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Chapter 10
America’s Economic Revolution
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States
A. rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health.
B. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase.
C. increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe.
D. remained relatively constant.
E. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America.
Answer: A
Page: 255
Topic: Demographic Change and the Political Responses to Immigration
2. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States

A. was the most significant factor in the nation’s population growth.
B. consisted mostly of people from southern Europe.
C. was at its peak for the century.
D. consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia.
E. was not a significant contributor to the national population.
Answer: E
Page: 256
3. In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500
people or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was
A. 7 percent.
B. 13 percent.
C. 26 percent.
D. 39 percent.
E. 42 percent.
Answer: C
Page: 256
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4. In 1860, the percentage of the population in the South living in towns (places of 2,500 or
more) or cities (8,000 or more) was
A. 5 percent.
B. 10 percent.
C. 15 percent.
D. 20 percent.
E. 33 percent.
Answer: B
Page: 257
5. Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes?
A. Milwaukee
B. Chicago
C. Cleveland
D. Cincinnati
E. Buffalo
Answer: D
Page: 257
6. Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United
States came from
A. Italy and Russia.
B. Ireland and Germany.
C. England and Russia.
D. England and Ireland.
E. Ireland and Italy.
Answer: B
Page: 259
7. The great majority of Irish immigrants settled in the

A. rural North.
B. western territories.
C. southern cities.
D. rural South.
E. eastern cities
Answer: E
Page: 259

8. Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States
A. generally arrived with more money.
B. were less likely to migrate with entire families.
C. were more likely to remain in eastern cities.
D. came in greater numbers.
E. generally moved on to the Southeast.
Answer: A
Page: 259
9. Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in
part, by
A. the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture.
B. fears of political radicalism.
C. the ability of immigrants to command high wages.
D. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics.
E. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves.
Answer: B
Page: 259, 262
10. The “Know-Nothing” movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of
A. Catholics.
B. abolitionists.
C. Democrats.
D. Jews.
E. free blacks.
Answer: A
Page: 262
11. After 1852, the “Know-Nothings” created a new political organization called the
A. Copperheads.
B. Republican Party.
C. Nativist Party.
D. Libertarian Party.
E. American Party.
Answer: E
Page: 262

12. Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation?
A. Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation.
B. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction.
C. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports.
D. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation.
E. Pennsylvania was the first to finance canal construction.
Answer: C
Page: 264
Topic: Major Innovations in Transportation and Communications
13. The Erie Canal was

A. limited to flat land.
B. built entirely by private investors.
C. built without either locks or gates.
D. a tremendous financial success.
E. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia.
Answer: D
Page: 265
14. In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads

A. played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system.
B. standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables.
C. saw their greatest development in the southern slave states.
D. became the dominant form of transportation in the nation.
E. had not yet been constructed in America.
Answer: A
Page: 265
15. Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE?
A. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South.
B. Most railroad “trunk lines” were reduced or eliminated.
C. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River.
D. Chicago was the railroad center of the West.
E. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development.
Answer: E
Page: 266

16. During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the
A. creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization.
B. technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint.
C. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press.
D. introduction of the telegraph system.
E. dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers.
Answer: B
Page: 267
17. Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by

A. an act of Congress.
B. presidential executive order.
C. state legislatures.
D. a public vote.
E. a state governor.
Answer: C
Page: 268
Topic: The Growth of Commerce and Industry
18. In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which
A. protected the stockholders’ full investment in a company.
B. restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess.
C. prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders.
D. protected corporations from liability lawsuits.
E. meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment.
Answer: E
Page: 268
19. By 1860, factories in the United States

A. were concentrated in the Northeast.
B. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output.
C. employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force.
D. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing
labor force.
E. None of these answers is correct.
Answer: A
Page: 269

20. Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in
the
A. turret lathe.
B. universal milling machine.
C. precision grinder.
D. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder.
Answer: D
Page: 270
21. By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from
A. water.
B. kerosene.
C. coal.
D. gasoline.
E. wood.
Answer: C
Page: 270
22. Most American industry remained wedded to the most traditional source of power, which
was
A. water.
B. kerosene.
C. coal.
D. gasoline.
E. wood.
Answer: A
Page: 270
23. In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States
A. saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs.
B. consisted mostly of European immigrants.
C. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.
D. consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory
jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production.
Answer: E
Page: 270-271
Topic: The Changing Industrial Workforce

