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1
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Ideal gas law:
RT 0.082054(400)
v= = = 13.12864
p 2.5
van der Waals equation:
⎛ a ⎞
f (v) = ⎜ p + 2 ⎟(v − b) − RT
⎝ v ⎠
⎛ 14.09 ⎞
f (v) = ⎜ 2.5 + 2 ⎟(v − 0.0994) − 0.082054(400)
⎝ v ⎠
Any of the techniques in Chaps 5 or 6 can be used to determine the root as v = 12.7908 L/mol. The
Newton-Raphson method would be a good choice because (a) the equation is relatively simple to
differentiate and (b) the ideal gas law provides a good initial guess. The Newton-Raphson method can be
formulated as
⎛ a ⎞⎟
⎜p+ (vi − b) − RT
⎜ vi2 ⎟⎠
vi +1 = vi − ⎝
⎛ a ⎞⎟ 2a
⎜p+ − (vi − b) 3
⎜ vi2 ⎟⎠
⎝ vi
Using the ideal gas law for the initial guess results in an accurate root determination in a few iterations:
i xi f(xi) f'(xi) εa
0 13.12864 0.816601 2.419491
1 12.79113 0.000711 2.415221 2.6386%
2 12.79084 5.7E-10 2.415217 0.0023%
3 12.79084 0 2.415217 0.0000%
8.2 The function to be solved is
1 + R(1 − X Af ) R +1
f ( R ) = ln − =0
R (1 − X Af ) R[1 + R (1 − X Af )]
or substituting XAf = 0.96,
1 + 0.04 R R +1
f ( R) = ln − =0
R (0.04) R (1 + 0.04 R)
A plot of the function indicates a root at about R = 0.3
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
2
2
0
-2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-4
-6
Bisection with initial guesses of 0.01 and 1 can be used to determine a root of 0.28194 after 16
iterations with εa = 0.005%.
(4 + x)
f ( x) = − 0.016 = 0
(42 − 2 x) 2 ( 28 − x)
(a) A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 16.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20
(b) The shape of the function indicates that false position would be a poor choice (recall Fig. 5.14).
Bisection with initial guesses of 0 and 20 can be used to determine a root of 15.85938 after 8 iterations
with εa = 0.493%. Note that false position would have required 68 iterations to attain comparable
accuracy.
i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

1 0 20 10 -0.01592 -0.01439 0.000229 100.000%
2 10 20 15 -0.01439 -0.00585 8.42E-05 33.333%
3 15 20 17.5 -0.00585 0.025788 -0.00015 14.286%
4 15 17.5 16.25 -0.00585 0.003096 -1.8E-05 7.692%
5 15 16.25 15.625 -0.00585 -0.00228 1.33E-05 4.000%
6 15.625 16.25 15.9375 -0.00228 0.000123 -2.8E-07 1.961%
7 15.625 15.9375 15.78125 -0.00228 -0.00114 2.59E-06 0.990%
8 15.78125 15.9375 15.85938 -0.00114 -0.00052 5.98E-07 0.493%
8.4 The functions to be solved are
(c c ,0 + x1 + x 2 )
K1 =
(c a ,0 − 2 x1 − x 2 ) 2 (c b,0 − x1 )
(c c ,0 + x1 + x 2 )
K2 =
(c a ,0 − 2 x1 − x 2 )(c d ,0 − x 2 )
or
3
5 + x1 + x 2
f1 ( x1 , x 2 ) = − 4 × 10 −4
(50 − 2 x1 − x 2 ) 2 (20 − x1 )
(5 + x1 + x 2 )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) = − 3.7 × 10 −2
(50 − 2 x1 − x 2 )(10 − x 2 )
Graphs can be generated by specifying values of x1 and solving for x2 using a numerical method like
bisection.
first equation second equation

x1 x2 x1 x2
0 8.6672 0 4.4167
1 6.8618 1 3.9187
2 5.0649 2 3.4010
3 3.2769 3 2.8630
4 1.4984 4 2.3038
5 -0.2700 5 1.7227
These values can then be plotted to yield

12
1st eq
8 2nd eq
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
-4
Therefore, the root seems to be at about x1 = 3.3 and x2 = 2.7. Employing these values as the initial
guesses for the two-variable Newton-Raphson method gives
f1(3.3, 2.7) = –2.36×10–6

f2(3.3, 2.7) = 2.33×10–5
∂f1 ∂f 2
= 9.9 × 10 −5 = 5.185 × 10 −3
∂x1 ∂x1
∂f1 ∂f 2
= 5.57 × 10 −5 = 9.35 × 10 −3
∂x 2 ∂x 2
J = 6.37 × 10 −7
− 2.36 × 10 −6 (9.35 × 10 −3 ) − 2.33 × 10 −5 (5.57 × 10 −5 )
x1 = 3.3 − = 3.3367
6.37 × 10 −7
2.33 × 10 −5 (9.9 × 10 −5 ) − (−2.36 × 10 −6 )(5.185 × 10 −3 )
x 2 = 2.7 − = 2.677
6.37 × 10 −7
The second iteration yields x1 = 3.3366 and x2 = 2.677, with a maximum approximate error of 0.003%.
4
x 7
f ( x) = − 0.04 = 0
1− x 2+ x
A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 0.02.
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
-0.1
Because the function is so linear, false position is a good choice. Using initial guesses of 0.01 and 0.03,
the first iteration is
0.017432(0.01 − 0.03)
x r = 0.03 − = 0.020964
− 0.02115 − 0.017432
After 3 iterations, the result is 0.021041 with εa = 0.003%.
( )
f (t ) = 12 1 − e −0.04t + 5e −0.04t − 10.2 = 0
A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 55.

2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-2
-4
-6
Bisection with initial guesses of 0 and 60 can be used to determine a root of 53.711 after 16 iterations
with εa = 0.002%.
8.7 Using the given values, a = 12.5578 and b = 0.0018626. Therefore, the roots problem to be solved is
0.518(233) 12.5578
f (v ) = − − 65,000
(v − 0.0018626) v(v + 0.0018626) 233
A plot indicates a root at about 0.0028.
5
800000
400000
0
-4000000.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
-800000
-1200000
Using initial guesses of 0.002 and 0.004, bisection can be employed to determine the root as 0.002807
after 12 iterations with εa = 0.017%. The mass of methane contained in the tank can be computed as
3/0.00275 = 1068.6 kg.
8.8 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is
⎡ ⎛ 2−h⎞ 2⎤
f (h) = ⎢4 cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ − ( 2 − h) 4h − h ⎥ 5 − 8 = 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
60
40
20
0
-20 0 1 2 3 4
A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.74002.
πh 2 (3 − h)
f ( h) = − 0.75 = 0
3
4
2
0
-2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
8.10 The best way to approach this problem is to use the graphical method displayed in Fig. 6.3. For the
first version, we plot
h 3 + 0.7162
y1 = h and y2 =
3
6
versus the range of h. Note that for the sphere, h ranges from 0 to 2r. As displayed below, this version
will always converge.
2.5
y1
2
1.5
y2
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
For the second version, we plot
y1 = h and y 2 = 3 3h 2 − 0.7162
versus the range of h. As displayed below, this version is not convergent.
3
y2
2
y1
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-1
8.11 Substituting the parameter values yields
ε3 1− ε
10 = 150 + 1.75
1− ε 1000
This can be rearranged and expressed as a roots problem
ε3
f (ε ) = 0.15(1 − ε ) + 1.75 − 10 =0
1− ε
A plot of the function suggests a root at about 0.46.
7
4
2
0
-2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-4
But suppose that we do not have a plot. How do we come up with a good initial guess? The void
fraction (the fraction of the volume that is not solid; i.e. consists of voids) varies between 0 and 1. As
can be seen, a value of 1 (which is physically unrealistic) causes a division by zero. Therefore, two
physically-based initial guesses can be chosen as 0 and 0.99. Note that the zero is not physically
realistic either, but since it does not cause any mathematical difficulties, it is OK. Applying bisection
yields a result of ε = 0.461857 in 15 iterations with an absolute approximate relative error of
6.54×10−3%.
8.12 (a) The Reynolds number can be computed as
ρVD 1.23(40)0.005
Re = = = 13743
μ 1.79 × 10 −5
In order to find f, we must determine the root of the function g(f)
⎛ 0.0000015 2.51 ⎞⎟ 1
g ( f ) = −2.0 log⎜ + − =0
⎜ 3.7(0.005) 13743 f ⎟ f
⎝ ⎠
As mentioned in the problem a good initial guess can be obtained from the Blasius formula
0.316
f = = 0.029185
13743 0.25
Using this guess, a root of 0.028968 can be obtained with an approach like the modified secant
method. This result can then be used to compute the pressure drop as
0.2(1.23)(40) 2
Δp = 0.028968 = 1140.17 Pa
2(0.005)
(b) For the rougher steel pipe, we must determine the root of
⎛ 0.000045 2.51 ⎞⎟ 1
g ( f ) = −2.0 log⎜ + − =0
⎜ 3.7(0.005) 13743 f ⎟ f
⎝ ⎠
Using the same initial guess as in (a), a root of 0.04076 can be obtained. This result can then be used to
compute the pressure drop as
0.2(1.23)(40) 2
Δp = 0.04076 = 1604.25 Pa
2(0.005)
8
Thus, as would be expected, the pressure drop is higher for the rougher pipe.
8.13 The integral can be evaluated as
Cout 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ C out ⎞ ⎤
∫
K
− + dC = − ⎢ K ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C out − C in ⎥
Cin k max C k max k max ⎢⎣ ⎝ C in ⎠ ⎥⎦
Therefore, the problem amounts to finding the root of
V 1 ⎡ ⎛ C out ⎞ ⎤
f (C out ) = + ⎢ K ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + C out − C in ⎥
F k max ⎣⎢ ⎝ C in ⎠ ⎦⎥
Excel solver can be used to find the root:
250 P
f ( P / A) = −
1 + 0.4 / cos[25 ( P / A) / 200,000 ] A
A plot of the function indicates a root at about P/A = 163.
9
200
100
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
-100
8.15 (a) This problem can be solved by determining the root of
(
f ( x) = 10 − 20 e −0.15 x − e −0.5 x − 5 = 0)
A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 1 km.
6
4
2
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-4
Bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few iterations:

1 0 5 2.5 5 -3.01569 -15.0784
2 0 2.5 1.25 5 -0.87535 -4.37677 100.00%
3 0 1.25 0.625 5 1.422105 7.110527 100.00%
4 0.625 1.25 0.9375 1.422105 0.139379 0.198212 33.33%
5 0.9375 1.25 1.09375 0.139379 -0.39867 -0.05557 14.29%
After 10 iterations, the root is determined as x = 0.971679688 with an approximate error of 0.5%.
(b) The location of the minimum can be determined by differentiating the original function to yield
f ' ( x) = −0.15e −0.15 x + 0.5e −0.5 x = 0
The root of this function can be determined as x = 3.44 km. The value of the minimum concentration
can then be computed as
(
c = 10 − 20 e −0.15(3.44) − e −0.5(3.44) = 1.6433)
8.16 (a) This problem can be solved by determining the root of
f (t ) = 75e −1.5t + 20e −0.075t − 15 = 0
A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 4.
10
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20 0 2 4 6 8 10
The Newton-Raphson method can be formulated as
75e −1.5ti + 20e −0.075ti − 15

t i +1 = t i −
− 112.5e −1.5ti − 1.5e −0.075ti
Using the initial guess of t = 6, an accurate root determination can be obtained in a few iterations:
i xi f(xi) f'(xi) εa
0 6 -2.23818 -0.97033
1 3.693371 0.455519 -1.57879 62.45%
2 3.981896 0.02752 -1.39927 7.25%
3 4.001563 9.84E-05 -1.3893 0.49%
The result can be checked by substituting it back into the original equation to yield a prediction close
to 15:
c = 75e −1.5( 4.001563) + 20e −0.075( 4.001563) = 15.0001
TA ⎛ 600 ⎞ T
f (T A ) = cosh⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 6 − A − 15
12 ⎝ TA ⎠ 12
A plot of the function indicates a root at about TA = 1700.

150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-50
8.18 This problem can be solved by determining the root of the derivative of the elastic curve
dy
dx
=0=
w0
120 EIL
(
− 5 x 4 + 6 L2 x 2 − L4 )
Therefore, after substituting the parameter values, we must determine the root of
11
f ( x) = −5 x 4 + 2,160,000 x 2 − 1.296 × 1011 = 0
A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 270.
2E+11
1E+11
0
-1E+11 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-2E+11
Bisection can be used to determine the root. Here are the first few iterations:

1 0 500 250 -1.3E+11 -1.4E+10 1.83E+21
2 250 500 375 -1.4E+10 7.53E+10 -1.1E+21 33.33%
3 250 375 312.5 -1.4E+10 3.37E+10 -4.8E+20 20.00%
4 250 312.5 281.25 -1.4E+10 9.97E+09 -1.4E+20 11.11%
5 250 281.25 265.625 -1.4E+10 -2.1E+09 2.95E+19 5.88%
After 20 iterations, the root is determined as x = 268.328. This value can be substituted into Eq.
(P8.18) to compute the maximum deflection as
2.5
y= (−(268.328) 5 + 720,000(268.328) 3 − 1.296 × 1011 (268.328)) = −0.51519
120(50,000)30,000(600)
8.19 (a) The function to be solved is
f (t ) = 9e −0.7t cos(4t ) − 3.5
A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 0.25
10
5
0
-5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
-10
(b) The Newton-Raphson method can be set up as
9e −0.7ti cos(4t i ) − 3.5

t i +1 = t i −
− 36e −0.7ti sin( 4t i ) − 6.3 cos(4t i )e −0.7ti
Using an initial guess of 0.3,
i t f(t) f'(t) εa
0 0.3 -0.85651 -29.0483
1 0.270514 -0.00335 -28.7496 10.899824%
2 0.270398 -1.2E-07 -28.7476 0.043136%
3 0.270398 0 -28.7476 0.000002%
12
(c) The secant method can be implemented with initial guesses of 0.3,
i ti – 1 f(ti – 1) ti f(ti) εa
0 0.2 1.951189 0.4 -3.69862
1 0.4 -3.69862 0.269071 0.038125 48.66%
2 0.269071 0.038125 0.270407 -0.00026 0.49%
3 0.270407 -0.00026 0.270398 1.07E-07 0.0034%
8.20 Two solutions are immediately apparent. We can either solve for the H in the numerator
(Qn) 3 / 5 ( B + 2 H ) 2 / 5
H=
BS 3 / 10
or the denominator
1 ⎡ S 3 / 4 ( BH )5 / 2 ⎤
H= ⎢ 3/ 2
− B⎥
2 ⎣⎢ (Qn) ⎦⎥
Physical reasoning can be helpful in choosing between these alternatives. For most rivers and streams,
the width is much greater than the depth. Thus, the quantity B + 2H should not vary much. In fact, it should
be roughly equal to B. In comparison, BH is directly proportional to H. Consequently, the first alternative
should home in more rapidly on the root. This can be verified by substituting the brackets of H = 0 and 10
into both equations. For the first equation, the results are 0.6834 and 0.9012, which are both close to the
true value of 0.7023. In contrast, the results for the second alternative are −10 and 8,178, which clearly are
distant from the root. The superiority of the first version is further supported by component plots:
As in (a), the g(H) component for the first version is almost flat. Thus, it will not only converge, but
should do so rapidly. In contrast, as in (b), the g(H) component for the second version is almost vertical,
connoting strong and rapid divergence.
8.21 The solution can be formulated as
13
⎛ 2πx ⎞ ⎛ 2π (12)48 ⎞ −x
0.5 = sin ⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟+e
⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠
or
⎛π ⎞
f ( x) = sin ⎜ x ⎟ + e − x − 0.4
⎝8 ⎠
A plot of this function suggests a root at about 7:
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 5 10 15
-1
-1.5
-2
i (1 + i ) 6
f (i ) = 25,000 − 5,500
(1 + i ) 6 − 1
A plot of this function suggests a root at about 0.086:

500
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-500
-1000
-1500
8.23 (a) The solution can be formulated as
(
f (t ) = 1.2 75,000e −0.045t + 100,000 − ) 300,000
1 + 29e −0.08t
A plot of this function suggests a root at about 40:
14
300000
200000
100000
0
-100000 0 20 40 60 80 100
-200000
(b) The false-position method can be implemented with the results summarized as
i tl tu f(tl) f(tu) tr f(tr) f(tl)×f(tr) εa

1 0 100.0000 200000 -176110 53.1760 -84245 -1.685E+10
2 0 53.1760 200000 -84245 37.4156 14442.8 2.889E+09 42.123%
3 37.4156 53.1760 14443 -84245 39.7221 -763.628 -1.103E+07 5.807%
4 37.4156 39.7221 14443 -763.628 39.6063 3.545288 5.120E+04 0.292%
5 39.6063 39.7221 4 -763.628 39.6068 0.000486 1.724E-03 0.001%
(c) The modified secant method (with δ = 0.01) can be implemented with the results summarized as
i ti f(ti) δti ti+δti f(ti+δti) f′(ti) εa

0 50 -66444.8 0.50000 50.5 -69357.6 -5825.72
1 38.5946 6692.132 0.38595 38.98053 4143.604 -6603.33 29.552%
2 39.6080 -8.14342 0.39608 40.00411 -2632.32 -6625.36 2.559%
3 39.6068 -0.00345 0.39607 40.00287 -2624.09 -6625.35 0.003%
For both parts (b) and (c), the root is determined to be t = 39.6068. At this time, the ratio of the
suburban to the urban population is 135,142.5/112,618.7 = 1.2.
8.24 First, we can generate a plot of the function:

50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-50
-100
Thus, a zero value occurs at approximately x = 2.8. A numerical solution can be developed in a number
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the shear function as:
function f = V(x)
f=20*(sing(x,0,1)-sing(x,5,1))-15*sing(x,8,0)-57;
In addition, the singularity function can be set up as
function s = sing(x, a, n)
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end
15
We can then either design our own M-file or use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero
function. A session using the fzero function would yield a root of 2.85 as shown here,
>> x=fzero(@V,5)
x =
2.8500
8.25 First, we can generate a plot of the moment function:

150
100
50
0
-50 0 2 4 6 8 10
-100
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the moment function as:
function f = Mx(x)
f=-10*(sing(x,0,2)-sing(x,5,2))+15*sing(x,8,1)+150*sing(x,7,0)+57*x;
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end
We can then either design our own M-file implementing one of the numerical methods in the book or
use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero function. A session using the fzero function
would yield a root of 5.814 as shown here,
>> x=fzero(@Mx,5)
x =
5.8140
8.26 First, we can generate a plot of the slope function:
200
100
0
-100 0 2 4 6 8 10
-200
-300
of ways. Using MATLAB, we would first formulate an M-file for the slope function as:
function f = duydx(x)
f=-10/3*(sing(x,0,3)-sing(x,5,3))+7.5*sing(x,8,2)+150*sing(x,7,1)+57/2*x^2-238.25;
16
if x > a
s = (x - a) ^ n;
else
s = 0;
end
We can then either design our own M-file implementing one of the numerical methods in the book or
use MATLAB’s built-in capabilities like the fzero function. A session using the fzero function
would yield a root of 3.9357 as shown here,
>> x=fzero(@duydx,5)
x =
3.9357
8.27 (a) First, we can generate a plot of the slope function:
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
-200
-400
-600
Therefore, other than the end supports, there are no points of zero displacement.
(b) The location of the minimum can be determined by locating the zero of the slope function as
described in Prob. 8.26.
8.28 (a) The solution can be formulated as
⎡ 2 ⎤
1 ⎛ 280 ⎞
f (C ) = e − 280(0.05) /( 2(7.5)) cos ⎢ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (0.05)⎥ − 0.01
⎢ 7.5C ⎝ 2(7.5) ⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
or
⎡ 1 ⎤
f (C ) = 0.393241 cos ⎢ − 348.4444 (0.05)⎥ − 0.01
⎢⎣ 7.5C ⎥⎦
A plot of this function indicates a root at about C = 1×10–4.

3.E-01
0.E+00
0.E+00 1.E-04 2.E-04
-3.E-01
-6.E-01
(b) Bisection:
17
i Cl Cu Cr f(Cl) f(Cr) f(Cl)×f(Cr) εa

1 5.0000E-05 1.5000E-04 1.0000E-04 -3.02E-01 -9.35E-03 0.002823
2 1.0000E-04 1.5000E-04 1.2500E-04 -9.35E-03 8.00E-02 -0.00075 20.00%
3 1.0000E-04 1.2500E-04 1.1250E-04 -9.35E-03 3.88E-02 -0.00036 11.11%
4 1.0000E-04 1.1250E-04 1.0625E-04 -9.35E-03 1.57E-02 -0.00015 5.88%
5 1.0000E-04 1.0625E-04 1.0313E-04 -9.35E-03 3.44E-03 -3.2E-05 3.03%
After 14 iterations, the root is determined as 0.000102277 with an approximate error of 0.006%.
(c) In order to use MATLAB, we can first set up a function to hold the equation to be solved,
function f = prob0828(C)
t = 0.05; R = 280; L = 7.5; goal = 0.01;
f=exp(-R*t/(2*L))*cos(sqrt(1/(L*C)-(R/(2*L))^2)*t)-goal;
Here is the session that then determines the root,
>> format long

>> fzero(@prob0828,1e-4)
ans =
1.022726852565315e-004
f (t ) = 9e −t cos(2πt ) − 3.5
A plot of this function indicates a root at t = 0.175.

10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-5
-10
Using the Excel Solver and an initial guess of 0 yields a root of t = 0.173467.
2
f (N ) = 0 = −ρ
q⎛⎜ N + N 2 + 4ni2 ⎞⎟ μ
⎝ ⎠
where
−2.42
⎛ 1000 ⎞
μ = 1350⎜ ⎟ = 73.2769
⎝ 300 ⎠
Substituting this value along with the other parameters gives
2
f (N ) = 0 = − 6.5 × 106
−17 ⎛ 2 20 ⎞
1.24571 × 10 ⎜ N + N + 1.54256 × 10 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
18
A plot of this function indicates a root at about N = 9×109.
6.E+06
4.E+06
2.E+06
0.E+00
0.0E+00
-2.E+06 1.0E+10 2.0E+10
-4.E+06
(b) The bisection method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as
i Nl Nu Nr f(Nl) f(Nr) f(Nl)×f(Nr) εa

1 5.000E+09 1.500E+10 1.000E+10 2.23E+06 -3.12E+05 -7E+11
2 5.000E+09 1.000E+10 7.500E+09 2.23E+06 7.95E+05 1.77E+12 33.333%
3 7.500E+09 1.000E+10 8.750E+09 7.95E+05 2.06E+05 1.63E+11 14.286%
4 8.750E+09 1.000E+10 9.375E+09 2.06E+05 -6.15E+04 -1.3E+10 6.667%
5 8.750E+09 9.375E+09 9.063E+09 2.06E+05 6.99E+04 1.44E+10 3.448%
After 15 iterations, the root is 9.228×109 with a relative error of 0.003%.
(c) The modified secant method (with δ = 0.01) can be implemented with the results summarized as
i Ni f(Ni) δNi Ni+δNi f(Ni+δNi) f′(Ni) εa

0 9.000E+09 9.672E+04 9.000E+07 9.09E+09 5.819E+04 -0.0004
1 9.226E+09 6.749E+02 9.226E+07 9.32E+09 -3.791E+04 -0.0004 2.449%
2 9.228E+09 -3.160E+00 9.228E+07 9.32E+09 -3.858E+04 -0.0004 0.017%
3 9.228E+09 1.506E-02 9.228E+07 9.32E+09 -3.858E+04 -0.0004 0.000%
x
f ( x) = 0 = 1 − 3.59672
( x + 0.81)3 / 2
2
A plot indicates roots at about 0.22 and 1.5.

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-1
A numerical method can be used to determine that the roots are 0.22135 and 1.50979.
2
⎛ 2⎞
f (ω ) = 0 = 0.01333333 − 1.97531 × 10 − 5 + ⎜ 6 × 10 − 7 ω − ⎟
⎝ ω⎠
19
A plot of this function indicates a root at about ω = 150.
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-0.5
Note that the shape of the curve suggests that it may be ill-suited for solution with the false-position
method (refer to Fig. 5.14). This conclusion is borne out by the following results for bisection and false
position.
(b) The bisection method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized as
i ωl ωu ωr f(ωl) f(ωr) f(ωl)×f(ωr) εa

1 1 1000 500.5 -1.98667 0.007553 -0.01501
2 1 500.5 250.75 -1.98667 0.004334 -0.00861 99.601%
3 1 250.75 125.875 -1.98667 -0.00309 0.006144 99.206%
4 125.875 250.75 188.3125 -0.00309 0.001924 -6E-06 33.156%
5 125.875 188.3125 157.0938 -0.00309 -6.2E-05 1.93E-07 19.873%
After 13 iterations, the root is 157.9474 with an approximate relative error of 0.077%.
(c) The false-position method can be implemented with the results for the first 5 iterations summarized
as
i ωl ωu f(ωl) f(ωu) ωr f(ωr) f(ωl)×f(ωr) εa

1 1 1000.0 -1.98667 0.008674 995.7 0.00867 -0.01722
2 1 995.7 -1.98667 0.00867 991.3 0.008667 -0.01722 0.436%
3 1 991.3 -1.98667 0.008667 987.0 0.008663 -0.01721 0.436%
4 1 987.0 -1.98667 0.008663 982.8 0.00866 -0.01720 0.436%
5 1 982.8 -1.98667 0.00866 978.5 0.008656 -0.01720 0.435%
After 578 iterations, the root is 189.4316 with an approximate error of 0.0998%. Note that the true
error is actually about 20%. Therefore, the false position method is a very poor choice for this problem.
f ( f ) = 4 log10 Re ( )
f − 0.4 −
1
f
We want our program to work for Reynolds numbers between 2,500 and 1,000,000. Therefore, we must
determine the friction factors corresponding to these limits. This can be done with any root location method
to yield 0.011525 and 0.002913. Therefore, we can set our initial guesses as xl = 0.0028 and xu = 0.012.
Equation (5.5) can be used to determine the number of bisection iterations required to attain an absolute
error less than 0.000005,
⎛ Δx 0 ⎞
n = log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = log 2 ⎛⎜ 0.012 − 0.0028 ⎞⎟ = 10.8454
⎜E ⎟ ⎝ 0.000005 ⎠
⎝ a, d ⎠
20
which can be rounded up to 11 iterations. Here is a VBA function that is set up to implement 11 iterations
of bisection to solve the problem. Note that because VBA does not have a built-in function for the common
logarithm, we have developed a user-defined function for this purpose.
Function Bisect(xl, xu, Re)

Dim xrold As Double, test As Double
Dim xr As Double, iter As Integer, ea As Double
Dim i As Integer
iter = 0
For i = 1 To 11
xrold = xr
xr = (xl + xu) / 2
iter = iter + 1
If xr <> 0 Then
ea = Abs((xr - xrold) / xr) * 100
End If
test = f(xl, Re) * f(xr, Re)
If test < 0 Then
xu = xr
ElseIf test > 0 Then
xl = xr
Else
ea = 0
End If
Next i
Bisect = xr
End Function
Function f(x, Re)

f = 4 * log10(Re * Sqr(x)) - 0.4 - 1 / Sqr(x)
End Function
Function log10(x)
log10 = Log(x) / Log(10)
End Function
This can be implemented in Excel. Here are the results for a number of values within the desired range. We
have included the true value and the resulting error to verify that the results are within the desired error
criterion of Ea < 5×10–6.
Re Root Truth Et
2500 0.011528320 0.011524764 3.56E-06
3000 0.010890430 0.010890229 2.01E-07
10000 0.007727930 0.007727127 8.02E-07
30000 0.005877148 0.005875048 2.10E-06
100000 0.004502539 0.004500376 2.16E-06
300000 0.003622070 0.003617895 4.18E-06
1000000 0.002912305 0.002912819 5.14E-07
2k 2 d 5 / 2 1
f (d ) = 0 = + k1d 2 − mgd − mgh
5 2
Substituting the parameter values gives
f (d ) = 0 = 16d 5 / 2 + 20,000d 2 − 931.95d − 400.7385
21
A plot of this function indicates a root at about d = 0.168.

