Unit 01

evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-1
AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡, êwkó¨ I Ae¯’vb
wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, Avcbviv nq‡Zv Rv‡bb fvlv kãwU G‡m‡Q ms¯‹…Z Ôfvl&Õ avZz †_‡K hvi
A_© K_v ejv| fvlvi mvnv‡h¨B gvbyl Zvi wPšÍv, a¨vb aviYv, g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i|
fvlvweÁvbx‡ì g‡Z Ôfvlv n‡”Q gvby‡li Ggb GK Abb¨myjf êwkó¨ (Differentia) hv Ab¨
cÖvYx †_‡K gvbyl‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ `vb K‡i‡Q|Õ gvbyl Zvi G gnr êwkó¨wU nvRvi nvRvi eQ‡ii
µgweKv‡ki avivq AR©b K‡i‡Q| AvaywbK `„wó‡Z Ôfvlv n‡”Q †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨gÕ| wKš‘
G †hvMv‡hvM moK, †bŠ, wegvb †hvMv‡hvM bq -A_ev wbQK †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gZ wKQy bq|
fvlv n‡”Q gvby‡l-gvby‡l K_vi I fv‡ei †hvMv‡hvM; Zv Avevi aŸwb, Bw½Z ev wjwci
gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i|
gvby‡li evK&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †h aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq, Zvi hw` †Kvb A_© cÖKvk nq Z‡e Zv
fvlvi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| [evM&hš¿ ev K_vejvi hš¿ ej‡Z hv †evSvq Ges K_v ejvi cÖwµqv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ab¨Î cvIqv hv‡e|] aŸwb wg‡j nq kã| k‡ãi _v‡K A_©| Gfv‡e gvbyl
g‡bi fv‡ei h_vh_ cÖKvk NUvq k‡ãi gva¨‡g|
fvlvweÁvbxMY, †hgb- W. gy n ¤§` knx`y j ø v n& , W.my b xwZ Ky gvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W.

myKygvi †mb, W.gyn¤§` Gbvg~j nK cÖgyL cÖL¨vZ fvlvZvwË¡KMY wewfbœfv‡e fvlv‡K
msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| fvlvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Zvuiv hv e‡j‡Qb Zvi g~j ev mvi K_v n‡jv :
Ôgvbyl †hfv‡e g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi bvg fvlvÕ|
G Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv evsjv cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kie|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv fvlvi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
11
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY - weGW
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1: AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡

evsjv fvlv GKwU HwZnëvnx mg„×kvjx fvlv| nvRvi eQ‡ii PP©vi †fZi w`‡q evsjv fvlv
AvR‡Ki ch©v‡q G‡m‡Q| kZ kZ Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, mgvRweÁvbx, weÁvbx, †ckvRxex,
wkÿvwe`, `vk©wb‡Ki Ae`v‡b evsjv fvlv cwicywó jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M evsjv
fvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q KweZv iPbvq| AšÍ¨ ga¨hy‡M wPwVcÎ `wjj `¯Ív‡eRI †jLv n‡q‡Q
evsjv fvlvq, Avi Dwbk kZ‡K G‡m evsjv fvlv mKj wel‡q cÖKv‡ki †hvM¨ evnb n‡q
D‡V‡Q| evsjv fvlvq iwPZ n‡q‡Q agx©q ZK© weZ‡K©i eB, msev`cÎ, BwZnvm MÖš’,
weÁv‡bi RwUj wel‡qi Z_¨ I ZË¡| Zvici `xN© `yBkZ erm‡ii PP©vq AvR evsjv fvlv
wkÿvi Ávb-weÁv‡bi mKj kvLv PP©vi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V‡Q|
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Gevi Avgiv bx‡Pi wP‡Î evsjv fvlvi Dc‡hvwMZv wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii
K‡qKwU †ÿ‡Îi bvg wjwL -
evsjv fvlv
eënv‡ii
†¶Î
12
evsjv wkÿY- 1
 ce©-2 : evsjv fvlvi êwkó¨

fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv wKQz Abb¨ êwk‡óï AwaKvix| evsjv fvlvi aŸwbmg~n
êÁvwbKfv‡e myweb¨¯’| Gi Av‡Q ¯î I e¨Äb aŸwb| D”PviY ¯’vb I D”Pvi‡Yi ixwZ
Abymv‡i evsjv e¨Äb aŸwbmg~n‡K Avevi web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| D”PviY ¯’vb Abyhvqx evsjv
5wU e‡M©i e¨ÄbaŸwbgvjv wb‡gœv³fv‡e mw¾Z -
wRnevg~jxq ev KÉ¨ K L M N O - K eM©

