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Croteau & Hoynes, Experience Sociology 2e
Chapter 8 – Deviance and Social Control
Brief Outline
Defining Deviance
The Role of Deviance within Social Structures
Explaining Deviance
Culture and Deviance: Deviant Bodies
Power and Deviance
Social Control and Deviance
Surveillance and Social Control in the Digital Age
Crime and Punishment
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the relationship between deviance and social norms, and summarize the effects
of labeling deviant behavior.
2. Summarize Durkheim’s view that deviance plays a positive social role and reinforces
social structures.
3. Summarize the individual and social explanations of deviance, including differential
association theory and Merton’s strain theory.
4. Describe the relationships among social norms, deviance, and body image.
5. Summarize the relationship between power and deviance.
6. Define social control, and describe the internal and external mechanisms for
maintaining it.
7. Describe the types of crime and the social forces associated with the growth in or
decline of crime.
8. Summarize the rationales and consequences of punishments for crimes.
9. Describe the relationship between social control and the commercialization of deviance.
Lecture Outline
A. Defining Deviance
• Behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations
1. Deviance and Social Context
• Durkheim, the collective conscience: the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a
community
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2. Labeling Theory: Defining Deviant Behavior
• A behavior is defined as deviant when it is marked publicly as deviant by those
with enough power to enforce that designation.
• Erickson: “Deviance is not a property inherent in any particular kind of behavior;
it is a property conferred upon that behavior by the people who come into direct
or indirect contact with it” (1966).
3. The Effects of Deviant Labels
• Stigma: the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially
unacceptable or discrediting
• Secondary deviance
o Labeling as a self-fulfilling prophecy
B. The Role of Deviance within Social Structures
• Durkheim: Deviance can be functional, playing a positive social role.
1. Defining Group Boundaries
• In much of social life, rules are implicit rather than explicit. Deviance helps
clarify the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
2. Creating Social Solidarity
• Deviant behavior reinforces conformity within a social structure. Example:
Erickson’s study of the hysteria about witchcraft in seventeenth-century Salem,
Massachusetts
3. Providing a Source of Innovation
• Deviant people push boundaries and can facilitate change. Example: advocates of
democracy considered radicals
C. Explaining Deviance
1. Deviance as Immorality
• Normal vs. deviant = good vs. evil
2. Deviance as Illness: Medicalization
• Treating a deviant behavior as a disorder can alter the stigma associated with it.
• Five key stages in the medicalization of deviance:
o Stage one: behavior or activity is defined as deviant
o Stage two: medical conception of this deviant behavior is “discovered”
o Stage three: organized interests advance claims for medical designation
for the behavior
o Stage four: those who advance medical claims appeal to government
officials to legitimize the medical definition
o Stage five: medical definition of deviance is institutionalized and accepted
as part of the medical and legal classification system
3. Deviance as Rational Choice
• People are inclined to behave in deviant ways when deviance has significant
rewards and limited costs.
4. Deviance and Socialization: Differential Association Theory
• Idea that deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in
deviant behavior
IM – 8 | 2
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a. Deviant Subcultures
• Likely to be required for long-term deviance; sometimes promote behaviors and
attitudes that challenge mainstream social norms
o Example: the civil rights movement and the persistence of white power
political activism
b. Loner Deviance
5. Deviance and Structure: Merton’s Strain Theory
• Emphasizes that strain or pressure on those who lack the means to achieve
culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success
• Innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
D. Culture and Deviance: Deviant Bodies
1. Body Weight
• Cultural norms that define fat bodies as deviant; overweight people and
workplace discrimination; weight-related stigma
• Overconformity; and positive deviance
2. Altering Bodies
• The stigma associated with elective cosmetic surgery has weakened considerably.
• Normalization: a shift in cultural norms in which previously deviant behaviors
become accepted as conventional
3. Rethinking the Disabled Body
• The definition of “normal” is broadening.
E. Power and Deviance
• Power is connected to our basic assumptions about what’s normal and what’s
deviant.
• Power determines whether and how authorities enforce norms and punish
deviance.
• Access to power enables some privileged groups to engage in distinct forms of
deviant behavior.
• Power allows some people to escape being branded or punished as deviant.
F. Social Control and Deviance
• Social control: the incentives and punishments that promote conformity in
social life
1. Internal Influences: Socialization
• Constant surveillance and the prison of social norms: We are our own most
powerful agent of social control.
