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 College Algebra with Applications for Business © 2013, 2009, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
and the Life Sciences
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Second Edition
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
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 Contents

0 Fundamental Concepts of Algebra 1

0.1 Real Numbers: Order and Absolute Value 2
0.2 The Basic Rules of Algebra 10
0.3 Integer Exponents 20
0.4 Radicals and Rational Exponents 29
Quiz Yourself 39
0.5 Polynomials and Special Products 40
Project: Population 47
0.6 Factoring 48
0.7 Fractional Expressions 55
Algebra Tutor 62
Summary and Study Strategies 64
Review Exercises 66
Test Yourself 68

1 Equations and Inequalities 69

1.1 Linear Equations 70
1.2 Mathematical Modeling 80
1.3 Quadratic Equations 93
1.4 The Quadratic Formula 104
Project: Revenue 113
Quiz Yourself 114
1.5 Other Types of Equations 115
1.6 Linear Inequalities 126
1.7 Other Types of Inequalities 138
Algebra Tutor 148
Summary and Study Strategies 150
Review Exercises 152
Test Yourself 156

2 Functions and Graphs 157

2.1 Graphs of Equations 158
2.2 Lines in the Plane 172
2.3 Linear Modeling and Direct Variation 183
2.4 Functions 195
Project: Expenditures 207
Quiz Yourself 208
2.5 Graphs of Functions 209
2.6 Transformations of Functions 220
2.7 The Algebra of Functions 230
Algebra Tutor 240
Summary and Study Strategies 242
Review Exercises 244
Test Yourself 248

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vi Contents

3 Polynomial and Rational Functions 249

3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 250
3.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 262
3.3 Polynomial Division 272
3.4 Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions 282
Project: Sales 295
Quiz Yourself 296
3.5 Complex Numbers 297
3.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra 306
3.7 Rational Functions 314
Algebra Tutor 326
Summary and Study Strategies 328
Review Exercises 330
Test Yourself 334

4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 335

4.1 Inverse Functions 336
4.2 Exponential Functions 346
Project: Drug Concentration 357
4.3 Logarithmic Functions 358
Quiz Yourself 368
4.4 Properties of Logarithms 369
4.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 377
4.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 387
Algebra Tutor 400
Summary and Study Strategies 402
Review Exercises 404
Test Yourself 408

5 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 409

5.1 Solving Systems Using Substitution 410
5.2 Solving Systems Using Elimination 420
5.3 Linear Systems in Three or More Variables 432
Project: Revenues Per Share 443
Quiz Yourself 444
5.4 Systems of Inequalities 445
5.5 Linear Programming 454
Algebra Tutor 464
Summary and Study Strategies 466
Review Exercises 467
Test Yourself 472

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 Contents vii

6 Matrices and Determinants 473

6.1 Matrices and Linear Systems 474
6.2 Operations with Matrices 487
Project: Sales of e-Readers 501
6.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 502
Quiz Yourself 512
6.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 513
6.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 521
Algebra Tutor 530
Summary and Study Strategies 532
Review Exercises 534
Test Yourself 538

7 Sequences, Series, and Probability 539

7.1 Sequences and Summation Notation 540
7.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums 550
7.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 558
Quiz Yourself 567
7.4 The Binomial Theorem 568
Project: Fractals 574
7.5 Counting Principles 575
7.6 Probability 585
Algebra Tutor 596
Summary and Study Strategies 598
Review Exercises 600
Test Yourself 604

Appendices A1
Appendix A: An Introduction to Graphing Utilities A1
Appendix B: Conic Sections A8
B.1 Conic Sections A8
B.2 Conic Sections and Translations A19
Appendix C: Further Concepts in Statistics (Web)*
C.1 Data and Linear Modeling
C.2 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Appendix D: Mathematical Induction (Web)*

Answers to Selected Exercises A27

Answers to Checkpoints A85
Answers to Tech Tutors A91
Index A92

*Available at the text-specific website www.cengagebrain.com

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 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Preface

