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 NINTH EDITION

THE UNFINISHED
NATION
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

ALAN BRINKLEY
ANDREW HUEBNER
JOHN GIGGIE

3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL
AMERICA 55
THE COLONIAL POPULATION 56
Indentured Servitude 56
Birth and Death 57
Medicine in the Colonies 57
Women and Families in the Colonies 60
The Beginnings of Slavery in
English America 62
Changing Sources of
European Immigration 63
THE COLONIAL ECONOMIES 65
Slavery and Economic Life 65
Industry and Its Limits 65
The Rise of Colonial Commerce 67
The Rise of Consumerism 68
PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 69
Southern Communities 69
Northern Communities 70
Cities 74
AWAKENINGS AND
ENLIGHTENMENTS 74
The Pattern of Religions 74
The Great Awakening 76
The Enlightenment 76
4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION
LOOSENING TIES 83
A Decentralized Empire 83
The Colonies Divided 83
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE
CONTINENT 84
New France and the Iroquois Nation 84
Anglo–French Conflicts 85
The Great War for Empire 85
THE NEW IMPERIALISM 90
Burdens of Empire 90
The British and the Tribes 90
Battles over Trade and Taxes 91
Source: Library of Congress, Prints
and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-5315]
CONTENTS • vii
Literacy and Technology 77
Education 77
The Spread of Science 79
Concepts of Law and Politics 79
Consider the Source: Gottlieb
Mittelberger, the Passage of
­Indentured Servants (1750) 58
Debating the Past: The Witchcraft
Trials 72
CONCLUSION 81
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 81
RECALL AND REFLECT 81
©Bettmann/Corbis
82
STIRRINGS OF REVOLT 93
The Stamp Act Crisis 93
Internal Rebellions 96
The Townshend Program 96
The Boston Massacre 97
The Philosophy of Revolt 98
Sites of Resistance 101
The Tea Excitement 101
COOPERATION AND WAR 102
New Sources of Authority 102
Lexington and Concord 103
America in the World: The First
Global War 86
Consider the Source: Benjamin
Franklin, Testimony Against
the Stamp Act (1766) 94
Patterns of Popular Culture: Taverns
in Revolutionary Massachusetts 100
CONCLUSION 104
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 105
RECALL AND REFLECT 105
viii • CONTENTS
5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
THE STATES UNITED 107
Defining American War Aims 107
The Declaration of Independence 110
Mobilizing for War 111
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 112
New England 112
The Mid-Atlantic 113
Securing Aid from Abroad 115
The South 116
Winning the Peace 117
WAR AND SOCIETY 120
Loyalists and Religious Groups 120
The War and Slavery 121
Native Americans and the Revolution 122
Women’s Rights and Roles 123
The War Economy 125
©MPI/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW
REPUBLIC 134
FRAMING A NEW
GOVERNMENT 135
Advocates of Reform 135
A Divided Convention 136
Compromise 137
The Constitution of 1787 137
ADOPTION AND ADAPTATION 141
Federalists and Antifederalists 141
Completing the Structure 142
FEDERALISTS AND
REPUBLICANS 143
Hamilton and the Federalists 143
Enacting the Federalist Program 144
The Republican Opposition 145
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY 146
Securing the West 146
Maintaining Neutrality 147
THE DOWNFALL OF THE
FEDERALISTS 150
The Election of 1796 150
106
THE CREATION OF STATE
GOVERNMENTS 125
The Principles of Republicanism 125
The First State Constitutions 126
Revising State Governments 126
THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT 127
The Confederation 127
Diplomatic Failures 128
The Confederation and the
Northwest 128
Indians and the Western Lands 130
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays 130
Debating the Past: The American
Revolution 108
America in the World: The Age
of Revolutions 118
Consider the Source: The
Correspondence of Abigail Adams
on ­Women’s Rights (1776) 124
CONCLUSION 132
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 132
RECALL AND REFLECT 133
The Quasi War with France 150
Repression and Protest 151
The “Revolution” of 1800 152
Debating the Past: The Meaning of
the Constitution 138
Consider the Source: Washington’s
Farewell Address, American Daily
Advertiser, September 19, 1796 148
CONCLUSION 153
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 153
RECALL AND REFLECT 154
Source: National
Archives and Records
Administration

7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA
THE RISE OF CULTURAL
NATIONALISM 156
Educational and Literary Nationalism 156
Medicine and Science 157
Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation 158
Religion and Revivalism 158
STIRRINGS OF INDUSTRIALISM 160
Technology in America 160
Transportation Innovations 163
Country and City 166
JEFFERSON THE PRESIDENT 166
The Federal City and the
“People’s President” 166
Dollars and Ships 168
Conflict with the Courts 168
DOUBLING THE
NATIONAL DOMAIN 169
Jefferson and Napoleon 169
The Louisiana Purchase 171
Exploring the West 171
The Burr Conspiracy 175
EXPANSION AND WAR 175
Conflict on the Seas 176
Impressment 176
“Peaceable Coercion” 177
The “Indian Problem” and the British 178
8 EXPANSION AND DIVISION IN THE EARLY
REPUBLIC 185
STABILIZING ECONOMIC
GROWTH 186
The Government and Economic Growth 186
Transportation 187
EXPANDING WESTWARD 188
The Great Migration 188
White Settlers in the Old Northwest 188
The Plantation System in the Old
Southwest 189
Trade and Trapping in the Far West 189
Eastern Images of the West 190
THE “ERA OF GOOD
FEELINGS” 191
The End of the First Party System 191
John Quincy Adams and Florida 191
The Panic of 1819 192
SECTIONALISM AND
NATIONALISM 193
The Missouri Compromise 193
Marshall and the Court 195
CONTENTS • ix
155
©Bettmann/Corbis
Tecumseh and the Prophet 179
Florida and War Fever 179
THE WAR OF 1812 180
Battles with the Tribes 180
Battles with the British 181
The Revolt of New England 182
The Peace Settlement 183
America in the World: The Global
Industrial Revolution 162
Patterns of Popular Culture: Horse
Racing 164
Consider the Source: Thomas
Jefferson To Meriwether Lewis
(1803) 172
CONCLUSION 183
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 184
RECALL AND REFLECT 184
The Court and the Tribes 197
The Latin American Revolution and the
Monroe Doctrine 198
THE REVIVAL OF OPPOSITION 199
The “Corrupt Bargain” 199
The Second President Adams 200
Jackson Triumphant 200
Consider the Source: Thomas
Jefferson Reacts To The Missouri
Compromise (1820) 194
CONCLUSION 201
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 201
RECALL AND REFLECT 201
Source: Yale
University Art
Gallery
x • CONTENTS
9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA
THE RISE OF MASS POLITICS 203
Expanding Democracy 203
Tocqueville and Democracy in America 205
The Legitimization of Party 205
President of the Common People 207
“OUR FEDERAL UNION” 208
Calhoun and Nullification 208
The Rise of Van Buren 208
The Webster–Hayne Debate 209
The Nullification Crisis 209
THE REMOVAL OF THE
INDIANS 209
White Attitudes toward the Tribes 209
The “Five Civilized Tribes” 209
Trail of Tears 213
The Meaning of Removal 214
JACKSON AND THE BANK WAR 215
Biddle’s Institution 215
The “Monster” Destroyed 216
THE CHANGING FACE OF
AMERICAN POLITICS 216
Democrats and Whigs 217
10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
THE CHANGING AMERICAN
POPULATION 228
Population Trends 228
Immigration and Urban Growth,
1840–1860 229
The Rise of Nativism 230
TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS
REVOLUTIONS 231
The Canal Age 231
The Early Railroads 232
The Triumph of the Rails 233
The Telegraph 234
New Technology and
Journalism 236
COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY 236
The Expansion of Business, 1820–1840 236
The Emergence of the Factory 237
©Universal Images Group/Getty Images
202
POLITICS AFTER JACKSON 219
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837 219
The Log Cabin Campaign 220
The Frustration of the Whigs 224
Whig Diplomacy 224
Debating the Past: Jacksonian
Democracy 206
Consider the Source: Letter from
Chief John Ross To The Senate and
House of Representatives (1836) 212
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Penny Press 222
CONCLUSION 225
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 225
RECALL AND REFLECT 226
Source: Yale
University Art
Gallery
Advances in Technology 237
227
Rise of the Industrial Ruling Class 238
MEN AND WOMEN AT WORK 238
Recruiting a Native Workforce 238
The Immigrant Workforce 239
The Factory System and the Artisan
Tradition 241
Fighting for Control 242
PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 242
The Rich and the Poor 242
Social and Geographical Mobility 243
Middle-Class Life 244
The Changing Family 245
The “Cult of Domesticity” 246
Leisure Activities 246
THE AGRICULTURAL NORTH 248
Northeastern Agriculture 248
The Old Northwest 249
Rural Life 250
Consider the Source: Handbook to
Lowell (1848) 240
CONCLUSION 251
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 251
RECALL AND REFLECT 252
 CONTENTS • xi