250
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-250
-500
A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is d = 0.166724.
f (T ) = 0 = −0.20597 + 1.671 × 10 −4 T + 9.7215 × 10 −8 T 2 − 9.5838 × 10 −11T 3 + 1.9520 × 10 −14 T 4
MATLAB can be used to determine all the roots of this polynomial,
>> format long

>> x=[1.952e-14 -9.5838e-11 9.7215e-8 1.671e-4 -0.20597];
>> roots(x)
ans =
1.0e+003 *
2.536837119097375 + 0.910501037132716i
2.536837119097375 - 0.910501037132716i
-1.289950382479250
1.126009750841876
The only realistic value is 1,126. This value can be checked using the polyval function,
>> polyval(x,1126)
ans =
-1.296516228432854e-006
g
f (θ 0 ) = (tan θ 0 ) x − x 2 + y0 − y
2v02 cos 2 θ 0
15.0215625
f (θ 0 ) = 0 = 35 tan (πθ0 / 180 ) − +1
cos 2 (πθ0 / 180 )
where θ0 is expressed in degrees. A plot of this function indicates roots at about θ0 = 27o and 61o.
22
10
5
0
-5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-10
-15
The Excel solver can then be used to determine the roots to higher accuracy. Using an initial guesses of 27o
and 61o yields θ0 = 27.2036o and 61.1598o, respectively. Therefore, two angles result in the desired
outcome. Note that the lower angle would probably be preferred as the ball would arrive at the catcher
faster.
8.37 This problem was solved using the roots command in MATLAB.
>> I=10+7+16;
>> II=10*7+10*16+7*16-14^2-25^2-15^2;
>> III=10*7*16-10*15^2-7*25^2-16*14^2+2*14*25*15;
>> c=[1 -I II -III]
c =
1 -33 -704 -1859
>> roots(c)
ans =
48.354283925405085
-12.204072966723880
-3.150210958681167
Therefore,
σ1 = 48.4 Mpa σ2 = −3.15 MPa σ3 = −12.20 MPa
m0
f (t ) = u ln − gt − v
m0 − qt
150,000
f (t ) = 2,000 ln − 9.81t − 750
150,000 − 2,700t
A plot of this function indicates a root at about t = 21.
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Because two initial guesses are given, a bracketing method like bisection can be used to determine the
root,
23
i tl tu tr f(tl) f(tr) f(tl)×f(tr) εa

1 10 50 30 -451.198 508.7576 -229550
2 10 30 20 -451.198 -53.6258 24195.86 50.00%
3 20 30 25 -53.6258 200.424 -10747.9 20.00%
4 20 25 22.5 -53.6258 67.66275 -3628.47 11.11%
5 20 22.5 21.25 -53.6258 5.689921 -305.127 5.88%
6 20 21.25 20.625 -53.6258 -24.2881 1302.471 3.03%
7 20.625 21.25 20.9375 -24.2881 -9.3806 227.8372 1.49%
8 20.9375 21.25 21.09375 -9.3806 -1.8659 17.50322 0.74%
Thus, after 8 iterations, the approximate error falls below 1% with a result of t = 21.09375. Note that if
the computation is continued, the root can be determined as 21.13242.
0.007158ω
f (ω ) = tan(ω / 3 − 1) −
1 − (ω / 34.119887) 2
A plot of this function indicates a root at about ω = 3.1.
0.5
0
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-1.5
-2
A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is ω = 3.06637.
8.40 Excel Solver solution:
24
8.41 The problem reduces to finding the value of n that drives the second part of the equation to 1. In other
words, finding the root of
f ( n) =
n
n −1
( )
Rc ( n −1) / n − 1 − 1 = 0
Inspection of the equation indicates that singularities occur at x = 0 and 1. A plot indicates that
otherwise, the function is smooth.
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.5
-1
A tool such as the Excel Solver can be used to locate the root at n = 0.8518.
8.42 The following application of Excel Solver can be set up:
25
The solution is:
8.43 For this problem, two continuity conditions must hold. First, the flows must balance,
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (1)
Second, the energy balance must hold. That is, the head losses in pipes 1 and 3 must balance the
elevation drop between reservoirs A and C,
H L,1 + H L,3 = E A − EC (2)
The head losses for each pipe can be computed with
Li Vi 2
H L,i = fi (3)
Di 2 g
The flows and velocities are related by the continuity equation, which for a circular pipe is
4Qi
Vi = (4)
πDi2
Finally, the Colebrook equation relates the friction factor to the pipe characteristics as in
1 ⎛ ε 2.51 ⎞
= −2.0 log⎜ i + ⎟
⎜ ⎟
fi ⎝ 3.7 Di Rei f i ⎠
where ε = the roughness (m), and Re = the Reynolds number,
Vi Di
Rei =
νi
where ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s).
26
These equations can be combined to reduce the problem to two equations with 2 unknowns. First, Eq.
4 can be solved for Q and substituted into Eq. 1 to give
πD12 πD32
V1 − Q2 − V3 = 0 (5)
4 4
Then, Eq. 3 can be substituted into Eq. 2 to yield
L1 L
f1 V12 + f 3 3 V32 − ( E A − EC ) = 0 (6)
2 gD1 2 gD3
Therefore, if we knew the friction factors, these are two equations with two unknowns, V1 and V3. If
we could solve for these velocities, we could then determine the flows in pipes 1 and 3 via Eq. 4.
Further, we could then determine the head losses in each pipe and compute the elevation of reservoir B
as
E B = E A − H L,1 − H L , 2 (7)
There are a variety of ways to obtain the solution. One nice way is to use the Excel Solver. First the
calculation can be set up as
The shaded cells are input data and the bold cells are the unknowns. The remaining cells are computed
with formulas as outlined below. Note that we have named the cells so that the formulas are easier to
understand.
27
Notice that we have set up the flow and head loss balances (Eqs. 5 and 6) in cells b23 and b24. We
form a target cell (c26) as the summation of the squares of the balances (c23 and c24). It is this target
cell that must be minimized to solve the problem.
An important feature of the solution is that we use a VBA worksheet function, ff, to solve for the
friction factors in cells b16, d16 and f16. This function uses the modified secant method to solve the
Colebrook equation for the friction factor. As shown below, it uses the Blasius formula to obtain a
good initial guess:
Option Explicit
Function ff(e, D, Re)

Dim imax As Integer, iter As Integer
Dim es As Double, ea As Double
Dim xr As Double, xrold As Double, fr As Double
Const del As Double = 0.01
es = 0.01
imax = 20
'Blasius equation
xr = 0.316 / Re ^ 0.25
iter = 0
Do
xrold = xr
fr = f(xr, e, D, Re)
xr = xr - fr * del * xr / (f(xr + del * xr, e, D, Re) - fr)
iter = iter + 1
If (xr <> 0) Then
End If
If ea < es Or iter >= imax Then Exit Do
Loop
ff = xr
End Function
Function f(x, e, D, Re)

'Colebrook equation
f = -2 * Log(e / (3.7 * D) + 2.51 / Re / Sqr(x)) / Log(10) - 1 / Sqr(x)
28
End Function
The Excel Solver can then be used to drive the target cell to a minimum by varying the cells for V1
(cell b12) and V3 (cell f12).
The results of Solver are shown below:
Therefore, the solution is V1 = 1.12344 and V3 = 1.309158. Equation 4 can then be used to compute Q1
= 0.14118 and Q3 = 0.041128. Finally, Eq. 7 can be used to compute the elevation of reservoir B as
179.564.
29
8.44 This problem can be solved in a number of ways. The following solution employs Excel and its Solver
option. A worksheet is developed to solve for the pressure drop in each pipe and then determine the
flow and pressure balances. Here is how the worksheet is set up,
The following shows the data and formulas that are entered into each cell.
Notice that we have set up the flow and pressure head loss balances in cells b16 through b21. We form
a target cell (c23) as the summation of the squares of the residuals (c16 through c21). It is this target
cell that must be minimized to solve the problem. The following shows how this was done with the
Solver.
30
Here is the final result:
8.45 This problem can be solved in a number of ways. The following solution employs Excel and its Solver
option. A worksheet is developed to solve for the pressure drop in each pipe and then determine the
flow and pressure drop balances. Here is how the worksheet is set up,
31
The following shows the data and formulas that are entered into each cell.
Notice that we have set up the flow and pressure head loss balances in cells b16 through b21. We form
a target cell (c23) as the summation of the squares of the residuals (c16 through c21). It is this target
cell that must be minimized to solve the problem.
An important feature of the solution is that we use a VBA worksheet function, ff, to solve for the
friction factors in column h. This function uses the modified false position method to solve the von
Karman equation for the friction factor.
Option Explicit
Function ff(Re)
Dim iter As Integer, imax As Integer
Dim il As Integer, iu As Integer
Dim xrold As Double, fl As Double, fu As Double, fr As Double
Dim xl As Double, xu As Double, es As Double
Dim xr As Double, ea As Double
xl = 0.00001
32
xu = 1
es = 0.01
imax = 40
iter = 0
fl = f(xl, Re)
fu = f(xu, Re)
Do
xrold = xr
xr = xu - fu * (xl - xu) / (fl - fu)
fr = f(xr, Re)
iter = iter + 1
If xr <> 0 Then
End If
If fl * fr < 0 Then
xu = xr
fu = f(xu, Re)
iu = 0
il = il + 1
If il >= 2 Then fl = fl / 2
ElseIf fl * fr > 0 Then
xl = xr
fl = f(xl, Re)
il = 0
iu = iu + 1
If iu >= 2 Then fu = fu / 2
Else
ea = 0
End If
If ea < es Or iter >= imax Then Exit Do
Loop
ff = xr
End Function
Function f(x, Re)

