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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition
Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley
Chapter 6
Prejudice: Its Causes, Effects, and Cures
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Beliefs about the shared traits of social groups that serve as a cognitive framework for
processing social information are known as
a. minimal groups
b. discriminations
c. prejudices
d. stereotypes
Answer: d
Question ID: msp1b 6.1-1
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Factual
2. The negative affect (feelings) that people have about particular social groups is known
as
a. incidental feelings
b. stereotype
c. prejudice
d. minimal groups
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 169
Skill: Factual
3. Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as
a. incidental feelings
b. discrimination
c. minimal groups
d. prejudices
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 169
Skill: Factual
4. Gender stereotypes are

a. inaccurate categorizations of women and men
b. beliefs about the characteristics of women and men
Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc. 1

c. inaccurate beliefs about women

d. inaccurate categorizations of women only
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Factual
5. Gender stereotypes
a. include positive and negative traits of men and women
b. include only negative traits of women and men
c. include only positive traits of women and men
d. include both positive and negative traits of men only
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Factual
6. One stereotype of women portrays them as being relatively high on

_________________ and relatively low on ____________________.
a. self-confidence; friendliness
b. warmth; competence
c. sensitivity; warmth
d. competence; warmth
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Factual
7. Women are often stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men. This
stereotype is typical of groups who are
a. relatively high in status and not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
b. relatively low in status and not perceived as a threat to the high-status group
c. relatively high in status and perceived as a threat to the high-status group
d. relatively low in status and perceived as a threat to the high-status group
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Conceptual

8. A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently

characterized as
a. low in nonconformity and low in kindness
b. high in friendliness and high in accomplishment
c. low in warmth and high in competence
d. low in emotional stability and high in self-confidence
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Conceptual
9. High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as

a. high in emotionality and low in accomplishment
b. low in self-confidence and high in leadership
c. high in friendliness and low in nonconformity
d. low in warmth and high in competence
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Conceptual
10. Relatively high status groups are frequently stereotyped as

a. high in competence and high in communal attributes
b. low in competence and low in communal attributes
c. high in competence and low in communal attributes
d. low in competence and high in communal attributes
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Conceptual
11. Barriers based on attitudes or organizational biases that may prevent qualified women
from reaching high-level positions in the workplace is known as
a. tokenism
b. benevolent sexism
c. the glass ceiling
d. gender stereotypes

Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Factual
12. Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.
She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs.
Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male co-
workers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably
represents
a. gender stereotypes
b. shifting standards
c. benevolent racism
d. the glass ceiling effect
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Applied
13. Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.
She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Her
subordinates typically say the same things to her as they do to male managers, but their
nonverbal behaviour is somewhat different. In addition, Jessica's performance evaluations
are somewhat lower than her male counterparts. This situation is typical of
a. out-group homogeneity
b. the glass ceiling effect
c. tokenism
d. cross-gender behaviour
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Applied
14. Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized, male-dominated manufacturing

company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely
explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her
attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather
than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company.
Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to
explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two

managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different

leadership styles?
a. Joyce
b. Trina
c. Both are equally likely to experience gender discrimination
d. Neither are likely to experience gender discrimination
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Applied
15. Seventeen female employees at a local university have filed a class-action suit against
their employer alleging gender discrimination in wages and promotions. Although a
plausible excuse was offered in each individual case, the fact that the same pattern of
outcomes can be seen in several different departments suggests that
____________________ is present in the university.
a. tokenism
b. comparable treatment based on gender
c. differential treatment based on gender
d. gender stereotypes
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Applied
16. Glick and colleagues (2000) showed that benevolent sexism toward women was
found more among _________ and hostile sexism toward women was found more among
________________.
a. women; men
b. men; women
c. younger respondents; older respondents
d. men; men
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Factual
17. Tokenism
a. has no appreciable effects, positive or negative
b. is found only in female-dominated professions

c. is associated with having only female mentors

d. lets prejudiced people off the hook
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Factual
18. ____________ refers to the practice of hiring a few individuals based on group
membership.
a. Shifting standards
b. Reverse discrimination
c. Tokenism
d. Hostile sexism
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 165-166
Skill: Factual
19. Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make
sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women to reduce the risk of a
discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents
a. reverse discrimination
c. hostile sexism
d. tokenism
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Applied
20. The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group
can be used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as
a. tokenism
b. hostile sexism
c. benevolent sexism
d. reverse discrimination
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 166

Skill: Factual
21. Stereotypes that suggest that women are superior to men in many ways and that
women are necessary for men's happiness are a major part of
a. shifting standards
b. hostile sexism
c. tokenism
d. benevolent sexism
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
22. One result of tokenism is that

a. it helps to improve the self-esteem of women and minority group members
b. it increases the likelihood of minority group protests
c. it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
d. it helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Conceptual
23. One result of tokenism is that

a. it can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals
b. it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
c. it increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
d. it increases the likelihood of minority group protests
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Factual
24. Thomas owns a small chain of retail stores. He makes a point of hiring many female
cashiers and clerks because he believes that women are friendlier to customers and help
to ensure greater honesty among employees. Thomas almost never hires women as
managers, however, believing that men's greater self-confidence and toughness are
desirable qualities of managers. This situation most clearly demonstrates the results of
a. benevolent sexism

b. hostile sexism
c. shifting standards
d. tokenism
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Applied
25. Sexism tends to be more prevalent in situations of

a. benevolent sexism among men
b. inequality between men and women
c. equality between men and women
d. shifting inequalities between men and women
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Conceptual
26. The belief that women are a threat to men's position and power is a part of
b. between-group comparisons
c. hostile sexism
d. shifting standards
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Factual
27. Both men and women hold stereotypic images of women. Men are more likely to
agree with statements reflecting _______________, while women are more likely to
agree with statements reflecting ______________.
a. benevolent sexism; hostile sexism
b. hostile sexism; androgyny
c. hostile sexism; benevolent sexism
d. benevolent sexism; androgyny
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 166

