Mathematics for the Trades A Guided

Approach Canadian 2nd Edition

Carman Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/mathematics-for-the-trades-a-guided-approach-cana
dian-2nd-edition-carman-solutions-manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach Canadian

2nd Edition Carman Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/mathematics-for-the-trades-a-
guided-approach-canadian-2nd-edition-carman-test-bank/

Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach 10th

Edition Carman Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/mathematics-for-the-trades-a-
guided-approach-10th-edition-carman-solutions-manual/

Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach 10th

Edition Carman Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/mathematics-for-the-trades-a-
guided-approach-10th-edition-carman-test-bank/

Practicing Statistics Guided Investigations for the

Second Course 1st Edition Kuiper Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/practicing-statistics-guided-
investigations-for-the-second-course-1st-edition-kuiper-
solutions-manual/
Chemistry A Molecular Approach Canadian 2nd Edition Tro
Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-a-molecular-approach-
canadian-2nd-edition-tro-solutions-manual/

Auditing A Practical Approach Canadian 2nd Edition

Moroney Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/auditing-a-practical-approach-
canadian-2nd-edition-moroney-solutions-manual/

Further Mathematics for Economic Analysis 2nd Edition

Sydsaeter Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/further-mathematics-for-economic-
analysis-2nd-edition-sydsaeter-solutions-manual/

Basic College Mathematics An Applied Approach Canadian

1st Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/basic-college-mathematics-an-
applied-approach-canadian-1st-edition-aufmann-solutions-manual/

Auditing A Practical Approach Canadian 2nd Edition

Moroney Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/auditing-a-practical-approach-
canadian-2nd-edition-moroney-test-bank/
 CHAPTER 7
BASIC ALGEBRA

Preview 7
2. (a) 3ax2 + 4ax2  ax2 = 6ax2

(b) 5x  3y  8x + 2y = (5x  8x) + (2y  3y) = 3x  y

(c) 5x  (x + 2) = 5x  x  2 = 4x  2

(d) 3(x2 + 5x)  4(2x  3) = 3(x2) + 3(5x) + (4)(2x) + (4)(3)

= 3x2 + 15x  8x + 12 = 3x2 + 7x + 12

100u 12L
4. (a) 4A (b) i2R (c) E = (d) R =
I D2

(e) Let x = amount for parts

0.06x = amount of tax
x + 0.06x = 1,265.23  840
1.06x = 425.23
x = 410.16
Total tax = 0.06  401.16 = $24.07

(f) Let x be amount of overtime hours.

18(40) + 27(x) = 1,000
720 + 27x = 1,000
27x = 1,000  720
280
x =
27
x = 10.37 hours or 11 hours rounded

4
6. (a) 0.000184 = 0.0001. 84 = 1.84  10 (shift 4 digits left)

(b) 213,000 = 2. 13000. = 2.13  105 (shift 5 digits right)

 6
(c) (3.2  10 6)  (4.5  102) = (3.2  4.5)  (10  102)
6+2
= 14.4  10
4
= 14.4  10
4
= 1.44  101  10
3
= 1.44  10

 4
(d) (1.56  10 4)  (2.4  103) = (1.56  2.4)  (10  103)
43
= 0.65  10
7
= 0.65  10
1 7
= 6.5  10  10
8
= 6.5  10

224 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

Exercises 7.1 Evaluating Formulas

A.

2. D = 2R  y 4. H = 2x + 3y  z 6. Q = 2xyz  10
D = 2(5)  3 H = 2(2) + 3(3)  4 Q = 2(2)(3)(4)  10
D = 10  3 H = 4 + 9  4 Q = 48  10
D = 7 H = 9 Q = 38

8. W = 3(y  1) 10. A = R2  y2  xz 12. F = 3(R  y + 1)

W = 3(3  1) A = 52  32  (2)(4) F = 3(5  3 + 1)
W = 3(2) A = 25  9  8 F = 3(3)
W = 6 A = 25  17 F = 9
A = 8

B.
2. V = (L + W)(2L + W) 4. H = 2(a2 + b2)
V = (7.5 + 5.0)(2(7.5) + 5.0) H = 2(22 + 12)
V = (12.5)(20.0) H = 2(4 + 1)
V = 250 sq ft H = 2(5)
H = 10 sq cm

D2H
6. V =
4
3.14(6.25)2(7.2)
V =
4
883.125
V = ; V  220.78125 cu in.; V  221 cu in. (rounded)
4

8. W = D(AB  B2)H 10. V = R2A

W = 9[(6.3)(2.7)  (3.14)(2)2](1.0) V = 3.14(3.2)2(0.425)
W = 9[17.01  12.56](1.0) V = (3.14)(10.24)(0.425)
W = 9(4.45) V = 13.66528; V  14 cu mm
W = 40.05; W  40 lb

C.

V 4. A = 4R2
2. i =
R A = 4(3.14)(10.0)2
120 A = 4(3.14)(100)
i =
10 A = 1,256; A = 1,260 sq cm
i = 12 amp

L ab
6. V = D2 8. R =
4 a  b
 20.0  (200)(300)
V = 3.14(3.0)2  R =
 4  200  300
V = 3.14(9)(5) = 141.3 60,000
V = 140 cu cm R =
500
R = 120 ohm

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 225

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

D -d
10. T =
2
2.125 - 1.500 0.625
(a) T =  = 0.3125 cm
2 2
0.785  0.548 0.237
(b) T =  = 0.1185 in.
2 2
1.400  0.875 0.525
(c) T =  = 0.2625 cm
2 2
15 5 15 10 5
 
(d) T = 16 8  16 16  16  5  1 
5
in.
2 2 2 16 2 32

(D  d)
12. L = 2 r2 - (r - H)2 14. L = 2C + 1.57(D + d) +
4C
L = 2 1082 - (108 - 60)2 (600 + 406)
L = 2(900) + 1.57(600 + 406) +
L = 2 11664 - (48)2 4(900)
L = 1800 + 1579.42 + 0.2794
L = 2 11664 - 2304 L = 3379.6994
L = 193.5 mm L ≈ 3380 mm

3.1416DN 375H
16. C = 18. V =
12 T
3.1416(3.25)(210) 3.75(16,000)
C = V =
12 10,000
2,144.142 V = 600 mph
C =
12
C = 178.68
C = 179 ft/min

PD2 D2
20. F = 22. N =
1.27 d2
(150)(3.25)2 (100)2
F = N =
1.27 (50)2
(150)(10.5625)
F = 10000
1.27 N =
2500
1,584.375
F = N = 4 pipes
1.27
F = 1,247.5394
F = 1,250 lb

226 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

LN (0.000006)(7,917)(5,280)
24. T = 26. D =
FR 3,1415927
(622.3)(17) D = 79.83548
T =
(1.65)(163) D = 79.84 ft
10579.1
T =
268.95
T = 39.310996
T = 39.3 min

(10.45  44.72  20)(33  7)

28. (a) W = 33 
22.04
W = 33  41.49  8.5C

22 mi 1 hr 1.6093 km 1000 m
(b) V =   
1 hr 3600 sec 1 mi 1 km
V = 9.83 meters per second
5(28  32)
T = C =
9
T = 2.22C

W = 33 
10.45  10 9.83  9.83(33  (2.22)
22.04
(31.97)(35.22)
W = 33 
22.04
W = 18.1C
9(18.1)
F = + 32
5
F = 0.58  0.6F

Exercises 7.2 Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions

A.

