu
Riyadh
Muscat
pastoral nomadism (p. 226)
physiological density (p. 226) http://gad4blog.wordpress.com/category/southwest-asia-and-north-africa/
and North Africa is strikingly uneven. Areas Quran (p. 233)
dism, where people move livestock seasonally,
with higher rainfall is awater
or access to exotic traditional
impose special problems for maintaining effec-
tive political control across all portions of nations
Jiddah
Makkah
D salinization (p. 223)
Scan to visit the
Re d

sectarian violence (p. 219)

of subsistence agriculture. The settlement landscape
often have very high physiological population
densities, whereas nearby arid zones remain
of pas-
such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Algeria? Shiite (p. 233) GeoCurrents Blog
Se

Suez Canal (p. 239)

nomads reflects their need foralmost
mobility and flexibility as they
a

empty of settlement. Sunni (p. 233)

San’a theocratic state (p. 233)
camels, sheep, and goats from place to place. Near highland transhumance (p. 226) http://geocurrents.info/category/place/southwest-asia-and-north-africa

such as the Atlas Mountains250and the Anatolian Plateau, no- 251

practice transhumance—seasonally moving livestock to cooler,
er high-country pastures in the summer and returning them to
and lowland settings for fall and winter grazing. Elsewhere,
M07_ROWN7010_05_SE_C07.indd 250-251 07/01/16 1:45 PM

nal movements often involve huge areas of desert that support

groups of a few dozen families. Fewer than 10 million pastoral
ds remain in theA01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd
region today. 5 08/01/16 2:04 PM
 Continuous Learning
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A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 9 08/01/16 2:05 PM

 GLOBALIZATION A

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 10 08/01/16 2:05 PM

 AND DIVERSITY
GEOGRAPHY OF A CHANGING WORLD
FIFT H E D IT ION

LES ROWNTREE
University of California, Berkeley

MARTIN LEWIS
Stanford University

MARIE PRICE
George Washington University

WILLIAM WYCKOFF
Montana State University

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 11 08/01/16 2:06 PM

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rowntree, Lester, 1938- author.
Title: Globalization and diversity : geography of a changing world / Les
   Rowntree, University of California, Berkeley, Martin Lewis, Stanford
   University, Marie Price, George Washington University, William Wyckoff,
   Montana State University.
Description: Fifth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2015040429 | ISBN 9780134117010 (Student Edition)
Subjects: LCSH: Economic geography. | Globalization.
Classification: LCC HF1025 .G59 2017 | DDC 330.9--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040429

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 Brief Contents

1 Concepts of World Geography 2

2 Physical Geography and the Environment 42

3 North America 66

4 Latin America 102

5 The Caribbean 140

6 Sub-Saharan Africa 172

7 Southwest Asia and North Africa 216

8 Europe 252

9 The Russian Domain 290

10 Central Asia 322

11 East Asia 348

12 South Asia 384

13 Southeast Asia 418

14 Australia and Oceania 452

Appendix: Population & Development
Indicator Tables A-1

xiii

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 13 08/01/16 2:06 PM

 Contents
BOOK & WALKTHROUGH   i
PREFACE  xxi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS   xxv
DIGITAL & PRINT RESOURCES   xxvi
1
CONCEPTS OF WORLD GEOGRAPHY 2
Geography Matters: Environments, Regions,
Landscapes 5
Areal Differentiation and Integration 5 • The Cultural Landscape: Space
into Place 6 • Regions: Formal and Functional 6
Converging Currents of Globalization 7
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS A Closer Look at
Globalization 8
The Environment and Globalization 8 • Globalization and Changing
Human Geographies 8 • Geopolitics and Globalization 9 • Economic
Globalization and Uneven Development Outcomes 11 • Thinking Critically
About Globalization 11 • Diversity in a Globalizing World 13
The Geographer’s Toolbox: Location, Maps, Remote
Sensing, and GIS 14
Latitude and Longitude 14 • Map Projections 15 • Map Scale 16
Map Patterns and Map Legends 16 • Aerial Photos and Remote
Sensing 16 • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 17 • Themes
and Issues in World Regional Geography 18 • Physical Geography and
Environmental Issues: The Changing Global Environment 18
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 14
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Meeting the Needs of Future
Generations 19
Population and Settlement: People on the Land 19
Population Growth and Change 20 • Global Migration and Settlement 24
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Geography
of Change and Tradition 25
Culture in a Globalizing World 25
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Common Cultural Exchanges 26
Language and Culture in Global Context 27 • The Geography of World
Religions 28 • Culture, Gender, and Globalization 30
Geopolitical Framework: Unity and Fragmentation 31
The Nation-State Revisited 31 • Colonialism, Decolonialization, and
Neocolonialism 32 • Global Conflict and Insurgency 32
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Tracking Conflict from Space 34
Economic and Social Development: The Geography
of Wealth and Poverty 34
More and Less Developed Countries 35 • Indicators of Economic
Development 35 • Comparing Incomes and Purchasing Power 37
• Measuring Poverty 37 • Indicators of Social Development 38
Review 40 Data Analysis 41
2
 HYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND THE
P
ENVIRONMENT 42
Geology: A Restless Earth 44
Plate Tectonics 44 • Geologic Hazards 47
Global Climates: Adapting to Change 48
Climate Controls 48
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Glaciers and Climate Change 49
Climate Regions 51 • Global Climate Change 52
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Antarctica, the Science
Continent 55
Bioregions and Biodiversity: The Globalization
of Nature 57
Nature and the World Economy 57 • Climate Change and Nature 57
• The Current Extinction Crisis 58
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION The Rainforest and Your
Chocolate Fix 59
08/01/16 2:06 PM

