Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna
The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: [bʰaːɾət̪ rət̪nə]; Jewel of India) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2
January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race,
occupation, position or gender. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the
Government of India expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavor" in December 2011. The recommendations for the award
are made by the Prime Minister to the President. The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-
shaped medallion with no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of
precedence.
The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were: the former Governor-General of the Union of India C. Rajagopalachari, the former President of
the Republic of India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; and the Indian physicist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has
been bestowed upon 53 individuals, including 18 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not provide for posthumous
awards but were amended in January 1966 to permit them to honor former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, the first individual to be
honored posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient, while social reformer Dhondo
Keshav Karve was the oldest recipient when he was awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, the
award has been conferred on one naturalized citizen, Mother Teresa, and on two non-Indians: Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and
later a citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela, a citizen of South Africa.
The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the
national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public-interest litigations challenged the
constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was
opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family. Following a 1997
Supreme Court decision, the press communique announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was
announced but not conferred.
History
On 2 January 1954, a press communique was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two
civilian awards—Bharat Ratna (Jewel of India), the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pehla Warg"
(Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[1][2][3] On 15 January 1955, the Padma
Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and
the Padma Shri.[4]
The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[5] The first suspension occurred when Morarji Desai, who was sworn in as the fourth
Prime Minister in 1977, withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[6][7] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after
Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[8][9] The award was suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed,
one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[5] The
awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[7][10]
There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen,
Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson
Mandela in 1990.[11] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first sportsperson to receive the honour.[12]
Dhondo Keshav Karve was the oldest living recipient when he was awarded on his 100th
birthday on 18 April 1958.[13][a] As of 2024, the award has been conferred upon 50 people
with 15 posthumous declarations.[15] Bharat Ratna
Regulations
The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the
highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or gender.[16][3] The award
was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954
regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were amended to "any field of human
Type National
endeavour".[3][17] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was
subsequently modified in the January 1966 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first
civilian
recipient to be honored posthumously in 1966.[4][18]
Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only Descripti Highest
be made by the Prime Minister to the President.[3] The recipient receives a Sanad
(certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Usage of on Civilian
the title 'Bharat Ratna' as a prefix by the awardee is exempt from Article 18 (1) of the
Constitution,[b] as per the Supreme Court's precedent in Balaji Raghavan/S.P. Anand v. Award
Union of India in 1995.[20] Additionally, recipients may either use the expression "Awarded
Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they
have been honored with the award.[16] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the
of the
Indian order of precedence.[21]
Republic
As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The
Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban of India
Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette,
conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been
revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in Country India
the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their
medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][4]
Present
ed by President
Specifications
of India
Ribbon
Obver An image
se of the Sun
Bharat Ratna medal
along with
The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 13⁄8
inches (35 mm)
in diameter with a centered image of the sun on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in the words
Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the
lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the center of the reverse side
with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" in Devanagari Script (Sanskrit: सत्यमेव जयते; lit.
"Bharat
"Truth alone triumphs"), inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2][3]
Ratna",
A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf,
approximately 25⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 17⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) inscribed in
thick and rimmed in platinum.[22] The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the
obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from Devanagari
5⁄ inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna"
6
on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and script, on a
"Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to
the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[4][5][23] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was
changed to burnished bronze.[2][24] The medals are minted at Alipore Mint in Kolkata.[25][26]
peepal
(Ficus
Entitlements religiosa)
leaf
Bharat Ratna can not be used as a prefix or suffix, however recipients may identify
themselves as "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna
Award". The award does not carry any monetary benefits, but the award includes the
following entitlements:[2][3]
Rever A platinum
se State
The medallion and miniature
Emblem of
A Sanad (certificate) signed by the India
President of India placed in
Treatment as a state guest by state the centre
with the
governments when traveling within a
national
state
motto,
Indian missions abroad requested to "Satyameva
facilitate recipients when requested Jayate"
Entitlement to a diplomatic passport (Truth alone
triumphs) in
Placed seventh in the Indian order of
Devanagari
precedence
script
Concessional fare on the flag carrier
Air India[27] Establish 1954
Controversies ed
First 1954
award C.
The Bharat Ratna has been mired in several controversies and award grants have been
subject to multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PILs).[7][28][29][30][31] ed Rajagopal
Sarvepalli
Subhas Chandra Bose (1992) Radhakris
C. V. Ram
Last 2024
award Karpoori
ed Thakur
Lal Krishna
In 1992, a press release was
published to confer the award
Advani
posthumously on Subhas Chandra
Bose, which was later cancelled
post the order of the Supreme Chaudhary
Court in 1997
On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's secretariat to confer
Charan Sin
the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose. The decision was contested in a public
interest litigation, with the petitioner objecting to the conferral of the award and its P.V.
posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honoring a personality higher than the award is
"ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and
future recipients. It was also contested that the award cannot be conferred to Bose
Narasimha
posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August
1945.[28] The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 to date,
Rao
based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970
Khosla Commission.[32][33] Bose's family also declined to accept the award.[34] M. S.
The Supreme Court formed a special two-judge division bench to adjudicate the case. The
Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining Swaminat
to the Bharat Ratna, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and
entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was
noted that only an announcement had been made by press communique, but the
government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette
and entering the name in the register with the president having not conferred a Sanad
(certificate).[32] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the Total 53
award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press
communique be treated as cancelled with the court declining to pass any judgement on the
posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[32][35] Precedence
Next (lo
Awards as "titles" (1992) wer) Param
In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February
Vir
1992 and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 24 August 1992. Both petitions
questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the
Ch k
Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[7] A special
five-judge division bench of the Supreme Court was formed, which restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna
and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution" on 15 December 1995.[10]
Rao and Tendulkar (2013)
Dhyan Chand at the 1936 Summer