Skill: Conceptual
28. Some researchers (Glick et al., 2000) have suggested that benevolent sexism may
help to keep women in a subordinate role by
a. suggesting that male attributes uniquely suit them for superordinate roles
b. suggesting that their attributes uniquely suit them for subordinate roles
c. allowing males to perform trivial positive actions for females without performing more
meaningful positive actions for them
d. allowing females to use their natural attributes to offset the effects of long-term sexism
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
29. Use of subjective measurement scales when making comparisons between members
of different groups can result in
a. within-group comparisons
b. social creativity
d. benevolent sexism
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 168
Skill: Conceptual
30. Changing the comparison group when judging members of different groups is known
as
b. social creativity
c. between-group comparison
d. shifting standards
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 168
Skill: Factual
31. When rating scales are used in the absence of objective measures, shifting standards
may

a. help raters avoid the effects of stereotypes

b. mask stereotyping effects
c. reveal stereotyping effects
d. hinder efforts to minimize biases
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 168
Skill: Conceptual
32. Cognitive frameworks for organizing, interpreting, and recalling information are
known as
a. in-group differentiation
b. stereotypes
c. subtypes
d. schemas
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Factual
33. Stereotypes serve to shape our perceptions in such a way that new information about
members of stereotyped groups is interpreted as confirmation of our stereotypes. This
aspect of stereotypes is known as
a. self-fulfilling prophecies
b. within-group comparisons
c. subtyping
d. inferential prisons
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Factual
34. Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women.
He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit “soft.” Mike recently met
Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits
Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably
assumed that Karen represents a(n)
a. subtype
b. schema

c. recategorization
d. abberation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Applied
35. We sometimes perceive a stronger relationship between two variables than is actually
present. This phenomenon is known as a(n)
a. illusory correlation
b. hindsight bias
c. priming
d. self-confirming hypothesis
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual
36. White Canadians tend to overestimate the crime rate among black Canadian men.
This is probably due to a(n)
a. illusory correlation
b. hindsight bias
c. ultimate attribution error
d. priming
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
37. Our tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than
are members of our in-group is known as
a. recategorization
b. out-group homogeneity
c. in-group heterogeneity
d. out-group heterogeneity
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 162

Skill: Factual
38. Our tendency to perceive in-group members as more similar to each other than out-
group members is known as
a. in-group heterogeneity
b. out-group heterogeneity
c. in-group homogeneity
d. recategorization
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
39. Our tendency to perceive members of our own group as being more different from
one other than are members of other groups is known as
a. out-group differentiation
b. in-group differentiation
c. out-group homogeneity
d. recategorization
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Factual
40. Increasing the level of out-group homogeneity effects may also increase the level of
a. out-group differentiation
b. in-group differentiation
c. recategorization
d. out-group homogeneity
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Conceptual
41. Paul is a 23-year-old college student. His family has been investigating long-term
care facilities for his aging grandfather. On a visit to one long-term care facility with his
parents, Paul commented that all the residents are just like his grandfather. Paul's
perception best represents

a. in-group heterogeneity
b. in-group homogeneity
c. recategorization
d. out-group homogeneity
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Applied
42. Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed

a. when the relationships between groups change
b. when the higher-status group recognizes the negative effects of stereotypes
c. when the lower-status group points out the higher-status group's stereotypes
d. when one group willingly agrees to share power (and status) with the other group
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Conceptual
43. Affective reactions toward an individual because of that individual's group

membership is known as
a. stereotyping
b. bias
c. discrimination
d. prejudice
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 169
Skill: Conceptual
44. Providing members of a group with less favourable treatment because of their group
membership is known as
a. prejudice
b. stereotyping
c. bias
d. discrimination
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 169

Skill: Conceptual
45. ___________________ are goals that can be achieved only by cooperation between
groups.
a. Superordinate goals
b. In-group goals
c. Social catagorizations
d. Out-group goals
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 175
Skill: Factual
46. Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of
different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising
from guilt may result in behaviours that
a. try to avoid contact with the out-group
b. try to protect the in-group's status position
c. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
d. try to harm the out-group directly
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 170
Skill: Conceptual
from anger may result in behaviours that
a. try to harm the out-group directly
b. try to camouflage the prejudice as much as possible
c. try to avoid contact with the out-group
d. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 170
Skill: Conceptual

from disgust may result in behaviours that
a. try to avoid contact with the out-group
b. try to harm the out-group directly
c. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group
d. try to camouflage the prejudice as much as possible
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 170
Skill: Conceptual
49. In Hornsey and Hogg (2000), when the distinctiveness of subgroups was threatened,
greater bias toward a _____________ out-group than a _________________ out-group
was expressed.
a. dissimilar; dissimilar
b. dissimilar; similar
c. similar; similar
d. similar; dissimilar
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Factual
50. Groups of individuals that are created on the basis of some minimal criteria are
known as
a. focus groups
b. prejudicial groups
c. irrelevant groups
d. minimal groups
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 170
Skill: Factual
51. Incidental feelings are

a. the underlying foundation for prejudice and discrimination in Western societies
b. those that give rise to prejudices because of their association with judgments about an
out-group

c. irrelevant to the group being judged, even though they can have an effect on the
judgments being made
d. a potentially effective means of changing prejudice on a large scale
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Factual
52. Advantaged groups show the most prejudice toward out-groups when
a. the advantaged group's leadership is threatened
b. the advantaged group's image or interests are threatened
c. the disadvantaged group acts to minimize the impact of prejudice
d. the disadvantaged group's image or interests are threatened
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Conceptual
53. The idea that prejudice is caused by direct competition between social groups for
scarce resources is known as
a. ultimate attribution error
b. social identity theory
c. superordinate goals theory
d. realistic conflict theory
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Factual
54. In Sherif's (1961) Robber's Cave experiment, researchers were able to reduce the
tension between the two groups of boys by
a. giving the groups a goal that could only be achieved through cooperation
b. ignoring the taunts and attacks made against each group
c. allowing friendships to form between members of different groups
d. encouraging competition between the groups for desirable prizes
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 175

Skill: Applied
55. Goals that can only be reached by cooperation between groups are known as
a. intrapersonal goals
b. superordinate goals
c. interpersonal goals
d. subordinate goals
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 175
Skill: Factual
56. The tendency to divide the social world into separate groups, including our in-group
and a number of different out-groups, is known as
a. contact hypothesis
b. social categorization
c. in-group differentiation
d. out-group differentiation
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
57. The social group to which an individual belongs is known as

a. a social identity group
b. an in-group
c. a superordinate group
d. a social group
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 175
Skill: Factual
58. A group other than the one to which an individual belongs is known as
a. an in-group
b. a social group
c. a social identity group
d. an out-group

Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 175
Skill: Factual
59. When Lawrence saw Jeremy, a member of his fraternity, offering to help an elderly
person carry groceries home from the store, he believed it was because Jeremy is a
friendly, helpful person. When Lawrence saw Frank, a member of a competing fraternity,
offering to help an elderly person carry groceries home from the store, he believed it was
because Frank was being paid to do so. This difference in attributions made about Frank
and Jeremy is one instance of
a. the ultimate attribution error
b. implicit associations
d. the contact hypothesis
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Applied
60. The ultimate attribution error probably stems from ________________ operating at
the group level.
a. implicit associations
b. the self-serving bias
c. in-group differentiation
d. illusory correlations
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Factual
61. The idea that part of our self-esteem stems from identifying with the social groups to
which we belong is part of
a. social learning theory
b. implicit associations theory
c. realistic conflict theory
d. social identity theory
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 177

Skill: Factual
62. We tend to identify with groups to which we belong, and this identification raises our
self-esteem. As a result, we frequently see other groups as being __________________ to
our own group.
a. unimportant
b. inferior
c. superior
d. equivalent
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Conceptual
63. Recent research (Hornsey & Hogg, 2000) has shown that pointing out similarities
between subgroups will increase their hostility to each other if
a. there is a perceived decrease in similar outcomes for the groups
b. there is a perceived increase in similar outcomes for the groups
c. there is a perceived threat to individual group members
d. there is a perceived threat to the distinctiveness of the groups
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Conceptual
64. Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as

a. discrimination
b. bias
c. stereotyping
d. prejudice
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 169
Skill: Factual
65. Beliefs that minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and
a denial that discrimination influences outcomes for minority members is known as
a. shifting standards
b. modern racism

c. illusory correlations
d. implicit associations
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
66. Attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice and expressing biased
attitudes in some “safe” areas but not publicly is a part of
a. modern racism
c. reverse discrimination
d. recategorization
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
67. Researchers sometimes convince subjects that a machine can directly measure their
attitudes. Once a research subject is connected to the machine, the subject is then more
likely to respond truthfully to questions about his or her attitudes. This procedure is
known as
a. a priming mechanism
b. differential discrimination
c. the bogus pipeline
d. the bona fide pipeline
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 180
Skill: Factual
68. Exposure to some stimuli or events will make information held in memory more
available to us. This is known as
a. the superordinate memory effect
b. priming
c. a bona fide pipeline
d. a bogus pipeline
Answer: b

Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Factual
69. Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds frequently
causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with
positive meanings. This type of research is known as
a. the bona fide pipeline
b. a bogus pipeline
c. the superordinate memory effect
d. category activation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Factual
70. In Western societies, overt racism has _________________ in public life; automatic
prejudice has ____________.
a. decreased; decreased
b. increased; increased
c. continued; decreased
d. decreased; continued
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
71. Recent research (Simon & Greenberg, 1996) has shown that a majority member's
reactions to a minority member are influenced by
a. exposure to the prejudice of others and awareness of the majority member's level of
prejudice
b. the minority member's level of prejudice and exposure to the prejudice of others
c. exposure to the minority member and exposure to the prejudice of others
d. the majority member's level of prejudice and exposure to the prejudice of others
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied

72. The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is
known as
a. the social norms perspective
b. the common in-group identity model
c. the recategorization view
d. the social learning view
Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual
73. The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that

a. increased contact between members of different social groups may increase the degree
of prejudice between the groups
b. increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce
prejudice between the groups
c. contact between members of different social groups has no long-lasting effect on the
level of prejudice experienced by group members
d. decreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Factual
74. ___________________ occurs when the boundaries between an in-group changes in

relation to an out-group in such a way that at least some out-group members are now seen
as being part of the in-group.
a. Ambivalent attitude
b. Implicit association
c. Recategorization
d. Common identity
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 186
Skill: Factual
75. One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to

recategorize out-group members and in-group members as both being part of a larger
single social entity. This approach is known as

a. the common in-group identity model

b. the inclusiveness model
c. the shifting standards model
d. the social learning model
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 186
Skill: Conceptual
76. __________________ are rules within a particular social group concerning what
actions and attitudes are appropriate.
a. Recategorizations
b. Socialization methods
c. Social norms
d. Collective prejudice
Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Factual
77. Training individuals to say no to their own stereotypes is known as

_______________ and has the effect of ____________________.
a. the egalitarian approach; reducing stereotype activation
b. social influence training; strengthening stereotype activation
c. stereotype negation training; increasing stereotype activation
d. stereotype incrementation training; reducing stereotype activation
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual
78. ________________________ are the rules within a social group that concern what
actions and attitudes are appropriate.
a. Implicit associations
b. Social norms
c. Incidental feelings
d. Social identity
Answer: b

Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Factual
79. When prejudiced people are convinced that other members of their group do not share
their prejudice they tend to become less prejudiced. This is due to
a. social norms
b. recategorization
c. collective guilt
d. social influence
Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Conceptual
80. Craig believes that women are bad at math tasks. He tends to notice when a woman
fails at a math-oriented task, but rarely notices success. He is also good at bringing the
failures to mind. Craig is using a prejudicial
a. social norm
b. discrimination category
c. schema
d. bogus pipeline
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Applied
81. Mike harbours many prejudicial feelings toward homosexuals; in fact, whenever he
encounters a homosexual he immediately starts saying many negative comments. This
example illustrates that prejudice is often ___________________ in nature.
a. implicit
b. subliminal
c. direct
d. indirect
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Applied

82. Fred, Ted, Larry, and Barry are all research participants who were exposed to the
bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, they are all shown
the word “bad.” The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry to
respond to the word “bad” is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this
information, which of these individuals most likely holds the greatest amount of negative
attitudes toward Hispanics?
a. Ted
b. Fred
c. Larry
d. Barry
Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Applied
83. Jacob is a summer camp counsellor director who has decided to group his campers
into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the
campground. What is the most likely outcome of this situational context?
a. The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the
camp counsellor director encourages them to do so.
b. The campers will become bored with their own group and, consequently, will seek out
friends in the other two groups.
c. The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to
hold very negative views of the other groups.
d. The campers will be equally likely to have friends in all three groups.
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
84. Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother
says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the
smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of a prejudice as a result of
a. social discrimination
b. social learning
c. incidental feelings
d. social assimilation
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 184