cðvr `šÍg~jxq ev Zvje¨ P Q R S O - P eM©
g~a©b¨ U V W X Y - U eM©
`šÍ¨ Z _ ` a b - Z eM©
Iô¨ c d e fg - c eM©
5wU e‡M© wef³/web¨¯Í cÖ_g I Z…Zxq aŸwb AícÖvY (D”Pvi‡Y gyL †_‡K evZvm Kg †Rv‡i
†ei nq), wØZxq I PZz_© aŸwb gnvcÖvY (evZvm †ewk †Rv‡i †ei nq)| Avevi 3q I 4_©
aŸwb †Nvl (D”Pvi‡Y Mjvi ¯îZš¿x †ewk Kuv‡c) -- d‡j 4_© aŸwbwU gnvcÖvY Ges †Nvl|
cÖwZwU e‡M©i †kl aŸwbwU bvwmK¨| evsjv fvlvi i‡q‡Q †gŠwjK I mvwaZ kã| mvwaZ kã
cÖavbZ PviwU Dcv‡q MwVZ nq- (1) mwÜi mvnv‡h¨, (2) mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨, (3) DcmM©
†hv‡M, (4) cÖZ¨q †hv‡M|
evsjv fvlvi ev‡Kï i‡q‡Q `ywU ixwZ-- mvayixwZ I PwjZ ixwZ|
Zvn‡j Avmyb eÜziv Gevi Avgiv wbgœwjwLZ eY©¸‡jvi aŸwb êwkó¨ wbY©‡qi †Póv Kwi -
eY© D”PviY¯’vb †Nvl / A‡Nvl AícÖvY gnvcÖvY

Z
S
K
P
d
13
 ce©-3 : AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb
evsjv mvwn‡Zï hyM wefvRb Abyhvqx AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv 1800 L„óvã †_‡K| G mg‡qi
Ab¨Zg D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ evsjv M‡`ï weKvk| ga¨hy‡M `wjj `¯Ív‡e‡R evsjv M`¨
mxwgZ AvKv‡i eëüZ n‡jI G mgq †_‡K mgvR Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î evsjv M`¨ eëüZ
nq| d‡j AvaywbK wPšÍv fvebvi evnb wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv µ‡gB AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx n‡q
I‡V| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi me©‡ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi Dc‡hvwMZv ˆZwi i‡q‡Q| fvlvi aŸwb-
c×wZi DrKl©, kãm¤¢vi, evK¨ eënv‡i cÖKv‡ki Dc‡hvwMZv Ges fvlv eënviKvixi
msL¨v wePv‡i evsjv GLb c„w_exi 4_© (gZvšÍ‡i 5g) fvlv| c„w_exi 25 †KvwUiI AwaK
†jv‡Ki gvZ…fvlv evsjv| Zviv ˆ`bw›`b mKj cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv fvlv‡K eënvi Ki‡Qb|
RvwZms‡Ni wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ I weÁvb welqK ms¯’v BD‡b‡¯‹v 21†k †deªæqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| fviZe‡l©i evB‡i eZ©gv‡b BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKv,
ga¨cÖvP¨ I `~icÖv‡P¨ Ab¨Zg fvlv evsjv; Ges Avwd«Kvi wm‡qivwjq‡bi gZ †`‡k evsjv
GLb wØZxq fvlv| d‡j evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ AvR AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b h_v_©B ¯^xK…Z|
14
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-1
g~j wkLbxq welq
AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡, êwkó¨ I Ae¯’vb
gvbyl Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ K_v e‡j| K_vB gvby‡li fvlv| gvby‡li evK&h‡š¿i
 mvnv‡h¨ †h aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq, Zvi hw` †Kvb A_© cÖKvk nq Z‡e Zv fvlvi gh©v`v jvf
K‡i| aŸwb wg‡j nq kã| k‡ãi _v‡K A_©| Gfv‡e gvbyl g‡bi fv‡ei h_vh_ cÖKvk
NUvq k‡ãi gva¨‡g|
fvlvi cÖPwjZ msÁv t evM&h‡š¿i Øviv D”PvwiZ A_©-†evaK aŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li fve
cÖKv‡ki gva¨g‡K cÖPwjZ fv‡e fvlv e‡j msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB avivq
fvlvweÁvbxMY wewfbœfv‡e fvlv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb - Wt gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn (1885-
1969) fvlvi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q hv e‡j‡Qb Zvi g~j K_vwU n‡jv : Ôgvbe RvwZ †h gva¨g
w`‡q g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi bvg fvlvÕ| g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
D”PvwiZ aŸwbi Øviv wb®úbœ, †Kv‡bvI we‡kl Rbmgv‡R eëüZ, ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Aew¯’Z, Z_v
ev‡K¨ cÖhy³ kã mgwó‡K fvlv e‡j|
RvwZ ev mgv‡Ri mKj m‡fï †evaMg¨ evK¨mg~‡ni mgwó‡K †mB RvwZi fvlv ej‡j
fvlvwe`M‡Yi bvbvfv‡e ‡`qv fvlvi msÁv †_‡K ‡ek wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †hgb-
 ÔKÉwbm„Z A_©en aŸwbmgwói mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li g‡bi fve cÖKvk I Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
¯^vfvweK gva¨‡gi bvg fvlv|Õ
 Ôfvlv g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ aŸwbi Øviv wb®úbœ Ggb kã
mgwó hv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e we‡kl †Kvb Rb mgv‡R eëüZ|Õ
 Ôfvlv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS †QvU ev eo GKwU Rbmgwói fve Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g ev
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evnb‡K|Õ
 Ôgvby‡li D”PvwiZ, A_©en, eûRb‡eva¨ aŸwb mgwóB fvlv|Õ
 Ôgvby‡li D”PvwiZ, wbw`©ó A_©hy³ aŸwbi mwgóB n‡”Q fvlv|Õ
15
fvlvi êwkó¨
fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ fvlvi wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ _vKv PvB| fvlvi msÁvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
fvlvi †h g~j êwkó¨¸‡jv jÿYxq, Zv n‡”Q -
K. fvlv KÉwb:m„Z aŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ|
L. fvlvi A_©‡`¨vZKZv we`¨gvb|
M. fvlv GKwU we‡kl Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ I eëüZ|
fvlvi êwkó¨ Gfv‡e wba©viY Kiv hvq :