2. 4x2y + 5x2y = 9x2y 4. ax  5ax = 4ax

6. 3m  3m = 0 8. 4x + 7y + 6x + 9y = 10x + 16y

10. 1.4A + 0.05A  0.8A2 = 1.45A  0.8A2

1 1 1 1
12. x + 2 x - 5 x = x  3x = 2x 14. q  p  1 p = q  2 p
2 2 2 2

16. ab + 5ab  2ab = 4ab

18. 1.5p + 0.3pq + 3.1p = 4.6p + 0.3pq

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 227

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

B.
2. 6 + (3a + 8b) = 6  3a + 8b

4. 9x + (2x  5x2) = 9x + 2x  5x2 = 11x  5x2

6. 7x  (4 + 2y) = 7x  4  2y 8. 5  (w  6z) = 5  w + 6z

10. 12m  (6n + 4m) = 12m  6n  4m = 8m  6n

12. 12  (5y  9) = 12  5y + 9 = 3  5y

14. (3 + 5m) + (11  4m) = 3  5m + 11  4m = 8  9m

16. (16x  8)  (2x + 4y) = 16x + 8 + 2x  4y = 14x  4y + 8

18. 4(5a + 6b) = 4(5a) + 4(6b) = 20a + 24b

20. 2(6x  3) = (2)(6x) + (2)(3) = 12x + 6

22. 4y  2(8 + 3y) = 4y + (2)(8) + (2)(3y) = 4y  16  6y = 2y  16

24. w  5(4w  3) = w + (5)(4w) + (5)(3) = w  20w + 15 = 19w + 15

26. 6  2(3a  5b) = 6 + (2)(3a) + (2)(5b) = 6  6a + 10b

28. 2  11(7 + 5a) = 2 + (11)(7) + (11)(5a) = 2  77  55a = 75  55a

30. 4(5a  6b) + 7(2ab  4b2) = (4)(5a) + (4)(6b) + 7(2ab) + 7(4b2)

= 20a + 24b + 14ab  28b2

32. 8(3w  5z) + (9z  6w) = 8(3w) + 8(5z) + 9z  6w = 24w  40z + 9z  6w

= 18w  31z

34. 5(2x  3x2) + 2(9x2 + 8x) = (5)(2x) + (5)(3x2) + 2(9x2) + 2(8x)

= 10x + 15x2 + 18x2 + 16x = 33x2 + 6x

36. 2(3a  5b + 6ab)  8(2a + b  4ab)

= 2(3a) + 2(5b) + 2(6ab) + (8)(2a) + (8)(b) + (8)(4ab)
= 6a  10b + 12ab  16a  8b + 32ab = 44ab  10a  18b

Exercises 7.3 Solving Simple Equations

A.
2. 23 = A + 6 4. z  18 = 29 6. 73 + x = 11
23  6 = A + 6  6 z  18 + 18 = 29 + 18 73  73 + x = 11  73
17 = A z = 47 x = 62

8. 11.6  R = 3.7 10. 9y = 117

11.6  11.6  R = 3.7  11.6 9y 117
=
(1)  R = 7.9(1) 9 9
R = 7.9 y = 13

228 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

x N 3
12. = 7 14. =
3 2 8
x N 3
(3) = 7(3) (2) = (2)
3 2 8
x = 21 3
N =
4

16. 34 = x  7 a
18. = 9
34 + 7 = x  7 + 7 4
27 = x (4)a
= 9(4)
4
a = 36

20. 79.2 = 2.2y 5 z

79.2 2.2y 22. =
= 4 8
2.2 2.2 (8)5 z(8)
36 = y =
4 8
10 = z

24. 66  y = 42 26. 12z = 3.6

66  y + y = 42 + y 12z 3.6
=
66  42 = 42  42 + y  12  12
24 = y z = 0.3

B.
2. D = RT 4. P = 62.4D
1240 = 220  T 800 = 62.4D
1240 800
T =  5.64 hr D =  12.8 ft
220 62.4
or 5 hr 38 min

6. PV = 1080 dn
P(60) 1080 8. S =
= 1000
60 60
P = 18 psi 1000 S
n =
3.14 d
1830000
n=
3.14 · 200
2914.013rpm
2900 rpm to nearest hundred

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 229

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

Exercises 7.4 Solving TwoStep Equations

A.
2. 4x + 6 = 2 4. 8y + 12 = 32
4x + 6  6 = 2  6 8y + 12  12 = 32  12
4x 4 8y 20
= =
4 4 8 8
x = 1 5
y = or 2.5
2

3 1 8. 38 = 58  4a
6. = 3x +
4 4 38  58 = 58  58  4a
3 1 1 1 20 4a
 = 3x +  =
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 5 = a
  = 3 
3 2 3
1
= x
6

10. 17 = 7q  5q  3 12. 9m + 6 + 3m = 60

17 = 2q  3 12m + 6 = 60
17 + 3 = 2q  3 + 3 12m + 6  6 = 60  6
20 2q 12m 66
= =
2 2 12 12
10 = q 11
m = or  5.5
2

14. 2.6y  19  1.8y = 1 16. 3x + 16 = 46

0.8y  19 + 19 = 1 + 19 3x + 16  16 = 46  16
0.8y 20 3x 30
= =
0.8 0.8 3 3
y = 25 x = 10

x 20. 2x + 6 = 0
18. + 1 = 8
2 2x + 6  6 = 0  6
x 2x 6
+ 1  1 = 8  1 =
2 2 2
(2)x x = 3
= 7(2)
2
x = 14

x 24. 5x  2x = 24
22. 23 = 17 
4 3x 24
=
x 4 3
23  17 = 17  17 
4 x = 8
x
(4)6 = (4)
4
24 = x

230 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

26. x + 12  6x = 18 28. 13 = 22  3x + 8x

5x + 12  12 = 18  12 13  22 = 22  22 + 5x
5x 30 35 5x
= =
 5  5 5 5
x = 6 7 = x

B.

2. T = 0.002h + G
32 = 0.002h + 76
32  76 = 0.002h + 76  76
44 0.002h
=
 0.002  0.002
22,000 = h
altitude of 22,000 ft

4. A = p + prt
12,000 = 8000 + (8000)(r)(5)
12,000  8000 = 8000  8000 + 40,000r
4000 = 40,000r
0.1 = r
Rate needed is 10%.

6. A = 2w + 5mm
18mm = 2w + 5
18-5 = 2w + 5-5
1
)13 = 2w  
1
(
2  2
6.5mm = w
The width is 6.5 mm

8. L = 2d + 3.26(r + R)
2085 = 2d + 3.26(150 + 200)
2085 = 2d + 1141
2085  1141 = 2d + 1141  1141
944 2d
=
2 2
472 = d
d = 472 mm

Exercises 7.5 Solving More Equations and Formulas

A.

2. 22 = 2(y + 6) 4. 6(3a  7) = 21
22 = 2y  12 18a + 42 = 21
22 + 12 = 2y  12 + 12 18a = 21  42 = 21
34 = 2y 18a = 21
17 = y a =
21
 1
3
 1
1
18 18 6

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 231

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

6. 24 = 5  (3  2m) 8. 7  11(2z + 3) =18

24 = 5  3 + 2m 7  22z  33 =18
24 = 2 + 2m 22z  26 =18
22 = 2m 22z =18 + 26 = 44
m = 11 44
z = = 2
 22

10. 7 + 9(2w + 3) = 25 12. 9 4y  (y  2)

=
7 + 18w + 27 = 25 9 4y  y + 2
=
18w + 34 = 25 9 =
3y + 2
18w = 25  34 7 =
3y
18w = 9 7 1
9 1 y =  2
w =  =  3 3
18 2

14. 6a + 2(a + 7) = 8 16. 7y + 5 = 3y + 11

6a + 2a + 14 = 8 7y  3y = 11  5
8a + 14 = 8 4y = 6
8a = 8  14 = 6 6 1
6 3 y =  1
a =    4 2
8 4

18. 22n = 16n  18 20. 6  2p = 14  4p

22n  16n = 18 2p + 4p = 14  6
6n = 18 2p = 8
18 p = 4
n =  = 3
6

22. 12  y = y 24. 5A =4(2  A)

12  y + y = y + y 5A =8  4A
12 = 2y 5A + 4A =8  4A + 4A
y = 6 9A =8
8
A =
9

26. 2(2x  5) = 6x  (5  x) 28. 2(x  5)  3(2x  8) = 16  6(4x  3)

4x  10 = 6x  5 + x 2x  10  6x + 24 = 16  24x + 18
4x  10 = 7x  5 4x + 14 = 34  24x
4x  7x = 5 + 10 4x + 24x = 34  14
3x = 5 20x = 20
5 2 x = 1
x =   1
3 3

232 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

B.
1 D- R 6. V = R2H
2. A = BH 4. H =
2 2 V R2H
1 2H = D  R =
(2)A = (2)BH R2 R2
2 2H + R = D  R + R V
2A BH 2H + R = D H =
= D = 2H + R R2
H H
2A
B =
H

R E  V
8. H = + 0.005 10. I =
2 R
R E  V
(2)H = (2) + (2)(0.05) (R)I = (R)
2 R
2H = R + 0.1 IR = E + V
2H  0.1 = R + 0.1  0.1 IR  E = E  E + V
2H  0.1 = R IR  E = V
R = 2H  0.1 V = IR  E

C.

