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Chapter 07: Inspections and Regulatory Searches
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. The most commonly applied level of proof required to conduct a special-needs search is _____.
A) probable cause with a warrant
B) probable cause without a warrant
C) preponderance of the evidence
D) reasonable suspicion
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
7. Warrantless searches by police of certain business, such as automobile junkyards and gun
dealers, are justified using the _____.
A) limited privacy clause
B) bad actors clause
C) closely regulated business exception
D) inherent public interest exception
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
8. When observed in plain view during a valid administrative search, evidence of criminal activity
_____.
A) may be immediately seized by police
B) may be seized by police if they obtain consent from the owner
C) can serve to show probable cause to obtain a warrant to seize the item(s)
D) must be ignored by police
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
9. The most commonly applied level of proof required to conduct an administrative inspection is
_____.
A) probable cause
B) modified probable cause
C) general probable cause
D) reasonable suspicion
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
10. Which of the following is not one of the steps in the analysis to establish the reasonableness of a
special-needs search?
A) The public have inherently consented to such a search.
B) The government interest outweighs the individual privacy interest.
C) The search is directed at a need beyond that of a specific offense by a specific
offender.
D) All of the above are steps in the analysis.
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.3
11. In order to pass constitutional muster, border searches must be conducted _____.
A) in a routine fashion
B) within 100 yards of the border
C) by uniformed border patrol agents
D) during the daytime
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.4
12. A nonroutine border search involves a greater invasion of privacy than a routine search and thus
requires _____.
A) probable cause
B) a preponderance of the evidence
C) reasonable suspicion
D) articulable suspicion
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.4
13. Which of the following is not a requirement regarding motor vehicle checkpoints?
A) Public safety must be the primary concern
B) Drivers must be given the opportunity to turn back
C) Police must stop every vehicle
D) Drivers must be informed of the coming checkpoint
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.5
14. Which of the following would not be considered a legitimate reason to establish a motor vehicle
checkpoint?
A) Checking vehicles for illegal aliens
B) Checking the sobriety of drivers
C) Checking vehicles for smuggled narcotics
D) All of the above are valid.
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.5
15. What level of proof that an individual possess a weapon is required for a more intrusive search
via an airport screening?
A) modified probable cause
B) a preponderance of the evidence
C) reasonable suspicion
D) mere indication
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.5
16. Which of the following is not one of the factors considered in regard to the constitutionality of
airport screening?
A) The public nature of the search
B) The effectiveness of the search
C) The minimal nature of the search
D) The training of those conducting the search
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.5
17. What is the level of proof required for workplace drug testing of police officers?
A) A preponderance of the evidence
B) Reasonable suspicion
C) Mere indication
D) None of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.6
18. Warrantless alcohol and drug tests would likely be allowed of all but which of the following?
A) Firefighters
B) Loss-prevention agents
C) Airline pilots
D) Chemical plant employees
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.6
19. According to Tinker v. Des Moines, students are allowed their First Amendment freedom of
speech so long as _____.
A) their expression does not offend other students
B) there is not a breach of the separation of church and state
C) their expression does not substantially disrupt the learning environment
D) their expression conforms to established school policy
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.7
20. What level of proof is required for school officials to search the property of students for
contraband?
A) Probable cause
B) Modified probable cause
C) A preponderance of the evidence
D) Reasonable suspicion
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.7
21. In regard to school searches, reasonableness is determined by balancing the purpose of the
search against _____.
A) the degree of intrusion into a student’s privacy
B) the concerns of students’ parents
C) school policy regarding searches
D) the Fourth Amendment
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.7
22. What level of proof is required for schools to compel student athletes to submit to drug testing?
A) Probable cause
B) Reasonable suspicion
C) A “hunch”
D) No proof whatsoever
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.7
23. According to Vernonia School District 473 v. Acton, schools are allowed to compel _____ to
suspicionless drug testing.
A) all students in extracurricular activities
B) athletes
C) all students
D) no student
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.7
24. What level of proof is required for probation officers to search the home of a probationer to
which they are assigned?
A) Probable cause
B) Modified probable cause
C) Reasonable suspicion
D) No suspicion whatsoever
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.8
25. What level of proof is required for correctional officials to search an inmate’s cell?
A) Probable cause
B) Modified probable cause
C) Reasonable suspicion
D) No suspicion whatsoever
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.8
26. Which of the following types of searches would typically be conducted by a nonpolice
investigator?