Water: A Scarce World Resource 60
Water Sanitation 60 • Water Access 60
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Women and Water in the
Developing World 61
Global Energy: The Essential Resource 62
Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy 62 • Fossil Fuel Reserves,
Production, and Consumption 62 • Renewable Energy 62 • Energy
Futures 63
Review 64 Data Analysis 65
3 NORTH AMERICA 66
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
A Vulnerable Land of Plenty 70
A Diverse Physical Setting 70 • Patterns of Climate and Vegetation 71
• The Costs of Human Modification 73
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Greening the Colorado River
Delta 74
Growing Environmental Awareness 75 • The Shifting Energy
Equation 76 • Climate Change and North America 77
Population and Settlement: Reshaping a Continental
Landscape 77
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Climate Change Brings Luxury
Cruises to the Fabled Northwest Passage 78
Modern Spatial and Demographic Patterns 78 • Occupying the Land 78
• North Americans on the Move 80 • Settlement Geographies: The
Decentralized Metropolis 81 • Settlement Geographies: Rural North
America 83
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Shifting Patterns
of Pluralism 84
The Roots of a Cultural Identity 84 • Peopling North America 85
• Culture and Place in North America 86 • Patterns of North American
Religion 88 • The Globalization of American Culture 89
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION The NBA Goes Global 91
Geopolitical Framework: Patterns of Dominance
and Division 92
Creating Political Space 92 • Continental Neighbors 92 • The Legacy of
Federalism 92 • The Politics of U.S. Immigration 94 • A Global Reach 94
Economic and Social Development: Geographies
of Abundance and Affluence 95
An Abundant Resource Base 95 • Creating a Continental Economy 95
North America and the Global Economy 96 • Enduring Social Issues 97
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Toronto’s Chinese Entrepreneurs 98
Review 100 Data Analysis 101
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 15
Contents     xv
4
LATIN AMERICA 102
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Neotropical Diversity and Urban Degradation 106
Western Mountains and Eastern Lowlands 106 • Climate and Climate
Change in Latin America 108 • Impacts of Climate Change for Latin
America 110 • Environmental Issues: The Destruction and Conservation of
Forests 111 • Urban Environmental Challenges 113
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Greening Transport and
Expanding Access in Bogotá 115
Population and Settlement: The Dominance
of Cities 116
Patterns of Rural Settlement 116 • The Latin American City 117
• Population Growth and Movement 118
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Repopulating
a Continent 121
The Decline of Native Populations 122 • Patterns of Ethnicity and
Culture 122 • The Global Reach of Latino Culture 123
Geopolitical Framework: Redrawing the Map 125
Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division 125  
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Catholic Church and the
Argentine Pope 126
Regional Organizations 129
Economic and Social Development: Focusing
on Neoliberalism 130
Primary Export Dependency 131
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Development Work in Post-Conflict
Colombia 131
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Good Morning Coffee 132
Latin America in the Global Economy 133 • Social Development 135
Review 138 Data Analysis 139
xv
08/01/16 2:06 PM
 xvi     Globalization and Diversity

5 THE CARIBBEAN 140

Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Paradise Undone 144
Island and Rimland Landscapes 144
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Crisis Mapping in Haiti After
the Earthquake 146
Caribbean Climate and Climate Change 146 • Environmental Issues 148
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Islands
and Rimland Frontiers 151
Demographic Trends 151 • The Rural–Urban Continuum 153
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Neo-Africa
in the Americas 155
The Cultural Impact of Colonialism 155
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Urban Agriculture in
Havana 156
Creolization and Caribbean Identity 157
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Caribbean Carnival 159
Geopolitical Framework: Colonialism, Neocolonialism,
and Independence 161
Life in “America’s Backyard” 161 • Independence and Integration 163
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Unity Through
Adversity 193
Language Patterns 193 • Religion 194
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Reach of Nollywood 198
Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism
and Conflict 199
European Colonization 199 • Decolonization and Independence 201
• Enduring Political Conflict 202
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION The African Origins of the Diamond
Engagement Ring 204
Economic and Social Development: The Struggle
to Develop 205
Roots of African Poverty 205 • Signs of Economic Growth 206
Links to the World Economy 207
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Vision for Sustainable Development in
West Africa 208
Economic Differentiation Within Africa 209 • Measuring Social
Development 211 • Women and Development 212 • Building from
Within 212
Review 214 Data Analysis 215

Economic and Social Development: From Cane Fields

7 S OUTHWEST ASIA AND NORTH
AFRICA 216
to Cruise Ships 163
From Fields to Factories and Resorts 164 Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Educational Tourism in Cuba 167 Life in a Fragile World 220
Social Development 167 • Gender, Politics, and Culture 168 Regional Landforms 220 • Patterns of Climate 221 • Legacies of a
Vulnerable Landscape 221 • Climate Change in Southwest Asia and North
Review 170 Data Analysis 171 Africa 224

6
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Desalination in the Desert
at Dubai’s Jebel Ali Plant 225
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 172
Population and Settlement: Changing Rural
and Urban Worlds 226
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
The Plateau Continent 176
Plateaus and Basins 176 • Climate and Vegetation 178 • Africa’s
Environmental Issues 180
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Can Bamboo Reduce
Deforestation in Africa? 183
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa 185

Population and Settlement: Young and Restless 186

Demographic Trends and Disease Challenges 186 • The Disease Factor:
Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola 187 • Patterns of Settlement and Land
Use 188 • Urban Life 191

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 16 08/01/16 2:07 PM

 Contents     xvii

The Geography of Population 226 • Water and Life: Rural Settlement
Patterns 226 • Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint 229
• A Region on the Move 230 • Shifting Demographic Patterns 231
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Signatures
of Complexity 232
Patterns of Religion 232
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Libyan Highway to
Europe 234
Geographies of Language 236 • Regional Cultures in Global Context 238
Economic and Social Development: Integration and
Transition 282
Europe’s Industrial Revolution 282 • Rebuilding Postwar Europe 282
• Economic Disintegration and Transition in Eastern Europe 283
• Promise and Problems of the Eurozone 285 • The 2015 Greek Debt
Crisis and Its Implications for the Eurozone 285 • Social Development in
Europe: Gender Issues 287
Review 288 Data Analysis 289

Geopolitical Framework: Never-Ending Tensions 239

The Colonial Legacy 239 • Modern Geopolitical Issues 241
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK How Do We Define “Middle East”? 244
9 THE RUSSIAN DOMAIN 290

Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:

Economic and Social Development: Lands of Wealth
and Poverty 244
The Geography of Fossil Fuels 245 • Global Economic Relationships 245
• Regional Economic Patterns 245
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Popping Pills from Israel 247
Gender, Culture, and Politics: A Woman’s Changing World 248
Review 250 Data Analysis 251
A Vast and Challenging Land 295
A Diverse Physical Setting 295 • A Devastated Environment 297
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Russian Meteorite Fragments
Go Global 298
Addressing the Environmental Crisis 299 • Climate Change in the Russian
Domain 299
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Putting a Lid on
Chernobyl 302

8 EUROPE 252
Population and Settlement: An Urban Domain 303
Population Distribution 303 • Regional Migration Patterns 304
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Exploring Arctic Russia’s Changing Urban
Landscape 305
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Inside the Russian City 307 • The Demographic Crisis 307
Human Transformation of a Diverse Landscape 256
Landform Regions 256• Seas, Rivers, and Ports 257• Europe’s Climate 258 Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Legacy of Slavic
• Environmental Issues: Local and Global 260 • Climate Change in Dominance 308
Europe 260
The Heritage of the Russian Empire 308 • Geographies of Language 309
Population and Settlement: Slow Growth and • Geographies of Religion 309 • Russian Culture in Global Context 311
Problematic Migration 262 Geopolitical Framework: Growing Instability Across
Low (or No) Natural Growth 262 the Region 312
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Migrants in the Digital Age 265
Extralegal Migration, Leaky Borders, and “Fortress
Europe” 265 • Landscapes of Urban Europe 267
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Protecting Europe’s Cultural
Landscapes 268

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Mosaic

of Differences 269
Geographies of Language 270  
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION English, Europe’s New Second
Language 271
Geographies of Religion, Past and Present 272 • Migrants and
Culture 274 • Sports in Europe 274

Geopolitical Framework: A Dynamic Map 275

Redrawing the Map of Europe Through War 275 • A Divided Europe, East
and West 278 • The Balkans: Waking from a Geopolitical Nightmare 279
• Devolution in Contemporary Europe 279
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The New Cold War 280

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 17 08/01/16 2:07 PM

 xviii     Globalization and Diversity
Geopolitical Structure of the Former Soviet Union 312 • Current
Geopolitical Setting 313 • The Shifting Global Setting 316
Economic and Social Development: Coping with
Growing Regional Challenges 316
The Legacy of the Soviet Economy 316 • The Post-Soviet Economy 316
• Gender, Culture, and Politics 318 • The Russian Domain in the Global
Economy 318
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION How the Russian Domain Shapes the
Virtual World 318
Review 320 Data Analysis 321
10 CENTRAL ASIA 322
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Steppes, Deserts, and Threatened Lakes 326
Central Asia’s Physical Regions 326 • Major Environmental Issues 326   EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS South Korean Investments and
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY The Greening of the Inner
Mongolian Desert 329
Climate Change and Central Asia 329
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Oases
Amid Vacant Lands 330
Highland Population and Subsistence Patterns 331 • Lowland Population
and Subsistence Patterns 331 • Population Issues 332 • Urbanization in
Central Asia 332
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Tajikistan’s Remittance-
Dependent Economy 333
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground
of Different Traditions 334
Historical Overview: Changing Languages and Populations 334
Contemporary Linguistic and Ethnic Geography 334
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Kazakh Migration in Mongolia 335
Geography of Religion 337 • Central Asian Culture in Global Context 337
Geopolitical Framework: Political Reawakening 338
Partitioning of the Steppes 338 • Central Asia Under Communist Rule 338
Current Geopolitical Tensions 339 • International Dimensions of Central
Asian Tension 341
Economic and Social Development: Abundant
Resources, Troubled Economies 342
Post-communist Economies 342
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Rare Earths from Inner Mongolia 343
Social Development in Central Asia 344
Review 346 Data Analysis 347
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 18
11
EAST ASIA 348
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land 352
East Asia’s Physical Geography 352 • East Asia’s Environmental
Challenges 355 • Flooding, Dams, and Soil Erosion in
China 357 • Climate Change and East Asia 358
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK China’s Agricultural Transformation 359
Population and Settlement: A Realm of Crowded
Lowland Basins 360
Japanese Settlement and Agricultural Patterns 360 • Settlement and Agricultural
Patterns in Korea and Taiwan 360 • Settlement and Agricultural Patterns in
China 361 • East Asian Agriculture and Resources in Global Context 361
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Tea and Coffee in Yunnan,
China 362
The Urban Environment of East Asia 363
Aid in Africa 364
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Confucian
Realm? 365
Unifying Cultural Characteristics 365 • Religious Unity and Diversity in East
Asia 366 • Linguistic and Ethnic Diversity in East Asia 367 • East Asian
Cultures in Global Context 370
Geopolitical Framework: The Imperial Legacies
of China and Japan 371
The Evolution of China 371 • The Rise of Japan 373 • Postwar
Geopolitics 374 • The Global Dimension of East Asian Geopolitics 375
Economic and Social Development: A Core Region
of the Global Economy 376
Japan’s Economy and Society 376 • The Thriving Economies of South
Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong 377  
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION East Asia’s Domination of Shipbuilding 378
Chinese Development 378 • Social Conditions in China 381 • The Failure
of Development in North Korea 381
Review 382 Data Analysis 383
08/01/16 2:07 PM