R2a R2a
2. (a) A = (b) A =
360 360
 360  R2a  360  2
3.14(305)(45)
 2 A =   A 
 R  360  R2  360
360A 3.14(93025)(45)
a = A 
R2 360
A  36512.313 » 36500 mm2

2
t2dN 1
4. (a) P    (2)(6)
3.78
(b) P  8
t2dN 3.78
(3.78)P  (3.78) 1
3.78 (12)
3.78P t2dN P  64
2
 2 3.78
td td 3
3.78P
N  P  16
t2d 3.78
3 1
P  
16 3.78
P  0.0496  0.05 hp

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 233

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

LT2 LT2
6. (a) V = (b) V =
6 6
LT2 LT2
(6)V = (6) (6)V = (6)
6 6
6V LT2 6V LT2
= =
T2 T2 L L
6V 6V
L = T2 =
T2 L

T  H
8. P = 10. (a) P = IV
F
FP = T + H P
FP  T = H (b) I =
V
H = FP  T
P
(c) V =
I
15,750
V =
42
V = 375 volts

12. (a) BA = N(0.01743R + 0.0078T)

BA = 50[0.01743(1.25) + 0.0078(0.050)]
BA = 50(0.0217875 + 0.00039)
BA = 1.108875
BA = 1.11 in.
(b) BA = N(0.01743R + 0.0078T)
BA = 65[0.01743(22) + 0.0078(0.4)]
BA = 65(0.38346 + 0.00312)
BA = 25.1277
BA = 25.13mm
(c) BA = N(0.01743R + 0.0078T)
BA = 40[0.01743(26) + 0.0078(0.9)]
BA = 40[0.45318 + .00702]
BA = 40(0.4602)
BA = 18.408
BA = 18.41mm

14. A = P(1 + rt)

10,000 = 8000(1 + 0.08t)
= 8000 + 8000(0.08t)
= 8000 + 640t
2000 = 640t
2000
t =  3.125 yr
640

234 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

Exercises 7.6 Solving Word Problems

A.

1
2. W1 + W2 = 167 4. K = 0.454P 6. V = hr2
3

L
8. T = 10. V = iR
FR

B.

2. Let x be one weight 4. Let x be smallest voltage

x + 12 is second weight x + 2 is middle voltage
x + x + 12 = 84 x + 6 is largest voltage
2x + 12 = 84 x + x + 2 + x + 6 = 38
2x = 72 3x + 8 = 38
x = 36 kg 3x = 30
x + 12 = 48 kg x = 10
The voltages are 10 V, 12 V,
16 V.

6. Let x be amount of cement, then

2x is amount of water,
2x is amount of aggregate, and
3x is amount of sand.
x + 2x + 2x + 3x = 2.8
8x = 2.8
2.8
x = = 0.35 cu metres of cement,
8
2x  2 x 0.35 = 0.7 cu metres of water,
0.7 cu metres of aggregate, and
3x  1.05 cu metres of sand.

8. Let x be cost of base material,

2x is cost of pavement,
1 1
(2x) or x is cost of sidewalk.
4 2
1
x + 2x + x = 560,000
2
1 7
3 x = 560,000 or x = 560,000
2 2
7
2  x = 560,000  2
2
7x = $1,120,000
x = $160,000 for base material
2x = $320,000 for pavement
1
x = $80,000 for sidewalk
2

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 235

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

10. Let W = width 12. Let x be the number of avocados

L = 24 994 mm 4.2 kg + 0.3x = 15 kg
P = 2L + 2W 0.3x = 15  4.2
89 000 = 2(24 994) + 2W 0.3x = 10.8
89 000 = 49988 + 2W 10.8
2W = 39 012 x =
0.3
W = 19 506mm
x = 36 avocados

14. Let x be the amount for parts

0.06 is sales tax
1,240 + x + 0.06x = 1,861.16
1.06x = 1,861.16  1,240 = 621.16
621.16
x =
1.06
x = $586 Sales tax = 0.06  $586 = $35.16

16. Let x be number of pieces to be mailed. $80 = 8000 cents

8000 + 16.7x = 48x
8000 = 48x  16.7x = 31.3x
8000
x =  255.59105 or 256 pieces
31.3

Exercises 7.7 Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions

A.

2. (a2)(a3) = a2+3 = a5 4. 3x  3x = 3  3  x  x = 9x2

6. 2x  2x  2x = 2  2  2  x  x  x = 8x3

8. x  x  A  x  2x  A2 = 2x4A3

1  1
10. (pq2)  pq  (2.4)(p2q) = (2.4)p  p  p2  q2  q  q = 1.2p4q4
 2  2

12. 2x(3x  1) = 2x(3x) + 2x(1) = 6x2  2x

14. ab(a2  b2) = ab(a2) + ab(b2) = a3b  ab3

16. 3  2x2 = 6x2

18. 4x  2x2  x3 = 4(2)x  x2  x3 = 8x6

20. 2a2b  2ab2  a = 2(2)a2  a  a  b  b2 = 4a4b3

22. x(x + 2) = x(x) + x(2) = x2 + 2x

24. xy(x + y) = xy(x) + xy(y) = x2y + xy2

236 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

6 6+9
26. 32  37 = 32+7 = 39 28. 2  29 = 2 = 23

30. 6x3(4x4 + 3x2) = 6x3(4x4) + 6x3(3x2) = 24x7 + 18x5

32. 5xy3(4x2  6xy + 8y2) = (5xy3)(4x2) + (5xy3)(6xy) + (5xy3)(8y2)

= 20x3y3 + 30x2y4  40xy5

B.

109 3 y6 2
2. 3
= 109 = 106 4. 2
= y6 = y4
10 y

m5 10 5 1 -15m12 6
6. 10
= m5 = m = 5
8. 6
= 3m12 = 3m6
m m 5m

20T 3 2 4 36x4y5  1
10. = 4T1 = 4T = 12. = 4x4 2y5 = 4x2y4
 5T 3 2
T  9x2y

15c6d 3c6 - 2d1 -3 3c4d-2 3c4

14.   
20c2d3 4 4 4d2

100xy  4  3 10
16. = 10x1 2y1 = 10x 1y =
 10x y 2 4
xy3

9y3  6y2 9y3 6y2

18.   = 3y2 + 2y
3y 3y 3y

 15m5  10m2  5m  15m5 10m2 5m

20.    = 3m4 + 2m + 1
5m 5m 5m 5m

Exercises 7.8 Scientific Notation

A.

2. 450 = 4.5  102 4. 40,700 = 4.07  104

2 3
6. 0.071 = 7.1  10 8. 0.0059 = 5.9  10

3
10. 38,200 = 3.82  104 12. 0.009901 = 9.901  10

3
14. 0.0020 = 2.0  10 16. 810,000 = 8.1  105

1 1
18. 0.6 = 6  10 20. 0.74 = 7.4  10

4
22. 0.00024 = 2.4  10 cal/cms 24. 658,800,000 = 6.588  108 mph

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 237

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

B.
4
2. 7  106 = 7,000,000 4. 3  10 = 0.0003

2
6. 3.7  10 = 0.037 8. 8.7  102 = 870

6
10. 7.01  10 = 0.00000701 12. 1.007  103 = 1,007

4 7
14. 3.19  10 = 0.000319 16. 8.26  10 = 0.000000826

C.
  3  9
2. (3.7  10 3)(2.4  10 6) = (3.7)(2.4)(10  10 6) = 8.9  10

 3
4. (1.8  10 3)(5.5  105) = (1.8)(5.5)(10  105) = 9.9  102

 4 7
6. (1.25  10 4)  (5  103) = (1.25  5)(10  103) = 0.25  10
8
= 2.5  10

 
8. (1.2450  104)  (8.3  10 3) = (1.2450  8.3)(104  10 3)
= 0.15  107 = 1.5  106

2
10. (2.55  104)  (1.7  106) = (2.55  1.7)(104  106) = 1.5  10

  5  1
12. (8.6  10 5)  (9.01  10 4) = (8.6  9.01)(10  10 4) = 0.95  10
2
= 9.5  10

