FURTHER MATHS 9 × 109

4. Simplify
3 × 103
1. INDICES Solution
Indices are numbers in the form 9 × 109 32 × 109
3
=
3 × 10 3 × 103
ax 32 109
= 1× 3
a is the base and x is the index 3 10
1
Examples of number in the above form are 23 ; s−2 ; 2 2 ; = 32−1 × 109−3
etc = 3 × 106
Coverting Whole Number to Indices Form Class Exercise 1.0
For specific purposes sometimes, numbers can be
converted to indices 1. Simplify the following
190
(a)
Example 1.0
r × r0 × r−5
(b)
Covert (a) 36 (b) 48 (c) 120 to indices form
Solution c7 ÷ c
(c)
36 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 33 m8 ÷ m5
(d)
48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 × 3 24x6
120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 23 × 3 × 5 (e)
8x4
2. New General Mathematics Exercise 1a, page 16
Law of Indices
Example 1.2
Simplify (a) (a3 )2 (b) (h4 )−5 (c) (3m4 )2 (d) (−44 )3
1. xa × xb = xa+b
(e) −(c5 )4
2. xa ÷ xb = xa−b Solution

3. x0 = 1
(a) (a3 )2 = a3 = a6
1
4. x−a =
xa (b) (h4 )−5 = h4×−5 = h−20
5. (xa )b = xa×b = xab (c) (3m4 )2 = 32 × (m4 )2 = 32 × m8 = 9m8
1 √
6. x 2 = x (d) (−44 )3 = (−1)3 (e4 )3 = −e4×3 = −e1 2
1 √
7. x a = a x (e) −(c5 )4 = −c5×4 = −c2 0
a
√
a √
8. x b = xb = ( a x)b Class Exercise 1.1
Simplify the following
9. (ab)m = am bm (1) (d4 )3 (2) (e3 )3 (3) (2−3 )2 (4) (2n5 )3
 m
x xm (−x3 )2
10. = m (5) 4(r3 )2 (6) (−c3 )2 (7) (mn2 )4 (8)
y y −x4
a6 (−c)2 × c4
Example 1.1 (9) (10)
(−a)4 (−c)5
Example 1.3
1. Simplify 102 × 103 1 1 2
Simplify the following (a) 9 2 (b) 8 3 (c) 8− 3 (d)

3
16 − 4
81
Solution Solution
102 × 103 = 102+3 = 105 1 1 1
(a) 9 2 = (32 ) 2 = 32× 2 = 3
4
2. Simplify 5y × 4y 1 1 1
Solution (b) 8 3 = (23 ) 3 = 23× 3 = 2
2 2 2
5y × 4y 4 = 5 × 4 × y × y 4 (c) 8− 3 = (23 )− 3 = 23×− 3 = 2−2
= 20 × y 1+4 (d)
= 20 × y 5 − 43 − 43 3
24 (24 )− 4 2−3
 
16
= 20y 5 = = − 43
=
81 34 (34 ) 3−3
1
3. Simplify x3 ÷ x−5 23
= 1
Solution
33
x3 ÷ x−5 = x3−(−5+ 1 33
= ×
= x3+5 23 1
27
= x8 =
8

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 1 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.

Class Exercise 1.2 Class Exercise 1.3
Simplify the following Solve the following equations
1
(a) 2a × 3a2 (b) 2a × (3a)2 (a) x− 3 = 3 (b) a−1 = 2
1 1
1−2 −2
(c) 27 3 (d) 4 (c) a = 9 (d) x− 2 = 5
√
− 1 2
3
(e) 26 (f) 14 2 (e) n− 3 = 9 (f) 2r−3 = −16
1 3 3
(g) 3 2 × 3− 2 (h) 16− 4 Indicial Equation with unknown Index
x −x 1 To be able to solve indicial equation with unknown
(i) 3 × 3 (j) −2
3 2 index, consider the indicial equation law
(k) 3n−1 × 31−n (l) 125− 3 If
 −1
1 1 ax = ay
(m) 0.04 2 (n)
9
(o) 64− 6
5
(p) 3a−2 then
75a b2 −2 x=y
(q) 3 −3
5a b Example 1.7
More exercises on New General Mathematics Eercise 1e if 8x = 32; find x
page 18 Solution
8x = 32