11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH

THE COTTON ECONOMY 254
The Rise of King Cotton 254
Southern Trade and Industry 256
SOUTHERN WHITE SOCIETY
The Planter Class 259
The “Southern Lady” 259
The Lower Classes 260
SLAVERY: THE “PECULIAR
INSTITUTION” 261
Varieties of Slavery 264
Life under Slavery 265
Slavery in the Cities 266
Free African Americans 267
The Slave Trade 267
Consider the Source: Senator James
253
Henry Hammond Declares,
“Cotton Is King” (1858) 258
257 Debating the Past: Analyzing
Slavery 262
CONCLUSION 272
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 272
RECALL AND REFLECT 272

THE CULTURE OF SLAVERY 268

Slave Religion 269
Language and Music 269
The Slave Family 270
Slave Resistance 270 ©MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images

12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM

THE ROMANTIC IMPULSE 274
273
Consider the Source: Declaration
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Of Sentiments And Resolutions,
Painting 274 Seneca Falls, New York (1848) 286
An American Literature 275
Literature in the Antebellum South 275 America in the World: The Abolition
The Transcendentalists 276 of Slavery 288
The Defense of Nature 277 Patterns of Popular Culture:
Visions of Utopia 278 Sentimental Novels 294
Redefining Gender Roles 278
CONCLUSION 296
The Mormons 279
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 296
REMAKING SOCIETY 280 RECALL AND REFLECT 296
Revivalism, Morality, and Order 281
Health, Science, and Phrenology 282
Medical Science 282
Education 283
Rehabilitation 283
The Rise of Feminism 284
Struggles of Black Women 285

THE CRUSADE AGAINST

SLAVERY 287
Early Opposition to Slavery 290
Garrison and Abolitionism 290
Black Abolitionists 290
Anti-Abolitionism 292
Abolitionism Divided 292 ©Bettmann/Corbis
xii • CONTENTS

13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS

LOOKING WESTWARD 298
297
Buchanan and Depression 315
Manifest Destiny 298 The Dred Scott Decision 316
Americans in Texas 298 Deadlock over Kansas 317
Oregon 300 The Emergence of Lincoln 317
The Westward Migration 300 John Brown’s Raid 318
The Election of Lincoln 318
EXPANSION AND WAR 302
The Democrats and Expansion 302 Consider the Source: Wilmot Proviso
The Southwest and California 302 (1846) 308
The Mexican War 304 CONCLUSION 319
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 320
THE SECTIONAL DEBATE 306 RECALL AND REFLECT 320
Slavery and the Territories 306
The California Gold Rush 307
Rising Sectional Tensions 309
The Compromise of 1850 310

THE CRISES OF THE 1850s 311

The Uneasy Truce 311
“Young America” 311
Slavery, Railroads, and the West 312
The Kansas–Nebraska Controversy 312
“Bleeding Kansas” 313
The Free-Soil Ideology 314 Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
The Pro-Slavery Argument 315 Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-1138]

14 THE CIVIL WAR

THE SECESSION CRISIS 322
321
Europe and the Disunited
The Withdrawal of the South 322 States 337
The Failure of Compromise 322
CAMPAIGNS AND
The Opposing Sides 323
BATTLES 338
Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 323
The Technology of War 338
THE MOBILIZATION OF The Opening Clashes, 1861 339
THE NORTH 326 The Western Theater 340
Economic Nationalism 326 The Virginia Front, 1862 340
Raising the Union Armies 327 The Progress of the War 342
Wartime Politics 328 1863: Year of Decision 344
The Politics of Emancipation 329 The Last Stage, 1864–1865 346
African Americans and the Union Debating the Past: The
Cause 330 Causes of the Civil
Women, Nursing, and the
War 324
War 331
Patterns of Popular
THE MOBILIZATION OF Source: Library of Culture: Baseball and the
THE SOUTH 331 Congress, Prints and Civil War 334
The Confederate Government 331 Photographs Division
Money and Manpower 332 [LC-USZ61-903] Consider the Source:
Economic and Social Effects of The Gettysburg Address
the War 333 (1863) 346
STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY 333 CONCLUSION 350
The Commanders 335 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 350
The Role of Sea Power 336 RECALL AND REFLECT 350
 CONTENTS • xiii

15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH

THE PROBLEMS OF THE GRANT ADMINISTRATION 367
352
PEACEMAKING 353 The Soldier President 367
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation 353 The Grant Scandals 368
Competing Notions of Freedom 353 The Greenback Question 368
Plans for Reconstruction 355 Republican Diplomacy 369
The Death of Lincoln 358
Johnson and “Restoration” 359 THE ABANDONMENT OF
RECONSTRUCTION 369
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 359 The Southern States “Redeemed” 369
The Black Codes 359 Waning Northern Commitment 370
The Fourteenth Amendment 361 The Compromise of 1877 370
The Congressional Plan 361 The Legacy of Reconstruction 372
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 363
THE NEW SOUTH 372
THE SOUTH IN The “Redeemers” 372
RECONSTRUCTION 363 Industrialization and the New South 373
The Reconstruction Governments 363 Tenants and Sharecroppers 374
Education 365 African Americans and the New South 374
Landownership and Tenancy 365 The Birth of Jim Crow 375
Incomes and Credit 365 Debating the Past:
The African American Family Reconstruction 356
in Freedom 366
Consider the Source: Southern Blacks
Ask for Help (1865) 360
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Source: Library of Minstrel Show 376
Congress, Prints
CONCLUSION 379
and Photographs
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 380
Division [LC-
RECALL AND REFLECT 380
USZC4-5759]

16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST

THE SOCIETIES OF THE
FAR WEST 382
The Western Tribes 382
Hispanic New Mexico 383
Hispanic California and Texas 383
The Chinese Migration 384
Anti-Chinese Sentiments 386
Migration from the East 386
THE ROMANCE OF THE WEST 387
The Western Landscape and the Cowboy 387
The Idea of the Frontier 387
THE CHANGING WESTERN
ECONOMY 390
Labor in the West 390
The Arrival of the Miners 391
The Cattle Kingdom 392
THE DISPERSAL OF
THE TRIBES 394
White Tribal Policies 394
The Indian Wars 394
The Dawes Act 397
THE RISE AND DECLINE
381
OF THE WESTERN FARMER 398
Farming on the Plains 399
Commercial Agriculture 402
The Farmers’ Grievances 402
The Agrarian Malaise 403
Debating the Past: The Frontier
and the West 388
Consider the Source: Walter
Baron Von Richthofen, Cattle
Raising On The Plains In North
America (1885) 400
CONCLUSION 403
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/
EVENTS 404
RECALL AND REFLECT 404
Source: NPS photo by JR
Douglas
xiv • CONTENTS
17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH 406
Industrial Technologies 406
The Technology of Iron and Steel
Production 407
The Automobile and the Airplane 408
Research and Development 409
Making Production More Efficient 409
Railroad Expansion and the Corporation 410
CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS 413
Survival of the Fittest 413
The Gospel of Wealth 414
Alternative Visions 415
The Problems of Monopoly 415
THE ORDEAL OF THE WORKER 420
The Immigrant Workforce 420
Wages and Working Conditions 420
Emerging Unionization 421
The Knights of Labor 422
The American Federation of Labor 422
The Homestead Strike 423
18 THE AGE OF THE CITY
THE NEW URBAN GROWTH 428
The Migrations 428
The Ethnic City 429
Assimilation and Exclusion 432
THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 433
The Creation of Public Space 433
The Search for Housing 434
Urban Technologies: Transportation and
Construction 435
STRAINS OF URBAN LIFE 436
Health and Safety in the Built
Environment 436
Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence 437
The Machine and the Boss 439
THE RISE OF MASS
CONSUMPTION 439
Patterns of Income and Consumption 439
Chain Stores, Mail-Order Houses, and
Department Stores 441
Women as Consumers 442
©Corbis
405
The Pullman Strike 424
Sources of Labor Weakness 424
Consider the Source: Andrew
Carnegie Explains “The Gospel
Of Wealth” (1889) 416
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Novels of Horatio Alger 418
CONCLUSION 425
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 425
RECALL AND REFLECT 426
Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-435]
427
LEISURE IN THE CONSUMER
SOCIETY 442
Redefining Leisure 443
Spectator Sports 443
Music, Theater, and Movies 444
Patterns of Public and Private Leisure 445
The Technologies of Mass
Communication 446
The Telephone 446
HIGH CULTURE IN THE URBAN
AGE 447
Literature and Art in Urban America 447
The Impact of Darwinism 448
Toward Universal Schooling 449
Universities and the Growth of Science and
Technology 449
Medical Science 450
Education for Women 451
America in the World: Global
Migrations 430
Consider the Source: John Wanamaker,
The Four Cardinal Points Of The
Department Store (1874) 440
CONCLUSION 451
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 452
RECALL AND REFLECT 452
 CONTENTS • xv