12
SOUTH ASIA 384
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
Diverse and Stressed Landscapes 388
Physical Subregions of South Asia 388
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK The Himalayan Environment 389
South Asia’s Monsoon Climates 390 • Climate Change and South
Asia 391 • Natural Hazards, Landscape Change, and Pollution 392
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Community Development
and Mangrove Conservation in Sri Lanka 393
Population and Settlement: The Demographic
Dilemma 394
Migration and the Settlement Landscape 394 • Agricultural Regions and
Activities 395 • Urban South Asia 397
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage
Undermined by Religious Rivalries 398
Origins of South Asian Civilizations 398
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION India and the International Day
of Yoga 399
Contemporary Geographies of Religion 399 • Geographies of
Language 401 • South Asia in Global Cultural Context 403
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Indian Film Industry’s
International Reach 404
Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region 405
South Asia Before and After Independence 405 • Ethnic Conflicts in South
Asia 407 • The Maoist Challenge 409 • International Geopolitics 410
Economic and Social Development: Rapid Growth and
Rampant Poverty 411
South Asian Poverty 411 • Geographies of Economic Development 411
Globalization and South Asia’s Economic Future 414 • Social
Development 414
Review 416 Data Analysis 417
A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 19
Contents     xix
13 SOUTHEAST ASIA 418
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues:
A Once-Forested Region 422
Patterns of Physical Geography 422 • Environmental Problems:
Deforestation, Pollution, and Dams 423 • Patterns of
Deforestation 423 • Smoke and Air Pollution 425 • Dam-Building in
Southeast Asia 426 • Climate Change and Southeast Asia 426
Population and Settlement: Subsistence, Migration,
and Cities 427
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY New Efforts to Create an
Environmentally Responsible Palm Oil Industry 428
Settlement and Agriculture 428  
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Opium Resurgence in
Northern Southeast Asia 430
Recent Demographic Changes 430 • Urban Settlement 432
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground
of World Cultures 433
The Introduction and Spread of Major Cultural Traditions 434 • Geography
of Language and Ethnicity 435 • Southeast Asian Culture in Global
Context 438
Geopolitical Framework: War, Ethnic Strife,
and Regional Cooperation 439
Before European Colonialism 439 • The Colonial Era 439 • The Vietnam
War and Its Aftermath 441 • Geopolitical Tensions in Contemporary
Southeast Asia 441 • International Dimensions of Southeast Asian
Geopolitics 443
Economic and Social Development: The Roller-Coaster
Ride of Developing Economies 444
Uneven Economic Development 444 • Globalization and the Southeast
Asian Economy 446 • Issues of Social Development 447
EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Thailand’s Troublesome Seafood
Exports 448
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Female Migrant Workers in Southeast
Asia 449
Review 450 Data Analysis 451
08/01/16 2:07 PM
 Contemporary Population Patterns 463 • Historical Geography
463 • Settlement Landscapes 466 • Diverse Demographic Paths 468

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Global

Crossroads 468
Multicultural Australia 469 • Cultural Patterns in New Zealand 469
• The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures 470
EXPLORING GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Asylum Seekers Arrive in
Australia 471
Interactions with the Larger World 472

Geopolitical Framework: Diverse Paths

to Independence 474
Roads to Independence 474 • Persistent Geopolitical Tensions 475

Economic and Social Development: Growing Asian

Connections 477
Australian and New Zealand Economies 477 • Oceania’s Divergent
Development Paths 478

14
GEOGRAPHERS AT WORK Planning for the Future Across the Pacific

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA 452 Basin 479

EVERYDAY GLOBALIZATION Wine from Down Under Gains Global
Appeal 480
Physical Geography and Environmental Issues: Oceania in Global Context 480 • Continuing Social
Varied Landscapes and Habitats 456 Challenges 480 • Gender, Culture, and Politics 481
Regional Landforms and Topography 456 • Regional Climate Review 482 Data Analysis 483
Patterns 457 • Unique Plants and Animals 458 • Complex
Environmental Issues 459 • Climate Change in Oceania 460
WORKING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY Sea-Level Rise and the Future
APPENDIX A-1
of Low Islands 462 GLOSSARY G-1
CREDITS C-1
Population and Settlement: Booming Cities and Empty
INDEX I-1
Spaces 463