Indicial Equation (23 )x = (25 )

23x = 25
Indicial Equation with Unknown Base
Example 1.4 ⇒ 3x = 5
Solve for x in 5
1
x2 = 2 ⇒ x=
3
Solution Class Exercise 1.4
1
x 2 = 21 Solve the following equations
2
multiply both indexes by 1 a. 9x = 27
1 2
x 2 × 1 = 21× 1
2
b. 5x = 25
c. 4c−1 = 64
x1 = 22 ⇒ x=4
Example 1.5 d. 32x−1 = 81
2x3 = 54; Solve for x
Solution
2. LOGARITHMS
3
2x = 54 logarithms can be viewed as another way of expressing
Dividing both sides by 2 we have indices
Consider
x3 = 27 102 = 100
1 This means that the number 10 multiplies itself twice
Multiply both indexes by 3 to result to 100
1 1
x3× 3 = 27 3
Another way to write this is
1
3
x = (3 ) = 3 3
log10 100 = 2
x=3
This means that the number of times 10 multiplies itself
Example 1.6 to result to 100 is 2
1
Solve for x in 5x = 40x− 2
Solution Infact if
x 40
− 12
= ax = b
x 5
1 then
x1−(− 2 ) = 8
loga b = x
3
x2 = 8 Number in the form
2 loga b
multiply both indexes by 3

3 2 2 are called logarithms

x3×3 = 83 hence we have log2 5; log7 11 etc
2
x = (23 ) 3 = 22
Example 2.0
x=4 Evaluate log2 32

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 2 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.

Solution (c)
Let  
x = log2 32 10
log 5 = log = log 10 = log 2
2
Then = 1 − 0.3010
x = 0.6990
2 = 32
x 5
2 =2
Class Exercise 2.1
⇒ x=5
∴ log2 32 = 5 1. Given that log 2 = 0.3010; log 3 = 0.4771 and
Example 2.1 log 7 = 0.8451; evaluate the following
Evaluate log9 27 (a) log 5 (b) log 8 (c) log 49 (d) log 14 (e) log 35 (f)
Solution log 42
let
x = log9 27 2. Given that log 2 = 0.3010; evaluate log 16 without
using table
⇒ 9x = 27
Examples 2.3
(32 )x = 33
32x = 33
1. Simplify log 8 + log 5
⇒ 2x = 3 Solution
3
x= log 8 + log 5 = log(8)
2
3 = log 40
∴ log9 27 =
2
Class Exercise 2.0 2. Simplify log 9 ÷ log 3
Evaluate the following Logarithms Solution
(a) log2 4 (b) log1 01000 (c) log5 25  
9
(d) log3 81 (e) log1 2144 (f) log2 50.2 log 9 ÷ log 3 = log
1 3
(g) log4 8 (h) log9 27 (i) log1 000.001
(j) log0.2 25 = log 3
Laws of Logarithms
2
3. Simplify log 32
1. loga (M N ) = loga M + loga N 3
  Solution
M
2. loga (M ÷ N ) = loga = loga M − loga N 2 2
N log 32 = log 32 5
3
2
3. loga M x = x loga M = log(25 ) 5
4. loga 1 = 0 = log 22
= log 4
5. loga a = 1
Example 2.2 Class Exercise 2.2
Given that log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771. Calculate
without using table (a) log 6 (b) log 9 (c) log 5 1. Express the following as logarithms of simple num-
Solution bers

(a) log 3 + log 4

(a) (b) log 15 − log 3

log 6 = log(2 × 3) = log 2 + log 3 (c) 3 log 5

= 0.3010 + 0.4771 (d) 1 + log 3
= 0.7781 (e) 1 − log 5
3
(f) 4 log 16
(b)
2. Simplify the following
log 9 = log 32 = 2 log 3
(a) log 8 − log 4
= 2(0.4771)
log 8 − log 4
= 0.9542 (b)
log 4 − log 2

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 3 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.