  2
14. (9.8  103)(6.6  10 5) = (9.8  6.6)(103  10 5) = 64.68  10
1
= 6.5  10

  3
16. (1.070  103)(5.5  10 6) = (1.07  5.5)(103  10 6) = 5.9  10

 2 6
18. (5.07  10 2)  (4.3  104) = (5.07  4.3)(10  104) = 1.2  10


20. (2.78  106)(5.12  105)  (7.21  10 4)

= 2.78  5.12  7.21)(106  105  10 4)
 1.974147018  1015  2.0  1015 (rounded)

   4 5 
22. (7.5  10 4)(6.2  10 5)(1.4  10 2) = (7.5  6.2  1.4)(10  10  10 2)
11 10
= (65.1  10 ) = 6.5  10

24. (8.93  105)  [(5.62  103)(3.87  105)]

3 4
= (8.93  5.62  3.87)(105  103  105) = 0.41  10 = 4.1  10

238 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

D.

8  1013 13  5
2. 8
= (8  4)(10  10 8) = 2  10 to 1 (ratio)
4  10

(6.63  1034)(3.00  108) 6.63  3.00 (1034  108)

4. 7
 
5.00  10 5.00 10 7
19
= 3.98  10 Joules

Problem Set 7
A.

2. 6y + y + 5y = 12y 4. 6xy3 + 9xy3 = 15xy3

6. 8v  8v = 0 8. 7y  8y2 + 9y = 16y  8y2

10. (4m)(2m2) = (4)(2)m  m2 = 8m3

12. 3x  3x  3x = (3)(3)(3)x  x  x = 27x3

14. 2ab(3a2  5b2) = 2ab(3a2) + 2ab(5b2) = 6a3b  10ab3

16. (7y  4)  (2y + 3) = 7y  4  2y  3 = 5y  7

18. (x2  6)  3(2x2  5) = x2  6  6x2 + 15 = 5x2 + 9

x3 8 5 1 6y 3y1 -3 3y-2  3
20. = x3 = x = 22.     
x8 x5  10y3 5 5 5y2

8x4  4x3  12x2 8x4 4x3 12x2

24. 2
 2
 2
 2
= 2x2  x + 3
4x 4x 4x 4x

B.
2. M = 3x  5y + 4z V
4. I =
M = 3(3)  5(5) + 4(6) R
M = 9  25 + 24 220
I =
M = 33  25 0.0012
M = 8 1
I = 183,333
3

6. N = (a + b)(a  b) 8. f =
1 gt2
10. V =
N = (7 + 12)(7  12) 8N 2
1 (32.2)(4.1)2
N = (19)(5) f = V =
N = 95 8(6) 2
1 V = 270.64
f =
48

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 239

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

C.

2. m + 0.4 = 0.75 4. a  2.1 = 1.2

m + 0.4  0.4 = 0.75  0.4 a = 1.2 + 2.1
m = 0.35 a = 0.9

1 8. 4m = 24
6.  x = 6
4
2 4m 24
=
1
4  4
1
 x = 6  4
1 4  4
2 2 2 m = 6
1
(1)  x =  10 (1)
2
x = 10.5

10. 2x + 7 = 13 1 14. 5y + 8 + 3y = 24
12. 0.75  5f = 6
2x = 13  7 2 8y = 16
y = 2
2x = 6 5f = 6.5  0.75
x = 3
5f = 5.75
f = 1.15

16. 7m  4 = 11  3m 18. 2  (2x + 3) = 7

7m + 3m = 11 + 4 2  2x  3 = 7
10m = 15 2x  1 = 7
15 3 2x
m =  = 1.5 = 8
10 2 x = 4

20. 2(x + 1)  x = 8 22. 2m  6  4m =

4m
2x + 2  x = 8 2m  6 =
4m
x + 2 = 8 6 =
4m + 2m
x = 6 6 =
6m
6
m = = 1
6

24. 6(x + 4) =
45 26. 4(3m  5) = 8m + 20
6x + 24 =
45 12m  20 = 8m + 20
6x 45  24
= 12m  8m = 20 + 20
6x =
21 4m = 40
21 7 m = 10
x =  = 3.5
6 2

28. R = S + P
R  S = P
P = R  S

240 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Chapter 7: Basic Algebra

w 32. V = R2H  AB
30. P =
F V - R2H  AB
FP w =
=  B  B
P P
R2H  V
w A =
F = B
P

D.

12,800 = 1.28  104 4

2. 4. 0.000236 = 2.36  10

6 2,127,000 = 2.127  106

6. 0.00000482 = 4.82  10 8.

46,710 = 4.671  104 3

10. 12. 0.001006 = 1.006  10

6.02  103 = 6,020 6

14. 16. 3.05  10 = 0.00000305

3 4.006  106 = 4,006,000

18. 6.203  10 = 0.006203 20.

22. (6.25  105)(1.2  107) = (6.25  1.2)(105  107) = 7.5  1012

  6  8
24. (6.5  10 6)(3.2  10 2) = (6.5  3.2)(10  10 2) = 20.8  10
7
= 2.1  10

  1
26. (1.02  103)(5.5  10 4) = (1.02  5.5)(103  10 4) = 5.6  10

  5 
28. (6.3  10 5)  (7.8  10 3) = (6.3  7.8)(10  10 3)
2 3
= 0.81  10 = 8.1  1 0

30. (2.65  107)  (1.2  104) = (2.65  1.2)(107  104) = 2.2  103

 
32. (1.235  105)  (7.7  10 4) = (1.235  7.7)(105  10 4)
= 0.16  109 = 1.6  108

E.

FDU 4(2,800)(0.75)(0.6)
2. (a) L = (b) L =
A 120
FDU L = 42 foot candles
(c) L =
A
FDU (0.8)(0.5)(10,000)
(A)L = (A) (d) A =
A 60
AL FDU A  66.7 sq ft (rounded)
=
L L
FDU
A =
L

Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc. 241

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Carman, Mathematics for the Trades A Guided Approach, Second Edition

25T4 6. Let Sal’s share = x

4. L = Gloria’s share = 1.5x
H2 Martin’s share = 3x
25(6)4 x + 1.5x + 3x = 48,200
L = 5.5x 48,200
122 =
25(1,296) 5.5 5.5
L = x  8,763.64
144
L = 225 tons Sal’s share  $8,763.64
Gloria’s share  $13,145.45
Martin’s share  $26,290.91

5 5
D  1.5 
8. N =       35  243  15.59  16 pipes (rounded)
d  0.5 

10. Q = 8.33 GDT

Q = 8.33(50)(30)(140  60)
Q = 8.33(50)(30)(80)
Q = 999,600 BTU

D -d
12. T =
L
4.1625  3.2513
T =
8
0.9112
T =
8
T = 0.1139 in. per in.

1 Tire - track width

14. (a) SSF = 
2 Height of center of gravity
1 56
=  = 1.08 (rounded)
2 26

1 56
(b) 1.4 = 
2 x
1.4 28
=
1 x
1.4x = 28
28
x = = 20
1.4
26  20 = 6 lower than current center of gravity.

242 Copyright  2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 CHAPTER XXVI.
CONQUEST OF PERSIA.

A.H. XXI., XXII. A.D. 642, 643.