K. fvlv n‡e g‡bvfve cÖKvkK, A_©vr ci¯úi fve-wewbg‡qi GKwU gva¨g|
L. aŸwbmn‡hv‡M fvlv evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ n‡e|
M. aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwói A_© _vK‡Z n‡e|
N. we‡kl Rbmgv‡R eëüZ n‡Z n‡e|
O. A_©‡evaK aŸwb w`‡q ˆZwi kã ev‡K¨ eëüZ n‡Z n‡e|
A_©enZv fvlvi cÖavb ¸Y| gyL w`‡q fvlv wn‡m‡e †h aŸwb †ei n‡e Zvi A_© _vK‡Z n‡e
Ges Zv n‡e g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki evnb| GB fvlv A‡bï Kv‡Q †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e| G
Kvi‡Y cï cvwLi K_v fvlv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|
evsjv fvlvi êwkó¨

fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv wKQz Abb¨ êwk‡óï AwaKvix| evsjv fvlvi aŸwbmg~n
êÁvwbKfv‡e myweb¨¯Í| Gi ‡h ¯î I e¨Äb aŸwb Av‡Q Zvi mw¤§j‡b my‡Kvgj Avevi Kvh©-
Dc‡hvMx fvlv cÖKvk m¤¢e| Gi gva¨‡g myD”P gv‡bi mvwnZ¨ m„wó m¤¢e| D”PviY¯’vb I
ixwZ Abymv‡i evsjvi aŸwbmg~n ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i c„w_exi AwaKvsk fvlvi aŸwbgvjv‡K|
Avevi †h †Kv‡bv fvlvi kã ev cÖKvk‡K evsjv mn‡RB AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi kãfvÐvi
eû-Drm †_‡K MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g n‡q‡Q F×| evsjv fvlvi i‡q‡Q †gŠwjK I mvwaZ kã|
mvwaZ kã cÖavbZ PviwU Dcv‡q MwVZ nq - (1) mwÜi mvnv‡h¨, (2) mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨, (3)
DcmM© †hv‡M, (4) cÖZ¨q †hv‡M|
evsjvi evK¨-msMVb n‡jv cÖv_wgKfv‡e KZ©v-Kg©-wµqv Ges ev‡Kï kã ev Dcv`v‡bi