19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE

THE POLITICS OF
EQUILIBRIUM 454
The Party System 454
The National Government 455
Presidents and Patronage 456
Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff 457
New Public Issues 458
THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 459
The Grangers 459
The Farmers’ Alliances 459
The Populist Constituency 461
Populist Ideas 461
THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s 462
The Panic of 1893 462
The Silver Question 463
“A Cross of Gold” 464
The Conservative Victory 465
McKinley and Recovery 466
453
THE REPUBLIC AS EMPIRE 479
Governing the Colonies 481
The Philippine War 481
The Open Door 483
A Modern Military System 484
America in the World:
Imperialism 468
Patterns of Popular Culture: Yellow
Journalism 472
Consider the Source: Platform of the
American Anti-Imperialist League
(1899) 480
CONCLUSION 484
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 485
RECALL AND REFLECT 485

STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM 467

The New Manifest Destiny 467
Hawaii and Samoa 470

WAR WITH SPAIN 471

Controversy over Cuba 471
“A Splendid Little War” 474
Seizing the Philippines 475
The Battle for Cuba 475 Source: Library of Congress, Prints
Puerto Rico and the United States 476 and Photographs Division [LC-
The Debate over the Philippines 478 DIG-ppmsca-28490]

20 THE PROGRESSIVES
THE PROGRESSIVE
486
SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE
IMPULSE 487 REFORM 497
The Muckrakers and the Social Labor, the Machine, and
Gospel 489 Reform 497
The Settlement House Movement 490 Western Progressives 499
The Allure of Expertise 491 African Americans and Reform 500
The Professions 491
Women and the Professions 492

WOMEN AND REFORM 492

The “New Woman” 492
The Clubwomen 492
Woman Suffrage 493

THE ASSAULT ON THE PARTIES 495

Early Attacks 495
Municipal Reform 495
Statehouse Progressivism 496 Source: Library of Congress, Prints and
Parties and Interest Groups 496 Photographs Division [LCUSZ62-70382]
xvi • CONTENTS

CRUSADES FOR SOCIAL ORDER Spreading Insurgency 510

AND REFORM 501
The Temperance Crusade 501
Immigration Restriction 502
The Dream of Socialism 502
Decentralization and Regulation 503
THEODORE ROOSEVELT
AND THE MODERN
PRESIDENCY 503
The Accidental President 503
The “Square Deal” 504
Roosevelt and the Environment 505
Panic and Retirement 508
THE TROUBLED SUCCESSION 508
Taft and the Progressives 508
The Return of Roosevelt 509
Roosevelt versus Taft 510
WOODROW WILSON AND THE
NEW FREEDOM 511
Woodrow Wilson 511
The Scholar as President 511
Retreat and Advance 514
America in the World: Social
Democracy 488
Debating the Past: Progressivism 498
Consider the Source: John Muir On
The Value Of Wild Places (1901) 506
CONCLUSION 514
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 515
RECALL AND REFLECT 515

21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR

THE “BIG STICK”: AMERICA
AND THE WORLD, 1901–1917
Roosevelt and “Civilization” 517
Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia 518
The Iron-Fisted Neighbor 519
The Panama Canal 519
Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” 520
Diplomacy and Morality 521
516
Consider the Source: Race, Gender,
517 And World War I Posters 526
Patterns of Popular Culture: George
M. Cohan, “Over There” (1917) 532
CONCLUSION 539
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 540
RECALL AND REFLECT 540

THE ROAD TO WAR 522

The Collapse of the European Peace 522
Wilson’s Neutrality 522
Preparedness versus Pacifism 523
Intervention 523

“OVER THERE” 525

Mobilizing the Military 525
The Yanks Are Coming 527
The New Technology of Warfare 528
Organizing the Economy for War 530
The Search for Social Unity 531

THE SEARCH FOR A NEW WORLD

ORDER 533
The Fourteen Points 533
The Paris Peace Conference 534
The Ratification Battle 534

A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL 535

The Unstable Economy 535
The Demands of African Americans 536
The Red Scare 538
Refuting the Red Scare 538
The Retreat from Idealism 539
Source: Library of Congress, Prints
and Photographs Division [LC-
USZC4-9884]
 CONTENTS • xvii

22 THE NEW ERA

THE NEW ECONOMY 542
541
Women in the New Era 548
Technology, Organization, The Disenchanted 553
and Economic Growth 542
A CONFLICT OF CULTURES 554
Workers in an Age of Capital 543
Prohibition 554
Women and Minorities in the
Nativism and the Klan 554
Workforce 545
Religious Fundamentalism 555
Agricultural Technology and the Plight
The Democrats’ Ordeal 556
of the Farmer 547
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT 556
THE NEW CULTURE 548 The Harding Administration 557
Consumerism and Communications 548
The Coolidge Administration 558
Government and Business 558
Consider the Source: American Print
Advertisements 552
America in the World: The
Cinema 550
CONCLUSION 560
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 560
RECALL AND REFLECT 560
©Bettmann/Corbis

23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION

THE COMING OF THE
DEPRESSION 562
The Great Crash 562
Causes of the Depression 562
Progress of the Depression 565
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN HARD
TIMES 566
Unemployment and Relief 566
African Americans and the Depression 567
Hispanics and Asians in Depression
America 568
Women and Families in the Great
Depression 571
561
America in the World: The Global
Depression 564
Consider the Source:
Mr. Tarver Remembers The
Great Depression (1940) 570
Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Golden Age of Comic Books 574
CONCLUSION 585
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 585
RECALL AND REFLECT 585

THE DEPRESSION AND AMERICAN

CULTURE 572
Depression Values 572
Radio 572
The Movies 573
Literature and Journalism 575
The Popular Front and the Left 577

THE ORDEAL OF HERBERT

HOOVER 579
The Hoover Program 579
Popular Protest 580
Hoover and the World Crisis 582 Source: Library of Congress,
The Election of 1932 583 Prints and Photographs Division
The “Interregnum” 584 [LC-USF34-009872-E]
xviii • CONTENTS

24 THE NEW DEAL ERA

LAUNCHING THE NEW DEAL 587
586
New Directions in Relief 600
Restoring Confidence 587 The 1936 “Referendum” 601
Agricultural Adjustment 588
THE NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY 601
Industrial Recovery 589
The Court Fight 601
Regional Planning 590
Retrenchment and Recession 602
The Growth of Federal Relief 592
ISOLATIONISM AND
THE NEW DEAL IN INTERNATIONALISM 603
TRANSITION 593 Depression Diplomacy 603
The Conservative Criticism of the
The Rise of Isolationism 604
New Deal 593
The Failure of Munich 605
The Populist Criticism of the New Deal 595
The “Second New Deal” 597 LIMITS AND LEGACIES OF THE
Labor Militancy 597 NEW DEAL 606
Organizing Battles 598 African Americans and the New Deal 606
Social Security 599 The New Deal and the “Indian Problem” 607
Women and the New Deal 607
The New Deal and the West 609
The New Deal, the Economy,
and Politics 609
Debating the Past: The New Deal 594
Consider the Source: Eleanor
Roosevelt on Civil Rights (1942) 608
CONCLUSION 610
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 611
©Fotosearch/Archive RECALL AND REFLECT 611
Photos/GettyImages

25 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR

FROM NEUTRALITY
612
ANXIETY AND AFFLUENCE IN
TO INTERVENTION 613 WARTIME CULTURE 627
Neutrality Tested 613 Home-Front Life and Culture 628
The Campaign of 1940 615 Love, Family, and Sexuality in Wartime 628
Neutrality Abandoned 615 The Growth of Wartime Conservatism 630
The Road to Pearl Harbor 616
THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS 631
WAR ON TWO FRONTS 617 The European Offensive 631
Containing the Japanese 617 The Pacific Offensive 634
Holding Off the Germans 618 The Manhattan Project and Atomic
America and the Holocaust 619 Warfare 636
The Soldier’s Experience 621
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY IN
WARTIME 621
Prosperity and the Rights of Labor 622
Stabilizing the Boom and Mobilizing
Production 622
Wartime Science and Technology 623
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN WARTIME Source: Library of
AMERICA 624 Congress, Prints
Minority Groups and the War Effort 624 and Photographs
The Internment of Japanese Americans 625 Division [LC-
Chinese Americans and the War 627 USZC4-1047]
 CONTENTS • xix