It was not long before any doubts that

might still have rested in the mind of Omar Persian campaign forced on
were put an end to by the hostile attitude of Omar.
the Persian Court; and he was again forced to bid his armies take
the field with the avowed object of dealing a final blow at the empire.
After Câdesîya and the loss of Medâin,
Yezdegird may have buoyed himself up Yezdegird gathers a great
with the hope that the Arabs, content with army against the Arabs. a.h.
XX. a.d. 641.
the fertile plains of Mesopotamia and Irâc-
Araby, would leave him in undisturbed possession of the ample
provinces of Persia proper beyond the mountain range. But the
capture of the ancient capital of Media, and the threatening advance
of the invaders in the direction of Ispahan and Persepolis, put an end
to any such imagination. Teeming, restless hordes, still issuing from
the Peninsula, began to press upon the border; and their irruption
into the farther plains of Persia became clearly a mere question of
time. The king, therefore, resolved once more upon a grand effort to
stem the tide of invasion. With this view he ordered the governors of
the various provinces to gather their forces together for a final attack.
These, especially in the outlying regions, appear to have enjoyed an
almost independent authority. But their interests were now knit
together by the common danger. From the shores of the Caspian,
therefore, to the Indian Ocean, and from the Oxus to the Persian
Gulf, they rallied around the royal standard, and in vast number
gathered on the plain that lies below the snow-capped peak of
Demavend.
Tidings of the movement soon reached
Kûfa, and Sád apprised the Caliph of the Omar sends an army under
Nómân to oppose them.
rising storm. Each courier, as he arrived,
filled the city with fresh alarms. A hundred and fifty thousand men
had assembled under Firuzân; now they were encamped at
Hamadan, and now marching on Holwân; they would soon be close
to Kûfa, and at their very doors. The crisis, no doubt, was serious.
Any reverse to the Arabs on the mountain border would loosen their
hold upon the plains below; and all the conquests in Chaldæa, with
Medâin, and the settlements even of Kûfa and Bussorah, might be
wrenched from their grasp. As on previous occasions of imminent
danger, Omar at once declared his resolve to march forth in person.
Encamped midway between the two cities of Irâc, his presence
would restore confidence; and while able from thence to direct the
movements in front, his reserve would be a defence to them in the
rear. But the old arguments against leaving Medîna again prevailed,
and Omar was persuaded to remain behind.[389] Nómân was
recalled from the campaign just described for the reduction of
Khuzistan, to take the chief command. Leaving strong garrisons
behind, all available troops were pushed forward in two columns
from Bussorah and Kûfa. The army at Sûs, besides furnishing a
contingent for the main advance, was given the important task of
effecting a diversion by an attack upon Persepolis, and so preventing
the native forces in that quarter from joining the royal standard.
Arrived at Holwân, Nómân sent forward
spies, who reported that the enemy in Battle of Nehâvend. a.h. XXI.
great force was pitched at Nehâvend, on a.d. 642.
the plain of that name bounded on the north by the lofty peaks of
Elwand; but that the road thus far was clear.[390] So they marched
forward, and were soon on the famous battle-ground, face to face
with the Persians. The Moslems were 30,000 strong—one fifth part
of the enemy; weak in numbers, but strong in faith, and nerved by
the presence of many veterans and heroes of former fields. After two
days’ skirmishing, the Persians retired behind their line of
fortification, from whence they were able at pleasure to issue forth
and molest their adversaries. This went on for a time, till the
Moslems, wearied by the delay, resolved on drawing them out. At
Toleiha’s instance they practised a feint for the purpose. They fell
back, and, on the Persians following, they wheeled round and cut
them off from their entrenchments. A fierce engagement followed,
and in it Nómân was slain. But the bravery of the Arabs in the end
achieved its wonted success. Of the enemy 30,000 are said to have
been left dead on the field; the rest fled to an adjoining hill, and there
80,000 more were slain. Of the great army but shreds and scattered
fragments effected their escape. The fate of the Captain-general,
Firuzân, became proverbial. Flying towards Hamadan, he was
stopped in a mountain pass choked by a caravan laden with honey.
In seeking to turn the pass, he lost his way, was overtaken and slain.
Hence the saying—‘Part of the Lord’s host is the honey-bee.’
The importance attached to this battle
is signified by the tradition that a mounted Decisive effect of the victory.
Genius gave immediate notice of the
victory and of the death of Nómân to a traveller in the Hejâz, who at
once communicated it to Omar at Medîna. Hamadan fell into the
hands of the victorious army; and the royal treasure and jewels,
deposited for safety in the great Fire temple, were delivered up. The
chiefs and people of Irâc-Ajem, that is, the western districts of Persia
proper, submitted themselves and became tributary. The booty was
immense; and amongst it two caskets of priceless gems, which
Omar placed in the treasury at Medîna; but next morning, the courier
that brought them was recalled, and Omar told him that he had seen
a vision of angels, which warned him of punishment hereafter if he
kept those jewels. ‘Take them hence,’ he said; ‘sell them, and let the
price be divided amongst the army.’ They fetched 4,000,000
dirhems.
Omar was disconsolate at the death of
Nómân; and he promoted his brother Capture of Rei. a.h. XXII.
a.d.. 643.
Nóeim ibn Mocarrin (one of the three
heroes of Dzul Cassa) to high command. He had now embarked on
an enterprise from which there was no returning. The proud
Yezdegird refused to yield, and Omar no longer scrupled pursuing
him to the bitter end. But a long series of campaigns was yet
needful, effectually to reduce the empire. These it is not the object of
this work to trace otherwise than in such brief and cursory way as
shall enable the reader to estimate the expanding area and growing
obligations of the Caliphate. The warlike races of the southern
shores of the Caspian gathered under Isfandiar, brother of the ill-
fated Rustem, for the defence of Rei, one of the royal cities of
Persia. Assuming the offensive, they began to harry the Mussulman
garrisons. Nóeim advanced to meet them; and another great battle
and decisive victory placed the city at his mercy.[391] Isfandiar retired
to Azerbâijân; where, again defeated, he
was taken prisoner; and at last, without Yezdegird flies to Merve,
much compunction, he threw in his lot, and where
cause.
Turks espouse his

made common cause with the invading

army. From Rei, Yezdegird fled south to Ispahan; finding no shelter
there, he hurried on to Kermân; then he retired to Balkh: and at last
he took refuge in Merve, whence he sought the aid of the Khâcân of
the Turks, and of the Emperor of China. The Khâcân espoused his
cause; and for several years the contest was waged with varying
success in the vicinity of Merve. But in the end the Turks retired, and
with them Yezdegird, across the Oxus. The
conflict was subsequently renewed, and Death of Yezdegird. a.h.
nine or ten years afterwards, in the reign of XXXI. a.d. 651.
Othman, Yezdegird, bereft of his treasures and deserted by his
followers, who in vain besought him to tender his submission,
perished miserably in the hut of a miller, whither he had fled for
refuge.
On the fall of Rei, the Arabs lost no
time in turning their arms against all Reduction of the Persian
quarters at once of the Persian empire. Six empire.
considerable armies, drawn from Kûfa and Bussorah, and continually
replenished from Arabia and the provinces by soldiers of fortune
thirsting for rapine and renown, invaded as many different regions;
and these, as they were overrun, fell each under the government of
the leader who reduced it. Thus, one after another, Fars, Kermân,
Mokrân, Sejestan, Khorasan, and Azerbâijân, were annexed to the
empire of Islam. Some of these, though subordinate in name, had
been virtually independent; and so now, even after the heart had
ceased to beat, they maintained a dangerous vitality. When tributary
and reduced to an outward subjection, the people would ever and
again rise in rebellion; and it was long before the Arabs could
subside into a settled life, or feel secure away from the protection of
garrisoned entrenchments. But the
privileges of Islam on the mere confession Subordinate position of the
of the Faith were so considerable and conquered races.
enticing, that the adherents of the Zoroastrian worship were unable
to resist the attraction; by degrees the Persian race came over to the
dominant creed, and in the end opposition ceased. The notices of
Zoroastrian families, and of Fire temples destroyed in after reigns,
show indeed that in many quarters the conversion was slow and
partial.[392] But after the fall of the Court, the death of Yezdegird, and
the extinction of outlying authority, the political and social
inducements to join the faith of the conquerors were, for the most
part, irresistible. The polished Persian formed a new element in
Moslem society. But however noble and refined, he long held a place
inferior to, and altogether distinct from, that maintained by the rude
but dominant races of Arabian blood. Individuals or families
belonging to the subject peoples, on embracing Islam, attached
themselves to some Arab chief or clan, as adherents, or ‘clients’ of
the same; and in this dependent position could claim some of the
privileges of the ruling faith. But neither here nor in other lands did
they intermarry with the Arabs on equal terms; they were looked
down upon as of an inferior caste. Thus, although in theory, on
becoming Mussulmans, the conquered nations thereby entered the
equal brotherhood of the Faith, they formed, not the less, a lower
estate. The race and language, ancestral dignity, and political
privileges, of the Arabs continued to be paramount throughout the
empire for many generations.
While passing by thus cursorily the
military details of connected outlying Miraculous tale connected
conquest, there is one episode which I with the siege of Darâbgird.
may mention, as containing a curious relation of miraculous
interposition, such as we rarely meet with in the tradition of events
subsequent to the Prophet’s death. The warrior Saria had long
besieged with inadequate force the stronghold Darâbgird in Kermân,
when a band of Kurds came suddenly down to its relief. The small
Arab army, taken thus on both sides, would have been cut to pieces,
had not Saria, warned by a cry from heaven, promptly sought refuge
upon a hill at his rear. Omar on that very day (so the tradition runs),
as he conducted the Friday service in the Great Mosque at Medîna,
saw distinctly in a vision the impending disaster, and trembling for his
safety, cried aloud, ‘To the hill, O Saria! to the hill!’ It was this voice
which reached Saria, clear from the sky, just in time to enable him to
make good his retreat to the hill, from whence, having rallied his
troops, he turned again and discomfited the enemy. Omar, we are
told, related the whole affair of the retreat and subsequent victory, at
the moment it occurred; and with this the courier’s report, received
several weeks after, was found exactly to tally.[393]
 CHAPTER XXVII.
THE LATER YEARS OF OMAR’S REIGN—DOMESTIC EVENTS.