Olympics. Widely regarded as the
greatest hockey player of all time,
Chand has not been conferred the
Bharat Ratna
Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple
litigations were filed challenging the awards. The litigation against Tendulkar to the Election Commission indicated that the awarding him
was a violation of the model code of conduct as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated member of Rajya Sabha and the
decision to award him would influence the voters of five states where elections were underway at the time.[30] On 4 December 2013, the
Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation
of the code.[36]
Another litigation was filed against then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, home minister Sushilkumar Shinde and sports minister Bhanwar
Jitendra Singh for conferring of the award on Tendulkar, alleging an apparent "conspiracy to ignore" the famed Indian field hockey player
Dhyan Chand.[31][37] The litigation filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had
contributed more than Rao, his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible" and Rao had proven cases of
plagiarism, hence the announcement should be annulled.[29] The High Courts rejected all the petitions raised against Rao and
Tendulkar.[38][39][40]
Criticism
In 1977, the decision by then prime minister Indira Gandhi to posthumously honor former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj was
criticized to have been aimed at placating the voters before the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977.[34] In 1988, the decision by then
prime minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) to confer the award posthumously on former chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran
was criticized to have been aimed to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[34][41] The decision was also
criticized for awarding Ramachandran before prominent independence activists B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were
bestowed the honor later in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[42] Later, then prime minister V.P. Singh was criticized for posthumously honoring
B. R. Ambedkar, apparently in a bid to please the Dalit voters.[34][43][44] Later, Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award.[45]
The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or before the award was
instituted in 1954, have been criticized by various authors and historians, stating that such conferments could lead to more demands to
honor people like Maurya emperor Ashoka,[46][47] Mughal emperor Akbar, Maratha emperor Shivaji, poet Rabindranath Tagore,[48] Hindu
spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[49] independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[50] and father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi.[50] In 1991,
then prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao was criticized for bestowing the award upon Sardar Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950;
and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who purportedly died in 1945.[50][51] In 2015, the prime minister Narendra Modi's decision to award
Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, close to the local body elections in Uttar Pradesh was also met with criticism.[50]
A few of the conferments have been criticized for honoring personalities only after they received global recognition.[52] The award for
Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[53] Satyajit Ray received an Academy
Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[54] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after
his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[55][56]
Popular demands
Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the
President, there have been several demands from various political parties publicly to honor their leaders.[16] In January 2008, Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari
Vajpayee for the award.[57][58] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti
Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal though Basu himself said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[59][60][61] Similar
demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao,
Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[62] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence
activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that
they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not
need an award for recognition.[63][64][65]
Per the original statutes, sports-persons were not eligible for the award; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible
"any field of human endeavour".[17] Subsequently, several sports-persons' names were discussed; amongst them were field-hockey player
Dhyan Chand and former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand.[34][66][67] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's
name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this
time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay while Bindra had already
been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[68][69] In July 2013, the ministry again
recommended Dhyan Chand.[68][70] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the
honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[12][71][72][73]
In 2012, a litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court requesting the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to confer
the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple
representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on
Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench consisting of the
Chief Justice and another judge, dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the
nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[74][75][76]
List of recipients
Key
+ Naturalised * Non-citizen # Posthumous
citizen recipient recipient recipient
List of recipients of Bharat Ratna[15]
State / Life
Year Image Name Notes
Country[c] span
1954 C. Tamil Nadu 1878- Rajagopalachari