Skill: Applied
85. Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the ultimate attribution error?
a. “Never trust anyone over 30!”
b. “I'm telling you that anyone who is not Canadian cannot be trusted.”
c. “Sure, men and women have obvious biological differences—but deep down I think
men and women are basically the same.”
d. “Of course he did well on that exam—he was raised Catholic just like me and all of the
Catholics I know are very smart.”
Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Applied
86. Mohammed, an Arab Canadian, would be most likely to show prejudice against out-
groups if
a. he perceives much dissimilarity between his own group versus other groups
b. he feels that the distinctiveness of his own group is threatened
c. he is fully accepted by members of his own group
d. he experiences much discrimination against himself and other Arab Canadians
Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Applied
87. Jason has just seen five faces from different individuals of varying ethnicities—First
Nations, Western European, African Canadian, South American, and Asian—via the use
of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain “target” word his response time
after each of these four faces (in the order presented above) was 1.7, 0.98, 2.1, 0.76, and
1.3 seconds, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason most likely associating
with the “target” word?
a. Asian
b. South American
c. Western European
d. First Nations
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Applied

88. If 10% of Group A (which has 200 members) are found to be criminals, and 10% of
Group B (which has 10 000 members) are found to be criminals, evidence suggests that
you will form
a. less favourable impressions of Group A
b. less favourable impressions of Group B
c. more favourable impressions of Group B
d. equally unfavourable impressions of both groups
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
89. Considering the dynamics of an illusory correlation, which of the following events
will be most memorable to most individuals?
a. An occasion where a very “strange” event occurs during a full moon
b. An occasion where a very “strange” event occurs when there isn't a full moon
c. An occasion where there is neither a full moon nor an unusual event
d. An occasion where there is a full moon but nothing unusual occurs
Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
90. The phrase “You can't trust anyone over 30” is an example of
a. the illusion of in-group homogeneity
b. the illusion of out-group homogeneity
c. the illusion of out-group differentiation
d. illusory correlations
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Applied
91. If you are friends with Sally, who is prejudiced against Asians, and you want to
eliminate her prejudice, then you should
a. try to come into regular contact with Asian individuals
b. avoid discussing Sally's biases with her and try to keep her away from Asians
c. cultivate contacts with Asian individuals and expose Sally to your new friends
d. force Sally to develop a friendship with an Asian person

Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Applied
92. Suppose John has completed a study where he has been explicitly told to not associate
a certain racial stereotype with a picture of a member of the race in question. Given this
scenario, John will likely
a. feel guilty over the fact that he even made such racial stereotypes and associations in
the past
b. be extremely confused by this study and, consequently, offer neutral responses
c. be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member
of the race in question
d. continue to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the race in
question
Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
True/False Questions
1. Stereotypes are false beliefs about the traits that members of different social groups
share.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
2. Tokenism refers to hiring individuals based on group membership.

a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1


Skill: Factual
3. Schemas are cognitive frameworks that have been developed from social learning.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Factual
4. Subtypes are composed of group members that do not seem to fit the group's
stereotype.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Factual
5. Prejudice based on fear and envy may cause an individual to harm members of the
target out-group.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
6. Palestinians and Israelis are in conflict over territory, which this gives rise to prejudice
within both groups according to realistic conflict theory.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual

7. The ultimate attribution error involves making favourable or flattering attributions

about members of an out-group.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Conceptual
8. Priming involves using a stimulus to activate or make available information that is

stored in memory.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Factual
9. The level of prejudice cannot be reduced.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Factual
10. The common in-group identity model suggests that including out-group members as
part of a larger in-group will reduce prejudice.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 186
Skill: Conceptual
11. Social norms are composed of the “average” or typical member of a particular group.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Factual
12. Mike finds that the more contact he has with individual members of a group he hates,
the less he hates them. This is best explained by the contact hypothesis.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 179
Skill: Applied
13. The contact hypothesis is the view that prejudice is acquired through direct and
vicarious experiences.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Factual
14. The bona fide pipeline involves the use of deception to encourage people to reveal
their true attitudes about an out-group.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Conceptual
15. Prejudice and bias can be decreased if people can be induced to believe that their
prejudiced views are out of line with those of most other people.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Conceptual
Short Answer Questions
1. Explain the relationship between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
Answer: These are the three components of attitudes toward a particular group.
Stereotypes represent the cognitive component and are composed of our beliefs about a
particular social group. Prejudice is the affective component that encompasses our
feelings about a group. Discrimination is the behavioural component of attitudes and
includes the different actions directed toward members of different groups.

Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
2. Explain when and why low-status group members agree with some aspects of their
group's stereotype.
Answer: Low-status group members are likely to agree with what they consider to be
positive aspects of a stereotype. For example, women are likely to agree with the idea
that women are more ethical and have better taste than men. Different aspects of the low-
status group's stereotype are likely to be endorsed if these alternative aspects help to
differentiate the low-status group from the higher-status group when inequality between
the groups is not likely to change. This may particularly be the case when the alternative
aspects are not perceived as threatening to the higher-status group.

Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
3. Explain what is meant by shifting standards when judging members of different

groups. Give an example.
Answer: Shifting standards occurs when we use one group as the standard by which to
make comparisons and shift to another comparison standard when judging members of a
different group.
Examples will vary. Elements of a successful example should include members of
two different groups (e.g., men versus women) engaged in the same behaviour that is

expected to be different for the two groups in terms of absolute performance. In the
example, performance should be shown to be judged within the group instead of globally
(e.g., pretty good for a girl or not bad for a man). Excellent answers will point out that
such distinctions may not be made overtly in terms of verbal responses, but may impact
subsequent behaviour of the person making the judgment.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 168
Skill: Conceptual
4. Describe the relationship between prejudice and the emotions that underlie prejudice.
Make sure to include a brief description of the relationship between the types of
behaviour that can arise as a result of different emotional causes for prejudice.
Answer: Prejudice is the emotional component of attitudes toward social groups. As such,
prejudice is the emotion and reflects the feelings we experience based only on another's
membership in a particular group. As such, all prejudices reflect one or another negative
underlying emotions. Although they are very similar, prejudices based on different
emotions can be discriminated based on the behaviours they lead to. Prejudice based on
anger may lead to direct attempts to harm the out-group. Prejudice based on guilt may
lead to efforts to avoid the out-group because of the emotional distress caused by the out-
group's situation. Prejudice based on disgust may also lead to efforts to avoid the out-
group to avoid possible “contamination” by members of the out-group. Prejudice based
on fear or envy may lead to defensive behaviours that are intended to protect the in-
group's status or position.

Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
5. Explain what is meant by the ultimate attribution error.
Answer: The ultimate attribution error is the same as the fundamental attribution error
extended to the group level. It is based on the observation that we tend to attribute
positive behaviours of in-group members to relatively stable and internal causes and that
we tend to attribute positive behaviours of out-group members to temporary or external
causes. This attribution error is likely to be a function of the self-serving bias discussed in
Chapter 5 and serves the function of enhancing our self-esteem through identification of
some aspects of the self with the group.

Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Conceptual

6. Explain what is meant by modern prejudice.
Answer: Openly racist views are more rarely expressed than in the past. However,
bigoted attitudes continue to be expressed among like-minded individuals in private.
Bigoted attitudes are sometimes also excused by attributing them to behaviour for which
the prejudiced person blames out-groups (access to benefits and opportunities, self-
assertion by minorities, etc.).

Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Discussion Questions
1. Explain why stereotypes are formed and used.

Answer: Answers should include the following points:
1. Stereotypes function as a schema—a cognitive framework for processing information
and for organizing, storing, and retrieving memories.
2. Stereotypes allow for greater efficiency in information processing.
3. Stereotypes allow us to conserve mental effort (cognitive miser).
4. Stereotypes allow us to maintain our beliefs about the world and about people
(subtyping and illusory correlations may be mentioned in this context).
5. Stereotypes allow us to feel positively about our group identities and to increase our
self-esteem.
6. Stereotypes act as theories—guiding attention and influencing the interpretation of
information.
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Conceptual
2. Explain the development of prejudice from the perspective of a response to threats to

self-esteem and group interests.
Answer: Answers should include the following points:

1. We have a positive view of our in-group(s).
2. If this positive view is threatened, the source is derogated (a) to preserve or enhance
self-esteem, (b) to protect group interests, and (c) to maintain group position.
3. Competition for resources may create prejudice. This type of prejudice can be
overcome with a superordinate goal (one that requires cooperation between groups to
achieve).
Difficulty: 2


Skill: Conceptual
3. Describe some techniques that might help to reduce or eliminate prejudice.
Answer: Answers should include several of the following points:

1. From the social learning perspective, prejudice is learned via observation. Therefore,
experiences with out-group members may counteract prejudice to some extent. It may
also be beneficial to call the attention of parents and others to the negative impact that
prejudice has on both in-group and out-group members. We can also question prejudiced
individuals' justification for bias. Finally, the cost of prejudice to the prejudiced
individual can be pointed out.
2. From the contact hypothesis perspective, prejudice will be reduced by any actions that
bring in-group and out-group members into contact with each other.
3. We can engage in activities to help people recategorize their existing in-group and out-
group categories to be inclusive create a superordinate in-group that includes the out-
group.
4. We can employ strategies that increase the collective guilt felt by in-group members.
5. We can engage in stereotype negation training ("just say no" approach).
6. We can rely on social influences such as modelling nonprejudicial behaviours and
providing people with an accurate assessment of the level of prejudice and negative
stereotypes actually present in their in-group.
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
4. Explain the concept of stereotype threat.
Answer: Answers should include several of the following points:

1. Stereotype threat occurs when people believe that their behaviour fits or is likely to fit
stereotypes about their group.
2. It may invoke anxiety and bring about self-handicapping behaviour in ways that may
be difficult to control
3. Discussion of gender self-handicapping by women; other gender effects
4. Discussion of other minority self-handicapping effects, e.g., on test performance
5. Fear of inadvertently acting to confirm a stereotype.
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Applied

Another random document with
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[A BRIEFE MEMORIALL OF SONDRY
VNFORTUNATE ENGLISHMEN.
WILLIAM BALDWINE
TO THE READER.
When the printer had purposed with himselfe to print Lidgate’s
translation of Bochas, of the fall[38] of princes, and had made priuy
thereto[39] many both honorable and worshipfull: hee was
counsayled by diuers of them to procure to haue the story continued
from whereas Bochas left, vnto this present time, chiefly of such as
fortune hath dalyed with here[40] in this island: which might be as a
mirour for men of all estates and degrees as well nobles as others,
to beholde[41] the slipery deceiptes of the wauering lady, and the due
rewarde of all kinde of vices. Which aduice liked him so well, that
hee requyred mee to take paynes therein: but because it was a
matter passing my witte and skill, and more thanklesse then gainefull
to meddle in, I refused vtterly to vndertake it, except I might haue the
helpe[42] of such as in witte were apt, in learning allowed, and in
iudgement and estimation able to wielde and furnish so weighty an
enterprise, thinking[43] so to shift my handes. But hee earnest and
diligent in his affayres, procured Athlas to set vnder his shoulder: for
shortly after,[44] diuers learned men (whose many giftes neede fewe
prayses) consented to take vpon them parte of the trauayle. And
when certayne of them to the numbre of seauen,[45] were through a
generall assent at one[46] apoynted time and place, gathered
together to deuise thereupon I resorted vnto them, bearing with mee
the booke of Bochas, translated by Dan Lidgate, for the better
obseruation of his order: which although wee liked well[47] yet would
it not conueniently[48] serue, seeing that both Bochas and Lidgate
were deade, neyther were there any aliue that medled with like
argument, to whome the vnfortunate might make theyr mone. To
make therefore a state meete for the matter, they all agreede that I
shoulde vsurpe Bochas’ rome, and the wretched princes complayne
vnto mee: and tooke vpon themselues, euery man for his part to be
sundry personages, and in theyr behalfes to bewaile vnto mee theyr
greeuous chaunces, heauy destenies, and woefull misfortunes. This
done, wee opened such bookes of chronicles as wee had there
present, and Maister Ferrers (after he had founde where Bochas left,
which was aboute the ende of king Edwarde the thirde’s raigne) to
begin the matter, sayde thus:
“I maruaile what[49] Bochas meaneth to forget among his
miserable princes, such as were of our owne[50] nation, whose
number is as great as theyr aduentures wonderfull: for to let passe
all, both Britaynes, Danes, and Saxons, and to come to the last
conqueste, what a sorte are they, and some euen in his owne time,
[51] [or not much before?[52]] As for example [William Rufus the
second king of England after the conquest, slayne in the newe forest
(as hee was hunting there) by[53] Walter Tirell, with the shotte of an
arrowe. Robert duke of Normandy, eldest sonne to William
Conqueror, depriued of his inheritance of England, by the sayde
William Rufus his second brother, and after by Henry[54] his yongest
brother hauing both his eies put out, miserably[55] imprisoned in
Cardiff castle, whereas hee dyed. Likewise[56] the most lamentable
case of William, Richarde, and Mary, children of the sayde Henry,
drowned vpon the sea.[57] And [58]] king Richarde the first slayne with
a quarrell in his chiefe prosperity. Also king Iohn his brother (as
some say) poysoned.[59] Are not theyr historyes rufull, and of rare
ensample? But as it shoulde appeare, Bochas being an Italian,
minded most the Romayne and Italike story, or els perhaps hee
wanted the knowledge of ours.[60] It were therefore a goodly and
notable[61] matter, to searche and discourse our whole story from the
first beginning of the inhabiting of the isle. But seeing the printer’s
mind is to haue vs followe[62] where Lidgate left, wee will leaue that
greate laboure to other that maye entende it, and (as one being bold
first to breake the yse)[63] I will begin at the time[64] of Richarde the
second, a time as vnfortunate as the ruler therein.[65] And forasmuch
(friend Baldwine) as it shalbe your charge to note and pen orderly
the whole processe: I will so far as my memory and iudgement
serueth, somewhat further you in the trueth of the story. And
therefore omitting the ruffle made by Iacke Strawe and his meiney,
[66] with[67] the murder of many notable men which therby happened,
(for Iacke as yee knowe was but a poore prince) I will begin with a
notable example, which within a while after ensued. And although
the person at whome I begin, was no king nor prince; yet[68] sithens
hee had a princely office, I will take vpon mee the miserable person
of sir Robert Tresilian chiefe iustice of England, and of other which
suffered with him: therby to warne all of his autority and profession,
to take heede of wrong iudgementes,[69] misconstruing of lawes, or
wresting the same to serue the prince’s turnes, which rightfully
brought them to a miserable ende, which they may iustly lament in
maner ensuing.”][70]
TO THE READER.
[Before the edition 1610.]
Hauing hitherto continued the storie (gentle reader) from the first
entrance of Brute into this iland, with the falles of such princes, as
were neuer before this time in one volume comprised, I now proceed
with the rest, which take their beginning from the Conquest, whose
pen-men being many and diuers, all diuerslie affected in the method
of this their Mirror, I purpose only to follow the intended scope of that
most honorable personage, who, by how much he did surpasse the
rest in the eminence of his noble condition, by so much he hath
exceeded them all in the excellencie of his heroicall stile, which with
a golden pen he hath limmed out to posteritie in that worthy obiect of
his minde, the tragedie of the duke of Buckingham, and in his
preface then intituled master Sackuil’s induction. This worthie
president of learning, intending to perfect all this storie himselfe from
the Conquest, being called to a more serious expence of his time in
the great state affaires of his most royall ladie and soueraigne, left
the dispose thereof to M. Baldwine, M. Ferrers, and others, the
composers of these tragedies, who continuing their methode which
was by way of dialogue or interlocution betwixt euery tragedie, gaue
it onely place before the duke of Buckingham’s complaint, which
order I since hauing altered, haue placed the induction in the
beginning,[71] with euery tragedie following, according to succession
and the iust computation of time, which before was not obserued;
and lest any one thinke me envious of other’s deserts, I haue
subscribed the names of all such as I could heare of, vnder such
tragedies as each one particularlie hath written; which at the request
of the printer, I haue briefely perused as the former. In which (friendly
reader) if I haue done amisse, I craue pardon for my ouersight,
hoping, if paines will in stead of penance pacifie thee, to yield thee
satisfaction and content in my additions following, to which I refer
thee.
R. N.
The falle of Robert Tresilian chiefe
justice of England, and other his
fellowes, for misconstruing the lawes,
and expounding them to serue the
prince’s affections. Anno 1388.[72]
1.
In the ruefull[73] register of mischiefe and mishap,