24. American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of
A. families and rural, single women.
B. single men.
C. unskilled urban workers.
D. young immigrants.
E. slaves.
Answer: A
Page: 270-271
25. When the Lowell factory system began,

A. craftsmen were part of the production system.
B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories.
C. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale.
D. the workday ended when production quotas were met.
E. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement.
Answer: B
Page: 271
26. As the factory system progressed into the 1840s,

A. wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours.
B. female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions.
C. the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force.
D. a paternalistic management system was developed.
E. many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system.
Answer: C
Page: 276
27. In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the
A. Irish.
B. Germans.
C. English.
D. Italians.
E. Chinese.
Answer: A
Page: 278

28. As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s,
A. the workday grew shorter and wages declined.
B. payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage.
C. women and children were more likely to earn more than men.
D. safety conditions began to improve.
E. the workday grew longer and wages increased.
Answer: B
Page: 277
29. The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the
A. skilled artisan.
B. yeoman farmer.
C. industrial entrepreneur.
D. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer.
E. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur.
Answer: D
Page: 277
30. The rise of the American factory system

A. complemented the nation’s traditional republican ideals.
B. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers.
C. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans.
D. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition.
E. led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies.
Answer: E
Page: 277
31. The early union movement among skilled artisans

A. was weakened by the Panic of 1837.
B. was generally supported by state governments.
C. attempted to create one collective national trade union.
D. welcomed working women as members.
E. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers.
Answer: A
Page: 278

32. The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that
A. labor unions were lawful organizations.
B. labor strikes were illegal.
C. child labor laws were unconstitutional.
D. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade.
E. unions must admit working women as members.
Answer: A
Page: 2878
33. All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT
A. the large number of immigrant workers.
B. the political strength of industrial capitalists.
C. ethnic divisions among workers.
D. the question of whether to include women members.
E. a lack of labor union size sufficient to stage successful strikes.
Answer: D
Page: 278
34. The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in
A. increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
B. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans.
C. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor.
D. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans.
Answer: A
Page: 279
Topic: The Effects of the Industrial Revolution and Factory System
35. Prior to 1860, American urban society

A. considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior.
B. saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities.
C. included a substantial number of destitute poor.
D. saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks.
Answer: C
Page: 280

36. In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could
A. vote.
B. attend public schools.
C. use public services available to whites.
D. compete for menial jobs.
E. All these answers are correct.
Answer: D
Page: 280
37. Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States

A. increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder.
B. increased as the size of the middle class decreased.
C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class.
D. decreased as immigration diversified society.
E. increased as a result of geographical mobility.
Answer: C
Page: 281
38. Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the
A. slaves.
B. very poor.
C. middle class.
D. well-to-do.
E. very rich.
Answer: C
Page: 281
39. The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become
prosperous without
A. a professional education.
B. producing a product or service.
C. owning land.
D. capital.
E. marrying.
Answer: C
Page: 281

40. Before 1860, American middle-class families
A. were typically renters.
B. rarely employed servants.
C. usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home.
D. became the most influential cultural form of urban America.
E. had to cook their meals over an open hearth.
Answer: D
Page: 281
41. Prior to 1860, perhaps the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was
the
A. cast-iron stove.
B. air conditioner.
C. icebox.
D. electric iron.
E. telegraph.
Answer: A
Page: 281
42. Early American Victorian homes were characterized by

A. spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light.
B. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture.
C. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space.
D. all members of a family sharing one bedroom.
E. a lack of parlors and dining rooms.
Answer: B
Page: 282
43. Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families

A. had a rising birth rate.
B. were less likely to see their children leave home in search of work.
C. were less likely to see income earners work outside the home.
D. had a declining birth rate.
Answer: D
Page: 282

44. By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the “cult of domesticity,”
A. unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities.
B. women became increasingly isolated from the public world.
C. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family.
D. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized.
E. women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy.
Answer: B
Page: 286
45. All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true
EXCEPT that
A. men gravitated to taverns for drinking, talking, and game-playing.
B. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans.
C. minstrel shows were increasingly popular.
D. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic.
E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class.
Answer: E
Page: 287
46. In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcased

A. nature and natural history.
B. American artists.
C. human oddities.
D. past American leaders and heroes.
E. European artists.
Answer: C
Page: 287
47. In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
A. the owner of a family farm.
B. a marginal farmer.
C. a farmhand who did not own his own land.
D. an industrial worker.
E. an urban artisan.
Answer: A
Page: 289
Topic: Northern Agriculture Changes

48. For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of
A. economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers.
B. rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products.
C. extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand.
D. economic growth in the West but decline in the East.
E. increasing economic connections between the North and South.
Answer: B
Page: 289
49. The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was
A. barley.
B. soy.
C. corn.
D. wheat.
E. cotton.
Answer: D
Page: 289
50. In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the

A. tractor.
B. thresher.
C. cotton gin.
D. reaper.
E. plow.
Answer: E
Page: 289
51. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his
A. tractor.
B. thresher.
C. plow.
D. reaper.
E. mower.
Answer: D
Page: 289

52. Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the
A. church.
B. tavern.
C. town hall.
D. grocery store.
E. schoolhouse.
Answer: A
Page: 290
True/False Questions
53. Immigration contributed little to the American population in the first three decades of the
nineteenth century.
Answer: True
Page: 256
54. Between 1840 and 1860, the South experienced a decline in its percentage of urban residents.
Answer: False
Page: 257
55. Much of the new pre-Civil War immigration went into the growing cities of the United
States.
Answer: True
Page: 259
56. The great majority of pre-Civil War immigrants came from Ireland and England.
Answer: False
Page: 259
57. Most of the pre-Civil War Irish and German immigrants who came to the United States did
so as families, as opposed to single men and women.
Answer: False
Page: 259

58. In the pre-Civil War period, turnpikes were regarded as an improvement over canals as a
means of transportation.
Answer: False
Page: 264
59. The Erie Canal was the greatest construction project Americans had ever undertaken.
Answer: True
Page: 264
60. Railroads played a relatively minor role in American transportation during the 1820s and
1830s.
Answer: True
Page: 265
61. The development of a railroad system weakened connections between the Northwest and the
South.
Answer: True
Page: 266
62. One of the first businesses to benefit from the telegraph was the railroads.
Answer: True
Page: 266
63. In 1844, Samuel Morse showed off his invention by telegraphing news of Zachary Taylor’s
nomination for the presidency over the wires from Baltimore to Washington.
Answer: False
Page: 266
64. Until the Civil War, newspapers relied on mail transported by train for the exchange of news.
Answer: False
Page: 266
65. By 1860, over half of the manufacturing establishments in the United States were located
west of the Mississippi River.
Answer: False
Page: 269

66. Many of the free blacks in the North were people who had been skilled crafts workers as
slaves and who bought or were given their freedom.
Answer: True
Page: 279
67. Given the rapid increase in population, recruiting a labor force was a fairly easy task in the
early years of the American factory system.
Answer: False
Page: 270
68. The need to supply the United States military helped spur new innovations in machine tools
and industry.
Answer: True
Page: 270
69. By 1860, the number of American inventions to receive patents reached nearly 2,000.
Answer: False
Page: 270
70. The transition from farm life to factory life for women in pre-Civil War America was
difficult at best and traumatic at worst.
Answer: True
Page: 271
71. The paternalistic nature of the Lowell factory system lasted through the Civil War.
Answer: False
Page: 276
72. Skilled craftsmen organized trade unions due to the rise of the “factory system.”
Answer: True
Page: 277-278
73. Commonwealth v. Hunt was a Massachusetts Supreme Court case which declared that labor
unions were lawful organizations.
Answer: True
Page: 278

74. Virtually all of the early craft unions excluded women, even though female workers were
numerous in almost every industry.
Answer: True
Page: 278
75. In most cities of the East prior to the Civil War, the income gap between rich and poor
gradually narrowed.
Answer: False
Page: 279
76. Despite contrasts between great wealth and great poverty, there was very little overt class
conflict in pre-Civil War America.
Answer: True
Page: 281
77. The fastest-growing group in America prior to the Civil War was the working poor.
Answer: False
Page: 281
78. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the American birth rate declined.
Answer: True
Page: 282
79. For most Americans in the nineteenth century, vacations were rare.
Answer: True
Page: 287
80. For most nineteenth-century urban Americans, leisure activities grew more varied.
Answer: True
Page: 287
81. The pre-Civil War “cult of domesticity” left women increasingly detached from the public
world.
Answer: True
Page: 286