xx

A01_ROWN7010_05_SE_FM.indd 20 08/01/16 2:08 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 he was from dethe to lyfe and gave the lyghte of lyfe to all
them that weren quenchud....
“The strokys that ye prestes geveth on the boke
betokynneth the clappus of thunder yt Christ brake helle
gattys wyth when he com thedur and spoylud helle.”
Maundy, or Sheer Thursday.—On Thursday in Holy Week was
commemorated the Institution of the Blessed Eucharist by our Lord
in His last Supper. The Liber Festivalis makes the following
explanation of the feast, for the benefit of those who ask for the
reason of such things—
“First if men aske why Schere Thursday is so called, say yt
in holy churche it is called Our Lord’s Soper day. For that
day he soupud with hys disciple oponly.... Hit is also in
English tong ‘Schere Thursday,’ for in owr elde fadur days
men wold on yt day makon scheron hem honest, and dode
here hedes ond clypon here berdes and poll here hedes,
ond so makon hem honest agen Estur day; for on ye moro
(Good Friday) yei woldon done here bodies non ease, but
suffur penaunce, in mynde of Hym yt suffrud so harte for
hem. On Saturday they myghte mote whyle, whate for
longe service, what for other occupacion that they haddon
for the wake comynge and after mote was no tyme for
haly daye.... Therefore as John Belette telluth and techuth,
on ‘Schere Thursday’ a man shall dodun his heres and
clypponde his berde, and a prest schal schave his crowne
so that there schall no thynge bene betwene God Almythy
and hym.”
The Maundy.—On this day in all cathedral churches, in the greater
parish churches, and even in some of the smaller ones, the feet of
thirteen poor people were washed with great solemnity, and they
were fed and served at their meal by the dignitaries of the place, in
memory of our Lord’s act of humility in washing the feet of His
disciples. This “Maundy” was kept also in England by kings and
nobles, and even by private individuals, who on this day entertained
Christ’s poor in their houses.
The Absolution.—Thursday in Holy Week was also known to our
forefathers as “absolution day,” because, after tenebræ, in the
evening, in larger churches, the people knelt before the penitentiary
in acknowledgment of their repentance of sin, and received from him
a token of God’s acceptance by a rod being placed on their heads.
Sometimes this voluntary humiliation and discipline was performed
on Good Friday, and the rods touched the hands of the penitent. It
was to this rite Sir Thomas More refers in his book against Tyndall,
where he says—
“Tyndale is as lothe, good, tender pernell, to take a lyttle
penaunce of the prieste, as the lady was to come any
more to dyspelying that wept even for tender heart twoo
dayes after when she talked of it, that the priest had on
Good Friday with the dyspelyng rodde beaten her hard on
her lylye white hands.”
The church accounts sometimes refer to the purchase of rods for this
purpose by the wardens.
The Sepulchre.—The service of Maundy Thursday morning included
the consecration of two hosts, besides that which the celebrant
received at the Communion of the Mass. At the conclusion of the
service these two hosts were carried to some becoming place till the
following day, when one was used in the Mass of the Presanctified,
and the other was placed in a pyx and put along with the cross,
which had just been kissed and venerated, into what was known as
the “Easter Sepulchre.” On the afternoon of Good Friday it was
customary for people in the towns to make visits to the various
churches to pray at these sepulchres. There is no expense more
constantly recorded in all the parochial accounts than that for the
erection and taking down of the Easter Sepulchre. Generally, no
doubt, it was a more or less elaborate, although temporary, erection
of wood, hung over with the most precious curtains and hangings
which the church possessed, some of which were even frequently
left for this special purpose. Here in this “chapel of repose” the
Blessed Sacrament was placed at the conclusion of the Mass of the
Presanctified, and here the priest and people watched and prayed
before it till early in the morning of Easter day.
There are, however, in England some interesting instances of
permanent “tombs” being erected to serve as the Easter Sepulchre.
Some people in their wills left money to have a structure for the “altar
of repose,” worthy of its purpose, built over the spot on which they
themselves desired to be buried.
After the morning service of Maundy Thursday, the high altar, and
then all the altars in the church, were stripped of their ornaments and
cloths and were left bare, in memory of the way our Blessed Lord
was stripped of His garments before His crucifixion. In the evening of
the same day all the altars were washed with wine and blessed
water, the minister saying at each the prayer of the Saint to whom
the altar was dedicated; then he and all the clerks, having devoutly
kissed the stone slab, retired in silence.
Good Friday.—The chief feature in the morning service of Good
Friday was undoubtedly the “adoration of the Cross” and the
ceremonial kissing of it, better known in England as the “Creeping to
the Cross.” The meaning of this act of worship is set out in Dives and
Pauper so clearly that there can be no doubt as to what our
forefathers intended by it.
“Pauper.—In the same manner lewd men should do their
worship before the thing, making his prayer before the
thing and not to the thing.
“Dives.—On the other hand, on Good Friday above all in
holy Church men creep to the church and worship the
cross.
“Pauper.—That is so, but not as thou meanest: the cross
that we creep to and worship so highly that time is Christ
himself that died on the cross that day for our sins and our
sake. For the shape of man is a cross, and as He hung
upon the rood He was a very cross. He is that cross, as all
doctors say, to whom we pray and say, Ave crux, spes
unica—‘Hail be thou Cross, our only hope,’ etc. And as
Bede saith; for as much as Christ was most despised of
mankind on Good Fryday, therefore Holy Church hath
ordeyned that on the Good Fryday men should do Him
tha
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 EASTER SEPULCHRE, ARNOLD, NOTTS die
d
for us all that day upon the crosse.”
Archbishop Simon Mepham (1327-1333) issued a special
Constitution as to the way in which this solemn day was to be kept
throughout England.
“We order and ordain,” he says, “that this holy day of
Good Friday, on which our Saviour and Lord Jesus Christ
after many stripes laid down His precious life on the Cross
for the salvation of men, according to the custom of the