Welcome to the Second Edition of College Algebra with

Applications for Business and the Life Sciences! We are
always excited about a new edition, but with this edition,
we are even more excited. We had a single goal in mind with
this revision—to provide you with a book that is both real
and relevant. This book has a bright business-oriented design
that complements the multitude of business and life sciences
applications found throughout.
The theme for the revision is “IT'S ALL ABOUT YOU.”
The pedagogy of the book is rock solid and is based on
years of teaching, years of writing, and years of feedback
from instructors and students. Please pay special attention
to the study aids with a red U. These study aids will help
you learn algebra, use technology, and prepare for tests.
For an overview of these aids, check out ALGEBRA & YOU
on page 0.
In each exercise set, quiz, and test, be sure to notice
the reference to CalcChat.com. At this free site, you
can download a step-by-step solution to any odd-numbered
exercise. Also, you can talk to a tutor, free, during the hours
posted at the site (20 hours a week in the summer, 40 hours
a week during the school year).

New To This Edition

NEW Chapter Opener
Each Chapter Opener highlights a real-life problem
from an example in the chapter, showing a graph related
to the data and describing the math concept used to
solve the problem.

NEW Section Opener

Each Section Opener highlights a real-life problem in
the exercises, showing a graph for the situation with
a description of how you will use the math of the
section to solve the problem.

NEW SUMMARIZE
The Summarize feature at the end of each section helps
you organize the lesson’s key concepts into a concise
summary, providing you with a valuable study tool.

ix

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Preface

NEW ALGEBRA TUTOR

The Algebra Tutor appears throughout each chapter and q
offers algebraic support at point of use. This support is
revisited in a two-page algebra review at the end of the 88. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Each figure shows a
chapter, where additional details of example solutions person or a ball about to go into motion through
with explanations are provided. the air. Match each figure with the position
equation that represents the situation. Without
NEW HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Exercise calculating, compare the terms of the equations
to determine which situation involves the least
The How Do You See It? exercise in each section presents
amount of time in the air. Explain your reasoning.
a real-life problem that you will solve by visual inspection
using the concepts learned in the lesson. (i) (ii) (iii)

REVISED Exercise Sets

The exercise sets have been carefully and extensively
examined to ensure they are rigorous, relevant, and cover
all topics suggested by our users. The exercises have (a) s ⫽ ⫺16t2 ⫹ 33t
been reorganized and titled so you can better see the (b) s ⫽ ⫺16t2 ⫹ 10
connections between examples and exercises. Multi-step, (c) s ⫽ ⫺16t2 ⫺ 20t ⫹ 10
real-life exercises reinforce problem-solving skills and
mastery of concepts by giving you the opportunity
to apply the concepts in real-life situations.

Calc Chat
For the past several years, an independent website—
CalcChat.com—has been maintained to provide
free solutions to all odd-numbered problems in the
text. Thousands of students have visited the site for
practice and help with their homework. For this edition,
information from CalcChat.com, including which
solutions students accessed most often, was used to
help guide the revision of the exercises.

Table of Contents Changes

We have moved Section 2.8 (Inverse Functions),
to the beginning of Chapter 4 (Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions) as the new Section 4.1,
Section 7.7 (Mathematical Induction) is now
Appendix D and has been moved to the student
website at www.cengagebrain.com.

Trusted Features
Section Objectives
A bulleted list of learning objectives provides you
the opportunity to preview what will be presented
in the upcoming section.

Definitions and Theorems

All definitions and theorems are highlighted for
emphasis and easy recognition.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Preface xi

Checkpoint
Paired with every example, the Checkpoint problems
encourage immediate practice and check your understanding
of the concepts presented in the example. Answers to all
Checkpoint problems appear at the back of the text to
reinforce understanding of the skill sets learned.

Business Capsule
Business Capsules appear at the end of selected sections.
These capsules and their accompanying research project
highlight business situations related to the mathematical
concepts covered in the chapter.