mvgwMÖK A_© m¤úbœ nq wefw³ mn‡hv‡M|
evsjv M`¨ fvlvi i‡q‡Q ‰ØZ ixwZ  mvayixwZ I PwjZ ixwZ| c„w_exi gvÎ 3wU fvlvq
i‡q‡Q Ggb wØ-ixwZ (diglossia)|
16
evsjv wkÿY- 1
gvZ…fvlvi ¸iæZ¡
gvZ…fvlv gvby‡li mnRvZ weKv‡ki fvlv, myL-`ytL nvwm-Kvbœv cÖKv‡ki GKvšÍ Avcbvi
fvlv| G fvlv ï× K‡i ej‡Z cwikªg Ki‡Z nq bv| wkïiv AbyKiY I Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g
AwZ mn‡R gvZ…fvlv AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvZ…fvlv Avw` I AK…wÎg fve wewbg‡qi fvlv,
e¨w³ g‡bi GKvšÍ Dcjwä Abyf~wZi fvlv|
gvZ…fvlvq †gav mwµq nq Ges gvbwmK DrKl© mvwaZ nq| gvZ…fvlvB e¨vcK Áv‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
wkÿv †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ fvlv wkL‡Z nq wKš‘ hZÿY bv GKwU wkï Zvi wb‡Ri fvlv ï× K‡i
ej‡Z Ges wjL‡Z cvi‡e ZZÿY Zvi c‡ÿ Ab¨ GKwU fvlvi ï× Ges e¨vcK Abykxjb
Kiv wKQz‡ZB m¤¢e bq| we`¨vj‡q gvZ…fvlv ï×fv‡e wkÿvi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨vb¨ fvlv ï×iƒ‡c
wkÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq| gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g m„wókxj gb I †gav wb‡q Zviv eo n‡Z _v‡K| ï×
Ges mwVK gvZ…fvlvi wkÿv Acwinvh©|
cÖwZfv weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î gvZ…fvlvi Ávb Acwinvh©| wkïi ï× †gŠwjK fvlv Ávb Zvi
wPšÍv‡K myôziƒ‡c GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| gvZ…fvlv gvby‡li AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki m‡e©vrK…ó
gva¨g| Áv‡bi †gŠwjK `ÿZv I KzkjZv AwR©Z nq gvZ…fvlvq| wkï wkÿv_x©i wPšÍv kw³,
wePvi kw³, Kíbv kw³ I eyw×e„wËi DbœwZ mvwaZ nq gvZ…fvlvq| gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnvm
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq gvby‡li fvlvkw³ Ges wPšÍvkw³ G‡K Aci‡K we‡klfv‡e
mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| fvlvB mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q gvby‡li DbœZ wPšÍvkw³i cÖKvk‡K|
GQvovI mvs¯‹…wZK DËivwaKvi I eskMZ HwZn¨‡K aviY I enb K‡i gvZ…fvlv|
gvZ…fvlvq cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM I fve wewbg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li mvgvwRK eÜb my`„p
nq| gvby‡li †gŠj wkÿvi Ges Áv‡bi wfwË n‡jv gvZ…fvlv| gvZ…fvlvi wfwË my`„p n‡jB
Ab¨vb¨ welq wkÿvi c_ myMg nq|
e¨w³ PwiÎ I RvZxq PwiÎ MV‡b gvZ…fvlv Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkïi µgweKv‡ki
†ÿ‡Î gvZ…fvlvi ¯’vb A‡bKvs‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvZ…fvlv e¨ZxZ Ávb weÁv‡bi me©vaywbK
AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G we‡k¦i hZ wPšÍv a¨vb-aviYv Ges Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ
N‡U‡Q, N‡U‡Q gvby‡li mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxe‡b, gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡gB Zvi cÖwZdjb N‡U
_v‡K|
my‡hvM¨ bvMwiK n‡Z n‡j gvZ…fvlv Rvbv Acwinvh©| gvZ…fvlv PP©vi ga¨ w`‡qB wkÿv_x©iv
cigZ mwnòzZv, eÜzcÖxwZ, mnvbyf~wZ, mn‡hvwMZv, mngwg©Zv, gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi gZ mr
¸Yvejx AR©‡b mg_© nq| gvZ…fvlvq iwPZ mvwnZ¨ wkÿv_x©i gvbwmK weKv‡k †h cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq iwPZ mvwn‡Z¨ Zv m¤¢e bq| G‡Z GK w`‡K wkï‡ì
†mŠ›`h©-wccvmvi wbe„wË N‡U, Aciw`‡K †Zgwb bxwZ‡ev‡aiI DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
17
AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡

evsjv fvlv GKwU HwZnëvnx mg„×kvjx fvlv| nvRvi eQ‡ii PP©vi †fZi w`‡q evsjv fvlv
AvR‡Ki ch©v‡q G‡m‡Q| kZ kZ Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, mgvRweÁvbx, weÁvbx, †ckvRxex,
wkÿvwe`, `vk©wb‡Ki Ae`v‡b evsjv fvlv cwicywó jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡M evsjv
fvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q KweZv iPbvq| AšÍ ga¨hy‡M wPwVcÎ `wjj `¯Ív‡eRI †jLv n‡q‡Q
evsjv fvlvq Avi Ewbk kZ‡K G‡m evsjv fvlv mKj wel‡q cÖKv‡ki †hvM¨ evnb n‡q
D‡V‡Q| evsjv fvlvq iwPZ n‡q‡Q agx©q ZK© weZ‡K©i eB, msev`cÎ, BwZnvm MÖš’,
weÁv‡bi RwUj wel‡qi Z_¨ I ZË¡| Zvici `xN© `yBkZ erm‡ii PP©vq AvR evsjv fvlv
wkÿvi Ávb weÁv‡bi mKj kvLv PP©vi Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V‡Q| c„w_exi 25 †KvwUiI AwaK
†jv‡Ki gvZ…fvlv evsjv| Zviv ˆ`bw›`b mKj cÖ‡qvR‡b evsjv fvlv‡K eënvi Ki‡Qb|
RvwZms‡Ni wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ I weÁvb welqK ms¯’v BD‡b‡¯‹v 21†k †deªæqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK
gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| d‡j evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ AvR AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b
h_v_©B ¯^xK…Z|
AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb

evOvwj †h fvlvq wb‡Ri g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi bvg evsjv fvlv| evsjv‡`‡ki
Awaevmxiv cÖ_g fviZxq Avh© fvlv †Mvôxi Ab¨Zg fvlv wn‡m‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j cÖvK-
Avh©hy‡Mi AwóªK I `ªvweo Rb‡Mvôxi fvlvi m‡½ Zv mswkøó bq| Z‡e †mme fvlvi
kãfvÐvi evsjv fvlvq i‡q‡Q| Abvh©‡ì Zvwo‡q Avh©iv G‡`‡k emevm ïiæ Ki‡j
Avh©‡ì Avh© fvlv weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g µ‡g µ‡g evsjv fvlvi DrcwË nq|
evsjv mvwn‡Zï AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv 1800 wLª÷vã †_‡K MYbv Kiv nq| G hy‡Mi cÖ_g
†_‡KB M‡`ï e¨vcK eënvi ïiæ nq| KjKvZv AÂ‡ji K_¨ fvlvI M`ïxwZ wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| cieZx© ch©v‡q K_¨ fvlv ixwZwU mvwn‡Z¨ ¯’vb MÖnY K‡i Ges wesk
kZvãxi wØZxq `kK †_‡K K_¨ ev PwjZ fvlv mvayfvlvi cvkvcvwk Pj‡Z _v‡K|
mv¤cÖwZK Kv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ mvayixwZi †P‡q K_¨ ixwZi cÖvavb¨ †ekx jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Ges GB
AvaywbK evsjv fvlvi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i DbœZ †`‡ki Ávb-weÁvb G †`‡k cÖPvwiZ n‡”Q|
d‡j AvaywbK wPšÍv fvebvi evnb wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv µ‡gB AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx n‡q
D‡V‡Q| ZvQvov evsjv GLb ivóª fvlv wn‡m‡e êwPÎ¨c~Y© eënv‡i wb‡Ri h‡_vchy³Zv
cÖgvY Ki‡Q Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b evB‡ii cÖfv‡e wb‡R‡K AviI mg„× K‡i Zzj‡Q|
AvaywbK evsjv fvlv hrwKwÂr cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GLbI m¤cÖmvigvb| QvcvLvbv fvlv‡K
¯’vqx iƒc`vb Ki‡jI Zvi cwieZ©b Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q, evsjv M‡`ï cÖ_g w`‡K Bmjvgx I
ms¯‹…Z cÖfve, wµqv c` I me©bv‡g cyiv‡bv êwkó¨, ms¯‹…Z evK¨web¨vm I mgvm mwÜi
¸iæfvi Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© µ‡g n«vm †c‡q‡Q| fvlvq ¯’vb jvf K‡i‡Q KjKvZv
†Kw›`ªK PwjZixwZ, GLbI fvlvq ¯^vfvweK êwkó¨ wn‡m‡e Zvi cwieZ©b Pj‡Q| mgKvjxb
Rxeb †PZbvi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© kãvewj fvlvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡”Q| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki wbR¯^
18
evsjv wkÿY- 1
cwim‡i ¯^xq fvlv cÖ‡qvM ixwZ AbycÖ‡ek K‡i GLbKvi evsjv fvlv‡K µ‡gB mg„w× I
¯^vZš¿¨ `vb Ki‡Q|
evsjv fvlv c„w_exi cÖvq cwPk †KvwU gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv| c„w_exi
K‡qK nvRvi fvlvi g‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi ¯’vb 4_© (gZvšÍ‡i 5g)|
 g~j¨vqb:
1. fvlv Kx? G cÖm‡½ wewfbœ gbxlxi msÁv D‡jøLc~e©K fvlvi êwkó¨mg~n wjLyb|
2. evsjv fvlvi êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
3. AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ I Ae¯’vb eY©bv Kiæb|
4. †Kvb †Kvb êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡K AvaywbK fvlv ejv hvq wjLyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1 Awdm
‰`bw›`b
Av`vjZ
cÎ-cwÎKv Rxe‡b
cÖKvk †hvMv‡hvM
evsjv fvlv B›Uvi‡bU