 log 4 Class Exercise 3.0
(c)
log 2 Simplify
√ √ the √ following√ √ √ √
log 5 (a) √20 (b) √32 (c) 48 √ (d) √75 (e) 72 (f) 24
(d) (g) 200 (h) 150 (i) 98 (j) 84
log 5
log 16
(e) Example√3.1
log 8 Express 2 6 as the square root of a single number
3. SURDS Solution
√ √ √ √ √
2 6 = 4 × 6 = 4 × 6 = 24
√
Numbers such as 5, 2 13 , 0.37, 0.6, 49 can be written
as fraction. These kind of numbers are called rational Class Exercise 3.1
numbers. because we can write them√ as Express the following as the square root of a single
5 1 7 37 6 7
5 = 1 ; 2 3 = 3 ; 0.37 = 100 ; 0.6 = 10 ; 49 = ± 1 number
√ √ √ √ √ √
√ 2 3 (b)
(a) √ 3 2 (c)
√ 2 2 (d)
√ 5 7 (e) 3 10 (f) 2 7 (g)
They are numbers that cannot be written as exact 4 6 (h) 3 8 (i) 2 11 (j) 5 5
fraction. An example is the π where
Like Surds
π = 3.141592... Two or more surds are said to be like surds if the
numbers under
√ √the √
square root sign are the same.
These kind of numbers are referred to as Irrational Num- Example; 2, 2 2, 15 2 are like surds.
bers √
Other
√ examples of irrational numbers are 2 = 1.414..., Addition/Subtraction of Surds
3 = 1.7320... etc Two or more surds can be added/subtracted only if they
Irrational numbers in the form are like surds. Remember, before adding/subtracting
√ two more surds, the individual surds should first be
a b simplified.

where b is not a perfect√square

√ is√ called
√ a√Surd.
√ √ Example 3.2
Examples of surds are 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13 Simplify 5√2 − 2√2
etc Solution
√ √ √ √
5 2 − 2 2 = (5 − 2) 2 = 3 2
Laws of Surd Example √ 3.3 √
√ √ √ 2
1. a × b = a × b Simplify 3 5−4 5
Solution
√
a
2√ √ √
pa  
2. = √ 2
b
b 5−4 5= −4 5
3 3
Note
√ that √ √ √ √ √ 2 − 12 √
= 5
a + b 6= a + b ; a − b 6= a − b 3
10 √
Simplification of Surds =− 5
3
Simplification of surds involves making the number
under the square root sign to be as small as possible. Example√3.4 √
This is achieved by expressing the number under the Simplify 12 + 3
square root sign as a product of two factors, one of Solution
which is a perfect square √ √ √ √
12 + 3 = 2 3 + 3
√
Example 3.0 √ √ =3 3
Simplify (a) 45 (b) 3 50
Solution Class Exercise 3.2
Simplify the following
(a) √ √
1. 3 2 − 18
√ √ √ √
45 = 9 × 5 = 9 × 5 √ √
√ 2. 175 − 4 7
=3× 5 √ √ √
√ 3. 2 8 − 3 32 + 4 50
=3 5 √ √ √
4. 2 54 + 24 − 216
(b) √ √ √
5. 3 125 − 5 20 + 3 80
√ √ √ √ √ √
3 50 = 3 × 25 × 2 = 3 × 5 × 2 6. 60 − 375 + 135
√ √ √ √ √
= 15 2 7. 2 135 − 2 60 + 15 − 240

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 4 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.