A) Motor vehicle checkpoints
B) Administrative inspections
C) Inventory
D) Search incident to arrest
ANS: A PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
27. A warrant that authorizes the search of every building of a particular age or design is known as
which of the following?
A) Blanket warrant
B) Block warrant
C) Modified warrant
D) Area warrant
ANS: D PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.2
28. In which of the following circumstances would a suspicionless stop and search by a roving
patrol be constitutional?
A) Within 30 miles of an international border
B) In areas where profiling is practiced
C) At the border or the functional equivalent of the border
D) In an area known to house illegal immigrants
ANS: C PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.4
29. Which of the following is not a justification for warrantless searches of vehicles at driver
checkpoints?
A) Drivers are informed of the checkpoints by signs as they approach so they aren’t
taken by surprise.
B) Drivers are surprised and subjected to unnecessary delay.
C) The stops are brief, and they minimize the stress and fear experienced by motorists.
D) Police do not single out particular motor vehicles for inspection.
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.5
30. What is the test for determining whether a search meets a special need?
A) Whether the conducting agency has proven a need beyond a reasonable doubt
B) The court balances the significance of the government interests against the
intrusiveness of the search.
C) Whether the parties involved have voted on the issue and reached a supermajority
D) The court balances the needs of the population against the justifications presented by
the government.
ANS: B PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.3
TRUE/FALSE
31. Special-needs searches are not conducted as a search to collect evidence of a specific crime,
committed by a specific individual.
32. Special-needs searches are more likely than administrative inspections to be carried out by a
police officer.
33. Any evidence of criminal activity discovered during a lawful special-needs search can be seized
and used as evidence in a criminal trial.
34. If a business is found in violation of the law via an administrative inspection, penalties may
involve a civil fine or a criminal conviction, but never both.
36. If border patrol officers are functioning on the border’s “functional equivalent” and not the
physical border itself, they must possess reasonable suspicion in order to stop a vehicle and
question its occupants.
37. When conducting motor vehicle checkpoints, officers cannot single out certain drivers to be or
not to be stopped.
38. Motor vehicle checkpoints can be established to search vehicles for smuggled narcotics.
39. One justification for allowing airport screenings is that passengers can avoid the screening by
choosing not to board the plane.
41. Traditionally, under the concept of in loco parentis, schools had complete and unlimited
authority over their students.
42. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that searches of students’ possessions carried out by school
administrators ought not be “swift and informal.”
43. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that school officials can conduct drug testing of athletes in
part due to their inherent risk of health concerns.
44. In order to search the home of a probationer, a probation officer must have reasonable suspicion
that the probationer is engaged a drug or violent criminal offense.
45. Prisoners retain only those constitutional rights that are not “incompatible with the objectives of
incarceration.”
COMPLETION
46. _____ generally are concerned with enforcing regulations that protect the safety and welfare of
individuals and of the public rather than with investigating the criminal conduct of a specific
individual or group of individuals.
47. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that administrative warrants to search a house may be based
on “_____.”
48. Routine searches at the border can be conducted without reasonable suspicion using the _____.
50. Students are allowed their _____ Amendment rights as long as they do not substantially disrupt
the learning environment.
ANS: First
ESSAY
51. The U.S. Supreme Court has established a variety of rules regarding the administrative
inspections of various structures and businesses. Explain the concepts of and reasons behind
“modified probable cause,” “area warrants,” and “closely regulated businesses.”
ANS:
Students should define all three terms and differentiate them from one another
52. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that motor vehicle checkpoints can be established if they stop
every vehicle and if they are checking for offenses that endanger the public safety. Explain the
Court’s explanation for these two requirements. Would it not make more sense for officers to be
allowed to stop certain vehicles and not others? Explain why or why not.
ANS:
Students should mention relevant cases and note that selective enforcement creates the
opportunity for discrimination.
53. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that probationers can be subject to various searches due to
their decreased expectation of privacy. Explain the Court’s rationale for this position. How far
do you think probation officers should be allowed to take this authority? Explain using the
Court’s previous rationales.
ANS:
Students should mention U.S. v. Knights.
54. Explain the evolution of the Court’s approach to the rights of prisoners in correctional
institutions ranging from the “hands-off” approach to Holt v. Hobbs.