eënv‡ii
`k©bPP©v K‡qKwU †¶Î
mvwnZ¨PP©v
wk¶vi
gva¨g
weÁvbPP©v
ce©-2
eY© D”PviY¯’vb †Nvl / A‡Nvl AícÖvY / gnvcÖvY
Z `šÍ¨ A‡Nvl AícÖvY
S Zvje¨ †Nvl gnvcÖvY
K wRnevg~jxq A‡Nvl AícÖvY
P Zvje¨ A‡Nvl AícÖvY
d Iô¨ †Nvl gnvcÖvY
19
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-2
wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv
wcÖq wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv Rv‡bb wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvq wkÿvi gva¨g GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq| †Kbbv, wkÿK I wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ fvlvi gva¨‡gB †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| GQvov
wkÿv_x© wkÿv-DcKiY wn‡m‡e †h mKj mvgMÖx eënvi K‡i Zvi fvlvI GKwU AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi| wkÿvq hw` wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i Dc‡hvMx I h_vh_ fvlv eëüZ bv nq
Zvn‡j wkÿY I wkLb cÖwµqv e¨vnZ nq| G hver wkÿvZË¡we` I gbxlx‡ì M‡elYvq cÖvß
gZvgZ wn‡m‡e ejv nq wkÿY-wkLb cÖwµqvq wkÿv_x©i gvZ…fvlvB wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e
DËg| evsjv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv| myZivs Avgv‡ì wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg|
D‡Ïk¨
 wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi HwZnvwmK †cÖwÿZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I KiYxq w`K m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©-1 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡


gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q Zvi gvZ…fvlvi m¤úK©| gvbyl Zvi ¯^cœ, wPšÍv, Kíbv
I wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g| †h wb‡Ri wPšÍv, Kíbv I fvebv‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi wkÿv Ac~Y©| GKgvÎ gvZ…fvlvq `ÿZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡gB gvbyl
†m kw³ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv evsjv| myZivs wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv
eënv‡ii gva¨‡gB Avgiv mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi| wkÿv_x©i wkLb cÖwµqv‡K mnR,
`ªæZZi, Kvh©Ki I cwic~Y© Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjvi eënvi Acwinvh©|
wkÿvweìv †hgb wkÿvq gvZ…fvlvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v e‡j‡Qb, †Zgwb iex›`ªbv_ evOvwji
wkÿvq evsjvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb -
Ò†Q‡j‡ejvq evsjv cwoqvwQjvg ewjqvB mg¯Í gbUv Pvjbv m¤¢e nBqvwQj, wkÿv wRwblUv
h_vm¤¢e Avnv‡ii e¨vcv‡ii g‡Zv nIqv DwPZ| Lv`¨`ª‡eï cÖ_g Kvgo wèv gv‡ÎB Zvi
¯^v‡ì myL Avi¤¢ nq| †cU fwievi c~e© nB‡ZB †cUwU Lywk nBqv RvwMqv D‡V Zvnv‡Z
20
evsjv wkÿY- 1
RviK im¸wji Avjm¨ `~i nBqv hvq| evOvwji c‡ÿ Bs‡iwR wkÿvq GwU nevi †Rv bvB|
Zvi cÖ_g Kvg‡oB `ywU ùvZ AvMv‡Mvov bwoqv D‡V gyLwee‡ii g‡a¨ GKUv †QvULv‡Uv
f~wgK‡¤úi AeZviYv nq| Zvici †mUv †h i‡m cvK Kiv Lv`ë¯‘, Zvnv eywS‡ZB eqm
A‡a©K cvi nBqv hvq| evbv‡b e¨vKi‡Y welg jvwMqv ÔbvK †PvL w`qvÕ ARmª Rjaviv ewnqv
hvB‡Z‡Q, AšÍiUv ZLb G‡Kev‡iB Dcevmx nBqv Av‡Q|ÕÕ
wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, wkÿvq gvZ…fvlv eënv‡ii d‡j †h myweav¸‡jv cvIqv hvq Zv bx‡Pi
LvwjNi¸‡jv‡Z wjwL -
 ce©-2 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv eënv‡ii HwZnvwmK †cÖwÿZ

G Dcgnv‡`‡k wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e G‡KK mgq G‡KK fvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avh© hy‡M
wkÿvi gva¨g wQj ms¯‹…Z, †eŠ× hy‡M cvwj, gymwjg kvmbvg‡j Aviwe dviwm Ges
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j Bs‡iwR|
1835 wLªóv‡ã A¨vWvg evsjv mK‡ji wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv eënv‡ii mycvwik
K‡ib| wKš‘ 1838 L„óv‡ã †gK‡ji gZvgZ Abyhvqx jW© †ew›U¼ Bs‡iwR‡K wkÿvi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z m¨vWjvi Kwgk‡b gvZ…fvlv‡K wkÿv I cixÿvi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi mycvwik K‡i| KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq 1940 mv‡j cÖ_g evsjv fvlvi
cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿv MÖnY K‡i| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡b †NvlYv Kiv nq evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv evsjv| msweav‡bi G †NvlYv Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvi gva¨gI evsjv|
21
wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, GLb Avgiv wewfbœ kvmbvg‡j †Kvb †Kvb fvlv G AÂ‡j wkÿvi gva¨g
wQj Zv wbY©‡qi †Póv Kwi -
hyM / kvmbvgj wkÿvi gva¨g