Baldwine we beseech thee with our names to begin,
Whom vnfriendly fortune did trayn vnto a trap,
When wee[74] thought our state most stable to haue bin:
So lightely leese they all, which all do weene to win:
Learne by vs ye laweyers and judges of this land,[75]
Vpright and vncorrupt[76] in dome alway to stand.
2.
And print yee this president[77] to remaine for euer,

Enrolle and record it in tables made of brasse,
Engraue it in marble that may bee razed neuer,
Where the judges[78] of the lawe may see, as in a glasse,
What guerdon is for guile,[79] and what our wages was,
Who for our prince’s pleasure,[80] corrupt[81] with
meede and awe,
Wittingly and wretchedly[82] did wrest the sence of
lawe.
3.
A chaunge more newe or straunge when was there euer
seene,
Then judges from the bench to come downe to the barre,
And counsaylours that were most nigh to king and
queene
Exiled their countrye, from court and counsaile farre:
But such is fortune’s play, which can both make and
marre,
Exalting to most highe that was before moste lowe,
And turning tayle agayne, the lofty downe to throwe.[83]
4.
And such as late afore, could[84] stoutly speake and

pleade
Both in court and countrye, carelesse of the triall,
Stand muet as[85] mummers[86] without aduise or reade,
All to seeke of shifting, by trauerse or denyall,[87]
Which haue seene the day, when,[88] for a golden ryall,
[89]
By finesse and conning, could haue made blacke[90]

seeme white,
And most extorted wrong to haue appeared right.[91]
5.
Whilst thus on bench aboue wee had the highest place,

Our reasons were to strong, for any to confute:
But when at barre beneath, wee came to pleade our
case,
Our wits were in the wane, our pleading very brute:
Hard it is for prisoners with judges to dispute:
When all men against one, and none for one shall
speake,
Who weenes himselfe most wise, shall haply bee to
weake.[92]
6.
To you therefore that sit, these fewe wordes will I say,

That no man sits so sure, but hee may haply stand:[93]
Wherefore whilst you haue place, and beare the swing,
and sway
By fauour, without rigour let poynts of lawe bee skan’d:
Pitty the poore prisoner that holdeth vp his hand,
Ne lade him not with law, who least of law hath
knowne,
Remember ere yee dye, the case may bee your owne.
[94]
7.
Behold mee vnfortunate forman of this flocke,[95]

Tresilian, sometime[96] chiefe justice of this land,
A gentleman by byrth,[97] no staine was in my stocke,
Locketon, Holte, and[98] Belknap, with other of my band,
Which the lawe and justice had wholly in our hand,
Under the second Richarde a prince of great estate,[99]
To whome and vs also, blinde fortune gaue the mate.
[100]
8.
In the common[101] lawes our skill was so profounde,

Our credite and autority such, and so esteemde,
That what wee[102] concluded[103] was taken for a
grounde,
Allowed was for lawe what so to vs best seemed,
Life, death, landes, goods,[104] and all by vs was
deemed:
Whereby with easy paine great gayne wee did in fet,
[105]
And euery thing was fishe, that came vnto our net.
9.
At sessions and at sises,[106] wee bare the stroake and

sway,
In patentes and commission, of quorum alwaye chiefe:
[107]
So that to whether syde soeuer wee did way,
Were it by right or wrong, it past, without repriefe:
The true man wee let hang[108] somewhiles to saue a
thiefe,
Of gold, and of siluer, our handes were neuer empty,
Offices, fermes, and fees, fell to vs in great plenty.
10.
But what thing may suffice vnto the greedy man?