f = 4 * Log(Re * Sqr(x)) / Log(10) - 0.4 - 1 / Sqr(x)
End Function
The Excel Solver can then be used to drive the target cell to a minimum by varying the flows in cells
e6 through e11.
Here is the final result:
33
8.46 The horizontal and vertical components of the orbiter thruster can be computed as
FH = TS sin θ FV = TS cos θ
A moment balance about point G can be computed as
M = 4WB − 4TB − 24WS + 24TS cos θ − 38TS sin θ
Substituting the parameter values yields
M = −20.068 × 106 + 27 × 106 cos θ − 42.75 × 106 sin θ
This function can be plotted for the range of –5 to +5 radians
4.E+07
0.E+00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-4.E+07
-8.E+07
A valid root occurs at about 0.15 radians.
A MATLAB M-file called prob0846.m can be written to implement the Newton-Raphson method to
solve for the root as
% Shuttle Liftoff Engine Angle

% Newton-Raphson Method of iteratively finding a single root
format long
% Constants
34
LGB = 4.0; LGS = 24.0; LTS = 38.0;

WS = 0.230E6; WB = 1.663E6;
TB = 5.3E6; TS = 1.125E6;
es = 0.5E-7; nmax = 200;
% Initial estimate in radians
x = 0.25
%Calculation loop
for i=1:nmax
fx = LGB*WB-LGB*TB-LGS*WS+LGS*TS*cos(x)-LTS*TS*sin(x);
dfx = -LGS*TS*sin(x)-LTS*TS*cos(x);
xn=x-fx/dfx;
%convergence check
ea=abs((xn-x)/xn);
if (ea<=es)
fprintf('convergence: Root = %f radians \n',xn)
theta = (180/pi)*x;
fprintf('Engine Angle = %f degrees \n',theta)
break
end
x=xn;
x
end
The program can be run with the result:
>> prob0846
x =
0.15000000000000
x =
0.15519036852630
x =
0.15518449747863
convergence: Root = 0.155184 radians
Engine Angle = 8.891417 degrees
The program can be run for the case of the minimum payload, by changing Ws to 195,000 and running
the M-file with the result:
>> prob0846
x =
0.15000000000000
x =
0.17333103912866
x =
0.17321494968603
convergence: Root = 0.173215 radians
Engine Angle = 9.924486 degrees
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Life's little stage
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at
no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the
terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are
located before using this eBook.
Title: Life's little stage
Author: Agnes Giberne
Release date: December 31, 2023 [eBook #72559]
Language: English
Original publication: London: The Religious Tract Society, 1913
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE'S LITTLE STAGE ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as printed.
"I SEE THEM, I SEE THEM PLAINLY!"
LIFE'S LITTLE STAGE
BY
AGNES GIBERNE
AUTHOR OF
"SUN, MOON AND STARS," "THIS WONDER-WORLD,"
"STORIES OF THE ABBEY PRECINCTS," ETC., ETC.
"Who can over-estimate the value of these little Opportunities?
How angels must weep to see us throw them away!
. . . And how can we ever expect to meet the great trials
worthily, unless we learn discipline by those which to others
may seem but trifles?"—ANON.
LONDON
THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY
4 BOUVERIE STREET AND 65 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD, E.C.
1913
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Little 'Why-Because'
This Wonder-World
Gwendoline
The Hillside Children
Stories of the Abbey Precincts
Anthony Cragg's Tenant
Profit and Loss; or, Life's Ledger
Through the Linn
Five Little Birdies
Next-Door Neighbours
Willie and Lucy at the Sea-side
LONDON: THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY
FOREWORD
THERE are many girls who, on leaving School for Home-life, find the year or two following
rather "difficult." They seem often not quite to know what to do with themselves, with their
time, with their gifts; and they are apt to fall into some needless mistakes for want of a
guiding hand. My wish, in writing this tale, has been to give such girls a little help. It may
be that one here or there, in reading it, will find out how to avoid such mistakes from the
struggles, the defeats, and the non-defeats of Magda Royston.
AGNES GIBERNE.
EASTBOURNE.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I. GOOD-BYE TO SCHOOL
II. WHAT WAS THE USE?
III. ROBERT
IV. THE INEFFABLE PATRICIA
V. UNWELCOME NEWS
VI. SWISS ENCOUNTERS
VII. A MOUNTAIN HUT BY NIGHT
VIII. IN AN AVALANCHE
IX. FRIENDS IN PERIL
X. THE RESCUED MAN
XI. PATRICIA'S AFFAIRS
XII. AN OPPORTUNITY LOST
XIII. VIRGINIA VILLA
XIV. A REVERSION OF THOUGHT
XV. LIFE'S ONWARD MARCH
XVI. THE THICK OF THE FIGHT
XVII. ABOUT TRUE SERVICE
XVIII. TAKEN BY SURPRISE
XIX. IF HE SHOULD COME!
XX. THROUGH AN ORDEAL
XXI. AND AFTERWARDS