Church should be passed in reading, silence, prayer and
fasting with tearful sorrow.”
For which reason this Synod forbade all servile work on this great
day; the archbishop adding, however, that this did not apply to the
poor, and that the rich might show their charity to the poor by aiding
them in work upon their land. The canonist Lyndwood points out, in
commenting on this provision, that by “silence” the archbishop
probably intends to prohibit all shouting or noise, all loud talking or
disputes, which might interfere with the solemnity of this
commemoration.
Holy Saturday.—The service of this day probably began at a late
hour, as, according to primitive custom, it was the Office of a Vigil.
The first act in the long Office was the blessing of the new fire, which
had previously been struck by a steel out of flint. After a candle had
been lit at the new fire, the procession passed from outside the
western door, where this first portion of the ceremony had been held,
into the church for the blessing of the Paschal Candle. The
preparation of this symbol of “the risen Lord,” with the five glorified
grains of incense, to remind all of His five sacred wounds, was one
of the yearly parochial works. The charges for it are to be found in
every book of church accounts: money was collected for the
purpose, people gave presents towards it, and in some places—at
St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury, for instance—goods in kind were placed
in the hands of the wardens, in order that the hiring-out of them
might pay for the annual “paschal.” To this practice of having their
annual “paschal,” the people clung somewhat tenaciously on the
change of religion; and as late as 1586, at Great Yarmouth, charges
were made by the churchwardens for taking down and putting up
“the Paschal.”
The Paschal, apparently, was commonly a lofty construction: a tall
thick piece of wood painted to represent a candle, and ornamented,
rested in the socket of the candlestick, and on the top of this, at a
great height, was the real candle. For some reason not known, the
wooden part was called by our English ancestors the “Judas of the
Paschal.” On this day also, in every parish church, the font was
hallowed with impressive and symbolic ceremonies.
Easter Day.—“On this day,” says an English fourteenth-century
sermon book—“on this day all the people receive the Holy
Communion.” This was apparently the universal custom; and
although in preparation for this Easter duty the parishioners were
advised to go to their parish priest at the beginning of Lent, there are
indications that during the last days of Holy Week there was
sometimes a press of penitents. At St. Mary’s, Dover, for example, in
1538 and 1539, the churchwardens enter in their expenses, “Item—
paid to two priests at Easter to help shrive—2s.” And in 1540 the
entry runs, “Item—paid to three priests to help shrive and to minister
on Maunday Thursday, Easter even, and Easter day, 2s. 4d.”
Early in the morning of Easter, at the first streak of dawn, the people
hastened to the church to be present when the Blessed Sacrament
was brought by the priests from the sepulchre to the usual place
where it hung over the altar. Sometimes the image of our Lord, which
had been placed with it in the figurative tomb of the Easter
sepulchre, was made movable, and on Easter day was placed on the
altar in a standing position. This probably was the case at St. Mary’s,
Cambridge, where in 1537 the churchwardens paid “for mending of
the Vice for the Resurrection.” Generally, however, the crucifix was
brought out of the place of repose and taken to some side altar, and
there once more, as on Good Friday, all clergy and people knelt to
honour it and kiss it. This was the practice in many large churches,
and a description of the “Resurrection figure” is given in the Rites of
Durham.
“There was in the Abbye church of Duresme,” says the
writer, “a very solemn service uppon Easter day, between
three and four of the cloche in the morninge in honour of
the Resurrection, where two of the oldest monkes came to
the sepulchre, being sett upp upon Good Friday after the
Passion, all covered with red velvett and embrodered with
gold, and then did sence it, either monke with a pair of
silver sencers sitting on their knees before the Sepulchre.
Then they both rising came to the sepulchre, out of the
which, with great devotion and reverence, they tooke a
marvelous beautiful image of our Saviour, representing the
Resurrection, with a cross in his hand, in the breast
whereof was enclosed in bright christall the Holy
Sacrament of the Altar, through the which christall the
Blessed Host was conspicuous to the beholders. Then,
after the elevation of the said picture, carryed by the said
two monkes uppon a faire velvett cushion all embrodered,
singinge the anthem of Christus resurgens, they brought it
to the high altar, settinge that on the midst thereof,
whereon it stood, the two monkes kneelinge on their
knees before the altar and senceing it, all the time that the
rest of the whole quire was in singinge the aforesaid
anthem of Christus resurgens. The which anthem being
ended, the two monkes took up the cushions and the
picture from the altar, supportinge it betwixt them,
proceeding in procession from the high altar to the South
quire door, where there was four antient gentlemen
belonginge to the prior, appointed to attend their cominge,
holding up a moste rich canopye of purple velvett, tacked
round about with redd silk and gold fringe; and at every
corner did stand one of these gentlemen to beare it over
the said image, with the Holy Sacrament carried by two
monkes round about the church, the whole quire waiting
uppon it with goodly torches and great store of other lights
till they came to the high altar againe, whereon they did
place the said image, there to remaine untill the Ascension
day.”
An English Easter custom is referred to in more than one book of
sermons.
“Fryndys,” says one preacher, “you schall understonde
that hyt ys a custome in plasys of worschyp, and in many
other dyvers plasys, that at thys solempe fest of Estern,
the whyche ys ye day and fest of the glorious Resurexcion
of our Lorde Ihesu, now to put owghte and remove ye fire
owghte of ye hall wt ye blakke wynture brondys defyllyd
and made blakke wt vyle smoke, and instede of ye seyde
fyre and blakke wynter brondys to strewe ye hall wythe
green rushys and other swete flewres.”
And another preacher adds the moral—
“Shewing example to all men and women that they should
in like wise clense the house of their soules.”
Langland gives us a slight sketch of an Easter morning in England
as he knew it in the fourteenth century.