The more hee hath in hold, the more hee doth desire:
Happy and twise happy is hee, that wisely can
Content himselfe with that, which reason doth require,
And moyleth for no more then for his needefull hire:
But greedines of minde doth seldome keepe[109] the
syse,
To whom enough and more doth neuer well suffice.[110]
11.
For like as dropsy pacients drinke and still bee dry,

Whose vnstaunchst thirst no liquor can alay,
And drinke they nere so much, yet thirst they by and by:
[111]
So catchers and snatchers[112] toile both night and day,

Not needy, but greedy, still prolling[113] for their pray:
O endlesse thirste of gold, corrupter of all lawes,
What mischiefe is on moulde whereof thou art not
cause?
12.
Thou madest vs forget the fayth of our profession,[114]

When sergeants wee were sworne to serue the common
lawe,
Which was, that in no point wee should make
digression[115]
From approued principles, in sentence nor in sawe:
But wee vnhappy wightes[116] without all dread and awe
Of the judge eternall, for worlde’s vaine promotion,
More to man then God did beare our whole deuotion.
[117]
13.
The lawes wee did interprete[118] and statutes of the

land,
Not truely by the texte, but newly by a glose:
And wordes that were most playne, when they by vs
were skand,
Wee tourned by construction to[119] a Welshman’s hose,
Whereby many a one[120] both life and land did lose:
Yet this wee made our meane to mount aloft on mules:
And seruing times and turnes peruerted lawes and
rules.[121]
14.
Thus climing and contending alway to the toppe,

From hie vnto higher, and then to bee most hye,
The honny dewe of fortune so fast on vs did droppe,
That of king Richarde’s counsayle wee came to bee most
nye:[122]
Whose fauour to attayne wee[123] were full fine and slye:
Alway to his profite[124] where any thing[125] might
sounde,
That way (all were it wrong) the lawes[126] wee did
expounde.
15.
So working lawe like waxe, the subiect was not sure

Of life, land,[127] nor goodes but at the prince’s will,
Which caused his kingdome the shorter time to dure:
For clayming power absolute both to saue and spill,
The prince thereby presumed his people for to pill,
And set his lustes for lawe, and will had reason’s place,
No more but hang and drawe, there was no better
grace.
16.
Thus the king outleaping the limits of his lawe,

Not raigning but raging, as youth[128] did him entice,
Wise and worthy persons from court did dayly drawe,
Sage counsayle set at naught, proude vaunters were in
price,
And roysters bare the rule, which wasted all in vice:
Of ryot and excesse, grewe scarsity and lacke,
Of lacking came taxing, and so went welth to wracke.
[129]
17.
The barons[130] of the land not bearing this abuse,

Conspiring with the commons assembled by assent,
And seeing neyther reason,[131] nor treaty, could induce
The king in any thing his rigour to relent,
Maugre[132] his might they[133] calde a parliament:
Franke and free for all men without checke[134] to
debate
As well for weale publique, as for the prince’s state.
18.
In this[135] high assembly, great thinges were proponed

Touching the prince’s state, his regalty[136] and crowne,
By reason that the king[137] (which much was to be
moned)
Without regarde at all, of honour or renowne,
Misledde by ill aduice, had tournde all vpside downe,
For surety of whose state, them thought it did behoue
His counsaylours corrupt by reason[138] to remoue:[139]
19.
Among whome, Robert Veer[140] calde duke of Irelande,

With Mighell Delapole of Suffolke newe made earle,
Of Yorke also the archbishop, dispacht were out of
hande,[141]
With Brembre of London a full vncurteous churle:[142]
Some learned in the lawe in exile they did hurle:
But I poore[144] Tresilian (because I was the chiefe)
Was dampned to the gallowes most vily as[145] a
thiefe.
20.
Lo the fine of falshood, [the] stipend of corruption,

The fee of dowble fraude,[146] the fruites it doth procure:
Yee judges vpon earth,[147] let our iuste punition[148]
Teach you to shake off bribes, and kepe your handes
pure:[149]
Riches and promotion bee vayne thinges and vnsure,
The fauour of a prince is an vntrusty staye,
But iustice hath a fee that shall remayne alway.
21.
What glory can bee greater before God[150] or man,
Then by pathes of justice[151] in iudgement to proceede?
So duely and so truely[152] the lawes alway[153] to skan,
[154]
That right may take his place without regarde[155] or

meede:
Set apart all flattery and vayne wordly dreede,
Set[156] God before your eyes the iuste[157] judge
supreme,
Remembre well your reckoning at the day extreme.
22.
Abandon all affray, bee soothfast in your sawes,

Be constant, and carelesse of mortall men’s displeasure,
[158]
With eyes shut and handes close[159] you should

pronounce the lawes:
Esteeme not worldly goodes,[160] thinke there is a
treasure
More worth then golde [or stone] a thousand times in
valure
Reposed for all such as righteousnes ensue,
Whereof you can not fayle, the promise made is true.
23.
If judges in our dayes woulde ponder well in minde

The fatall fall of vs, for wresting lawe and right,
Such statutes as touche life should not bee thus definde,
By sences constrayned against true meaning quite,
As well they might affirme the blacke for to bee white:
Wherefore wee wish they woulde our acte and end
compare,
And weying well the case, they will wee trust beware.
[161]
G. F.[162]
ROGER MORTIMER.
[When maister Ferrers had finished his[163] tragedy,[164] which
seemed not vnfit for the persons touched in the same: another,
which in the meane time had stayed vpon sir Roger Mortimer,
whose[165] miserable ende (as it shoulde appeare) was somwhat
before the others, sayed as foloweth: “Although it be not greatly
appertinent to our purpose,[166] yet in my iudgement I thinke it
woulde doe well to obserue the times of men, and as they be more
auncient, so to place them.[167] For I finde that before these, (of
whome maister Ferrers here hath spoken) there were two Mortimers,
[168] the one[169] in Edwarde[170] the iij. time, out of our date; an
other slayne in Ireland in Richarde the seconde’s time,[171] a yeare

before the falle of these iustices: whose history sith it is notable, and
the example fruitefull, it were not good to ouerpasse it: and therefore
by your licence and agreemente,[172] I will take vpon mee the
personage of the laste, who full of woundes mangled,[173] with a
pale countenaunce, and griezly looke, may make his mone to
Baldwine, as foloweth.”[174]]
How the two Rogers, surnamed
Mortimers, for their sundry vices
ended their liues vnfortunately, the
one An. 1329, the other, 1387.[175]
1.
Among the riders of[176] the rolling wheele