XXII. "COULDN'T BE TIED!"
XXIII. HERSELF OR HER FRIEND?
XXIV. SOMEBODY'S LOOSE ENDS
XXV. MAGDA'S OLD CHUM
XXVI. WHERETO THINGS TENDED
XXVII. WHAT PATRICIA WANTED
XXVIII. WOULD SHE GIVE IN?
XXIX. SO AWFULLY SUDDEN!
XXX. IF ONLY SHE HAD—!
XXXI. LOST LOOKS
XXXII. AFTER SEVEN MONTHS
XXXIII. THIS GLORIOUS WORLD!
XXXIV. ONCE MORE TO THE TEST
LIFE'S LITTLE STAGE
CHAPTER I
GOOD-BYE TO SCHOOL
"SOME girls would be glad in your place."
"It's just the other way with me."
"Not that you have not been happy here. I know you have. Still—home is home."
"This is my other home."
Miss Mordaunt smiled. It was hardly in human nature not to be gratified.
"If only I could have stayed two years longer! Or even one year! Father might let me. It's
such a horrid bore to have to leave now."
"But since no choice is left, you must make the best of things."
The two stood facing one another in the bow-window of Miss Mordaunt's pretty drawing-
room; tears in the eyes of the elder woman, for hers was a sympathetic nature; no tears in
the eyes of the girl, but a sharp ache at her heart. Till the arrival of this morning's post she
never quite lost hope, though notice of her removal was given months before. A final
appeal, vehemently worded, after the writer's fashion, had lately gone; and the reply was
decisive.
Many a tussle of wills had taken place during the last four years between these two; and a
time was when the pupil indulged in hard thoughts of the kind Principal. But Miss Mordaunt
possessed power to win love; and though she found in Magda Royston a difficult subject,
she conquered in the end. Out of battling grew strong affection—how strong on the side of
Magda perhaps neither quite knew until this hour.
"There isn't any 'best.' It's just simply horrid."
"Still, if you are wanted at home, your duty lies there."
"I'm not. That's the thing. Nobody wants me. Mother has Penrose; and father has Merryl;
and Frip—I mean, Francie—is the family pet. And I come in nowhere. I'm a sort of
extraneous atom that can't coalesce with any other atom." A tinge of self-satisfaction crept
into the tone. "It's not my fault. Nobody at home needs me—not one least little bit. And
there isn't a person in all the town that I care for—not one blessed individual!"
Miss Mordaunt seated herself on the sofa, drawing the speaker to her side, with a
protesting touch.
"There isn't. Pen snaps them all up. And if she didn't, it would come to the same thing. I'm
not chummy with girls—never was. I had a real friend once; but he was a boy; and boys
are so different. Ned Fairfax and I were immense chums; but he was years and years older
than me; and he went right away when I was only eleven. I've never set eyes on him
since, and I don't even know now what has become of him. Only I know we should be
friends again—directly—if ever we met! The girls and I get on well enough here, but we're
not friends."
"Except Beatrice."
"Bee is a little dear, and I dote on her; and she worships the ground I tread on. But after
all—though she is more than a year older, she always seems the younger. And I'm much
more to her than she is to me. Don't you see? I wouldn't say that to everybody, but it's
true. I want something more than that, if it is to satisfy! Bee looks up to me. I want some
one that I can look up to."
"There is much more in Bee than appears on the surface."
"I dare say. She pegs away, and gets on. She'll be awfully useful at home. And in a sort of
way she is taking."
"People find her extremely taking. She is a friend worth having and worth keeping. But I
hope you are going to have friends in Burwood."
"There's nobody. Oh well, yes, there is one—but she doesn't live there. She only comes
down to a place near for a week or ten days at a time. Her name is Patricia, and she is a
picture! I've seen her just three times, and I fell in love straight off. But I haven't a ghost
of a chance. Everybody runs after her. Oh, I shall get on all right. There's Rob, you know.
He and I have always been cronies; and it's quite settled that I shall keep house for him
some day. Not till he gets a living; and that won't be yet. He was only ordained two years
ago."
"I should advise you not to build too much on that notion. Your brother may marry."
Magda's eyes blazed. They were singular golden-brown eyes, with a reddish tinge in the
iris, matching her hair.
"You don't know Rob! He always says he never comes across any girls to be compared with
his sisters. And I always was his special! He promised—years ago—that I should live with
him by-and-by. At least—if he didn't exactly promise, he said it. Father jeers at the idea,
but Rob means what he says."
Miss Mordaunt hesitated to throw further cold water. Life itself would bring the chill splash
soon enough.
"Well—perhaps," she admitted. "Only, it is always wiser not to look forward too confidently.
Things turn out so unlike what one expects beforehand. Have you not found it so?"
"I'm sure this won't. It will all come right, I know. But just imagine father talking about my
having 'finished my education.' Oh dear me, if he would but understand! He says his own
sisters finished theirs at seventeen, and he doesn't see any need for new-fangled ways.
You may read it!" Magda held out the sheet with an indignant thrust. "As if it mattered
what they used to do in the Dark Ages."
Miss Mordaunt could not quite suppress another smile. She read the letter and gave it
back.
"That settles the matter, I am afraid. I see that your father wants his daughter."
"He doesn't!" bluntly. "He wants nobody except Merryl. 'Finished my education' indeed!
Why, I'm not seventeen till next month; and I'm only just beginning to know what real
work means."
Miss Mordaunt could have endorsed this; but an interruption came. She was called away;
and Magda wandered to one of the class-rooms, where, as she expected, she found a girl
alone bending over a desk, hard at work—a girl nearly as tall as herself, but so slight in
make that people often spoke of her as "little;" the more so, perhaps, from her gentle
retiring manner, and from the look of wistful appeal in her brown eyes. It was a pale face,
even-featured, with rather marked dark brows and brown hair full of natural waves. As
Magda entered she jumped up.
"I've been wanting to see you, Magda. Only think—"
"I went to tell Miss Mordaunt—father has written at last."
"Has he? And he says—?"
"I'm to go home for good at the end of the term."
"Then we leave together, after all."
"It's right enough for you. You've had an extra year. But I do hate it—just as I am getting
to love work—to have to stop."
"You won't stop. You are so clever. You will keep on with everything."
"It can't be the same—working all alone."
Beatrice looked sympathetic, but only remarked—"I have heard from my mother too. And
only think! We are to leave town. Not now, but some time next year; when the lease of our
house is up. Guess where we may perhaps live!"
"Not—Burwood!" dubiously.
Bee clapped joyous hands.
"What can have made your mother think of such a thing?"
"Why, Magda! Wouldn't you be glad to have us?"
"Of course. But I mean—how did it come into her head?"
"I put the notion there. Wouldn't you have done it in my place? London never has suited
her; and our doctor advises the country. And I said something in my last about Burwood—
not really thinking that anything would come of it. But mother has quite taken to the idea.
She used to stay near, sometimes, when she was a child; and she remembers well how
pretty the walks and drives were. It would make all the difference to me if we were near to
you. I should not mind so very much then having to leave Amy."
Magda was not especially fond of hearing about this other great friend—Amy Smith.
Whatever her estimate might be, in the abstract, of the value of Bee, she liked to have the
whole of her; not to share her with somebody else. Certainly not with a "Miss Smith!"
"You see, I've been near Amy all my life; and she is so good to me—too good! She's years
older, but we are just like sisters, and I don't know how I shall get on without her. But if it
is to come near you, dear, saying good-bye won't be quite so hard."
"It will be frightfully nice if you do. We can do no end of things together. I suppose it's not
settled yet."
"No; only, if mother once takes to a plan, she doesn't soon give it up. So I'm very hopeful.
Just think! If I were always near you! And you were always coming in and out!"
"It would be frightfully nice!" repeated Magda, throwing into her voice what Bee would
expect to hear. But when she strolled away, she questioned within herself—was she glad?
Would she be more disappointed or more relieved if the scheme fell through?
The notion of introducing Beatrice Major to her home-circle did not quite appeal to her. The
Roystons held their heads high, and moved in county circles, and were extremely
particular as to whom they deigned to know. Bee herself was the dearest little creature—
pretty and lovable, sweet and kind; but she had been only two years in the school, and
Magda had met none of Bee's people. They might very easily fail to suit her people.
Beatrice, it was true, never seemed to mind being questioned about her home and
connections; but it was equally true that she never appeared to have very much to say—at
least of any such particulars as would impress the Royston imagination; and this was
suggestive. Magda had heard so much all her life about people's antecedents, that she
might be excused for feeling nervous. She had seen a photo of Bee's mother, and thought
her a very unattractive person; also a photo of Amy Smith, which was worse still. She
knew that Mrs. Major could not be too well off, for Bee's command of pocket-money was
by no means plentiful, and her wardrobe was limited.
They would probably live in some poky little house. And though Magda could talk grandly
about not caring what other people thought, and though personally she would not perhaps
mind about the said house, yet she would mind extremely if her own particular friend were
looked down upon by her home-folks. The very idea of Pen's air of mild disdain stung
sharply.
So altogether she felt that, if the plan failed, she would not be very sorry. But Bee might
on no account guess this.
Several weeks later came the day of parting; and once more Magda stood before Miss
Mordaunt with a lump in her throat.
"You will have to work steadily, if you do not mean to lose all you have gained, Magda."
"I know. I shall make a plan for every day, and stick to it."
"Except when home duties come between."
"I've no home duties. Pen goes everywhere with mother, and Merryl does all the little
useful fidgets. There's nothing left for me. Nobody will care what I'm after."
Miss Mordaunt studied the impressionable face. Some eager thought was at work below
the surface.
"What is it, my dear?"
"You always know when I've something on my mind. I've been thinking a lot lately. Miss
Mordaunt, I want to do something with my life. Not just to drift along anyhow, as so many
girls do. I want to make something of it. Something great, you know!"—and her eyes
glowed. "Do you think I shall ever be able? Does the chance come to everybody some time
or other? I've heard it said that it does."
"It may. Many miss the 'chance,' as you call it, when it does come. I should rather call it
'the opportunity.' What do you mean by 'something great'?"
"Oh—Why!—You know! Something above the common run. Like Grace Darling, or Miss
Florence Nightingale, or that Duchess who stayed behind in the French bazaar to be burnt
to death, so that others might escape. It was noblesse oblige with her, wasn't it? I think it
would be grand to do something of that sort,—that would be always remembered and
talked about."
"Perhaps so. But don't forget that what one is in the little things of life, one is also in the
great things. More than one rehearsal is generally given to us before the 'great
opportunity' is sent. And if we fail in the rehearsals, we fail then also."
"Yes—I know. And I do mean to work at my studies. But all the same, I should like to do
something, some day, really and truly great."
Miss Mordaunt looked wistfully at the girl. "Dear Magda—real greatness does not mean
being talked about. It means—doing the Will of God in our lives—doing our duty, and doing
it for Him."
CHAPTER II
WHAT WAS THE USE?
MANY months later that parting interview with Miss Mordaunt recurred vividly to Magda.
"What's the good of it all, I wonder?" she had been asking aloud.
And suddenly, as if called up from a far distance, she saw again Miss Mordaunt's face, and
heard again her own confident utterances.
It was a bitterly cold March afternoon. She stood alone under the great walnut tree in the
back garden—which was divided by a tall hedge from the kitchen garden. Over her head
was a network of bare boughs; and upon the grass at her feet lay a pure white carpet.
Some lilac bushes near had begun to show promise of coming buds; but they looked
doleful enough now, weighed down by snow.
She had with such readiness promised steady work in the future! And she had meant it
too.
The thing seemed so easy beforehand. And for a time she really had tried. But she had not
kept it up. She had not worked persistently. She had not "stuck" to her plans. The contrast
between intention and non-fulfilment came upon her now with force.
Six months had gone by of home-life, of emancipation from school control. Six months of
aimless drifting—the very thing she had resolved sturdily against.
"Oh, bother! What's the use of worrying? Why can't I take things as Pen does? Pen never
seems to mind." But she was in the grip of a cogitative mood, and thinking would not be
stayed.
She had begun well enough—had planned daily two hours of music, an hour of history, an
hour of literature, an hour alternately of French and German. It had all looked fair and
promising. And the whole had ended in smoke.
Something always seemed to come in the way. The children wanted a ramble. Or she was
sent on an errand. Or a caller came in. Or there was an invitation. Or—oftener and worse!
—disinclination had her by the throat.
Disinclination which, no doubt, might have been, and ought to have been, grappled with
and overcome. Only, she had not grappled with it. She had not overcome. She had yielded,
time after time.
It was so difficult to work alone; so dull to sit and read in her own room; so stupid to write
a translation that nobody would see; so tiresome to practice when there was none to
praise or blame. Not that she liked blame; and not that she was not expected to practice;
but no marked interest was shown in her advance; and she wanted sympathy and craved
an object. And it was so fatally easy to put off, to let things slide, to get out of the way of
regular plans. The fact that any time would do equally well soon meant no time.
This had been a typical day; and she reviewed it ruefully. A morning of aimless nothings;
the mending of clothes idly deferred; hours spent in the reading of a foolish novel; jars
with Penrose; friction with her mother; a sharp set-down from her father; then
forgetfulness of wrongs and resentment during a romp in the snow with Merryl and Frip—
till the younger girls were summoned indoors, leaving her to descend at a plunge from
gaiety to disquiet. Magda's variations were many.
She stood pondering the subject—a long-limbed well-grown girl, young in look for her
years, with a curly mass of red-brown hair, seldom tidy, and a pair of expressive eyes.
They could look gentle and loving, though that phase was not common; they could sparkle
with joy or blaze with anger; they could be dull as a November fog; they could, as at this
moment, turn their regards inwards with uneasy self-condemnation.
But it was a condemnation of self which she would not have liked anybody else to echo. No
one quicker, you may be sure, than Magda Royston in self-defence! Even now words of
excuse sprang readily, as she stood at the bar of her own judgment.
"After all, I don't see that it is my fault. I can't help things being as they are. And suppose
I had worked all these months at music and history and languages—what then? What
would be the good? It would be all for myself. I should be just as useless to other people."
A vision arose of the great things she had wished to do, and she stamped the snow flat.
"It's no good. I've no chance. There's nothing to be done that I can see. If I had heaps of
money to give away! Or if I had a special gift—if I could write books, or could paint
pictures! Or even if my people were poor, and I could work hard to get money for them!
Anything like that would make all the difference. As it is—well, I know I have brains of a
sort; better brains than Pen! But I don't see what I can do with them. I don't see that I
can do anything out of the common, or better than hundreds of other people do. And that
is so stupid. Not worth the trouble!"
"Mag-da!" sounded in Pen's clear voice.
"She never can leave me in peace! I'm not going indoors yet."
"Mag-da!" Three times repeated, was followed by—"Where are you? Mother says you are
to come."
This could not be disregarded. "Coming," she called carelessly, and in a slow saunter she
followed the boundary of the kitchen garden hedge, trailed through the back yard, stopped
to exchange a greeting with the house-dog as he sprang to the extent of his chain, stroked
the stately Persian cat on the door-step, and finally presented herself in the inner hall.
It was one of the oldest houses in the country town of Burwood; rather small, but antique.
Once upon a time it had stood alone, surrounded by its own broad acres; but things were
changed, and the acres had shrunk—through the extravagance of former Roystons—to
only a fair-sized garden. The rest of the land had been sold for building; and other houses
in gardens stood near. In the opinion of old residents, this was no longer real country; and
with new-comers, the Roystons no longer ranked as quite the most important people in the
near neighbourhood. Their means were limited enough to make it no easy matter for them
to remain on in the house, and they could do little in the way of entertaining. But they
prided themselves still on their exclusiveness.
Penrose stood waiting; a contrast to Magda, who was five years her junior. Not nearly so
tall and much more slim, she had rather pretty blue eyes and a neat figure, which
comprised her all in the way of good looks. Her manner towards Magda was superior and
mildly positive, though with people in general she knew how to be agreeable. Magda's air
in response was combative.
"Did you not hear me calling?"
"If not, I shouldn't be here now."
"I think you need not have kept me so long."
Magda vouchsafed no excuse. "What's up?" she demanded.
"Mother wants you in the drawing-room."
"What for?"
"She found your drawers untidy."
"Of course you sent her to look at them."
"I don't 'send' mother about. And I have not been in your room to-day."
"I understand!" Magda spoke pointedly.
Penrose glanced up and down her sister with critical eyes. A word of warning would be
kind. Magda seemed blissfully unconscious of her outward condition; and Pen had this
moment heard a ring at the front door, which might mean callers.
"You've done the business now, so I hope you're satisfied," Magda went on. "Mother would
never have thought of looking in my drawers, if you had not said something. I know! I did
make hay in them yesterday, when I couldn't find my gloves, but I meant to put them
straight to-night. It's too bad of you."
Pen's lips, parted for speech, closed again. If Magda chose to fling untrue accusations, she
might manage for herself. And indeed small chance was given her to say more. Magda
marched off, just as she was, straight for the drawing-room—her skirts pinned abnormally
high for the snow-frolic; her shoes encased in snow; her tam-o'-shanter half-covering a
mass of wild hair; her bare hands soiled and red with cold and scratched with brambles.
"Yes, mother. Pen says you want me."
She sent the words in advance with no gentle voice, as she whisked open the drawing-
room door. Then she stopped.
Mrs. Royston, a graceful woman, looked in displeasure towards the figure in the doorway;
for she was not alone.
Callers had arrived, as Pen conjectured; and through the front window might be seen two
thoroughbreds champing their bits, and a footman standing stolidly. Why had Pen given no
hint? How unkind! Then she recalled her own curt turning away, and knew that she was to
blame.
"Really!" with a faint laugh protested Mrs. Royston.
"So I thought we would look in for five minutes on our way back from Sir John's," the elder
caller was remarking in a manly voice.
She was a large woman, more in breadth and portliness than in height, and her
magnificent furs made her look like a big brown bear sitting on end. Her face too was large
and strongly outlined.
Magda guessed in a moment what her mother felt; for the Honourable Mrs. Framley was a
county magnate; the weightiest personality in more senses than one to be found for many
a mile around. A call from her was reckoned by some people as second only to a call from
Royalty. The girl's first impulse was to flee; but a solid outstretched hand commanded her
approach.
"Now, which of your young folks is this?" demanded Mrs. Framley, examining Magda
through an eye-glass. "Let me see—you've got—how many daughters? Penrose—Magda—
Merryl—Frances. I've not forgotten their names, though it's—how long?—since I was here
last. Months, I'm afraid. But this is not your neat Penrose; and my jolly little friend Merryl
can't have shot up to that height since I saw her; and Magda is out. Came out in the
autumn, didn't she? So who is this? A niece?"
"I'm Magda," the girl said in shamefaced confession, for Mrs. Royston seemed voiceless.
Mrs. Framley leant back in her chair, and laughed till she was exhausted.
"So that's a specimen of the modern young woman, eh?"—when she could regain her
voice. "My dear—" to Mrs. Royston—"pray don't apologise. It's I who should apologise. But
really—really—it's irresistible." She went into another fit, and emerged from it, wheezing.
"The child doesn't look a day over fifteen." The speaker wiped her eyes. "Don't send her
away. Unadulterated Nature is always worth seeing—eh, Patricia?"
Magda turned startled eyes in the direction of the second caller, a girl three or four years
older than herself, and the last person whom she expected to see. The last person,
perhaps, whom at that moment she wished to see. For despite Magda's boasted non-
chumminess with girls, this was the one girl whom she did, honestly and heartily, though
not hopefully, desire for a friend. She had fallen in love at first sight with Mrs. Framley's
niece, and had cherished her image ever since in the most secret recess of her heart.
"She'll think me just a silly idiotic school-girl!" flashed through Magda's mind, as she made
an involuntary movement forward with extended hand—a soiled hand, as already said,
scratched and slightly bleeding.
Patricia Vincent, standing thus far with amused eyes in the background, hesitated. She
was immaculately dressed in grey, with a grey-feathered hat, relieved by touches of
salmon-pink, and the daintiest of pale grey kid gloves. Contact with that hand did not quite
suit her fastidious sense. A mere fraction of a second—and then she would have
responded; but Magda, with crimsoning cheeks, had snatched the offending member away.
"I think you had better go and send Pen," interposed Mrs. Royston. Under the quiet words
lay a command, "Do not come back."
Magda fled, without a good-bye, and went to the school-room, where she flung herself into
an old armchair. The gas was low, but a good fire gave light; and she sat there in a
dishevelled heap, weighing her grievances.
It was too bad of Pen, quite too bad, not to have warned her! And now the mischief was
done. Patricia Vincent would never forget. Pen would go in and win; while she, as usual,
would be nowhere in the race.
And all because she had not first rushed upstairs, to smooth her hair and wash her hands!
Such nonsense!
As if Pen had not friends enough already! Just the single girl that she wanted for herself! If
she might have Patricia, Pen was welcome to the rest of the world. But that was always the
way! If one cared for a thing particularly, that thing was certain to be out of reach.
She was smarting still over the thought of that refused handshake; but her anger all went
in the direction of Pen, not of Patricia. Pen alone was to blame!
Presently the front door was opened and shut; and then Mrs. Royston came in, moving
with her usual graceful deliberation.
"What could have made you behave so, Magda?" she asked. "To come before callers in
such a state!"
Magda was instantly up in arms. "Pen never told me there were callers."
"She did not know it. She would have reminded you how untidy you were—certainly in no
condition to come into the drawing-room, even if I had been alone! But you show so much
annoyance if she speaks."
"Pen is always in the right, of course."
"That is not the way to speak to me. I would rather have had this happen before anybody
than before Mrs. Framley."
Magda shut her lips.
"Why did you not send Pen, as I told you?"
"I forgot."
"You always do forget. There is more dependence to be put upon Francie than upon you.
You think of nothing, and care for nothing, except your own concerns. I am disappointed in
you. It seems sometimes as if you had no sense of duty. And you ought to leave off giving
way to temper as you do. It is so unlike your sisters. Nothing ever seems right with you."
"I can't help it. It isn't my fault."
"Then you ought to help it. You are not a little child any longer."
Mrs. Royston hesitated, as if about to say more; but Magda held up her head with an air of
indifference, though invisible tears were scorching the backs of her eyes; and with a sigh
she left the room. Magda would let no tear fall. She was angry, as well as unhappy.
Why should she be always the one in disgrace—and never Pen? True, Pen was careful, and
neat, and sensible. All through girlhood Pen had been in the right. She had done her
lessons, not indeed brilliantly, but with punctuality and exactness. Her hair was always
neat; her stockings were always darned; her room was always in order; she never forgot
what she undertook to do; she never gave a message upside-down or wrong end before.
While Magda—but it is enough to say that in all these items she was the exact reverse of
Penrose.
This week she in her turn had charge of the school-room, which was also the play-room.
And the result, but for thoughtful Merryl, would have been "confusion worse confounded."
Mr. Royston was wont to declare that when his second daughter passed through a room,
she left such traces as are commonly left by a tropical cyclone. There was some truth in
the remark, if Magda happened to be in a tumultuous mood.
Penrose had her faults, as well as Magda, though somehow she was seldom blamed for
them. She had a knack of being always in the right, at least to outward appearance. No
doubt her faults were exaggerated by Magda; but they did exist. She wanted the best of
everything for herself; she alone must be popular; she could not endure that Magda should
do anything better than she did; she was not always strictly true. Magda saw and felt
these defects; but nobody else seemed to be aware of them; and she could prove nothing.
If she tried, she only managed to get into hot water, while Pen was sure to come off with
flying colours.
"And it will be just the same with Patricia Vincent," was the outcome of this soliloquy. "The
moment Pen guesses that I like her, she'll step in and oust me. I know she will."
CHAPTER III
ROBERT
WITH a creak, the door was cautiously opened. Somebody put in his head.
"All alone, Magda!"
Depression vanished, and the transformation in Magda's face was like an instantaneous
leap from November to June. In a moment her eyes were alight, her limbs alert.
"Rob!" she cried.
"Well, old girl! How are you?"
"You dear old fellow—I am glad."
The new-comer was about her own height, which though fairly tall for a girl could not be
so counted for a man. He was slim in make, like Pen; also, like Pen, scrupulously neat in
dress. Her eager welcome met with a quiet kiss; after which he seated himself; and his
eyes travelled over her, with a rather dubious expression.
"It's awfully jolly to have you here again. You never told us you were coming."
"I happened not to know it myself till this morning. What have you been after?"
"Just now? Playing in the snow."
Rob's gaze reached her shoes, and she laughed.
"Yes, I know! Of course, I ought to have changed them. But it didn't seem worth while. I
shall have to dress for dinner soon."
"And, meantime, you are anxious to start early rheumatism!"