A.H. XVII.-XXIII. A.D. 638–644.

While the arms of Islam were thus

rapidly reducing province after province in Quiet in Syria, Arabia, and
the East to the sway of Omar from the Egypt.
Caspian to the Indian Ocean, the wave of conquest was for the time
calmed down in Asia Minor. There had now for some time prevailed
a period of comparative quiet. After the death of Heraclius there was
no spirit left in the Byzantine empire to continue the struggle either
by land or by sea. Desultory attempts were made, indeed, at
intervals upon the coast; but they were followed by no lasting
success.[394] Muâvia was busy meanwhile consolidating the
administration of Syria; and, with a sagacious foresight,
strengthening his hold upon the provinces against the contingencies
of the future. Elsewhere peace prevailed. Shorahbîl ruled over the
district of the Jordan. Amru maintained a firm government in Egypt;
and, pushing a chronic warfare against the native tribes and the
Roman settlements on the coast of Africa, gradually extended the
boundaries of Islam towards the West. Arabia, still pouring forth its
unquiet spirits to fight in the wars abroad, was tranquil at home
under its various governors.
Besides the journeys into Syria already
mentioned, Omar only quitted his Omar visits Mecca, and
founds Grand Square around
residence at Medîna for the purpose of Kâaba.
performing the annual pilgrimage.[395] The
governors of the various provinces were wont to repair to Mecca to
discharge at that season the same religious obligation; and the
Caliph used to improve the opportunity for conferring with them, as
they returned by way of Medîna, on such provincial business as
needed his attention. The occasion, in fact, served the purposes of
an annual report delivered orally of local government. Several years
before his death, Omar spent three weeks within the sacred
precincts of Mecca, and enlarged the space around the Kâaba. The
dwellings approaching too closely the Holy House were pulled down,
and the first step taken towards the formation of a grand square and
piazza fitting the place of worship for all nations. Some of the owners
refused to sell their patrimony; but the houses were demolished
nevertheless, and the price in compensation left at their disposal in
the treasury. The boundary pillars of the Haram, or Sacred Territory,
were renewed. And convenient halting places were constructed at
the pilgrim stations on the road to Medîna, for the custody of which,
and the care of the adjoining springs of water, the local tribes were
held responsible.
The seventh year of Omar’s Caliphate
was distinguished by the bursting forth of Volcano near Medîna. a.h.
XIX.
volcanic fires from a hill called Leila in the
neighbourhood of Medîna. The Caliph gave command for a general
distribution of alms amongst the poor. The people joined in the pious
work, and the volcano stopped.[396]
In the same year a naval expedition
was sent to Abyssinia, across the Red Disaster in Red Sea.
Sea, to check attacks upon the Moslems
on the coast, or on the borders of Nubia.
The vessels were wrecked, and the a.h. XIX. a.d. 640.
expedition suffered great privations. The
disaster led Omar to vow that he would
never again permit his troops to embark on Omar dreads the sea.
an element fraught with such danger. It
was not till some years after his death that the Mussulmans gathered
courage to brave the risks of naval encounter in the Mediterranean
Sea.[397]
In the governors appointed to control
the turbulent cities of Kûfa and Bussorah, Moghîra, Governor of
Bussorah, arraigned on
Omar was not altogether fortunate. Otba, charge of adultery, a.h. XVII.
Governor of Bussorah, died shortly after a.d. 638,
rescuing the unfortunate expedition to
Persepolis.[398] The choice of a successor in Moghîra ibn Shoba,
was ill-advised. Of rude and repulsive aspect, he had committed
murder in his youth at Tâyif, and Islam had not softened his nature or
improved his morals. The heartless insult which he offered to an
aged Christian princess of the house of Hîra, whom he demanded in
marriage on the capture of that city, has been handed down in Arab
song. His harem, stocked with fourscore wives and concubines,
failed to satisfy his vagrant passion. His enemies at Bussorah
watched his movements from an adjoining building; and through a
party-window were witness to an intrigue with a Bedouin lady, who
had visited his house. When he issued forth to lead the public prayer,
they shouted him down as an adulterer; and Omar summoned him to
his court to answer the accusation. By any
reasonable law of evidence, the crime had and acquitted.
been established beyond a doubt; but,
under the strange ordinance promulgated by Mahomet on the
misadventure of his favourite wife, there was a flaw in the testimony
of Ziâd, the fourth witness. And the Caliph, with an ill-concealed
groan at the miscarriage of justice, ordered the witnesses who had
brought the charge to be scourged according to the law, and the
accused released. ‘Strike hard,’ cried the barefaced culprit,
addressing the unwilling minister of the law;—‘strike hard, and
comfort my heart thereby!’ ‘Hold thy peace,’ said Omar, ‘it wanted
little to convict thee; and then thou shouldest have been stoned to
the death as an adulterer.’ The guilty chief was silenced, but not
abashed. He continued to reside in Medîna, a crafty courtier at the
Caliph’s gate.[399]
As successor to Moghîra, Omar
appointed Abu Mûsa al Ashári, Governor Abu Mûsa, Governor of
of Bussorah—a man of a very different Bussorah,
stamp. Of small stature, smooth in face, and little presence, he had
yet distinguished himself on the field of Honein; and had been the
envoy of Mahomet to Hadhramaut.[400] He wanted strength and
firmness (as we shall see hereafter) for the stormy times that were
coming; but he was wise and sufficiently able to hold the restless
Bedouins of Bussorah in check. Belonging to the tribe of Ashár, it
was perhaps an advantage, in the jealousies now growing up, that
he was himself outside the clique of Mecca and Medîna citizens. But
he still felt the need of Coreishite influence to support his
government; and as he departed he said to Omar: ‘Thou must
strengthen my hands with a company of
the Companions of the Prophet, for verily is accused of malversation,
they are as salt in the midst of the but 643.
aquitted. a.h. XXIII. a.d.