STUDY TIP
These hints and tips can be used to reinforce or
Business Capsule
expand upon concepts, help you learn how to study
mathematics, caution you about common errors,
address special cases, or show alternative or additional
S AS is a leader in business software and
services. Using SAS forecasting technologies,
customers can accurately analyze and forecast
steps to a solution of an example. processes that take place over time. SAS/ETS
software contains popular forecasting methods
such as regression analysis and trend extrapolation.
TECH TUTOR 67. Research Project Use your campus library,
The Tech Tutor gives suggestions for effectively using tools the Internet, or some other reference source to
such as calculators, graphing calculators, and spreadsheet find information about a company or small
programs to help deepen your understanding of concepts, business that generates software which uses
regression analysis to predict trends. Write a
ease lengthy calculations, and provide alternate solution
brief paper about the company or small business.
methods for verifying answers obtained by hand.

93. Project: Expenditures For a project involving

the personal expenditures for Internet access in the
United States from 2000 to 2009, visit this text’s
SKILLS WARM UP
The Skills Warm Up appears at the beginning of
website at www.cengagebrain.com. (Source:
the exercise set for each section. These problems
Bureau of Economic Analysis)
help you to review previously learned skills that
you will use in solving the section exercises.

Project
The projects at the end of selected sections involve
in-depth applied exercises in which you will work
with large, real-life data sets, often creating or
analyzing models. These projects are offered online
at www.cengagebrain.com.

Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Instructor Resources
Print
Complete Solutions Manual
ISBN-13: 978-1-133-62844-6
The Complete Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions for all exercises in the
text, including Checkpoints, Quiz Yourself, Test Yourself, and Tech Tutors.

Media
PowerLecture
ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10926-6
This comprehensive CD-ROM provides dynamic media tools designed to help you
teach. PowerLecture includes Solution Builder, Diploma Computerized Testing,
Microsoft® Powerpoint® lecture slides, and all art from the text.
Solution Builder
www.cengage.com/solutionbuilder
This online instructor database offers complete worked-out solutions of all exercises
in the text. Solution Builder allows you to create customized, secure solutions
printouts (in PDF format) matched exactly to the problems you assign in class.
Diploma Computerized Testing
Diploma is an easy-to-use assessment software containing hundreds of algorithmic
questions derived from the text exercises. With Diploma, you can quickly create,
customize, and deliver tests in both print and online formats. Diploma is available
on the PowerLecture CD.

www.webassign.net
WebAssign’s homework delivery system lets you deliver, collect, grade, and record
assignments via the web. Enhanced WebAssign includes Cengage YouBook interactive
eBook, Personal Study Plans, a Show My Work feature, Answer Evaluator, quizzes,
videos, and more!
Cengage YouBook
YouBook is an interactive and customizable eBook! Containing all the content from
the printed text, YouBook features a text edit tool that allows you to modify the textbook
narrative as needed. With YouBook, you can quickly re-order entire sections and chapters
or hide any content you don’t teach to create an eBook that perfectly matches your
syllabus. You can further customize the text by publishing web links. Additional media
assets include: animated figures, video clips, highlighting, notes, and more! YouBook is
available in Enhanced WebAssign.

www.cengagebrain.com
Interested in a simple way to complement your text and course content with study
and practice materials? CourseMate brings course concepts to life with interactive
learning, study, and exam preparation tools that support the printed textbook.
CourseMate includes Engagement Tracker, a first-of-its-kind tool that monitors
student engagement. Watch student comprehension soar as your class works with
both the printed text and text-specific website.
xii

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Student Resources
Print
Student Solutions Manual
ISBN-13: 978-1-133-10901-3
The Student Solutions Manual provides complete worked-out solutions to all
odd-numbered exercises in the text. In addition, the solutions of all Checkpoint,
Quiz Yourself, Test Yourself, and Tech Tutor exercises are included.

Media

www.cengagebrain.com
Interested in a simple way to complement your text and course content with study
and practice materials? CourseMate brings course concepts to life with interactive
learning, study, and exam preparation tools that support the printed textbook.
CourseMate includes: an interactive eBook, quizzes, flashcards, Excel guide,
videos, and more!

www.webassign.net
Enhanced WebAssign is an online homework system that lets instructors deliver,
collect, grade, and record assignments via the web. Enhanced WebAssign includes
Cengage YouBook interactive eBook, Personal Study Plans, a Show My Work feature,
Answer Evaluator, quizzes, videos, and more! Be sure to check with your instructor
to find out if Enhanced WebAssign is required for your course.
CengageBrain.com
To access additional course materials and companion resources, please visit
www.cengagebrain.com. At the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the ISBN
of your title (from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of
the page. This will take you to the product page where free companion resources
can be found.

xiii

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our colleagues who have helped us develop this program. Their
encouragement, criticisms, and suggestions have been invaluable to us.