ANS:
Students should note that courts traditionally viewed prisoners as losing all rights, once
becoming slaves to the state, but gradually this view has changed. May mention some of the
cases outlined in the text, including Hudson v. Palmer, which held that prisoners retain rights
not inconsistent with imprisonment.
55. Explain the significance of United States v. Knights in relation to a probationer’s expectation of
privacy.
ANS:
Supreme Court held that Knights’s probationary status combined with the broad search order
issued by the trial court reduced Knights’s expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment.
56. What are the primary justifications for allowing drug-testing policies in schools in Vernonia
School District 47J v. Acton? Do you agree that a reasonable suspicion requirement may defeat
the purpose of the test? Why or why not?
ANS:
Students should mention the purpose of the policy, its application to athletes, the method of
obtaining drug samples, and disciplinary punishment.
57. What does in loco parentis mean? Do you believe schools do/should act in this capacity? What
is the primary case that explored the boundaries of searches and seizures in schools?
ANS:
Students should talk about New Jersey v. TLO.
58. Explain the various factors taken into consideration when courts evaluate the reasonableness of
special-needs airline screening.
ANS:
Some of the following factors should be discussed: security threat, minimally intrusive,
effectiveness, notice, abuse, intrusiveness, avoidance.
59. Articulate the difference between and give examples of routine and nonroutine border searches
and the differing levels of suspicion required by each.
ANS:
Routine border searches are the typical searches of luggage and persons that you experience at
an airport. There is no requirement of articulable suspicion. Nonroutine border searches are
intrusive searches, such as strip and body-cavity searches or involuntary X-rays. Nonroutine
searches intrude on individuals’ dignity and privacy and require articulable suspicion.
PTS: 1 OBJ: 7.4
60. How are special-needs and administrative searches different from searches carried out incident
to illegal activity?
ANS:
The courts employ a balancing test under the Reasonableness Clause of the Fourth Amendment
to determine the standard governing these searches. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the
government interest in conducting these searches outweighs the resulting intrusion on
individual rights, and in most instances, the traditional probable cause and warrant requirements
have been found to unduly interfere with the government’s ability to undertake these searches.
As a result, administrative inspections and special-needs searches are not required to meet a
strict probable cause standard.
D URING the last two weeks Gaunt had been working hard in the
City and had made arrangements for relinquishing his active life.
Tempting propositions had been brought to him but they had been
firmly refused, and the general impression was that he had made
sufficient money to satisfy even his requirements and was about to
retire.
There was no attempt to disguise from himself that the chief
matter with which he must deal was the Congo, and he brought all
his intellect to bear on the problem before him. But the difficulties
seemed well-nigh insurmountable.
Now that he knew his position, it was characteristic that he would
not discuss the matter with Drake until he could see daylight. The
suggestion that he should speak at the meeting was distasteful in the
extreme, but finally he decided that refusal was impossible.
When he faced the thousands of tense faces he was calm and
collected.
“Have I your Grace’s permission to speak?” he asked of the
Archbishop.
The latter rose and cleared his throat.
“My lords, ladies and gentlemen. Most of you know the name of
John Gaunt, and I feel sure that you will be interested in one who
must have unique knowledge of the subject we are discussing,” he
said, and resumed his seat.
“I thank your Grace, and promise that I will detain you for but a few
moments. I have listened attentively to all that you have said and I
tell you that the condition of affairs in the Congo has not been
exaggerated. I do not intend to shock you with horrors, but with my
own eyes I have seen men, women and even children murdered in
cold blood, maimed and tortured.”
He paused, for a hoarse murmur had arisen so that it was a few
minutes before he could continue.
“I admit that I myself have made money through labor which has
been procured by these means. My wealth is founded on the ‘red
rubber’ which has come from the Congo. I tell you this so that you
shall know I am quite honest in what I am about to say, for I shall
speak against my own pecuniary interests. You have been
discussing the effects of the annexation of the Congo by the Belgian
government, and some of you have expressed the hope that matters
may be improved thereby.”
He paused, and the silence was intense.