people;’—so he took in his train nine-and-

twenty men of mark along with him. But even Abu Mûsa was near
losing his command. The story is curious, and illustrates Omar’s
style of government. After a successful campaign against the Kurds
in Ispahan, Abu Mûsa, as was usual, sent a deputation to Medîna to
report the victory, and carry to the Caliph the royal Fifth. Dhabba, a
discontented citizen, desired to be of the number, but was not
allowed. He forthwith set out alone to Medîna, and there laid certain
charges against Abu Mûsa, who was summoned by Omar to clear
himself. After some days of confinement to his quarters, he was
brought before the Caliph, face to face with his accuser. The first
charge was that a band of youths, from amongst the captives taken
in the recent expedition, had been used by him as personal
attendants. ‘True,’ said Abu Mûsa; ‘these sons of Persian chieftains
did me good service as guides; therefore I paid their ransom as prize
of the column, and now, being free, they serve me.’ ‘He speaketh the
truth,’ answered Dhabba, ‘but what I said was also true.’ The second
accusation was that he held two landed properties. ‘I do,’ explained
Abu Mûsa; ‘the one is for the subsistence of my family, the other for
the sustenance of the people.’ Dhabba answered as before. The
third was that the governor had in his household a girl who fared too
sumptuously. Abu Mûsa was silent. Again, he was charged with
making over the seals of office to Ziâd; which was admitted by Abu
Mûsa, ‘because he found the youth to be wise and fit for office.’ The
last charge was that he had given the largess of a thousand dirhems
to a poet; and this Abu Mûsa admitted having done, with the view to
preserve his authority from being weakened by scurrilous attacks.
The Caliph received the explanation, and permitted Abu Mûsa to
resume his government, but desired him to send Ziâd and the girl to
Medîna. He was so pleased with the knowledge and readiness of
Ziâd, who was already foreshadowing the greatness of his
administrative talent, that he sent him back with the full approval of
his employment in the affairs of the province; but the girl was
detained in confinement at Medîna. With Dhabba the Caliph was
very angry. Out of malice he had sought to ruin Abu Mûsa by one-
sided allegations. ‘Truth perverted is no better,’ Omar said, ‘than is a
lie; and a lie leadeth to hell fire.’[401]
Kûfa remained for several years under
the rule of Sád, its founder, the conqueror Sád deposed at Kûfa. a.h.
of Chaldæa and Medâin. At length, in the XXI. a.d. 642.
ninth year of Omar’s Caliphate, a faction sprang up against him. The
Bedouin jealousy of the Coreish had already begun to work; and Sád
was accused of unfairness in distributing the booty. There was also
imputed to him the lack of martial spirit and backwardness to show
himself in the field, a revival of the old charge made slanderously
against him at Câdesîya.[402] He was summoned, with his accusers,
to Medîna; but the main offence of which he was found guilty was
one of little concern to them. Sád in his public ministrations had cut
short the customary prayers; and Omar, deeming the offence
unpardonable, deposed him.
To fill a vacancy requiring, beyond all
others in the empire, skill, experience, and Changes in the government
power, Omar unwisely appointed Ammâr, of Kûfa.
who, having been, as a persecuted slave at Mecca, one of
Mahomet’s earliest converts, possessed a merit second to none in
the Faith, but was a man of no ability, and, moreover, advanced in
years.[403] The citizens of Kûfa were not long in finding out his
incapacity; and, at their desire, Omar transferred Abu Mûsa from
Bussorah to rule over them. But it was no easy work to curb the
factious populace. They took offence at his slave for buying fodder
as it crossed the bridge; and for so slight a cause the Caliph, after he
had been governor for a year, sent him back again to Bussorah.
Another nomination had already been determined on, when the artful
Moghîra, finding Omar alone in the Great Mosque, wormed the
secret out of him; and dwelling on the grave burden of a hundred
thousand turbulent citizens, suggested that the new candidate was
not fit to bear it. ‘But,’ said Omar, ‘the men of Kûfa have pressed me
to send them neither a headstrong tyrant, nor a weak and impotent
believer.’ ‘As for a weak believer,’ answered Moghîra, ‘his faith is for
himself, his weakness falleth on thee; as for a strong tyrant, his
tyranny injureth himself alone, and his strength is all for thee.’ Omar
was caught in the snare, and, the scandals of Bussorah
notwithstanding, was weak enough to confer on Moghîra the
government of Kûfa. With all his defects, Moghîra was, without
doubt, the strong man needed for that stiff-necked city; and he held
his position there during the two remaining years of Omar’s reign.
[404]