Reviewers
Victor Akatsa, Chicago State University
Victor Cifarelli, UNC Charlotte
Diane Fournier, St. Cloud Technical and Community College
Javier Garza, Tarleton State University
Jane Golden, Hillsborough Community College
Libin Mou, Bradley University
Dale Quinn, Coastal Carolina University
Kia Shafe, Saddleback College
Judith Wood, College of Central Florida

We would also like to thank the following reviewers, who have given us many useful
insights to this and previous editions.

Rosalie Abraham, Florida Community College at Jacksonville; Judith A. Ahrens,

Pellissippi State Technical Community College; Sandra Beken, Horry-Georgetown
Technical College; Diane Benjamin, University of Wisconsin–Platteville; Dona Boccio,
Queensborough Community College; Michael Brook, University of Delaware;
Tim Chappell, Metropolitan Community College–Penn Valley; Kent Craghead,
Colby Community College; Carol Edwards, St. Louis Community College at Florissant
Valley; Warrene Ferry, Jones County Junior College; Thomas L. Fitzkee,
Francis Marion University; David Frank, University of Minnesota; Michael Frantz,
University of La Verne; Nick Geller, Collin College; Carolyn H. Goldberg,
Niagara County Community College; Linda Herndon, OSB, Benedictine College;
Ruth E. Hoffman, Toccoa Falls College; Carl Hughes, Fayetteville State University;
Buddy A. Johns, Wichita State University; Annie Jones, Calhoun State Community
College; Steven Z. Kahn, Anne Arundel Community College; Claire Krukenberg,
Eastern Illinois University; John Kubicek, Southwest Missouri State University;
Charles G. Laws, Cleveland State Community College; Eileen Lee, Framingham State
College; John A. Lewallen, Southeastern Louisiana University; Gael Mericle,
Minnesota State University Mankato; Michael Montano, Riverside Community
College; Sue Neal, Wichita State University; Terrie L. Nichols, Cuyamaca College;
Mark Omodt, Anoka-Ramsey Community College; Shahrokh Parvini, San Diego Mesa
College; Jim Rutherfoord, Chattahoochee Technical College; G. Bryan Stewart,
Tarrant County College; Jacqueline Stone, University of Maryland; David Surowski,
Kansas State University; Pamela K. Trim, Southwest Tennessee Community College;
Laurie Varecka, University of Arizona; Jamie Whitehead, Texarkana College

In addition, we would like to thank the staff at Larson Texts, Inc. who assisted with
proofreading the manuscript, preparing and proofreading the art package, and checking
and typesetting the supplements.

xiv

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Acknowledgements xv

On a personal level, we would like to thank our families, especially Deanna Gilbert
Larson and Jay N. Torok, for their love, patience, and support. Also, a special thanks
goes to R. Scott O’Neil.

If you have suggestions for improving this text, please feel free to write to us. Over the
past few years we have received many useful comments from both instructors and
students, and we value these comments very highly.

Ron Larson, Ph.D.

Professor of Mathematics
Penn State University
www.RonLarson.com

Anne V. Hodgkins, Ed.D.

Mathematics Faculty
Phoenix College

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ALGEBRA & YOU
Every feature in this text is designed to help you learn algebra. Whenever you see
a red U, pay special attention to the study aid. These study aids represent years of
experience in teaching students just like you. Ron Larson

STUDY TIP The Study Tips occur at point of use throughout the text.
They represent common questions that students ask me,
In Example 3(c), note that insights into understanding concepts, and alternative ways
g共x ⫹ 2兲 is not equal to
g共x兲 ⫹ g共2兲. In general,
to look at concepts. For instance, the Study Tip at the left
g共u ⫹ v兲 ⫽ g共u兲 ⫹ g共v兲. provides insight into evaluating functions using function
notation.