"My dear Rob! I never had a twinge of it in my life—I don't know what it means."
"So much the better. It would be more sensible to continue in ignorance."
"Oh, all right. I'll be sensible, and change—presently. I really can't just now. I must have
you while I can. When the others know you are here, I shall not have a chance. Are you
going to stay?"
"One night. I must be off the first thing to-morrow morning."
"And I've oceans to say! Things that can't by any possibility be written."
"Fire away then. There's no time like the present."
"We shall be interrupted in two minutes. It's always the way! Why do things always go
contrary, I wonder? At least, they do with me. If I could only come and live with you, Rob!
—now!"
"That is to be your future life—is it?"
"Why, you know! Haven't we always said so? And whenever I am miserable, I always
comfort myself by looking forward to a home with you."
"What are you miserable about?"
"All sorts of things. Some days everything goes wrong and I can't get on with people. It's
not my fault. They don't understand me."
"I wonder whether you understand them?" murmured Rob.
"And there's nothing in life that's worth doing. Nothing in my life, I mean."
"Or rather—you have not found it yet."
"No, I don't mean that. I mean that there isn't anything. Really and truly!"
Rob said only, "H'm!"
"Yes, I dare say! But just think what I have to do. Tennis and hockey; cycling and walking;
mending my clothes and making blouses—not that I'm much good at that! Going to tea
with people I don't care a fig for; and having people here that I shouldn't mind never
setting eyes on again! Smothering down all I think and feel, because nobody cares.
Worrying and being worried, and all to no good. Nothing to show for the half-year that is
gone, and nothing to look to in the year that's begun. The months are just simply frittered
away, and no human being is the better for my being alive. It's not what I call Life. It is
just getting through time. Don't you see? It suits Pen well enough. So long as she gets a
decent amount of attention, she's happy. But I'm not made that way; and I can't see what
life is given us for, if it means nothing better."
When she stopped, pleased with her own eloquence, Rob merely remarked—
"Don't you think that bit of hard judgment might have been left out? It wasn't a needful
peroration."
Magda blushed; and Robert pondered.
"But, Rob—would you like to live such a life?"