“Your hopes are doomed to disappointment. There can be no
improvement in the conditions, for any improvement would
necessitate the abandonment of the slavery which exists. I said
slavery—but it is hardly the right word, for in modern history slavery
has not meant work forced by the fear of death or torture. Wherever
the late King held active sway, there the country was laid waste by
the sword, and rubber was produced not with any idea of the future
but solely for immediate gold. The abandonment of the present
system can only be accomplished by the abandonment of the Congo
by the Belgians. That they will not do unless compelled by superior
force. Their present budget anticipates a profit of nearly a million
pounds. If the land and produce of the soil be returned to the rightful
owners—the natives—then, instead of a profit, there would
necessarily be a heavy deficit. When the Congo budget provides for
a deficit and not a huge profit, then and not till then will you know
that the natives are about to receive fair treatment. That will occur
only when the country has been drained dry. If you hear that a
portion of the country has been opened to the foreigner, you will
know that that portion is worthless, for the population will either have
been killed or have fled from the fear of death, and the produce will
have been exhausted.”
This statement made a profound impression, and all anxiously
waited for Gaunt to continue.
“You are seeking the amelioration of the natives. To accomplish
this you must remove the present officials. There must be no half
measures and I am convinced that no amount of talk will have the
slightest effect. Actions and not words are required, and it is for you
to see that England does more than talk. A single gunboat at the
mouth of the river would affect a change, while diplomatic
representations will be swept aside as has been done in the past.
Surely England is strong enough to act alone—or is it fear of
Germany that ties her hands? If this be the case, it is not the spirit
that won our empire, and as a race we are doomed. Let there be no
more hesitation, let each of you use his influence and bring pressure
to bear upon our government.”
“We have already done everything in our power,” a bishop
interrupted vehemently.
“Then I fear that the reform of the Congo is impossible. But let us
make an effort. I am a rich man—rich, largely through the Congo—
but, if money is necessary, I am prepared to spend every penny
piece of it on this work. More than that, I now publicly announce that
from this moment I am the enemy of the governors of the Congo.
Any ability that I possess shall be used to affect reform.”
There was a murmur which developed into loud cheers, and there
was a look of defiance in Gaunt’s eyes as he listened.
“My lords, I feel that I owe you some personal explanation. You
must have viewed my appearance here with mingled feelings, for I
am aware that I am looked upon as one of the strongest supporters
of the present régime. You all know the name of Edward Drake, who
has done such good work in the East End of London, and I refer you
to him should you have any doubt as to the honesty of my intentions.
It is owing to his influence that I am here to-night.”
Gaunt paused for a moment and the Archbishop rose to his feet.
“I am sure that we have listened to Mr. Gaunt’s statement with
profound interest. From one point alone what he has said is
invaluable. His evidence will remove every shadow of doubt as to the
atrocities that have been and are taking place in the Congo. I must
own frankly that I looked always upon him as one of our bitterest
enemies. I have been ashamed to think that an Englishman could
have profited by cruelty and torture. Surely God must have brought
him here to-night. We must all admire the courage with which he has
spoken. It was no light thing to face us and frankly admit the sins of
the past, and I honor him for what he has done. He has taken the
only course open to a Christian, for he has promised to do his utmost
to right the wrongs in which he has been a participator. Before Mr.
Gaunt resumes his seat, I should like to ask him one question.
Naturally he is in touch with the rulers of the Congo—would it not be
possible for him to use his influence with them, to bring pressure to
bear upon them that they should govern the natives equitably?”
The Archbishop resumed his seat and Gaunt continued:
“No personal influence or pressure would effect any change.
There is only one effective weapon—force. The position of England
has caused a good deal of cynical amusement in the Congo. The
British government would only move if so great a feeling were
aroused in this country that they dared not do otherwise. Much has
been done in recent years by meetings and writings in the press; but
the Congo is so far away that the truth has never been driven home.
The question of Tariff Reform or Free Trade can rouse fierce
passions, for the principle touches our pocket; but that thousands of
human beings should suffer torture—that is a thing to read and be
harrowed about—but a cup-tie is of much more immediate
importance. Perhaps I am unjust to my fellow countrymen, for at
times they have been aroused to white fury by the story of
oppression and murder. Witness the Armenian atrocities. But then
there was a great man with a silver tongue who could move a nation
by his words. And the only chance for the people of the Congo is that
such a man should rise again and tear from us our complacency.
Make the British people understand that they have been cleverly
swindled. The late King played the confidence trick upon America
and the great powers of Europe. He deliberately hoodwinked them
with his tongue in his cheek. But King Leopold was a master ‘crook.’
He was a born diplomat of the most unscrupulous type; and to his
dying day he was a match for every foreign secretary that crossed