Consider the Source: The Face of CONCLUSION 640

The Enemy 626 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 640
RECALL AND REFLECT 641
Debating the Past: The Decision to
Drop the Atomic Bomb 638

26 THE COLD WAR

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
642
643 THE CRUSADE AGAINST
Sources of Soviet– SUBVERSION 662
American Tension 643 HUAC and Alger Hiss 663
Wartime Diplomacy 645 The Federal Loyalty Program and the
Yalta 646 Rosenberg Case 663
McCarthyism 664
THE COLLAPSE OF THE PEACE 647 The Republican Revival 665
The Failure of Potsdam 647
The China Problem and Japan 648 Debating the Past: The Cold War 644
The Containment Doctrine 648 Consider the Source: “Bert The Turtle
The Conservative Opposition to (Duck And Cover)” (1952) 658
Containment 650
CONCLUSION 666
The Marshall Plan 650
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 666
Mobilization at Home 651
RECALL AND REFLECT 667
The Road to NATO 651
Reevaluating Cold War Policy 653

AMERICA AFTER THE WAR 653

The Problems of Reconversion 653
The Fair Deal Rejected 654
The Election of 1948 655
The Fair Deal Revived 656
The Nuclear Age 657

THE KOREAN WAR 660

The Divided Peninsula 660 Source: U.S. Office for Emergency
From Invasion to Stalemate 660 Management. Office of Civilian Defense.
Limited Mobilization 662 5/20/1941-6/30/1945/NARA (38174)

27 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY

THE ECONOMIC “MIRACLE” 669
668
Economic Growth 669
The Rise of the Modern West 671
Capital and Labor 671

THE EXPLOSION OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY 672
Medical Breakthroughs 672
Pesticides 673
Postwar Electronic Research 674
Postwar Computer Technology 674
Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles 675
The Space Program 675

PEOPLE OF PLENTY 677

The Consumer Culture 677
The Suburban Nation 677 Source: NASA
xx • CONTENTS

The Suburban Family 678 EISENHOWER REPUBLICANISM 689

The Birth of Television 678
Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and
Environmentalism 679
Organized Society and Its Detractors
The Beats and the Restless Culture
of Youth 682
Rock ‘n’ Roll 683
THE OTHER AMERICA 684
On the Margins of the Affluent
Society 684
Rural Poverty 685
The Inner Cities 685
THE RISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT 686
The Brown Decision and “Massive
Resistance” 686
The Expanding Movement 687
Causes of the Civil Rights
Movement 688
“What Was Good for . . . General
Motors” 689
The Survival of the Welfare State 690
682 The Decline of McCarthyism 690
EISENHOWER, DULLES, AND THE
COLD WAR 691
Dulles and “Massive Retaliation” 691
France, America, and Vietnam 691
Cold War Crises 692
The U-2 Crisis 695
Patterns of Popular Culture: Lucy
and Desi 680
Consider the Source: Eisenhower
Warns of The Military–Industrial
Complex (1961) 694
CONCLUSION 696
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 697
RECALL AND REFLECT 697

28 THE TURBULENT SIXTIES

EXPANDING THE LIBERAL
698
Assassinations and Politics 726
STATE 699 The Conservative Response 727
John Kennedy 699 Debating the Past: The Civil Rights
Lyndon Johnson 701 Movement 706
The Assault on Poverty 702
Cities, Schools, and Immigration 703 Consider the Source: Fannie Lou
Legacies of the Great Society 704 Hamer on the Struggle for
Voting Rights (1964) 712
THE BATTLE FOR RACIAL
EQUALITY 704 Patterns of Popular Culture: The
Expanding Protests 704 Folk-Music Revival 722
A National Commitment 705 America in the World: 1968 724
The Battle for Voting Rights 709
CONCLUSION 728
The Changing Movement 710
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 729
Urban Violence 711
RECALL AND REFLECT 729
Black Power 714

“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” AND

THE COLD WAR 715
Diversifying Foreign Policy 715
Confrontations with the Soviet Union 716
Johnson and the World 716

THE AGONY OF VIETNAM 717

America and Diem 717
From Aid to Intervention 718
The Quagmire 719
The War at Home 721

THE TRAUMAS OF 1968 723

The Tet Offensive 725 ©John Orris/New York Times Co./
The Political Challenge 725 Getty Images
 CONTENTS • xxi

29 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY

THE YOUTH CULTURE 731
730
The New Left 731
The Counterculture 733

THE MOBILIZATION OF
MINORITIES 735
Seeds of Native American
Militancy 735
The Indian Civil Rights Movement 735
Latino Activism 737
Gay Liberation 738 ©Michael Rougier/The LIFE Images
Collection/Getty Images
WOMEN AND SOCIAL
CHANGE 739 POLITICS AND ECONOMICS IN
Modern Feminism 739 THE NIXON YEARS 751
Expanding Achievements 740 Domestic Initiatives 751
The Abortion Issue 741 From the Warren Court to the Nixon
Court 752
ENVIRONMENTALISM IN A The 1972 Landslide 753
TURBULENT SOCIETY 741 The Troubled Economy 753
The New Science of Ecology 741 The Nixon Response 754
Environmental Advocacy 742
Earth Day and Beyond 743 THE WATERGATE CRISIS 755
The Scandals 755
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE The Fall of Richard Nixon 757
VIETNAM WAR 743 Consider the Source: Demands
Vietnamization 743
of the New York High School
Escalation 744
The End of the War 745 Student Union (1970) 732
Defeat in Indochina 745 America in the World: The End of
Colonialism 748
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND
THE WORLD 747 Debating the Past: Watergate 756
The China Initiative and Soviet–American CONCLUSION 759
Détente 747 KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/ EVENTS 760
Dealing with the “Third World” 750 RECALL AND REFLECT 760

30 FROM “THE AGE OF LIMITS” TO THE AGE

OF REAGAN 761
POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY
AFTER WATERGATE 762
The Ford Custodianship 762
The Trials of Jimmy Carter 764
Human Rights and National Interests 765
The Year of the Hostages 765

THE RISE OF THE NEW

CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT 766
The Sunbelt and Its Politics 766
Religious Revivalism 766
The Emergence of the
New Right 769
The Tax Revolt 769 ©Dirck Halstead/The LIFE Images
The Campaign of 1980 770 Collection/Getty Images
xxii • CONTENTS

THE “REAGAN REVOLUTION” 771 The Presidency of George H. W. Bush 780

The Reagan Coalition 771
Reagan in the White House 774
“Supply-Side” Economics 775
The Fiscal Crisis 776
Reagan and the World 776
THE WANING OF THE COLD
WAR 777
The Fall of the Soviet Union 778
The Fading of the Reagan Revolution 779
The Gulf War 780
The Election of 1992 781
Consider the Source: Ronald Reagan
On The Role Of Government
(1981) 772
CONCLUSION 782
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 783
RECALL AND REFLECT 783

31 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION

A RESURGENCE OF
PARTISANSHIP 785
Launching the Clinton Presidency 785
Republican Wins and Losses 786
Clinton Triumphant and Embattled 787
Impeachment, Acquittal, and
Resurgence 788
The Election of 2000 789
The Presidency of George W. Bush 790
The Election of 2008 791
Obama and His Opponents 793
Obama and the Challenge of
Governing 797
The Election of 2016 and President
Trump 797
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE NEW ECONOMY 799
The Digital Revolution 799
The Internet 800
Breakthroughs in Genetics 801
784
AMERICA IN THE WORLD 812
Opposing the “New World Order” 812
The Rise of Terrorism 813
The War on Terror 815
The Iraq War 815
New Challenges in the Middle East 817
Diplomacy and Threats in East Asia 818
A New Cold War? 819
Patterns of Popular Culture: Rap 794
Consider the Source: Same-Sex
Marriage, 2015 808
America in the World: The Global
Environmental Movement 810
CONCLUSION 820
KEY TERMS/PEOPLE/PLACES/EVENTS 820
RECALL AND REFLECT 820

A CHANGING SOCIETY 802

A Shifting Population 802
African Americans in the
Post–Civil Rights Era 803
The Abortion Debate 804
AIDS and Modern America 805
Gay Americans and Same-Sex
Marriage 806
The Contemporary Environmental Source: Official White House Photo by Pete
Movement 807 Souza