Rajagopalachari 1972 was an
independence
activist, who served
as the last
Governor-General
of India from 1948
to 50).[77] Earlier, he
served as the
first governor of
West Bengal in
1947-48.[78] He was
the home
minister in the first
Nehru cabinet
succeeding Sardar
Vallabhai Patel in
1950.[79] He served
as the chief minister
of Madras
Presidency from
1937–39 and later
as the chief minister
of Tamil Nadu
State / Life
Country[c] span
between 1952 and
1954.[80] He
founded the
Swatantra Party in
1959.[81]
Radhakrishnan
served as the first
Vice-President of
India from 1952 to
1962 and as the
second President of
Sarvepalli 1888-
Tamil Nadu India from 1962 to
Radhakrishnan 1975
1967).[82][83] Since
1962, his birthday of
5 September is
observed annually
as Teachers' Day in
India.[84]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Raman was a
physicist known for
his work in the field
of light
scattering.[85] He is
known for the
1888-
C. V. Raman Tamil Nadu discovery of Raman
1970
scattering and
Raman
spectroscopy and
was presented the
Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1930.[86]
1955 Bhagwan Das was

an independence
activist, theosophist
and educationist.
He co-founded
Uttar 1869-
Bhagwan Das Kashi Vidyapith and
Pradesh 1958
worked with Madan
Mohan Malaviya to
establish the
Banaras Hindu
University.[87][88]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Visvesvaraya was a
civil engineer and
statesman. He
served as the 19th
Diwan of Mysore
1861- from 1912 to
M. Visvesvaraya Karnataka
1962 1918.[89] His
birthday, 15
September, is
observed annually
as Engineer's Day in
India.[90]
Nehru was an
independence
activist and
politician, who was
Uttar 1889-
Jawaharlal Nehru the first and the
Pradesh 1964
longest-serving
Prime Minister of
India from 1947 to
1964.[57][91]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Pant was an
independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the
premier of United
Provinces (1937–
Govind Ballabh Uttar 1887-
1957 39, 1946–50) and
Pant Pradesh 1961
as the first chief
minister of Uttar
Pradesh from 1950
to 1954.[92] He
served as Union
Home Minister from
1955 to 1961.[93]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Karve was a social

reformer and
educator, known
for his work on
education for
women and
remarriage of Hindu
widows. He
Dhondo Keshav 1858- established the
1958 Maharashtra
Karve 1962 Widow Marriage
Association (1883),
Hindu Widows
Home (1896), and
started Shreemati
Nathibai Damodar
Thackersey
Women's University
in 1916.[94]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1961 Roy was a

physician, politician
and educationist.
He served as the
second Chief
Minister of West
Bengal from 1948 to
Bidhan Chandra 1882- 1962 and is known
West Bengal
Roy 1962 as the "Maker of
Modern West
Bengal".[95] His
birthday on 1 July is
observed annually
as the National
Doctors' Day in
India.[60]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Tandon was an
independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the
speaker of the Uttar
Purushottam Das Uttar 1882-
Pradesh Legislative
Tandon Pradesh 1962
Assembly from 1937
to 1950.[96] He was
actively involved in
a campaign to get
official language
status to Hindi.[97]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Prasad was an
independence
activist, lawyer and
statesman, who
was associated
with Mahatma
Gandhi in the
Champaran
Satyagraha in Bihar
1884- and non-
1962 Rajendra Prasad Bihar
1963 cooperation
movement.[98][99]
Became the
president of
Constituent
Assembly of India
.He was later
elected as the first
President of India
(1950–62).[82]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1963 Husain was an