That lost their holdes, Baldwine, forget not mee,
Whose fatall thred false fortune needes would reele,[177]
Ere it were twisted by the sisters three:
All folke be fraile, their blisses brittle bee:
For proofe whereof, although none other were,
Suffise may I, sir Roger Mortimer.
2.
Not hee that was in Edwarde’s dayes the thyrde,

Whom fortune brought to boote and eft to bale,[178]
With loue of whome, the king so much shee sturde,
That none but hee was heard in any tale:[179]
And whiles shee smooth blew on this pleasaunt gale,[180]
Hee was created earle of March, alas,
Whence enuy sprang which his destruction was.[181]
3.
For welth breedes[182] wrath, in such as welth doe want,

And pride with folly in[183] such as it possesse,
Among a thousand shall you finde one[184] skant,
That can in welth his lofty harte represse,
Which in this earle due proofe did playne expresse:
For whereas hee was somewhat haut before,[185]
His high degree hath made him now much more.[186]
4.
For now alone hee ruleth as him lust,

Ne recketh[187] for reade, saue of king Edwarde’s
mother:[188]
Which forced enuy foulder[189] out the rust,
That in men’s hartes before[190] did lye and smother:
The peeres, the people, as well the one as other,[191]
Against him made so haynous a complaynt,
That for a traytour hee was taken and attaynt.[192]
5.
Then all such faultes as were forgot afore,[193]

They skowre afresh, and somwhat to them adde:
For cruell enuy[194] hath eloquence in store,
When fortune bids to worse things meanly badde:[195]
Fiue haynous crimes agaynst him soone were had,
First, that hee causde the king to yeelde the Scot,
To make a peace, townes that were from him got:[196]
6.
And therewithall the charter called Ragman,

That of the Scots hee had[197] bribed priuy gayne,[198]
That through[199] his meanes sir Edwarde of Carnaruan,
In Barkeley castle most[200] trayterously was slaine:
That with his prince’s mother hee had layne,
And finally with polling[201] at his pleasure,
Had robde[202] the king and commons of theyr
treasure.
7.
For these things lo, which erst were out of minde,

Hee was condempned,[203] and hanged at the last,[204]
In whome dame fortune fully shewed her kinde,
For whom shee heaues shee hurleth downe as fast:
If men to come would learne by other past,
This cosin of mine might[205] cause them set aside
High climing, bribing, murdering, lust, and pride.[206]
8.
The finall cause why I this processe tell,

Is that I may bee knowen from this other,
My like in name, vnlike mee, though hee fell,
Which was I thinke[207] my grandsire, or his brother:
To count my kin, dame Phillip was my mother,
Deare[208] daughter and heyre of douty Lionell,
The second son of a king who did[209] excell.[210]
9.
My father hight sir Edmund Mortimer,

True[211] earle of March, whence I was after earl
By iust[212] discent, these two my parentes were,
Of which the one of knighthood bare the ferll,
Of womanhood the[213] other was the pearle:
Through theyr desert so calde of euery wight,
Till death them tooke, and left mee in[214] theyr right.
[215]
10.
For why th’attaynter of my[216] elder Roger,
(Whose shamefull death I tolde you but of late)
Was founde to bee vniuste, and passed ouer,[217]
Agaynst the lawe, by those that bare him hate:
For where by lawe the lowest of[218] free estate
Should personally bee hearde ere iudgement passe,
They barde him this, where through distroyde he was.
[219]
11.
Wherefore by doome of court in[220] parliament,

When we had prou’de our cosin ordered thus,[221]
The king, the lordes, and commons, of assent
His lawles death vnlawfull did discusse:
And both to bloud and good restored vs:
A president most worthy, shewed, and lefte
Lordes liues to saue, that laweles might bee refte.[222]
12.
While fortune thus did forder mee a mayne,[223]

King Richarde’s grace, the second of that[224] name,
(Whose dissolute[225] life did soone abridge his raine)
[226]
Made mee his mate in earnest and in game:
The lordes themselues so well allowed the same,
That through my titles duely comming downe,
I was made heyre apparant to the crowne.
13.
Who then but I was euery where esteemed?

Well was the man that might with mee acquaynt,[227]
Whom I allowed, as lordes the people deemed:
To whatsoeuer folly had me bent,
To like it well the people did assent:[228]
To mee as prince attended great and small,
I hoapt[229] a day would come to pay for all.
14.
But seldome ioy continueth trouble voyde,

In greatest charge cares greatest doe ensue,
The most possest are euer most anoyde,
In largest seas sore tempestes lightly brue,
The freshest coulours soonest fade the hue,[230]
In thickest place is made the deepest wounde,
True proofe whereof my selfe too soone haue founde.
15.
For whilst fayre fortune luld[231] mee in her lap,

And gaue mee giftes more then I did require,
The subtile queane[232] behinde mee set a trap,
Whereby to dash[233] and lay all in the myre:
The Irish men[234] agaynst mee did conspyre,
My landes of Vlster fro mee to haue refte,
Which heritage my mother had mee lefte.[235]
16.
And whiles I there, to set all thinges in stay,

(Omit my toyles and troubles thitherwarde)
Among mine owne with my retinue lay,
The wylder men, whom litle I did regarde,[236]
(And had therefore the reckles man’s rewarde)[237]
When least I thought set on mee in such numbre,
That fro my corps my life they rent asunder.[238]
17.

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4. Gender stereotypes are

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c. inaccurate beliefs about women

6. One stereotype of women portrays them as being relatively high on

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8. A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently

9. High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as

10. Relatively high status groups are frequently stereotyped as

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14. Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized, male-dominated manufacturing

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managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different

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c. is associated with having only female mentors

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22. One result of tokenism is that

23. One result of tokenism is that

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25. Sexism tends to be more prevalent in situations of

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a. help raters avoid the effects of stereotypes

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42. Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed

43. Affective reactions toward an individual because of that individual's group

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51. Incidental feelings are

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57. The social group to which an individual belongs is known as

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64. Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as

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73. The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that

74. ___________________ occurs when the boundaries between an in-group changes in

75. One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to

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a. the common in-group identity model

77. Training individuals to say no to their own stereotypes is known as

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