“Men rang to ye resurrection and with that ich awakede

and kallyd Kytte my wyf, and Kalote my daughter,
A-ryse and go reverence, Godes resurrection,
and creep on knees to he cryos and cusse hit, for
And ryghtfullokest a relyk. Non riccher juwel on erthe
for Godes blesside body hit bar for oure bote
And hit afereth ye feonde for such is ye myghte
may no grysliche gost glyde ther hit shadeweth.”

Rogation Days.—During the entire week of Easter all work not

actually necessary was ordered to be laid aside, that the people
might have time for spiritual rejoicing. During this time also, in most
of the larger churches, after Evensong, a procession with all the
ministers vested in albs was formed to the newly hallowed font,
which, wreathed with flowers and evergreens, was censed by the
parish priest, and a “station” for prayer was held at that spot.
On the three days before the feast of our Lord’s Ascension, the
ancient practice of going in procession singing the litany of the
Saints was kept up in every church, unless it was one of the
churches in a cathedral city, for in that case the various parishes had
to attend at the Mother church and join together in one procession.
These “rogations,” as they were called, passed out of the church
precincts, and wound their way about streets or country roads of the
parish, unless bad weather confined them to the church itself.
“Gode men,” says the Liber Festivalis, “theis thre dayes
suying, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, ye schall
faston and com to chyrche, husbond and wyfe and
servaunde, for alle we be syners and neduth to have
mercy of God.... So holy Chyrch ordaineth yt none schall
excuson hym from theise processions yt may godely ben
there.”
The celebrated Richard FitzRalph, Archbishop of Armagh, in 1346,
when Dean of Lichfield, preached to the people at St. Nicholas’
Chapel on the meaning and obligation of these days of intercession,
or rogation, and explained why men prayed to the Saints, and why
they sang their Miserere to God. He also told the people why the
cross went at the head of the procession, and why the image of a
dragon with its tail out was carried the two first days before the
procession and the third day without its tail after the procession. It is
to those standards that the Sarum processional refers in regard to
these litanies, and to the same are to be referred the items to be
found in church accounts, such as those of Salisbury, where in 1462
boys are paid “to carry the poles and standards on Rogation days.”
The rest of the Christian year, with its round of feasts, does not here
require to be specially noted. The celebration of one differed from
that of another merely in the degree of splendour with which the
people decked their churches and brought forth their precious
vestments. At Whitsuntide and Corpus Christi day; on Assumption
and on All Hallows, as well as on its own dedication day, each
church endeavoured to outdo its neighbour by the splendour of its
services. In the processions of Corpus Christi day, not unfrequently
several churches united their forces together, and made a brave
show in honour of the most Blessed Sacrament with their various
processional crosses and banners, torches and thuribles, not to
speak of the amalgamated choirs and the throng of devout
worshippers who accompanied the Sacred Host in a triumphant
progress through the streets of our English cities, or along the roads
and lanes of rural England.
 CHAPTER IX
THE SACRAMENTS
This account of parochial life in pre-Reformation England requires
some brief description of the Sacramental system, which had its
effect on every soul in the district. From the time of his baptism as a
child of the Church, till his body was laid to rest in its tomb, each
parishioner was the constant recipient of some one of those
mysterious rites, by which, as he was taught by the Church and as
he believed, God’s grace was received into his soul to enable him to
lead the life of a good Christian. In the administration of these
Sacraments, nothing is more clear in the teaching of the Church of
the Middle Ages than that there was to be no question of money.
They—the Sacraments—were spiritual things, and to sell them for
fees would be plain simony, which was prohibited by every law of
God and man. If the administrator was permitted to take an offering,
it was only with the plain understanding that the payment was made
in regard to the service rendered, for which the recipient desired to
make some return; and that the Sacrament should be given without
the fee. In the case of such a Sacrament as Penance, for example,
where the acceptance of a fee or offering might lead to a
misunderstanding of the judicial character of the rite, and so bring it
into contempt, the reception of money was altogether prohibited by
the ecclesiastical authorities, and any such abuse was sternly
repressed. Thus, to take an example, in the acts of the Synod of Ely
in 1364, the bishop, Simon Langham, says, “We have heard, and
greatly grieve to have done so, that some priests exact money from
the laity for the administration of penance or other Sacraments, and
that some, for the sake of filthy lucre, impose penances” which bring
in money to them. “These we altogether prohibit.”
The Sacraments, according to the teaching of the Church, which
every one who pretended to be a practical Christian was bound to
receive, were Baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Holy Eucharist,
Extreme Unction, and in the case of those desiring to marry,
Matrimony. Something may, therefore, usefully be said about each of
these.
Baptism.—“To those coming into the mare magnum of this world,”
says the legate Othobono, “Baptism must be regarded as the first
plank of safety in this sea of many shipwrecks to support us to the
port of salvation.” It is, he continues, the gate through which all have
to enter to enjoy the grace of the other Sacraments, and for this
reason “any error in regard to it is most dangerous,” and the
possibility of any child dying without receiving the saving waters is to
be zealously guarded against. Because of the priceless efficacy of
the Sacrament, every parish priest was warned to teach his people
in the vernacular the form of properly administering it, in case of
need when a priest could not be had. On this matter also the
Archdeacon in the time of his visitation of a parish was to inquire
diligently whether these instructions had been given, and whether
the parishioners generally knew how to baptize in case of need.
The importance which the Church attached to this Sacrament is well
illustrated by a Constitution of St. Edmund of Canterbury, which
orders that when the expectation of childbirth becomes imminent, all
parents should be warned to prepare a vessel and water to be ready
at hand, in case some sudden need should require the
administration of baptism.
Ordinarily speaking, there can be no doubt that the old English
practice was that every child should, if possible, be baptized in the
parish church on the day of birth. In the ancient “proofs of age,” this
practice is evident; one example will be sufficient. In 1360 it was
requisite to prove the age of John, son and heir of Adam de Welle,
and the first witness who was called, said that “he knew that he was
born on the eve of St. Bartholomew the Apostle, because he was
with his master who stood god-parent to the child on that day, which
was Sunday 21 years ago.” Another witness adds, that it was in the
evening that the baptism took place; and another that it was
performed by John de Scrubby, the chaplain.
There was, however, an exception. There were two days for public
baptism in the church, namely, Holy Saturday and the Saturday
before Pentecost, on which days the font in every parish church was
solemnly blessed. Apparently among English mothers in the
thirteenth century, this day was regarded as unlucky, and was
avoided by them as far as possible for the baptism of their children, a
superstition that the two legates Otho and Othobono endeavoured to
eradicate. It became consequently in England the practice, if children
were born within eight days of either of these two vigils of Easter or
Pentecost, that their baptism should be administered after the
blessing of the font, if there were no danger in the delay. In the case
of the baptism being held over, however, halfway between the day of
birth and the day of baptism, the child was to have all the
accompanying rites administered except only the actual baptism.
One of the demands of the Devon “rebels” in the time of the religious
changes in Edward VI.’s reign had reference to this question of
baptism. “We will,” it ran, “that our curates shall minister the
Sacrament of Baptism at all times, as well as in the week-day as on
the holy-day.” To this Cranmer, in his reply, says, “Every Easter and
Whitsuneven, until this time, the fonts were hallowed in every church
and many collects and other prayers were read for them that were
baptized. But alas! in vain, and as it were a mocking with God; for at
those times, except it were by chance, none were baptized, but all
were baptized before.”
The offering for the administration of baptism was strictly voluntary.
Whenever any difficulty arose between the parson and his people on
this matter, the bishop always took the opportunity of laying down as
the common law of the Church that nothing could be exacted. Bishop
Grandisson, for instance, in 1355, in a case at Moreton Hampstead,
declared “that no priest could deny, or presume to deny, any
Sacrament to his parishioners by demanding money, but that he
might afterwards take what the people chose to offer him.”
 SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM
The reverence with which our forefathers regarded whatever had
been used for any sacred purpose is illustrated in a matter
connected with this Sacrament. Bishop Quevil, in the Synod of
Exeter in 1287, states that when in case of necessity a child had
been baptized in its own home, the vessel that had been used
should either be destroyed by fire or given to the church to be used
for ecclesiastical purposes; and that the water should either be
thrown on the fire or taken to the church and poured down the
“sacrarium.” Myrc, in his Instructions, gives this same order—

“Another way thou might to yet

In a vessel to cryston hyt,
And when scho hath do ryght so
Watere and vessel brenne hem bo,
Other brynge hyt to the chyrche anon
And cast hyt to the font ston.”