82. Public lectures were one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America prior to the
Civil War.
Answer: True
Page: 287
83. As of the middle of the nineteenth century, the typical citizen of the Northwest was a poor,
marginal farmer.
Answer: False
Page: 289
84. Threshers appeared in large numbers after 1820, spurring much greater productivity in grain
production.
Answer: False
Page: 289
85. The Northwest considered itself the most democratic section of the country, but it was a
democracy based on a defense of economic freedom and the rights of property.
Answer: True
Page: 289
86. Pre-Civil War rural communities of the Northwest were usually populated by a diverse mix
of ethnic groups.
Answer: False
Page: 290
87. Prior to 1860, rural Americans had almost no contact with the rest of the world.
Answer: False
Page: 290
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
88. In the early 1850s, a new political body called the American Party was created by a group
called the “________.”
Answer: Know-Nothings
Page: 262

89. The building of the ________, which began in 1817, was the greatest construction project the
United States had yet undertaken.
Answer: Erie Canal
Page: 264
90. The first railroad company actually to begin operations was the ________.
Answer: Baltimore and Ohio
Page: 265
91. By the mid-nineteenth century, the rail center of the West was ________.
Answer: Chicago
Page: 266
92. The primary assistance from the federal government to railroad companies came in the form
of ________.
Answer: public land grants
Page: 266
93. Samuel Morse invented the ________, which burst into American life in 1844.
Answer: telegraph
Page: 266
94. The first American cooperative news gathering organization was called the ________.
Answer: Associated Press
Page: 266
95. Corporate development was aided by laws permitting a system of ________ for individual
stockholders.
Answer: limited liability
Page: 268
96. The most profound economic development in mid-nineteenth-century America was the rise
of the ________.
Answer: factory
Page: 269

97. The process for ________ rubber, treating it to give it greater strength and elasticity, was
discovered by Charles Goodyear.
Answer: vulcanizing
Page: 270
98. Elias Howe’s invention of the ________ required precision grinding machines to construct.
Answer: sewing machine
Page: 270
99. The recruitment of young women to work and live in a factory setting was called the
________ or Waltham system.
Answer: Lowell
Page: 271
100. Elaborate rooms with lush dark colors and heavy furniture and drapes were characteristic of
the ________ era.
Answer: Victorian
Page: 282
101. In New York City, the construction of ________, which began in the 1850s, resulted from
the desire of residents to make the city as important as London or Paris.
Answer: Central Park
Page: 280
102. An increasingly popular form of entertainment was the ________, in which white actors
mimicked (and ridiculed) African American culture.
Answer: minstrel show
Page: 287
103. The American Museum that showcased human oddities was opened by ________.
Answer: P. T. Barnum
Page: 287
104. The ________ was invented by McCormick, while the machine thresher was invented by
Case.
Answer: automatic reaper
Page: 289

Essay Questions
105. How do you account for the terrific growth of American industry prior to the Civil War?
106. Why did railroads become the key American industry in the nineteenth century?
107. Describe the immigrant experience in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s.
108. How did the rise of the factory system change the American family?
109. Describe the major features of American middle-class life during the first half of the
nineteenth century.
110. Examine technological developments in America between 1800 and 1860. What are the
characteristic features in the advances made throughout this period?
111. Describe the interrelationship between one technological development in the pre-Civil War
era and another.
112. What were the advances in new technology that had the greatest effect on the emerging
American factory system during the first half of the nineteenth century?
113. How did the emergence of the factory system change the face of American labor during the
first half of the nineteenth century?
114. How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with
leisure during the 1810s and 1820s?
115. How had the status and role of American women changed between 1800 and 1860?

116. What factors encouraged the growth of a labor union movement in the United States? Why
did it ultimately fail to develop into a powerful force before the Civil War?
117. Describe rural life in the American Northwest during the last three decades before the Civil
War. How did it compare to both rural and urban life in the East?

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2. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

7. The great majority of Irish immigrants settled in the

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

13. The Erie Canal was

14. In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

17. Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by

19. By 1860, factories in the United States

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

25. When the Lowell factory system began,

26. As the factory system progressed into the 1840s,

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

30. The rise of the American factory system

31. The early union movement among skilled artisans

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

35. Prior to 1860, American urban society

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

37. Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

42. Early American Victorian homes were characterized by

43. Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

46. In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcased

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

50. In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the

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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

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