APPENDIX 821
GLOSSARY 842
INDEX 868
 PREFACE

The title The Unfinished Nation is meant to suggest several things. It is a reminder of America’s
exceptional diversity—of the degree to which, despite all the many efforts to build a single, uniform
definition of the meaning of American nationhood, that meaning remains contested. It is a reference
to the centrality of change in American history—to the ways in which the nation has continually
transformed itself and continues to do so in our own time. And it is also a description of the writing
of American history itself—of the ways in which historians are engaged in a continuing, ever unfin-
ished process of asking new questions.
Like any history, The Unfinished Nation is a product of its time and reflects the views of the
past that historians of recent generations have developed. The writing of our nation’s history—like
our nation itself—changes constantly. It is not, of course, the past that changes. Rather, historians
adjust their perspectives and priorities, ask different kinds of questions, and uncover and incorporate
new historical evidence. There are now, as there have always been, critics of changes in historical
understanding who argue that history is a collection of facts and should not be subject to “interpre-
tation” or “revision.” But historians insist that history is not simply a collection of facts. Names and
dates and a record of events are only the beginning of historical understanding. Writers and readers
of history interpret the evidence before them, and inevitably bring to the task their own questions,
concerns, and experiences.
This edition brings two new authors and therefore a revised and broadened set of ambitions to
The Unfinished Nation. John Giggie is a historian of race and religion, Andrew Huebner is a historian
of war and society, and both more generally study and teach American social and cultural history.
Their interests join and complement Alan Brinkley’s expansive base of knowledge in the history of
American politics, society, and culture. Alan’s scholarship inspired John and Andrew as graduate
students and they are honored to join him as authors of The Unfinished Nation. They endeavor to
bring their own scholarly interests and sensitivities to an already vibrant, clear, concise, and balanced
survey of American history. The result, we hope, is a text that explores the great range of ideas,
institutions, individuals, and events that make up the fabric of society in the United States.
It is a daunting task to attempt to convey the history of the United States in a single book, and
the ninth edition of The Unfinished Nation has, as have all previous editions, been carefully written
and edited to keep the book as concise and readable as possible. It features most notably an enlarged
focus on the history of Native Americans, the meaning of the American Revolution, the transforma-
tive effects of modern warfare on everyday life, the far-reaching effects of the civil rights movement,
and dramatic political and technological change in the twenty-first century. Across these subjects, we
recognize that to understand the full complexity of the American past it is necessary to understand
both the forces that divide Americans and the forces that draw them together. Thus we’ve sought to
explore the development of foundational ideals like democracy and equality as well as the ways that
our nation’s fulfillment of those ideals remains, like so much else, unfinished.

• xxiii
AMERICA’S HISTORY
IS STILL UNFOLDING

Is American History finished? Not yet! The Unfinished Nation shows that as more details
are uncovered, dates may not change—but perceptions and reality definitely can. America
and her history are in a constant state of change.
Just like America, this edition evolves with two new authors to further Alan Brinkley’s
established tradition. John Giggie and Andrew Huebner bring expertise and new voices,
shedding light on perspectives that will shape an examination of the past. Their aim is to
help you, the reader, ask new questions. By doing so, you will find your own answer to the
question: is American History finished?

PRIMARY SOURCES HELP STUDENTS THINK

CRITICALLY ABOUT HISTORY
Primary sources help students think critically about history and expose them to contrasting
perspectives of key events. The Ninth Edition of The Unfinished Nation provides three dif-
ferent ways to use primary source
documents in your course.
Power of Process for Primary
Sources is a critical thinking tool for
reading and writing about primary
sources. As part of Connect History,
McGraw-Hill Education’s learning
platform Power of Process contains a
database of over 400 searchable pri-
mary sources in addition to the capa-
bility for instructors to upload their
own sources. Instructors can then
select a series of strategies for stu-
dents to use to analyze and comment
on a source. The Power of Process
framework helps students develop
essential academic skills such as
understanding, analyzing, and syn-
thesizing readings and visuals such as
maps, leading students toward higher
order thinking and writing.
Features that offer contrasting perspectives or showcase historical artifacts. Within
the print or eBook, the Ninth Edition of The Unfinished Nation offers the following
features:

xxiv •
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Street would either drift into his arms or have ‘to step down and
out’—to abdicate the crown she has worn so long.” Vreeland
lumbered along, building up fanciful solutions of the mystery.
In the now almost incessant “duty service” near his beautiful fiancée,
Vreeland a hundred times endeavored to trace back James
Garston’s early life. But the blue-eyed Nixie who was soon to be his
wife only laughed merrily.
“Pray remember, sir, that Senator Garston is my guardian. After my
dear father’s death, my mother went abroad, and I was educated in
the ‘Sacré Cœur’ Convent at Brussels. Her death left me alone in the
world.
“‘Uncle James’ had been almost forgotten by me in the thirteen years
which we passed in Paris and Brussels, and as I left the West a
mere child, all my memories are the vanishing dreams of childhood.
All his social past is a sealed book to me.”
Vreeland was fain to be content, as the lovely ingenue concluded:
“All I know is that he has always managed my affairs, and that his
personal history is linked with the development of the whole region
west of the Rockies. Why, you should know his history from your
own Western wanderings.”
“Was he ever married?” timidly hazarded Vreeland. But, the young
society queen only laughed back.
“Ask him! And then ponder now the possibility of another marriage.
You are now, sir, to take me driving. The only marriage which
concerns you, is a joint affair.”
That afternoon, as they drove through the park under the
chaperonage of the amiable Mrs. Volney McMorris, Vreeland
unsuccessfully endeavored to allay his recent dissatisfaction at the
absence of any womanly background for the highly polished
“Western diamond,” which he was soon to win and wear for life.
The story of the young heiress was smooth enough and faultlessly
delivered. Vreeland forebore to “pump” Mrs. McMorris, for he was
well aware that she was “all things to all men,” and her voluble
explanations would carry no real conviction.
“She helped Alida Hathorn on to the very verge of ruin,” he gloomily
recalled.
“There might have been a marriage between myself and Elaine but
for her vicious intermeddling.
“She took that Isle of Wight story in commission and spread it all
over New York, while working both sides for coin—a woman Judas!”
While he returned the salutations of Messrs. Merriman, Wiltshire and
Rutherstone on the social parade, he was vaguely reflecting on the
uselessness of his crime as regarded the stealing of the hidden
paper and the tapping of the private wires, as well as the mail frauds.
It now followed him like his own shadow, and the paper was a source
of countless nightmares. If it were only safe!
“All that is useless now,” he growled. And he suddenly saw that he
was left in the power of Doctor Hugo Alberg, of Justine and of
August Helms, the janitor.
“There will be no speculation in ‘Sugar’ for months; the market is
dead, pending the reorganization and New Jersey reincorporation.
“My strange employer is away. She will not be here for months; and
she has also taken alarm at the presence of Garston.
“The whole lot of them will probably operate in a blind pool now.
There will be nothing for me to gain, and everything to lose in
running any further risks.”
He saw with concern that Alberg greatly missed his wealthy and
generous patient, and a few significant hints had proved to him that
the German physician was now “money hungry.”
“There is Justine always to be pacified, and that brute, Helms, too;
he will surely want money.
“Once married, and a fixture here, I am ‘nailed to the cross’ for
torture by these people—if they should turn against me.
“Fear will control Doctor Alberg at the last,” reflected Vreeland. “He
has been guilty of half-poisoning his patient.
“Justine I can surely rely on as long as I keep her pacified, but, that
brute Helms is steadily increasing in his money demands. Some
night, when drunk, he may blow the whole thing abroad.” And he had
caught a glimpse of Helms and Bagley diving into a saloon together.
It frightened him.
It was true that Helms had found his way down several times to the
Elmleaf to get money, in a half-fawning and half-threatening bluster.
And on several occasions when Vreeland was absent, the grave-
faced valet, Bagley, had joined the janitor, and in some hours spent
over the cups of Gambrinus had gained pointers which had given the
lively roundsman, Dan Daly, some very valuable hints.
There was in his cup of “bittersweet,” however, one great consolation
to the successful Harold Vreeland, whom all men now envied.
The impending union with Katharine Norreys would found his
fortunes on a solid basis; he would have the absolute protection of
the great speculative Senator, and the reports of his detectives told
him that Hugh Conyers was simply buried in his journalistic duties. It
seemed to be a lull in the war, even the pickets had ceased firing.
There were no conferences with Judge Hiram Endicott, and nothing
to indicate any activity among Romaine Garland’s friends.
Only one side of the whole affair remained dark to Vreeland. Even
Justine Duprez could not tell him how or why Elaine Willoughby had
openly taken her unacknowledged daughter to her house for shelter.
It was as yet a mystery as to whether fear, intrigue or accident had
brought the lovely girl into the opened arms of her still beautiful
mother.
“All I know,” said Justine, in a conference arranged for this purpose
by her now indifferent fellow-conspirator, “all I could find out was,
that this green-eyed cripple, this little sycophant Irelandaise, who
now is my tyrant, brought the tall girl late one evening to the
‘Circassia.’”
“It was a strange visit,” murmured Justine, “for she brought no
luggage, and that girl never left my mistress’ presence for a moment,
till she went away with the two Conyers.
“I am certain that Madame had never seen this girl in the seven
years of my employ. There were no pictures, no relics of childhood—
nothing. And I was always on the lookout for the mystery of
Madame’s life—”
Justine demurely dropped her eyes.
“Bah!” she cried; “a woman with blood as cold as a fish! No life, no
love; she cares for nothing but money.
“Among all of them, not a lover! I thought she was fond of the dead
Mr. Hathorn once, but he was soon on a level with the others.”
Justine’s voice was duly scornful.
“And then her tears and frequent fits of sorrow! That was the record
the whole of seven years.
“The last thing I saw of her—a stolen glance—she had this girl’s
picture in her hand, and was weeping over it.
“If she is a child of hers, she is probably a child of shame. She now
fears the exposure, and has gone abroad to hide the girl away
forever. Trust to Justine’s experience! I know these women saints.
They always have nibbled at le fruit defendu—hypocrites!”
Mr. Harold Vreeland fancied that he saw light at last. “I believe that I
can observe Senator Garston’s game. He would use this hidden fact
to force Elaine Willoughby into his arms. By Jove! she does fear him!
Perhaps Justine is right.
“And so, when I am married to Katharine, and Garston is free of all
social claims, if he alone knows her secret, it may be buried forever
in her marriage with him.
“To bring the proper pressure to bear, he must have the girl first. And
he would not be too good to bribe the girl with a fancied inheritance.
Once that the child is under his influence, Elaine’s proud heart must
either bend or break.
“For he will win his way to her side, even across the fires of Alynton’s
hate or the social ruin of Elaine’s good name.” Vreeland already
knew the iron will of the man who was driving ahead with
recklessness in the chase.
And so, armed with the deadly secret of the enormously powerful
cabal, the stolen document, Vreeland now knew that if brought to
bay, Elaine would perhaps be sacrificed by the secret syndicate,
despised by the undeceived Alynton, and then, with the secret of her
early life in Garston’s possession, be utterly at his mercy. “Yes, she
is in the toils,” he muttered. “There is no escape for her.”
It was at the wish of Senator James Garston, now lavishly liberal in
his preparations for his ward’s wedding, that the bridal was
postponed to the first days of June.
“All is going on well, Harold,” said Garston. “We have worked into a
thorough accord with all her representatives.
“And you will not find love-making with Katharine Norreys an irksome
task. I wish only to wait till I learn that Elaine Willoughby has landed
at Brindisi.
“Somewhere on the Continent she will surely meet this girl. I shall
have instant reports from my detectives. For so far, we have found
out Elaine’s route, but, the girl is still hidden.
“I wish you to go away at once on your wedding tour, and then to
keep Mrs. Willoughby in sight—within touch. I only want to meet the
mother and daughter face to face—only once. I will have my innings
then, and finish the whole matter in short order.” His face was
merciless now.
“Now, you will be no object of suspicion on your wedding tour; such a
happy voyage always explains itself,” he sardonically smiled. “The
moment that I am cabled for, I shall depart incognito. My work will be
quickly done when I find this sly woman and her child together. The
whole world is not wide enough to hide that child from me.” And
Vreeland drifted daily under Garston’s strong control; he was floating
with the tide, drunken with all his successes.
The days drifted along in all the preoccupation of daily business and
the growing bustle of the impending wedding.
Harold Vreeland was most agreeably surprised in the later days of
May by a cordial letter from Mrs. Willoughby, posted at Port Said.
Her congratulations upon his impending marriage were coupled with
her carte blanche as to leave of absence from the firm, and the
significant direction to leave Bagley in charge at the Elmleaf.
“We shall have business uses for the apartment during the winter,
and Miss Kelly will give Bagley all his orders and attend to the
accounts. I have directed Judge Endicott to present in my name to
your wife a proper reminder of the esteem which I have for her.”
The notification three days before the wedding, through Noel
Endicott, that Mrs. Willoughby had placed a year’s salary at his
personal disposal on the books of the firm, as an extra bonus,
carried away the last vestige of Vreeland’s haunting fears.
Nothing remained of the awkward episode of the inquiry as to the
stolen document, and Vreeland had already settled with Doctor
Alberg, and Helms with an affected liberality, for his absence.
Now socially entirely in the hands of Messrs. Wiltshire, Merriman and
Rutherstone, his three groomsmen, and having seen the resplendent
Mrs. Volney McMorris rally many beautiful Ishmaelites, married and
single, around his bride, Vreeland was moved forward to the altar on
the golden flood of Senator Garston’s splendidly liberal preliminary
entertaining.
The Western millionaire was touching up every cloud hanging over
Katharine VanDyke Norreys’ social haziness with a golden lining.
There remained but two things for the happy groom to do now.
The one was to have a last interview with Justine, who was now
reduced to a calm subserviency to the orders of the young “Private
Secretary,” and the other to effect a safe deposit in some satisfactory
place of the stolen document and its tell-tale copy.
He had decided to be liberal with Justine in money matters, and to
entrust her in his three months’ absence with the watching of Helms,
the janitor, and the disgruntled German doctor.
A famous plan suggested itself! Justine should feed out to these men
money, in his name, during his absence.
“And that, with the hope of more, will keep them true to me, as
rascals go, till I return.” He had once decided to dismantle the secret
connections with Mrs. Willoughby’s telegraph and telephone. It was
the subject of a long, introspective reverie.
But reflection had told him of a possible mistake. And perhaps in his
absence, Justine might glean from the detained correspondence
delivered at the “Circassia,” some facts to guide both Senator
Garston and himself. Yes, the “underground railroad” should not be
disturbed. Its existence was as yet concealed from all his enemies.
The use in the next winter of the “Elmleaf” rooms for a concealed
headquarters of speculation caused him to leave the wires in
position. “It might excite these people’s suspicions. I must appear to
trust them,” he decided, “and Garston may even make a million over
the private tips I can give him if I am up to their game.”
Suddenly it occurred to him that his own marriage might change the
situation, and yet, there were Elaine Willoughby’s recent orders.
“She means probably to hide her child, and then come back and be
Queen of the Street again,” he smiled. “The ruling passion. She has
the speculative mania still.” For it was clear to him now that the
presence of mother and daughter together in New York City was an
unnecessary risk.
And so, even on the threshold of his marriage Harold Vreeland
feared to trust his bride with the secret of the stolen document. They
were to live at the Hotel Savoy on their return, “so as to be near
Uncle James, at the Plaza.”
With a moral cowardice which he could not explain, Vreeland had as
yet declined to face the burning question of the stolen document.
The copy he had always carried secreted within the waistcoat lining
of his traveling suit. “I can easily leave that over in Europe,” he
murmured. “The original. Where shall I hide it?” He was long in the
dark.
But it was by a devilish impulse, aided by accident, that he found a
place in Justine Duprez’s rooms on South Fifth Avenue to safely hide
the dangerous original.
One of the plates of a door framing had sprung partly loose. A
sudden idea seized him. Her rooms were the safest place for many
reasons.
To gain time for preparation, he sent the old hag away on an errand.
Sealed in a cloth envelope, the paper was soon hidden behind the
upper framing plate, and with a hammer, covered with his kid gloves,
he drove the half-dozen old, rusted nails tightly home. And he gazed
in triumph at the neat device.
“They will of course think that she stole it, should it ever be found,”
he mused triumphantly, as he lit a Henry Clay and gloated over his
cunning.
“If the house should burn I am safe. In every way it would go up in
flames. If I should die, then it makes no difference to me what
happens. If she is caught—this would be damning evidence only
against her.
“And I would never dare to trust myself with either Garston or my
wife, and be found out in the custody of that document.
“Accidents will happen; I might fall ill, and now no matter what
befalls, it never can be traced to me.”
He grinned with joy as he contemplated depositing the copy abroad,
under an assumed name.
“It will there be safe from all American legal process, and the original
is here where I can use it if needed, and as it is, it can never be
traced to me.”
He carefully examined the exterior of the row of solid brick
tenements. They were good for a life of fifty years.
As he walked away, when he had “finished his letters,” and left a last
greeting for Justine, he stood upon the heights of an impregnable
position.
“It was a stroke of genius, that last idea of mine!” he gaily cried, as
his eye rested on an old woman who had just descended the stair.
He knew not the burden of her eager soul. She carried his fate!
Once around the corner, that old woman scuttered away to find
roundsman Dan Daly, for the peep-hole had covered a keenly-
glittering eye, even after Justine had left her sighing lover to his “last
bachelor letters.” And thus the hiding-place was known to more than
one.
But Vreeland hastened away in a triumphant glow of satisfaction.
The splendors of the Grace Church wedding, the gilded festivity of
the Waldorf wedding dinner, and all the countless preoccupations of
the impending voyage busied Harold Vreeland’s excited mind for
three days.
There were hundreds of valuable wedding presents to deposit in
safety, for society had showered gifts upon the successful interloper
with its hard-hearted, hollow flattery of success. It had been a
“society event,” and his face, with that of the beautiful bride, had
ornamented several “up-to-date” journals.
The flower-decked bridal staterooms of the “Campania” had received
Vreeland’s party, and Messrs. Rutherstone, Merriman and Wiltshire
were joining the bride and bridesmaids in the parting “loving cup,”
the table was covered with journals filled with the usual “glowing
accounts” and piled up high with congratulatory letters and
telegrams, when “Uncle James” drew the complacent bridegroom
aside.
In a private nook, he turned a scowling face to the happy Vreeland.
A yellow telegraph envelope fluttered from his hand to the desk as
he read again these disquieting words:
“She has telegraphed for a cabin on the ‘Normandie,’ and is coming
home alone. Took a special train from Vienna to Havre. All traces of
girl lost.”
“Vreeland,” growled the maddened man, “some one has betrayed
us. Wait at the Hotel Cecil, London, for my cipher orders.
“That woman is a devil in artfulness, and it is a fight to the death
now.”
Ten minutes later, the “Campania” was plowing down the beautiful
bay.
 CHAPTER XIV.