The vacillation of Omar, and his

readiness, at the complaint of the citizens Evil arising from change of
of Kûfa, once and again to shift their ruler, governors.
led that turbulent populace to know their power, and gave head to
the factious temper already disquieting the city. It was a weak though
kindly spirit which led the Caliph to nominate Ammâr to a post for
which he had no aptitude whatever. Upon his recall, Omar asked
whether his removal had caused him pain. ‘It did not much rejoice
me,’ replied Ammâr, ‘when thou gavest me the command; but I
confess that I was troubled when thou didst depose me.’ To which
Omar responded amiably: ‘I knew when I appointed thee that thou
wast not a man fitted to govern; but verily I was minded (and here he
quoted from the Corân) to be gracious unto the weak and humble
ones in the land; and to make them patterns of religion, and heirs of
the good things in this present life.’[405] At the same time, he
appointed another early convert of singular religious merit, Abdallah
ibn Masûd, who had also been a slave at Mecca, to a post at Kûfa,
for which, however, he was better fitted—the chancellorship of the
treasury. He had been the body-servant of the Prophet, who was
used to call him ‘light in the body, but weighty in the Faith.’ He was
learned in the Corân, and had a ‘reading’ of his own, to which, as the
best text, he held persistently against all recensions.[406]
There was still a considerable jealousy
between Bussorah and its more richly Additional endowment to
Bussorah.
endowed sister city. The armies of both
had contributed towards the conquest of Khuzistan, and had shared
accordingly. But Bussorah, with its teeming thousands, was
comparatively poor; and Omar, to equalise the benefits of all who
had served in the earlier campaigns, assigned to them increased
allowances, to be met from the surplus revenues of the Sawâd
administered by Kûfa.[407]
In the more important governments, the
judicial office was discharged by a Officers of State: judicial,
functionary who held his commission military, fiscal, and spiritual.
immediately from the Caliph.[408] The control of all departments
remained with the governor, who, in virtue of his supreme office, led
the daily prayers in public; and, especially on the Fridays, gave an
address, or sermon, which had often an important political bearing.
Military and fiscal functions, which vested at the first, like all other
powers, in the governor’s hands, came eventually to be discharged
by officers specially appointed to the duty. Ministers of religion were
also commissioned by the State. From the extraordinary rapidity with
which cities and provinces were converted, risk of error rose, in
respect both of creed and ritual, to the vast multitudes of ‘new
believers.’ To obviate this danger, Omar appointed teachers in every
country, whose business it was to instruct the people—men and
women separately—in the Corân and the requirements of the Faith.
Early in his reign, he imposed it also, as an obligation to be enforced
by the magistrate, that all, both great and small, should attend the
public services, especially on every Friday; and that in the month of
Ramadhan, the whole body of the Moslems should be constant in
the assembling of themselves together in their Mosques.
To Omar is popularly ascribed, not only
the establishment of the Dewân, and Omar establishes era of
offices of systematic account, but also the Hegira. a.h. XVII.
regulation of the Arabian year. He introduced for this purpose the
Mahometan Era, commencing with the new moon of the first month
(Moharram) in the year of the Prophet’s flight from Mecca. Hence the
Mahometan year was named the Hegira, or ‘Era of the Flight.’[409]
 Of the state of Mahometan society at
this period we have not the materials for Deterioration of social and
judging closely. Constant employment in domestic life.
the field, no doubt, tended to arrest the action of the depraving
influences which, in times of ease and luxury, began to relax the
sanctions and taint the purity of Bedouin life. But there is ample
indication that the relations between the sexes were already rapidly
deteriorating. The baneful influence of polygamy, especially now that
it was intensified by the husband’s power of arbitrary divorce and the
unlimited licence of servile concubinage, was quickened by the vast
multitudes of slave-girls taken by the army, and distributed or sold,
both among the soldiers and the community at large. The wife of
noble blood held, under the old chivalrous code of the Arabs, a
position of honour and supremacy in the household, from which she
could be ousted by no base-born rival, however fair or fruitful. She
was now to be, in the estimation of her husband, but one amongst
many, to whose level she was gradually being lowered. If his slave-
girls bore him children, they became at once, as Omm Walad, free;
[410] and in point of legitimacy and inheritance the offspring was
equal to the children of the free and noble wife. Beauty and
blandishment began to outshine birth and breeding, and the favourite
of the hour too often displaced her noble mistress.
With the coarse sensualist, revelling
like Moghîra in a harem well stocked with Story of the Princess Leila.
Greek and Persian captives, this might
have been expected. But it was not the less the case in many a
household of greater refinement and repute. Some lady, ravished, it
may have been, from a noble home, and endowed with the charms
and graces of a courtly life, would captivate her master, and for the
moment rule supreme. The story of the Princess Leila will afford a
sample. This beautiful daughter of Judi, the Ghassanide chief slain
at Dûma, was bought by the victorious Khâlid from the common
prize. The fame of her charms had already reached Medîna, and
kindled a romantic flame in the breast of Abd al Rahmân, son of Abu
Bekr. He was wild in his passion for her, and sang his grief in verses
still preserved.[411] At last he became her happy master, and she
was despatched from the camp to his home. At once he freed her,
and took her to wife. His love for this lady was so great that,
forsaking all other, he kept him only to her—so long as her beauty
lasted. She was the queen of his household. But after a time she fell
sick and began to waste away. The beauty went, and with it her
master’s love; and so her turn, too, came to be forsaken. Then his
comrades said to him: ‘Why thus keep her on, neglected and
forsaken here? Suffer her to go back to her people and her home.’
So he suffered her. Leila’s fate was happy compared with that of
others. Tired of his toy, the owner would sell her to become, if still
young and beautiful, the plaything of another; or if, like Leila, disease
or years had fretted her beauty, to eke out the weary, wistless,
hopeless lot of a household slave.
Relaxation of manners is significantly
marked by the frequent notice of The use of wine.
punishment for drunkenness. There are
not wanting instances of even governors deposed for the offence.
Omar was rigorous in imposing the legal penalty. He did not shrink
from commanding that stripes should be inflicted, even upon his own
son and his boon companions, for the use of wine. At Damascus, the
scandal grew to such a height that Abu Obeida had to summon a
band of the citizens, with the heroes Dhirâr and Abu Jandal at their
head, for the offence. Hesitating in such a case to enforce the law,
he acquainted Omar with the circumstances, and begged that the
offenders, being penitent, might be forgiven. An angry answer came:
‘Gather an assembly,’ he wrote in the stern language of his early
days;—‘gather an assembly, and bring them forth. Then ask, ‘Is wine
lawful, or is it forbidden? If they say forbidden, lay eighty stripes
upon each one of them; if they say lawful, then behead them every
one.’ They confessed that it was forbidden, and submitted
themselves to the ignominious punishment.[412]
The weakness for wine may have been
a relic of ‘the days of Ignorance,’ when the Influence of female slavery in
poet sang ‘Bury me under the roots of the the family.
juicy vine.’ But there were influences altogether new at work in the
vast accession to the households of believers everywhere of captive
women from other lands. Greek, Persian, and Egyptian maidens
abounded in every harem. The Jews and Christians amongst them
might retain their ancestral faith, whether in freedom or bondage,
whether as concubines or married to their masters; and with their
ancestral faith retain much also of the habits of their fatherland; and
the same may be said of the heathen bondmaids from Africa and the
Parsee slave-girls from Persia, even if outwardly converted to the
Moslem faith. The countless progeny of such alliances, though
ostensibly bred in the creed and practice of Islam, must have
inherited much of the nationality of the mothers by whom they were
nursed and brought up. The crowded harem, with its Divine sanction
of servile concubinage, was also an evil school for the rising
generation. Wealth, luxury, and idleness were under such
circumstances provocative of a licence and indulgence which too
often degenerated into debauchery.
For, apart from the field of war and the
strife of faction, Moslem life was idle and Intemperance, dissipation,
inactive. There was nothing to relieve its and depravity.
sanctimonious voluptuousness. The hours not spent in the harem
were divided between listless conversation in the city knots and
clubs, and formal prayers in the Mosque five times a day. Ladies no
longer appeared in public excepting as they flitted along shrouded
beneath ‘the veil.’ The light and grace, the charm and delicacy, which
their presence imparted to Arab society before Islam, was gone. The
soft warm colouring of nature, so beautifully portrayed in ancient
Arabian song, was chilled and overcast. Games of chance, and such
like amusements, common to mankind, were forbidden by law as
stigmatised in the Corân; even speculation was checked by the ban
put upon interest for money lent. And so, Mussulman life, cut off,
beyond the threshold of the harem, from the ameliorating influences
of the gentler sex, began to assume that dreary, morose, and
cheerless aspect which it has ever since retained.[413] But nature is
not thus to be pent up and trifled with; the rebound must come; and
with the rebound, humanity, in casting off its shackles, burst likewise
through the barriers of the Faith. The gay youth of Islam, cloyed with
the dull delights of the sequestered harem, were tempted when they
went abroad to evade the restrictions of their creed, and to seek in
the cup, in music, games, and dissipation the excitement which the
young and the light-hearted will demand. In the greater cities,
intemperance and libertinism were rife. The canker spread,
oftentimes the worse because concealed. The more serious classes
of believers were scandalised not only by amusements, luxuries, and
voluptuous living, held to be inconsistent with their creed, but with
immoralities of a kind which may not even be named. The
development of this evil came later on, but the tares were already
being sown even under the strict and puritanical Caliphate of Omar.
[414]

Such excesses were, however, for the

present confined to foreign parts. At home, Simplicity of Omar’s
domestic life.
the first Caliphs, fortified by the hallowed
associations of Medîna, and at a distance from the scenes of luxury
and temptation, preserved the severe simplicity of ancient Arab life.
This, it is true, was not inconsistent (as we see even in the case of
Mahomet) with the uncontrolled indulgences of the harem. But as
concerns the Caliphs themselves, Abu Bekr, Omar, and Othmân,
their lives in this respect were, considering the licence of Islam,
temperate and modest. Omar, we are told, had no passion for the
sex. Before the Hegira, he contracted marriage with four wives, but
two of these, preferring to remain at Mecca, were thus separated
from him. At Medîna, he married five more, one of whom he
divorced.[415] His last marriage was in the eighth year of his
Caliphate, when over fifty, perhaps nearer sixty, years of age. Three
years before, he had married a granddaughter of the Prophet, under
circumstances which cast a curious light on his domestic ways. He
conceived a liking for Omm Kolthûm, the young unmarried sister of
Ayesha, through whom a betrothal was arranged. But Ayesha found
that the light-hearted damsel had no desire to wed the aged Caliph.
In this dilemma she had recourse to Amru, who undertook the task of
breaking off the match. He broached the subject to Omar, who at first
imagined that Amru wished the maiden for himself. ‘Nay,’ said Amru,
‘that I do not; but she hath been bred indulgently in the family of her
father Abu Bekr, and I fear that she may ill brook thine austere
manners, and the gravity of thy household.’ ‘But,’ replied Omar, ‘I
have already engaged to marry her; and how can I break it off?’
‘Leave that to me,’ said Amru; ‘thou hast indeed a duty to provide for
Abu Bekr’s family, but the heart of this maiden is not with thee. Let
her alone, and I will show thee a better than she, another Omm
Kolthûm, even the daughter of Aly and Fâtima, the granddaughter of
the Prophet.’ So Omar married this other maiden, and she bore him
a son and daughter; but there was no eventual issue in this line.[416]
Many of those whose names we have
been familiar with in the life of Mahomet Death of persons of
distinction.
were now dropping off the scene. Fâtima,
the daughter, and Safia, the aunt, of Mahomet, Zeinab his wife, and
Mary his Coptic bond-maid, Yezid the son of Abu Sofiân, Abu
Obeida, Khâlid, and Bilâl, and many others who bore a conspicuous
part in the great rôle of the Prophet’s life, had all passed away, and a
new race was springing up in their place.
Abu Sofiân himself survived till a.h. 32,
and died aged eighty-eight years. One of Abu Sofiân, and Hind, his
his eyes he lost at the siege of Tâyif, and wife.
the other at the battle of the Yermûk, so that he had long been blind.
He divorced Hind, the mother of Muâvia—she who ‘chewed the liver’
of Hamza at the battle of Ohod. As for her, we are told that, having
received a loan from Omar, she supported herself by merchandise.
What was the reason of the divorce does not appear.[417]