independence
activist and
philosopher, who
served as the Vice
Chancellor of
Aligarh Muslim
University (1948–
56) and the
1897-
Zakir Husain Telangana Governor of Bihar
1969
(1957–62).[100]
Later, he was
elected as second
vice-president of
India (1962–67)
and went on to
become the third
President of India
(1967–69).[82][83]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Kane was an
indologist and
Sanskrit scholar,
known for his five
volume literary
Pandurang Vaman 1880-
Maharashtra work, History of
Kane 1972
Dharmaśāstra:
Ancient and
Medieval Religious
and Civil Law in
India.[101][102]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Shastri was an
independence
activist, known for
his slogan "Jai
Jawan Jai Kisan"
("Hail to the Soldier,
hail to the
Lal Bahadur Uttar 1904-
1966 Farmer").[103] He
Shastri# Pradesh 1966
served as second
Prime Minister of
India (1964–66)
and led the country
during the Indo-
Pakistani War of
1965.[57][104]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Indira Gandhi was

the Prime Minister
of India during
1966–77 and
1980–84.[57] She is
known as the "Iron
Lady of India", as
Uttar 1917- she led India during
1971 Indira Gandhi
Pradesh 1984 the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971 and the
concurrent
Bangladesh
Liberation War
which led to the
formation of
Bangladesh.[105][106]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Giri was an
independence
activist, who
organized trade
unions and
facilitated their
participation in the
fight for
independece. Post-
independence, Giri
held positions of
1894-
1975 V. V. Giri Odisha Governor of Uttar
1980
Pradesh, Kerala and
Mysore state and
other cabinet
ministries.[107] He
became the first
acting president
and was eventually
elected as the
fourth President of
India, serving from
1969 to 1974.[82][108]
1976 K. Kamaraj# Tamil Nadu 1903- Kamaraj was an

State / 1975
Life
Country[c] span
independence
activist and
politician, who
served athe chief
minister of Tamil
Nadu for over nine
years, between
1954 and 1963.[109]
He was known as
the "King Maker",
as he was the
president of the
Indian National
Congress, when
electing Lal
Bahadur Shastri the
prime minister
after Nehru's death
and Indira
Gandhi after
Shastri's death.[110]
He later founded
the Indian political
party, the Indian
State / Life
Country[c] span
National Congress
(Organisation).[111]
Mother Teresa was

a Catholic nun and
founder of the
Missionaries of
Charity, a religious
congregation,
which manages
homes for diseased
West Bengal people.[112] She was
+
(b.Skopje, 1910- the recipient of the
1980 Mother Teresa
North 1997 Nobel Peace Prize
Macedonia) for her humanitarian
work in 1979.[113]
She was beatified
on 19 October 2003
by Pope John Paul
II and canonised on
4 September 2016
by Pope
Francis.[114]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Bhave was an
independence
activist, social
reformer and an
associate of
Mahatma Gandhi,
known for his
Bhoodan
1895- movement.[115][116]
1983 Vinoba Bhave# Maharashtra
1982 He was known by
the honorific title
"Acharya"
("teacher") and was
awarded the
Ramon Magsaysay
Award (1958) for his
humanitarian
work.[117]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Khan was a
independence
activist, a follower
of Mahatma Gandhi
and an advocate of
Hindu–Muslim
unity in the
subcontinent.[118]
Abdul Ghaffar 1890-
1987 Pakistan He was known as
Khan* 1988
"Frontier Gandhi"
and was part of the
Khilafat Movement
in 1920 and founded
the Khudai
Khidmatgar ("Red
Shirt movement") in
1929.[119][120][121]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Ramachandran was
an actor and
politician, who was
the founder of the
Indian political
party, All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam and
M. G. 1917- served as the chief
1988 Tamil Nadu
Ramachandran[d]# 1987 minister of Tamil
Nadu for over ten
years, between
1977 and 1987.[109]
He is known by the
sobrequet the
"Puratchi Thalaivar"
("Revolutionary
Leader").[123]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1990 Ambedkar was a