Avh© hyM
†eŠ× hyM
gymwjg
Jcwb‡ewkK
evsjv‡`k
 ce©-3 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I KiYxq

wek¦vqb, cwiewZ©Z wek¦cwiw¯’wZ I evRvigywL wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e
evsjvi eënvi mxwgZ n‡q‡Q Avm‡Q| d‡j wkÿv_x©i ¯^vfvweK weKvk I cÖKvk `ÿZv
mxwgZ I evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq n‡”Q mswkó‡ì g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg,
RvZxqZv‡eva, AvZ¥m¤§vb, gh©v`v‡eva m‡e©vcwi gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv‡K RvMÖZ Kiv|
cvkvcvwk cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjvq Abyev` Kiv I evsjv fvlvi eënvi †hvM¨Zv‡K e„w× Kiv|
Gevi Avmyb wkÿv_x©e„›`, wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv eënvi e„w×i m¤¢ve¨ Dcvq¸‡jv
wb‡gœi Q‡K mvRvB -
evsjv
fvlvi
eënvi e„w×
22
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-2
g~j wkLbxq welq
wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv
gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i mv‡_ Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q Zvi gvZ…fvlvi m¤úK©| gvbyl Zvi ¯^cœ, wPšÍv,
 
Kíbv I wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g| †h wb‡Ri wPšÍv, Kíbv I fvebv‡K
¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zvi wkÿv Ac~Y©| GKgvÎ gvZ…fvlvq `ÿZv AR©‡bi
gva¨‡gB gvbyl †m kw³ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv evsjv| myZivs wkÿvi
gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv eënv‡ii gva¨‡gB Avgiv mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvwi| wkÿv_x©i
wkLb cÖwµqv‡K mnR, `ªæZZi, Kvh©Ki I cwic~Y© Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e
evsjvi eënvi Acwinvh©|
 wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e G AÂ‡j wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ fvlv eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avh©hy‡M
wkÿvi gva¨g wQj ms¯‹…Z, †eŠ× kvmbvg‡j cvwj, gymwjg Avg‡j Aviwe dviwm Ges
Bs‡iR Avg‡j Bs‡iwR| evsjv AÂ‡j wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjvi mycvwik K‡ib
A¨vWvg| cieZx©‡Z m¨vWjvi Kwgk‡bI G mycvwik ivLv nq| 1940 mv‡j KwjKvZv
wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ_g evsjvq cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿv MÖnY K‡i| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi gva¨g
nq evsjv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv evsjv| msweav‡bi G
†NvlYv Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿvgš¿Yvjq RvwiK…Z wb‡`©k Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvi gva¨g evsjv| G Kvi‡Y Bs‡iwR, Aviwe, ms¯‹…Z BZ¨vw` fvlv I
agx©q welq¸‡jv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi cvV¨cy¯ÍK¸‡jv RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK
†evW© evsjv fvlvq cÖYqb K‡i‡Q|
 wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP wi‡cvU© 1995 †Z evsjv As‡k ejv n‡q‡Q wkÿv_x© cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i
evsjv fvlvi m‡½ hZUzKz cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q, evsjv eënv‡ii hZUzKz `ÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q
wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Zv‡K µgk cwic~Y©Zvi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e| wPšÍv I Abyf~wZi
evnb wn‡m‡e, AšÍR©Mr I ewn©we‡k¦i hveZxq Z_¨ cÖPv‡ii gva¨g wn‡m‡e Rxe‡bi
cÖwZwU cwiw¯’wZ‡Z AvZ¥cÖKvk I cÖ‡qvRb wmw×i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi wewPÎ
cÖ‡qv‡Mi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡q †m wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi myôz-wkó Ges
wkí¸Y mg„× PwjZixwZ‡Z ¯^”Q›`fv‡e ej‡Z, co‡Z Ges wjL‡Z mÿg n‡q DV‡e|
23
 gva¨wgK wkÿvi wkÿvµ‡g wkÿvi bqwU D‡Ïk¨ w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q| G D‡Ïk¨ w¯’i K‡i
ejv n‡q‡Q Gme D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi gva¨g n‡e evsjv fvlv|
 wkL‡bi g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ n‡”Q Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv Ges mnR †_‡K KwVb
wel‡qi w`‡K AMÖmi nIqv| wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv eënv‡iiI G c×wZ eënvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi gva¨‡gi evsjv fvlv n‡e mnR mij I
RwUjZvgy³| k‡ãi ev ev‡Kï MV‡b RwUjZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii
evsjvqI h_vm¤¢e RwUjZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici D”PZi ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e evsjvi eënv‡i cwifvlv I Ab¨vb¨ RwUj w`K eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
mvaviYfv‡e wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjvi eënvi n‡e D‡Ïk¨gywL, mnR‡eva¨ I
cÖvÄj|
 wek¦vqb, cwiewZ©Z wek¦cwiw¯’wZ I evRvigywL wkÿv cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j wkÿvi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e evsjvi eënvi mxwgZ n‡q‡Q Avm‡Q| d‡j wkÿv_x©i ¯^vfvweK weKvk I cÖKvk
`ÿZv mxwgZ I evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq n‡”Q mswkó‡ì g‡a¨
†`k‡cÖg, RvZxqZv‡eva, AvZ¥m¤§vb, gh©v`v‡eva m‡e©vcwi gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv‡K
RvMÖZ Kiv| cvkvcvwk cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjvq Abyev` Kiv I evsjv fvlvi eënvi
†hvM¨Zv‡K e„w× Kiv|
 g~j¨vqb:
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e gvZ…fvlvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv eënv‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’v wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv cÖPj‡bi eZ©gvb Amyweav¸‡jv eY©bv K‡i Gi cÖwZKv‡ii
Dcvqmg~n wjLyb|
24
evsjv wkÿY- 1
m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-1 mnR
Kvh©Ki `ªæZ
cwic~Y©
ce©-2
hyM / kvmbvgj wkÿvi gva¨g
Avh© hyM ms¯‹…Z
†eŠ× hyM cvwj
gymwjg Aviwe / dvimx
Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iRx
evsjv‡`k evsjv
ce©-3
gh©v`v
AvZ¥m¤§vb
RvZxqZv‡eva evsjv †`k‡cÖg