Bishop Quevil, in the same Synod, also states the law of the Church
as to god-parents. For a boy, two men and one woman were
permissible; and similarly for a girl, two women and one man. All
others could only be regarded as witnesses, and did not incur the
bond of spiritual relationship as true god-parents and their god-
children did.
Before passing on, a few words must be said as to the Font.
According to the Constitutions of the English Church, it was to be
made of stone, and to be covered. It was on no account to be used
for any other purpose, even ecclesiastical. For this reason, like the
Holy Oils, it was to be kept under lock and key. It was the privilege of
a parochial church alone to have a font, and the construction of one,
even in a Chapel of Ease, required the leave not only of the bishop,
but also of the rector of the parish. Thus, to take an instance, about
the middle of the fourteenth century Lord Beauchamp desired to
have a font in his chapel at Beauchamp. The bishop gave his
consent, but on condition that the approval of the rector was first
obtained.
Churching of Women.—Immediately connected with the question
of baptism is that old Catholic practice of the churching of women.
The rite was probably suggested by the prescriptions of the law in
Leviticus, and it was used in the Greek as well as in the Latin
Church. The priest leads the woman into the church, saying, “Come
into the temple of God. Adore the Son of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
who has given thee fruitfulness in childbearing.” For churchings, as
for marriages and burials, the general fee was supposed to be 1d.;
but most people who could afford it made a larger offering. The fee
for churching is specially named by Bishop Grandisson amongst
those which a parson should not demand, but which all who could,
ought to give willingly. Amongst the goods of St. Mary the Great,
Cambridge, in the churchwardens’ accounts is one: “Item. A clothe of
tappestry werk for chirching of wifes, lyned with canvas, in ecclesia.”
This, no doubt, would be a carpet upon which the woman knelt
before the altar.
Confirmation was, as Myrc says, “in lewde mennes menynge is i-
called the bys(h)opynge,” because it is and can be given only by
bishops. Strong pressure was brought to bear upon the clergy to see
that all were rightly confirmed, and Archbishop Peckham, in 1280,
forbade “any one to be admitted to the Sacrament of our Lord’s body
and blood unless he had been confirmed, except when in danger of
death.”
Bishop Woodlock of Winchester, in 1308, has a special Instruction
on the need of this Sacrament. Because he says, “our adversary the
devil, wishing to have us as companions in his perdition, attacks with
all his powers those who are baptized; our watchful Mother the
Church has added the Sacrament of Confirmation, that by the
strength received in it every Christian may resist with greater force
our hostile enemy.” Parents are consequently to be warned to have
their children confirmed as soon as possible. If they are not
confirmed before they are three years old, unless there has been no
opportunity, the parents are to be made to fast one day on bread and
water in punishment of their negligence. Moreover, since the
Sacrament may not be given twice, parents are to be bound to
acquaint their children, when they grow up, of the fact of their
Confirmation. Priests are also to instruct their people as to the law
that through Confirmation there arises a spiritual relationship, as in
Baptism, between the god-parents and the children and their
parents.
 SACRAMENT OF CONFIRMATION
The Synod of Oxford laid it down as the law, that any adult, when
about to be confirmed, must first go to receive the Sacrament of
Penance from his own parish priest and fast on the day of his
Confirmation till after its reception. Priests were required, also, to
instruct their people frequently on the need of getting their children
confirmed as soon as possible after they were baptized. This the
canonist Lyndwood considers would mean within six months or so.
The Synod likewise warned parents not to wait for the bishop to
come to their own parish, but to take their children to any
neighbouring place, where they might have heard that the bishop
was to be found. And any parish within seven miles was for this
purpose to be considered “a neighbouring place.” In Bishop
Grandisson’s Register there is an example of his giving confirmation,
at St. Buryan’s, in 1336, to “children almost without number (quasi
innumerabiles) from the parish and the district round about.”
The honour and respect shown to the Chrism, which was used by
the bishop at Confirmation, is manifested by the “old silk cloth” and
“a clothe of syndale” used to carry the Chrismatory at St. Mary the
Great, Cambridge. The Chrism was also bound to be renewed every
year, the old being burnt and a new stock procured from what was
consecrated on Maundy Thursday, in every cathedral church.
Moreover, when presenting a child for Confirmation, the parents had
to bring with them a linen band, or napkin, to bind round its head
after Confirmation, and cover the place where it had been anointed.
This band, called Fascia, or “Chrism cloth,” was, according to
various directions, to be left on the head of the child three, seven, or
eight days, when the lately confirmed child was to be taken to the
church by its parents, and there have its forehead washed by the
priest over the font. The fasciæ ligaturæ, or “Chrism cloths,” were
then to be either burnt or left to the use of the church. Myrc, in his
Instructions, thus gives the usage—

“Whenne the chyldre confermed ben

Bondes a-bowte here neckes be lafte
That from hem schule not be rafte
 Tyl at chyrche the eghthe day
The preste hymself take hem a-way
Thenne schale he wyth hys owne hondes
Brenne that ylke same bondes,
And wassche the chylde over the font
There he was anoynted in the front.”

Finally, the greatest care was taken not only to see that all Christians
should receive the Sacrament of Confirmation, but that there should
be no doubt as to its valid reception. An instance of this is to be
found in Bishop Brantyngham’s Register. In 1382, some unknown
person, calling himself a bishop, went about the diocese of Exeter
giving the tonsure, and confirming children, and in other ways, as the
bishop says, “putting his sickle into other men’s harvest.” Under
these circumstances, the parents of all children presented for
confirmation to this unknown person were to be warned from every
parish pulpit to come and give evidence, in order that it might be
determined what should be done.
Penance.—The Sacrament of Penance, or, in other words,
“Confession,” was obligatory on all at least once a year. The
obligation, however, was obviously not considered the full measure
of duty for those who desired to lead good Christian lives. Bishop
Brunton, of Rochester, in a sermon preached about the year 1388 on
the first Sunday of Lent, whilst laying down the law of Confession at
the beginning of Lent, strongly urges upon his audience the utility of
frequently approaching that Sacrament, but reminds them that a
mere formal Confession without a firm purpose of amendment is
worse than useless.
In the Synod of Exeter, in 1287, parish priests are charged “to warn
their parishioners, and frequently to exhort them in their sermons, to
come to Confession to their own priest thrice in the year—at
Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost, or at the very least at the
beginning of Lent.” The same synodal instruction warns the parish
priests, moreover, to grant permission generously and freely to any
one wishing to confess to some other priest, and it adds, “that if any
one shall not have confessed himself and communicated once in the