social reformer,
lawyer and a Dalit
leader, who headed
the committee
drafting the Indian
Constitution while
also serving as the
first Law Minister of
India later.[124][125]
Ambedkar
1891- campaigned
B. R. Ambedkar# Maharashtra
1956 against the social
discrimination of
Dalits and the caste
system in
India.[126][127] He
was associated
with the Dalit
Buddhist movement
after converting to
Buddhism on 14
October
1956.[128][129]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Mandela was the

leader of the Anti-
Apartheid
Movement in South
Africa and later
served as the
President of South
Africa (1994–
99).[130][131] Often
called as the
1918-
Nelson Mandela* South Africa "Gandhi of South
2013
Africa", Mandela's
African National
Congress
movement was
influenced by
Gandhian
philosophy.[132][133]
In 1993, he was
awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize.[134]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1991 Rajiv Gandhi was a

pilot] turned
politician, who
Uttar 1944-
Rajiv Gandhi# served as the sixth
Pradesh 1991
Prime Minister of
India serving from
1984 to 1989.[57]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Patel was an
independence
activist, who served
as the first Deputy
Prime Minister of
India (1947–50)
and home
minister.[135][136]
1875- Patel was known as
Vallabhbhai Patel# Gujarat
1950 the "Iron Man of
India" and by the
title of "Sardar"
("Leader") Patel and
was instrumental in
the accession of
the princely states
into the Indian
union.[137][138][139]
Morarji Desai Gujarat 1896- Desai was an

1995 independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the fourth
Prime Minister of
State / Life
Country[c] span
India from 1977 to
1979 and was the
first to be not from
the Indian National
Congress.[57] He
was also awarded
the Nishan-e-
Pakistan, the
second highest
civilian award given
by the Government
of Pakistan.[140]
Desai had earlier
abolished the
awards while he
was in the office of
Prime Minister for it
being "worthless
and politicised".[141]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1992 Azad was an

independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the first
education minister
Abul Kalam 1888-
West Bengal of India.[144] His
Azad[e]# 1958
birthday on 11
November is
observed annually
as the National
Education Day in
India.[145]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Tata was an
industrialist,
philanthropist, and
aviation pioneer,
who served as the
chairman of the
1904- business
J. R. D. Tata Maharashtra
1993 conglomerate Tata
Group. He is the
founder of various
educational and
research institutes
and
businesses.[146][147]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Ray was a film

director. He
directed his first film
Pather Panchali in
1955 and is credited
with bringing world
recognition to
Indian
1922- cinema.[148][149][150]
Satyajit Ray West Bengal
1992 In 1984, Ray was
awarded the
Dadasaheb Phalke
Award, India's
highest award in
cinema and in 1991,
he received
Academy Honorary
Award.[151][152]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1997 Nanda was an

independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the
1898- interim Prime
Gulzarilal Nanda Punjab
1998 Minister of India in
1964 and 1966 and
as the deputy
chairman of the
Planning
Commission.[57][153]
Ali was an
independence
activist, known for
hoisting the tricolor
flag of in Bombay
1909-
Aruna Asaf Ali# West Bengal during the Quit India
1996
Movement in 1942.
Post Independence,
Ali was elected as
Delhi's first mayor in
1958.[154]
A. P. J. Abdul Tamil Nadu 1931- Kalam was an

Kalam State / 2015
Life
Country[c] span
aerospace and
defence scientist,
who later served as
the eleventh
President of India
from 2002 until
2007.[82] He was
involved in the
development of
India's first satellite
launch vehicle SLV
III and the
Integrated Guided
Missile
Development
Program, while
working for various
space and defence
research agencies
and has served as
the scientific
advisor to the
defence minister,
Secretary for
defence research
State / Life
Country[c] span
and director of
Defence Research
and Development
Organisation.[155]
1998 Subbulakshmi was