FOR THE CHILD’S SAKE!

The crowding passengers lounging on the decks of the “Campania”

and “Normandie” idly watched the fleeting waves torn up by the
ocean racers as they swept by each other in mid-ocean four days
later, but there were strangely agitated hearts, too, on the passing
steamers, when the signal flags were broken out.
For, the secret enemies now swept past each other at the distance of
a few furlongs.
“What the devil can the real motive of her quick return be?” angrily
mused bridegroom Vreeland, as he called up again Senator
Garston’s baffled fury on learning that for all his goading on, his
detectives had failed to locate the missing Romaine Garland.
He led his beautiful bride back to her room, and then left her to the
enjoyment of “Les Denis-Vierges,” while he eyed the fast-receding
“Normandie.”
“Another big deal in ‘Sugar,’” he suddenly thought, and he felt
himself perhaps hoodwinked by both Senators and the handsome
woman who had so artfully led him on to his fate. “It may be that they
all are fooling me; I may have been merely jockeyed away.
Mrs. Willoughby can work the ‘off side’ of her deals alone from the
‘Elmleaf,’ and the regular transactions will go on as usual through
our firm, really Alynton & Willoughby. Or, she may have picked up
another protégé. God only knows what a woman may do.
“They all have their secrets, by Jove! Senator Garston or this cool
devil, Hugh Conyers, may now turn up as the secret broker in my
place.”
It suddenly occurred to him that the powerful Western millionaire
might really be the favored lover, and Alynton, after all, only the dupe
of a growing passion. “I am powerless to go further now,” he
groaned, as he gazed at the rooms where his lovely and exacting
bride was “squeezing the orange of life” to its last drop. He had
found out, even now, that there were thorns upon his rosebud.
He was not yet entirely satisfied with the status of husband so
recently assumed. Still affecting all the delicacy of the lover, he had,
however, quite practically approached the subject of Katharine
Norreys’ investments “in the hands of Uncle James.”
And he soon found out that the exquisite form of his dazzling blonde
wife hid a resolute and undaunted spirit, an unruffled temper, and an
easy, natural defiance of all marital control. “Where did she get her
experience of life?” mused the startled bridegroom.
“You must go over all these tiresome matters, Harold, with Uncle
James, on our return,” the overwearied, fashionable bride answered.
“I have never entered into any details with him, and I supposed, of
course, that you and he had covered all this ground. I have only
asked him for money as I needed it since my return, and he has
always sent me his checks. It is for you, both business men, to
regulate such matters.” And she cast her eyes down again on her
entrancing book.
“Then you have no permanent bank account of your own?” moodily
demanded Vreeland.
“Why should I have one?” innocently replied Mrs. Katharine
Vreeland, “when Uncle James has always paid the bills and
furnished me all that I ask? I have never asked him for any formal
accounting.” Harold Vreeland was secretly nettled at her easy
carelessness.
“And if he were to die, if anything happened, you would then know
nothing of your own affairs,” said the dissatisfied husband.
“No more than I know now of yours, my dear,” calmly answered
Katharine, settling herself deeper in her cushions. “Uncle James
simply told me that you were a very rich man, and of course, I took
his word. I have not asked you to inventory your own possessions.”
She was turning an unusually interesting leaf as Vreeland walked out
of the cabin in a suppressed rage.
“We are both at sea, it appears,” was his disquieting thought, and
again the remembrances of that slender family tree of his lovely wife
annoyed him. It seemed to begin and end in the graves of the dead
parents, who were only gruesome shadows.
“I will go over this whole ugly matter with Garston at once, just as
soon as I see him,” was Vreeland’s mental decision. “Katharine is
either a child-wife of the Dora order, or else far deeper than the sea
that we are skimming over now.”
It came to him cogently that he had taken her “on trust” largely, and
that a current of life’s mysterious undertow had swept him along into
Senator Garston’s power. There was no going back, however.
“It is too late to hesitate now,” he mused, as he uneasily gazed back
toward America, well knowing that some giant game might be played
in his absence.
In the deal there would be no cards for him, however the luck might
turn. And there remained but one golden gleam in the gray clouds.
He had that paper with which to dominate Mrs. Willoughby. But, it
was a dangerous weapon; it might prove a boomerang.
“Justine Duprez stands between me and all harm. That was a
master-stroke! And so I can cut into the game as I wish, on my
return. The very first thing I shall do will be to get Katharine’s fortune
out of Garston’s control. He shall face the music. And yet, I can
afford no quarrel until that is all safe.”
In the month which followed this vain attempt at probing the financial
resources of the wife of his bosom, Mr. Harold Vreeland, at the Hotel
Cecil, London, found the beautiful Katharine’s money-spending
power to be something abnormal.
There was a rapid exchange of letters and cable ciphers between
Garston and the young broker spy, but the husband was never
enlightened as to the nature of the frequent telegrams and letters
passing between “Uncle James” and his ward.
It vastly annoyed him—this continued private commerce of ideas.
The questions of the husband were frankly enough met. “I have
always been accustomed to do exactly as I pleased,” the lady
remarked, with a bright, hard smile. Vreeland’s face hardened.
“And now, that you are married?” demanded Vreeland, angrily.
“I shall continue to do so, Harold,” his wife sweetly replied.
“If you would have me lead a Darby and Joan life, please to
remember that sort of thing went out with the ‘Rollo books’ and ‘Faith
Gartney’s Girlhood!’”
Mr. Harold Vreeland, the husband of a few weeks, soon realized that
while he was doing the clubs and music halls of London, his
resplendent wife had quietly gathered up quite a coterie of admiring
American men, generally conversationally lumped as “the Western
gang.”
These ardent cavaliers seemed to be all wifeless, and, strangely
enough too, without mothers or sisters. “‘Uncle James’ friends,” was
Mrs. Vreeland’s saving clause, when at last her angered husband
remonstrated at their increasing circle. He was beginning to be
agnostic as to her guilelessness.
And on their removal to Paris, where certain of these “friends” soon
after appeared, Katharine Vreeland bravely continued “to do as she
pleased,” and her now bitter husband partook himself to sparkling
wine and “the sights of Paris.”
He was driven along from day to day, for he had no reliable news
from the seat of war. He realized that he was alone in the world and
without one trusty friend. His wife was only a bright enigma.
“The lone-hand game has its disadvantages, I perceive,” was his
bitter secret comment, as he tired of the Hotel Continental—the
perfunctory drives in the Bois, the open summer amusements—and
visibly fretted at his wife’s endless shopping.
Even with Garston’s substantial bribe, he began to see that
Mrs. Katharine Vreeland’s “separate estate” was to become a very
“burning question”—in the near future.
She was a “money-eater” of the first class.
“Let us get back to New York,” he moodily said after one of a series
of wordy recriminations. “With all my heart,” placidly retorted the
“beautiful Mrs. Vreeland,” for she had now acquired that professional
designation in the journals and the cant phrases of the uneasy
floating “American circle” of Parisian high life.
Harold Vreeland was now mentally tired of the by-play of marital
fencing. He realized, in all their varied encounters, that she was
calmly superior at every clash.
Bright, bold and ready, she “came back at him” every time, and he
was quietly cornered by that flashing rapier, her tongue. What man
can prevail against that two-edged sword?
But one resource was left. He had run the gamut of sullenness,
persuasion, a bit of bullying, some pleading and even a touch of lofty
tenderness, but her point was carried high, her wrist easy, and her
blade opposed to him at every turn.
He could not avouch himself a mere fortune-hunter, and so, he took
refuge in an ominous and expectant silence. “I will get hold of her
estate, and then curb her extravagance,” he brooded.
His worst fears as to the “underground railroad” communications of
the “uncle” and ward were realized when he finally received a
positive request of Senator Garston for an immediate return.
“I want you at once. I wish to lay out our plans for the winter. And if I