 √ √ 6
8. 6 + 27 + 75 Rationalize √
√ √ √ 3
9. 52 − 117 + 4 13 Solution
√ √ √ √
10. 224 − 126 − 56 6 6 3
√ =√ ×√
Multiplication of Surds 3 3 3
√
When two or more surds are multiplied together, they 6 3
=
should first be simplified, if possible. Then multiply √3
whole number with whole numbers and surds with surds. =2 3
Also remember that
√ √ Example 3.7
a× a=a 7
Rationalize √
18
Example√3.5 √ Solution
Simplify 27 × 50
Solution 7 7
√ = √
√ √ √ √ 18 3 2
27 × 50 = 3 3 × 5 2 √
√ √ 7 2
= √ ×√
=3×5× 3× 2 3 2 2
√ √ √
= 15 × 3 × 2 = 15 6 7 2
=
3(2)
Class Exercise 3.3 √
7 2
Simplify the following =
√ √ 6
1. 5 × 10
Example 3.8 √
√ √
2. 8 × 2 5
Rationalize √
√ √ 2
3. 12 × 3 Solution
√ √ √ √ √
4. 30 × 5 5 5 2
√ √ √ =√ ×√
5. 32 × 12 2 2 2
√
√ 10
6. ( 3)5 =
2
√
7. (2 7)2 Class Exercise 3.4
√ √ √ Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominators
8. 5 × 24 × 30
√ √ √ √ 2
9. 6 × 8 × 10 × 12 1. √
√ 2
10. (2 3)3
6
Fractional Surds 2. √
2
These are fraction that contains surd either in √
the
numerator or denominator or both. Examples are 32 , 4
√ 3. √
√5 , 3√8 8
7 2 7
√ 15
Conjugate of a Surd a √ b 4. √
The conjugate of a surd a b is another surd in which 3
their multiplication results√in a √rational number. Gen- √
2 3
erally the conjugate
√ √of a b is b. For Example the 5. √
conjugate of 3 2 is 2 because 6
√ √ √ √ 30
3 3× 2=3× 2× 2 6. √
75
=3×2
=6 30
7. √
72
Rationalization of Denominator √
This simply means to convert the denominator of a frac- 3 2
tional surd into a rational number. To do this, we mul- 8. √
10
tiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by √ √ √
the conjugate of the denominator. 3 × 18 × 39
Example 3.6 9. √ √
24 × 26

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 5 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.

Binomial Surds (a)
An expression may contain two√terms,√ which
√ cannot
√ be √
simplified further. For eg, 6 − 5, 3 2 + 3, 2 3 + 4. 2 2 3 5−4
√ = √ × √
If one or both of the terms contain a surd, we call this 3 5+4 3 5+4 3 5−4
a binomial surd expression. √
2(3 5 − 4)
= √ √
(3 5 + 4)(3 5 − 4)
Multiplication of Binomial Surds √
When multiplying two binomial surds, use the normal 6 5−8
= √ √
algebraic expansion 9(5) − 12 5 + 12 5 − 16
√
6 5−8
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd =
45 − 6
√
Example 3.9 6 5−8
√ √ =
Expand and simplify (3 5 + 2)( 5 + 3) 29
Solution
√ √ √ √ (b)
(3 5 + 2)( 5 + 3) = 3(5) + 9 5 + 2 5 + 6 √
√ 6 6 2 2+1
= 15 + 11 5 + 6 √ = √ × √
√ 2 2−1 2 2−1 2 2+1
= 21 + 11 5 √
6(2 2 + 1)
= √ √
Example 3.10 (2 2 − 1)(2 2 + 1)
√ √ √ √
Expand and simplify 2 5(3 5 − 2 2) 12 2 + 6
= √ √
Solution 4(2) + 2 2 − 2 2 − 1
√ √ √ √ √
2 5(3 5 − 2 2) = 6(5) − 4 10 12 2 + 6
=
√ 8−1
= 30 − 4 10 √
12 2 + 6
=
Example 3.11 7
√ √
Expand and simplify (2 2 + 5)2
(c)
Solution
√ √ √ √ √ √ Class Exercise 3.6
(2 2 + 5)2 = (2 2 + 5)(2 2 + 5) Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominator
√ √
= 4(2) + 2 10 + 2 10 + 5 1
√ 1. √
= 8 + 4 10 + 5 2− 3
√
= 13 + 4 10 4
2. √
3+ 7
Class Exercise 3.5 √
Simplify the following 5
3. √ √
√ √ √ 15 − 10
1. 2( 2 + 6) √
√ √ √ 3 7
2. ( 5 + 15)(2 3 − 1) 4. √
5− 7
√ √ √ √
3. ( 6 + 2 3)2 6+ 2
√ √ 5. √ √
4. (3 2 − 5)2 6− 2
√ √
2 3− 5
Conjugate of a binomial surd √ √ 6. √ √
The conjugate of a binomial surd a + d is a − d and 2 3+ 5
vice versa. Example 3.12 √ √ !2
Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominators 3 2
7. √ √
3+ 2
2
(a) √
3 5+4
6
(b) √
2 2−1
√
2 3+2
(c) √
2 3−2
Solution

GISS OBA (SS1 F.MATHS) 6 Teacher: Mr. Emma Chuks E.