a Carnatic classical
vocalist, known for
her songs, religious
chantings and
M. S. 1916- compositions.[156]
Tamil Nadu
Subbulakshmi 2005 She was the first
Indian musician to
receive the Ramon
Magsaysay award
for her public
service.[157]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Subramaniam was
an independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the
minister of
agriculture from
1910- 1964 to 1966 and
C. Subramaniam Tamil Nadu
2000 later as minister of
finance and
defence. He is
known for his
contribution
towards the Green
Revolution in
India.[158]
State / Life
Country[c] span
1999 Narayan was an

independence
activist and social
reformer. He was
commonly referred
as "Loknayak"
Jayaprakash 1902- ("People's Leader")
Bihar
Narayan# 1979 and is known for
the Total Revolution
Movement initiated
during the mid-
1970s against the
then government of
India.[159]
Sen is an economist
and the winner of
the Nobel memorial
Amartya Sen West Bengal 1933-
prize in economic
sciences in
1998.[160][161]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Bordoloi was an
independence
activist and
politician, who
served as the first
chief minister of
Gopinath 1890-
Assam Assam (1946–
Bordoloi# 1950
50).[162] His was
instrumental in
uniting Assam with
India when parts of
it wanted to accede
to Pakistan.[163]
Ravi Shankar was a

musician and sitar
player. He has won
four Grammy
Uttar 1920- Awards and is often
Ravi Shankar
Pradesh 2012 considered "the
world's best-known
exponent of
Hindustani classical
music".[164][165]
State / Life
Country[c] span
2001 Mangeshkar was a

playback singer,
known as the
"nightingale of
India".[166] She
started her career in
the 1940s and has
1929-
Lata Mangeshkar Maharashtra sung songs in over
2022
36 languages.[167] In
1989, Mangeshkar
was awarded the
Dadasaheb Phalke
Award, India's
highest award in
cinema.[151]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Khan was a
shehnai player, who
played the
instrument for more
1916-
Bismillah Khan Bihar than eight decades
2006
and is credited to
have brought the
instrument to the
centre stage of
Indian music.[168]
Joshi was a
vocalist, who was a
1922- disciple of Kirana
2009 Bhimsen Joshi Karnataka
2011 gharana and is
widely known for
the Khyal genre of
singing.[169][170]
State / Life
Country[c] span
2014 Rao is a chemist

and a scientist
specializing in solid
state chemistry. He
has honorary
C. N. R. Rao Karnataka 1934- doctorates from 86
universities and has
authored around
1,800 research
publications and 56
books.[171][172][173]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Tendulkar is a
cricketer, who is
regarded as one of
the greatest batters
of all-time.[174][175]
Having debuted in
1989, Tendulkar
played 664
Sachin Tendulkar Maharashtra 1973-
international cricket
matches, scoring
more than 34,000 in
a career spanning
over two decades
and holds various
cricket
records.[176][177]
State / Life
Country[c] span
2015 Vajpayee was a

politician, who
served as the Prime
Minister of India
three times in 1996,
1998 and from 1999
to 2004.[57] He was
a parliamentarian
Atal Bihari Madhya 1924- for over four
Vajpayee Pradesh 2018 decades and was
elected nine times
to the Lok Sabha,
twice to the Rajya
Sabha, also serving
as the minister of
external affairs
during 1977–
79.[178][179]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Malaviya was a
scholar and
educational
reformer, who
founded the Akhil
Bharatiya Hindu
Mahasabha (1906)
and Banaras Hindu
University, while
serving as the
Madan Mohan Uttar 1861-
university's vice-
Malaviya# Pradesh 1946
chancellor from
1919 until 1938.[180]
He was the
President of Indian
National Congress
for four terms and
was the chairman
of Hindustan Times
from 1924 to
1946.[181][182]
State / Life
Country[c] span
2019 Mukherjee was a

politician who
served as the 13th
President of India
from 2012 until
2017.[82] In a career
spanning five
decades,
Mukherjee had
been a leader of the
1935-
Pranab Mukherjee West Bengal Indian National
2020
Congress and had
occupied several
ministerial portfolios
in the Government
of India. Prior to his
election as
President, he was
finance minister
from 2009 to
2012.[183]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Hazarika was a
playback singer,
lyricist, musician,
poet and film-
maker, widely
known as
Sudhakantha.[184]
His songs, written
1926- and sung mainly in
Bhupen Hazarika# Assam
2011 the Assamese
language by
himself, are themed
around universal
justice and peace
and have been
translated and sung
in many
languages.[185]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Deshmukh was a
social activist and
politician, who
worked in the fields
of education,
health, and rural
1916- self-reliance. He
Nanaji Deshmukh# Maharashtra
2010 was a leader of the
Bharatiya Jana
Sangh and also
served as a
member of the
Rajya
Sabha.[186][187]
State / Life
Country[c] span
2024 Thakur was a