am to trap this underhanded, intrigant Mrs. Willoughby, I must finish
my work before the opening of the session of Congress, and our
committees will begin soon to meet. Come on, with no delay.” The
words were almost mandatory, and they annoyed him strangely.
Returning from his banker’s with this letter, he found his wife’s two
maids busied in packing up all her effects. He was startled, but took
the defensive.
Something impelled him to keep the news to himself. “I am tired of
Paris,” shortly said his wife, as she recognized the drifting odor of an
absinthe frappée. “We can just catch the Gascogne, and so, I have
ordered all my bills sent in. You must attend to them, and then,
secure our passage.”
“Let me know their probable amount,” gruffly answered the husband,
as he departed for the steamer office. He was beginning to feel a
master hand now.
“She had the news before I received it,” he growled. “And I swear I
will make it my pleasing duty to bring ‘Uncle James’ to book, on my
return. I will get her property into my hands, and control it.
“She would beggar even a Vanderbilt, an Astor or a Goelet, if given a
free hand.” Vreeland aspired to the conquest of this defiant beauty in
rebellion.
It so happened that the game as laid out by “Uncle James” suited all
three; but, while he thirsted to see Justine Duprez once more and to
confer with Doctor Alberg, Vreeland was really anxious at heart to re-
enter the comparative protection of his Wall Street office.
“By Jove! I am at least between the lines there,” he mused. “I can
frighten both sides, and so, guard myself.”
It was on the Gascogne that he watched Katharine VanDyke Norreys
as the Count de Millefleurs (a young attaché going over on his first
appointment) bent over her steamer chair.
“This marriage has only hung a millstone around my neck,” he
resentfully brooded. “And I wonder if I was only brought in to relieve
‘Uncle James.’” It was a mean suspicion, but it clung closely to him.
He was now the prey of ugly thoughts, and fleeting fears disturbed
“the sleep of Richard.”
There were times when he feared for the safety of the document so
deftly hidden away. The copy had been artfully deposited (under
receipt) in a Belgian branch bank in Paris, under an assumed name,
and the banker’s receipt was now sewed in his waistcoat. “Thank
God! That is all safe!” he sighed.
He little reflected that one day, laughing over the “Agony Column” of
the London Times, his eye had paused at the name “Martha Wilmot.”
Some trace of familiarity, some fleeting memory caused him to read
the few lines.
“Handsome reward and the most complete immunity guaranteed.
Greatly to your advantage. Communicate in any way.”
The signature, “New York,” followed by an address, closed the
expensively placed announcement.
“Some relic of man’s folly and woman’s frailty!” he laughed. “The old,
old game goes on forever.”
And yet, he little dreamed that Hugh Conyers and handsome Dan
Daly were now the right and left hand men of Judge Hiram Endicott,
who was engaged in some very interesting metropolitan researches.
In far-away New York, there was the veiled duel of two fearless
intellects going on, even in the summer days, when the town was
empty.
Mrs. Elaine Willoughby was again the radiant mistress of Lakemere,
although she spent a portion of her time in town at the Circassia.
There was now a strange glow of happiness shining on the splendid
woman’s face, and the services of Doctor Hugo Alberg were
permanently discontinued.
It was impossible for the revengeful Teuton to learn the reason from
Justine Duprez. The courteous terms of Mrs. Elaine Willoughby’s
letter, inclosing a check for his annual account, were too
unmistakable to be misconstrued even by the dense German. It was
a congé not to be misunderstood. His Waterloo!
And, in a roundabout way he had also learned that Judge Endicott
and his nephew made up the whole social circle at Lakemere, with
Hugh Conyers as a permanent summer guest.
Hugo Alberg had sworn an oath that Harold Vreeland should recoup
him for the loss of his star patient. He now only awaited the return of
his proposed victim “to levy the Rhine dues.”
A visit to the South Fifth Avenue rooms where Justine had
vicariously entertained him in the old days, gave him the news, by
the mouth of the old denizen, that “la pauvre Justine” was tied down
at Lakemere.
“Some one have robbed ze lady last year, and now Justine is ze
prissonaire to watch ze garderobe all ze while; and only ze travail
and ze solitude! V’la tout! Pauvre Justine! Elle vent bien partir pour la
France.” The doctor hungrily awaited Vreeland’s return for a bleeding
process.
No one but the Frenchwoman herself knew how tightly the coils were
wound around her. Shaking in fear, left without the secret protection
of her traitorous tempter, Vreeland, she dared not try to break away
from Lakemere, for she now feared the gleaming wrist-irons.
To run away would be only to invite an instant arrest, and she panted
for the time of the winter’s gaieties. She would have a chance
perhaps then to slip away unknown.
Her plan was already formulated. A simulated illness, a last
“bleeding” of Harold Vreeland, and then, a return to dear Paris. Once
again on French soil, she would be safe. For Paris would soon
swallow her up. The vicious child would be hidden in the mighty
bosom of the Mother of all Wickedness.
“Ah! he shall pay,” she muttered, as her velvety eyes rested, lit up
with a strange fire, on the beautiful woman whose iron hand now
held her so firmly. “She and the Kelly—how I could drive a knife into
their hearts!” she hissed.
“But Justine must wait; gold first, gold—and then la liberté shall be
mine.”
When “Harold Vreeland and wife” were duly domiciled at the Hotel
Savoy, he was not astonished at the proximity of “Uncle James” at
the Plaza Hotel; but, even on the pier, when the Senator met them,
Vreeland noted the ravages of some overmastering passion in the
strong man’s face.
The eyes were brilliant and unsteady, there was a foreign irritability
in his abrupt manner, and Vreeland’s attempts at a tête-à-tête were
only met with a sharp command “to get inside his old business lines”
as soon as he could; and Vreeland, humbled, kept his temper.
“I must have you back in the traces again,” sharply cried Garston.
“And, I would get up to Lakemere to-night if I were you. See
Mrs. Willoughby, and get safe on the old basis.
“The stock market is humming, and I will soon have need of you in
Wall Street. I trust no one there but you.”
Harold Vreeland hastened away to the office, and found the same
unimpassioned greeting which had always characterized Horton
Wyman. And in the rush, they were now glad to have his aid in their
increasing affairs.
“You will go, of course, up to Lakemere to-night?” said Noel Endicott.
“I have already telegraphed your arrival to Mrs. Willoughby.”
In a stolen detour, Vreeland arranged for an early morning interview
with Doctor Alberg, and then he passed the “Circassia” on his way to
the train after dinner.
The flat demand of janitor Helms for “backsheesh” keenly angered a
man already enraged by “Uncle James’” quiet appropriation of the
first evening with that hawk-eyed free-lance of marital beauty,
Mrs. Katharine Vreeland, “whose remarkable loveliness had created
such a London and Paris sensation.”
“I will soon cut the Gordian knot between these two,” growled
Vreeland, as he descended from the waiting carriage at Lakemere. “I
will either have my wife and her property to myself, or else ‘Uncle
James’ will show his hand, to the very last card.” He was beginning
to be reckless in a blind jealousy.
The welcome of Mrs. Elaine Willoughby to her returned protégé was
merely a complacently cordial one, and yet, in half an hour, Vreeland
bore away the assurance of lulled suspicions and his continued
business relation.
“I shall soon call upon Mrs. Vreeland and assure myself by
inspection of her married happiness,” was the last greeting of the
hostess, whose other guests, if any, were invisible.
“I will send for you to the ‘Circassia’ next week, and give you my
general directions for some business which is impending.”
“That woman has found a new happiness. Her life is now complete,”
was the keen-eyed schemer’s comment as he sauntered away
toward the park gates, where the impatient horses awaited his
return.
A flitting form in the dusky garden walks led him toward the “lovers’
labyrinth,” behind the unforgotten summer house. His one friend was
on watch.
“Justine!” he gasped, and he hastened to stealthily join her in the
deepened gloom of the trees. A new fear smote upon his startled
nerves.
There was the velvet-eyed Frenchwoman in waiting, and her
passionate words, her panting breast and gleaming eyes told him of
an unbroken tie, the bond of their guilty past.