TECH TUTOR The Tech Tutors give suggestions on how you can use
various types of technology to help understand the material.
You can write a
program for a graphing This includes graphing calculators, computer graphing
utility to solve equations programs, and spreadsheet programs such as Excel.
using the Quadratic Formula. For instance, the Tech Tutor at the left points out that some
Use a program to solve the calculators and some computer programs are capable of
equation in Example 2. solving equations using the Quadratic Formula.

ALGEBRA TUTOR Throughout years of teaching, I have found that the greatest

For help in solving

xy stumbling block to success in mathematics is a weakness in
algebra. Each time you see an Algebra Tutor, please read
equations similar to the one in it carefully. Then, flip ahead to the referenced page and give
Example 2, see the review of yourself a chance to enjoy a brief algebra refresher. It will
solving equations on page 148. be time well spent.

The How Do You See It? question in each exercise set helps you
HOW DO YOU SEE IT? visually summarize concepts without messy computations.

The Summarize outline at the end of each section asks you

SUMMARIZE to write each learning objective in your own words.

The Skills Warm Up exercises that precede each exercise set

SKILLS WARM UP will help you review previously learned skills.

The Summary and Study Strategies, coupled with the Review

SUMMARY AND Exercises are designed to help you organize your thoughts as
STUDY STRATEGIES you prepare for a chapter test.

The Quiz Yourself occurs midway in each chapter. Take each

QUIZ YOURSELF of these quizzes as you would take a quiz in class.

The Test Yourself occurs at the end of each chapter. All

TEST YOURSELF questions are answered so you can check your progress.
0

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 First class postage (in dollars) 0.45

0.40
USA First Class
0 Fundamental
Concepts of
0.35

0.30
Algebra
0.25 0.1 Real Numbers: Order and Absolute Value
0.2 The Basic Rules of Algebra
0.20
0.3 Integer Exponents
0.15
0.4 Radicals and Rational Exponents
0.5 Polynomials and Special Products
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year 0.6 Factoring
0.7 Fractional Expressions
Example 9 on page 26 shows how the
compound interest formula can be used
to determine the average annual rate
of inflation for a first class postage stamp
over a 26-year period.
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Kurhan/Shutterstock.com

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
2 Chapter 0 ■ Fundamental Concepts of Algebra

0.1 Real Numbers: Order and Absolute Value

■ Classify real numbers as natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, or irrational
numbers.
■ Use the real number line and inequalities to order real numbers and to denote
subsets of real numbers.
■ Find the absolute value of a number and use absolute value to find the distance
between two numbers.

Real Numbers
The formal term that is used in mathematics to refer to a collection of objects is the
word set. For instance, the set
再1, 2, 3冎
contains the three numbers 1, 2, and 3. Note that a pair of braces 再 冎 is used to enclose
the members of the set. In this text, a pair of braces will always indicate the members
of a set. Parentheses ( ) and brackets [ ] are used to represent other ideas.
The set of numbers that is used in arithmetic is the set of real numbers. The
term real distinguishes real numbers from imaginary numbers. (You will learn about
imaginary numbers in Chapter 3.)
A set A is called a subset of a set B if every member of A is also a member of B.
Here are some examples.
• 再1, 2, 3冎 is a subset of 再1, 2, 3, 4冎.
• 再0, 4冎 is a subset of 再0, 1, 2, 3, 4冎.
In Exercise 81 on page 9, you can
use a number line to determine the
• 再0, 5冎 is not a subset of 再0, 1, 2, 3, 4冎 because
range of temperatures for a city in 5 is not a member of 再0, 1, 2, 3, 4冎.
a given month.
One of the most commonly used subsets of real numbers is the set of natural
numbers or positive integers
再1, 2, 3, 4, . . .冎. Set of positive integers

Note that the three dots indicate that the pattern continues. For instance, the set also
contains the numbers 5, 6, 7, and so on.
Positive integers can be used to describe many quantities that you encounter in
everyday life. Here are some examples.
• You are taking four classes this term.
• You are paying $700 per month for rent.
• You are working 20 hours per week.
But even in everyday life, positive integers cannot describe some concepts accurately. For
instance, you could have a zero balance in your checking account, or the temperature
could be ⫺10⬚ (10 degrees below zero). To describe such quantities, you need to
expand the set of positive integers to include zero and the negative integers. The
expanded set is called the set of integers, which can be written as shown.
Zero