politician, who
served two terms as
the 11th Chief
Minister of Bihar,
1924- from 1970 to 1971,
Karpoori Thakur# Bihar
1988 and from 1977 to
1979. In 1978, he
introduced the
reservation policy in
state government
jobs.[188][189]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Advani is a
politician who
served as the 7th
Deputy Prime
Minister of India
from 2002 to
2004.[190] He is one
of the co-founders
of Bharatiya Janata
Party and is
L. K. Advani Delhi 1927-
credited with
scripting the rise of
the BJP as a major
political force
through the Ram
Janmabhoomi
Movement.[191] He
is popularly known
as "Loh Purush"
(Iron Man).[192]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Narasimha Rao,
was an Indian
lawyer and
politician who
served as the 9th
prime minister from
1991 to 1996.[57] He
P. V. Narasimha 1921-
Telangana was the first Prime
Rao# 2004
Minister from South
India.[193] He is
known for
introducing various
liberal reforms to
India's
economy.[194]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Charan Singh was

an Indian politician
and a
independence
activist who served
as the 5th prime
minister from 1979
Uttar 1902-
Charan Singh# to 1980.[57][195] He
Pradesh 1987
is known as the
"Champion of
India's
peasants".[196] He
was the founder of
the political party
Lokdal in 1980.[197]
State / Life
Country[c] span
Swaminathan was
an Indian
agronomist,
geneticist and
administrator, who
was as a global
leader of the green
revolution.[198] He
M. S. 1925- was one of the
Tamil Nadu
Swaminathan# 2023 major architects of
green revolution in
India known for his
leadership and role
in introducing and
further developing
high-yielding
varieties of wheat
and rice.[199][200]
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of India India

portal
Padma Vibhushan
Padma Bhushan
Padma Shri
Explanatory notes
a. The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati

Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at
Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th
birthday, 18 April 1958.[14]
b. Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles,
"no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be
conferred by the State".[19]
c. For people born in India, it represents the current Indian
state/UT corresponding to the birthplace. For naturalized
citizens, it represents the state of domicile. For foreign
recipients, it lists the country of citizenship.
d. In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the
fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was
written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[122]
e. Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he
was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the
selection committee members should not themselves be the
recipients.[45][142][143]
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Further reading
Chandra, Shailesh (2009). Bharat Ratna: The Jewel of India

(https://books.google.com/books?id=RmJ1tgAACAAJ) .
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Sabharwal,D.P. Wing Commander (2008). Bharat Ratnas.
Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-4499-7
External links
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Rao and Tendulkar (2013)

Dhyan Chand at the 1936 Summer

1954 C. Tamil Nadu 1878- Rajagopalachari

1955 Bhagwan Das was

Karve was a social

1961 Roy was a

1963 Husain was an

Indira Gandhi was

1976 K. Kamaraj# Tamil Nadu 1903- Kamaraj was an

Mother Teresa was

1990 Ambedkar was a

Mandela was the

1991 Rajiv Gandhi was a

Morarji Desai Gujarat 1896- Desai was an

1992 Azad was an

Ray was a film

1997 Nanda was an

A. P. J. Abdul Tamil Nadu 1931- Kalam was an

1998 Subbulakshmi was

1999 Narayan was an

Ravi Shankar was a

2001 Mangeshkar was a

2014 Rao is a chemist

2015 Vajpayee was a

2019 Mukherjee was a

2024 Thakur was a

Charan Singh was

Orders, decorations, and medals of India India

a. The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati

Basu, Kanailal (2010). Netaji: Rediscovered (https://books.

Chandra, Shailesh (2009). Bharat Ratna: The Jewel of India

Media related to Bharat Ratna at Wikimedia Commons

This page was last edited on 21 February 2024, at 06:23 (UTC). •

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