Rob's gesture was sufficient answer.
"And yet you think I oughtn't to mind?"
"I beg your pardon. You are wrong to live it."
"But what can I do?"
"Find work. Take care that somebody is the better for your existence."
"I've tried. I can't. It's no good."
"There are always people to be helped—people you can be kind to—people you can cheer
up, when they feel dull."
"Pick up old ladies' stitches, I suppose. Interesting!"
"I did not know you wished to be interested. I thought you wanted to be of use."
"Well—of course! But that's so commonplace. I want to do something out of the ordinary
beat."
"You want some agreeable duty, manufactured to suit your especial taste!"
"Oh, bother! Somebody is coming. What a plague! And I have heaps more to say. Won't
you give me another talk?"
"I'll manage it."
He stood up to greet his mother, as she came in, followed by the two younger girls. The
news of his unexpected arrival seemed all at once to pervade the household.
Penrose entered next; and behind her Mr. Royston, a thick-set grey-haired man, of
impulsive manners, sometimes more kindly than judicious.
He was devoted to his family; not much given to books; ready to help anybody and
everybody who might appeal to him; generally more or less in financial difficulties, partly
from his inherited tendency to allow pounds and pence to slide too rapidly through his
fingers. A pleasant and genial man, so long as he did not encounter opposition; but it was
out of his power to understand why all the world should not agree with himself. His wife
gave in to him ninety-nine times in a hundred; and if, the hundredth time, she set her foot
down firmly, he gave in to her; for he was a most affectionate husband.
As for his daughters, he doted on them. Steady Penrose, useful Merryl, picturesque little
Frip, were everything that he desired. Magda alone puzzled him. He could not make out
what she wanted, or why she would not be content to fit in with others, to play games, to
sit and work, to do anything or nothing with equal content. Dreams and aspirations,
indeed! Nonsense! Humbug! What did girls want with such notions? They had to be good
girls, to do as they were told, and to make themselves agreeable. A vexed face annoyed
him beyond expression. He could not get over it. He could never ignore it. By his want of
tact, though with the kindest intentions, he often managed to put a finishing stroke to
Magda's uncomfortable moods.
"Why can't father leave me alone?" she sometimes complained.
Mr. Royston never did leave anybody alone, whether for weal or for woe. Nor did he ever
learn wisdom through his own mistakes.

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van der Waals equation:

8.2 The function to be solved is

or substituting XAf = 0.96,

A plot of the function indicates a root at about R = 0.3

8.3 The function to be solved is

(a) A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 16.

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

8.4 The functions to be solved are

first equation second equation

These values can then be plotted to yield

f1(3.3, 2.7) = –2.36×10–6

8.5 The function to be solved is

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 0.02.

After 3 iterations, the result is 0.021041 with εa = 0.003%.

8.6 The function to be solved is

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 55.

A plot indicates a root at about 0.0028.

8.8 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is

A plot indicates a root at about 0.8.

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.74002.

8.9 Using the given values, the roots problem to be solved is

A plot indicates a root at about 0.45.

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 0.43112.

For the second version, we plot

versus the range of h. As displayed below, this version is not convergent.

8.11 Substituting the parameter values yields

This can be rearranged and expressed as a roots problem

A plot of the function suggests a root at about 0.46.

8.12 (a) The Reynolds number can be computed as

In order to find f, we must determine the root of the function g(f)

8.13 The integral can be evaluated as

Therefore, the problem amounts to finding the root of

Excel solver can be used to find the root:

8.14 The function to be solved is

A plot of the function indicates a root at about P/A = 163.

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 163.4429.

8.15 (a) This problem can be solved by determining the root of

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

f ' ( x) = −0.15e −0.15 x + 0.5e −0.5 x = 0

f (t ) = 75e −1.5t + 20e −0.075t − 15 = 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 4.

The Newton-Raphson method can be formulated as

75e −1.5ti + 20e −0.075ti − 15

c = 75e −1.5( 4.001563) + 20e −0.075( 4.001563) = 15.0001

8.17 The function to be solved is

A plot of the function indicates a root at about TA = 1700.

A numerical method can be used to determine that the root is 1684.365.

f ( x) = −5 x 4 + 2,160,000 x 2 − 1.296 × 1011 = 0

A plot of the function indicates a root at about x = 270.

i xl xu xr f(xl) f(xr) f(xl)×f(xr) εa

8.19 (a) The function to be solved is

f (t ) = 9e −0.7t cos(4t ) − 3.5

A plot of the function indicates a root at about t = 0.25

(b) The Newton-Raphson method can be set up as