2. External Influences: Control Theory
• Agents of socialization are also agents of social control.
• Control theory: Our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to
major social institutions, including family, school, and religion.
G. Surveillance and Social Control in the Digital Age
• Reminding people they are being watched can be a potent tool of social control.
• Many of our activities today leave a digital trail that can be monitored.
IM – 8 | 3
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H. Crime and Punishment
1. Types of Crime
• Street crime: violent crime and property crime
• Public order crimes
2. Crime Rates
• A measure of the incidence of crime in relation to population size
3. Debates About Punishment
• Five competing rationales for punishment:
o Retribution
o Rehabilitation
o Deterrence
o Protection
o Restoration
• Recidivism: return to criminal behavior
4. Capital Punishment
• The underlying rationale for the death penalty is a source of continuing debate.
Critics point to humanitarian grounds for abolishing capital punishment; the fact
that innocent people have been executed; and significant racial disparities in the
application of the death penalty.
I. Through a Sociological Lens: When Deviance Is Inherited: Genetic Explanations and Stigma
J. Sociology Works: Donna Gaines and the World of Rock Music
K. Sociology in Action: Women’s Prison Association
L. A Changing World: The Commercialization of Deviance
Lecture Summary
1. Deviance is behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations.
Definitions of deviance are contextual because shared norms and values can vary over
time and across cultures. Labeling theory emphasizes the social construction of deviance
and highlights the power of social control agents to define particular behaviors and
individuals as deviant. Deviant labels may affect the self-concept of individuals and
promote additional deviant behavior.
3. Sociology seeks to identify conditions that produce deviance, and to understand the ways
that societies may respond to it. When deviance is defined as sickness, social privileges
and responsibilities are assigned to the “sick” and to the agents authorized to intervene on
their behalf. In some cases deviance may represent rational or strategic behavior in
response to social conditions. Ineffective socialization may lead some to engage in
deviance or to seek out deviant subcultures. Social inequality and blocked opportunity
may lead some to deviance in pursuit of valued social goods. Sociological perspectives
IM – 8 | 4
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on deviance may be applied to consider shifting cultural norms, stigma, and social
conflicts about body size and composition, physical appearance, and disability.
5. Social control includes the application of incentives and punishments to promote social
conformity. Self-regulation occurs through socialization and internalization of social
norms and expectations. Conformity is also enforced through the activities of social
control agents, who enforce social rules by identifying and punishing rule violators.
Groups also exert social control by fostering emotional attachment and involvement
with pro-social persons and institutions.
6. Reminding people that they are being watched can be a potent tool for social control, and
new and ever more effective ways to monitor people’s behavior continue to be employed.
Today, many of our activities leave a digital trail, and surveillance is a common feature
of daily life. On the Web, developers and privacy advocates are trying to limit the amount
of private information that can be gathered by organizations ranging from advertisers to
government intelligence agencies; but new forms of electronic surveillance—and self-
surveillance—are developing all the time.
7. Crime exists in all societies. Much attention is focused on violent and property crimes,
yet most crimes are low-level offenses such as loitering or disorderly conduct. Crime
rates in the U.S. have declined drastically since the early 1990s. Sociologists have
identified several social and demographic factors that may have contributed to this
decline. Punishments that may be applied to persons accused and convicted of crime
vary over time and across cultures.
2. Have students read one of Karen Halnon’s articles on the use of deviance to create
identity in popular culture. She looks at the use of “Black ghetto,” “White trash,”
“redneck” and other categories that are generally seen as deviant by mainstream culture
but have been made a part of popular culture. Why are these identities seen as deviant yet
are popularized by consumer culture?
IM – 8 | 5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Have the students consider the legalization of marijuana. Who has decided that smoking
marijuana is deviant behavior? Who has more influence in this regard: society or the law?
Why is it considered deviant behavior? Where smoking marijuana is no longer illegal, is
it still considered deviant behavior?
4. Have students reconsider The Stanford Prison Experiment. What prevented “good
guards” from objecting to the orders from the “bad guards”? Why did the “inmates” try to
work within the system rather than try to dismantle or change the system through outside
help? Based on the outcome of this study, what can we say about the effect of prison on
real prisoners? How can this study help us understand the importance of the situation on
deviant behavior?
Types of Deviance
4. Sociologically speaking, what is the difference between stealing something and getting
your nose pierced? Why do we classify these actions the same way? Does this make
sense to you? Should they be in different categories? Why or why not?
IM – 8 | 6
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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