再. . . , ⫺3, ⫺2, ⫺1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .冎

Negative integers Positive integers

The set of integers is a subset of the set of real numbers. This means that every integer
is a real number.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Section 0.1 ■ Real Numbers: Order and Absolute Value 3

Even with the set of integers, there are still many quantities in everyday life that
you cannot describe accurately. The costs of many items are not in whole dollar
amounts, but in parts of dollars, such as $1.19 or $39.98. You might work 812 hours, or
you might miss the first half of a movie. To describe such quantities, the set of integers
is expanded to include fractions. The expanded set is called the set of rational
numbers. Formally, a real number is called rational if it can be written as the ratio p兾q
of two integers, where q ⫽ 0. (The symbol ⫽ means not equal to.) Here are some
examples of rational numbers.
2 1
2⫽ 0.333 . . . ⫽
1 3
1 125
STUDY TIP 0.125 ⫽ 1.126126 . . . ⫽
8 111
Make sure you understand Real numbers that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers are called irrational.
that not all fractions are For instance, the numbers
rational numbers. For
冪2 冪2 ⫽ 1.4142135 . . .
instance, the fraction is
3 and
not a rational number.
␲ ⫽ 3.1415926 . . .
are irrational numbers. The decimal representation of a rational number is either
terminating or repeating. For instance, the decimal representation of
1
4 ⫽ 0.25 Terminating decimal

is terminating, and the decimal representation of

4
11 ⫽ 0.363636 . . . Repeating decimal

⫽ 0.36
is repeating. (The line over “36” indicates which digits repeat.)
The decimal representation of an irrational number neither terminates nor repeats.
When you perform calculations using decimal representations of nonterminating
decimals, you usually use a decimal approximation that has been rounded to a certain
number of decimal places. For instance, rounded to four decimal places, the decimal
approximations of 23 and ␲ are
2
⬇ 0.6667
3
and
␲ ⬇ 3.1416.
The symbol ⬇ means approximately equal to.
The Venn diagram in Figure 0.1 shows the relationships between the real numbers
and several commonly used subsets of the real numbers.

Real Numbers
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers
39
100 Integers 0.5
−95 −17 2
3
Whole Numbers 5 − 3
0
Natural Numbers π
52 214 1 95
1 3
−3 0.6 7

−5 −1 3 − 5
8
0.67 27

FIGURE 0.1

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
4 Chapter 0 ■ Fundamental Concepts of Algebra

The Real Number Line and Ordering

The real number line can be used to represent the real numbers. It consists of a
horizontal line with a point (the origin) labeled as 0 (zero). Points to the left of zero are
associated with negative numbers, and points to the right of zero are associated with
positive numbers, as shown in Figure 0.2. The real number zero is neither positive nor
negative. So, when you want to talk about real numbers that might be positive or zero,
you can use the term nonnegative real numbers.

Origin

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Negative numbers Positive numbers

The Real Number Line

FIGURE 0.2

Each point on the real number line corresponds to exactly one real number,
and each real number corresponds to exactly one point on the real number line, as
shown in Figure 0.3. The number associated with a point on the real number line is the
coordinate of the point.

5
−
3 0.75 π

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

Every real number corresponds to a point

on the real number line.
FIGURE 0.3

The real number line provides you with a way of comparing any two real numbers.
For instance, if you choose any two (different) numbers on the real number line, one of
the numbers must be to the left of the other number. The number to the left is less than
the number to the right, and the number to the right is greater than the number to
the left.

Definition of Order on the Real Number Line

If the real number a lies to the left of the real number b on the real number line, a
is less than b, which is denoted by
a < b
as shown in Figure 0.4. This relationship can also be described by saying that b is
greater than a and writing b > a.
The inequality a ⱕ b means that a is less than or equal to b. This relationship
can also be described by saying that b is greater than or equal to a and writing
b ⱖ a.

a b
a<b
a is to the left of b.
FIGURE 0.4

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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