fvlvi
eënvi e„w×
gvZ…fvlvi
cÖwZ fvjevmv evsjvi
Abyev`
25
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-3
wbgœ gva¨wgK †kªYxi (6ô-8g) evsjv cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wP :

D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ
GKwU ¯Í‡ii wkÿv eë¯’vi mvgwMÖK iƒc‡iLv‡K †mB ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg ejv nq| wkÿvµ‡gi
we‡kl wel‡qi wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cvV¨ ZvwjKv‡K cvV¨m~wP ejv nq|
evsjv wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV¨µg cvV¨m~wPi Av‡jvPbvq cÖ_‡gB lô, mßg I Aóg †kªYxi
cvV¨µ‡g hv ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv-wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wewPÎgyLx wkÿvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨
gvZ…fvlv wkÿv GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| KviY mvgwMÖK fv‡e wkÿvi cÖvq
cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î, cÖwZwU cÖwµqvq gvZ…fvlvi mg¨K Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ‡qvRb| GB ¯Í‡ii
wkÿv_x©iv cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ hZUzKz cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q, gvZ…fvlvi eënv‡i hZUzKy
`ÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q, wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Zv‡K µgk cwic~Y©Zvi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
wPšÍv I Abyf~wZi evnb wn‡m‡e, AšÍR©Mr I ewnwe©‡k¦i hveZxq Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki gva¨g
wn‡m‡e, Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU cwiw¯’wZ‡Z AvZ¥cÖKvk I cÖ‡qvRb wmw×i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e fvlvi
eû wewPÎ cÖ‡qv‡Mi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡q †m wb‡R Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î gvZ…fvlvi wkó, myôz
Ges wkí¸Y mg„× PwjZ ixwZ‡Z ¯^”Q›` fv‡e ej‡Z co‡Z Ges wjL‡Z mÿg n‡q DV‡e|
mvwn‡Zï ga¨ w`‡q fvlvi wkí m¤§Z I m„Rbkxj cÖ‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ n‡e Ges mvwn‡Zï
ms¯ú‡k© GKwU my¯’ I w¯’wZkxj g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡i mgv‡Ri GKRb `vwqZ¡kxj m`m¨
wn‡m‡e Zvi h_vh_ f~wgKv cvj‡b mÿg n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvee¯‘ I welqe¯‘i h_v_©Zv wbiƒcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cixÿvq eëüZ cÖkœc‡Îi êwkó¨ wjL‡Z/D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
26
evsjv wkÿY- 1
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1: wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨
wkÿv_©xiv cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡KB AvbyôvwbKfv‡e gvZ…fvlvi cvV MÖnY K‡i| d‡j Zviv fvlvi
eënvwiK KzkjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Zv‡ì fvlv Ávb AwaKZi kvwYZ I
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡e| fvlvi wkí¸Y m¤ú‡K© Zviv AwaKZi m‡PZb n‡e| wkÿv_x©iv ï× PwjZ
ixwZ‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e ejv, cov I †jLvi Abykxj‡b AviI hZœevb n‡e| m‡e©vcwi gvZ…fvlv
evsjv me©¯Í‡i eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e| fvlvi AšÍ©wbwnZ kw³ I wbqg k„•Ljv
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv AR©b Ki‡e|
Avmyb Avgiv wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi-
1. gvZ…fvlvi AvbyôvwbK cvV KLb ïiæ nq?
2. wkÿvi †Kvb ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì fvlvi wkí¸Y

m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e?
3. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©iv fvlv wkÿvi
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Îi mÿgZv AR©b Ki‡e?
4. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wel‡qi wkÿvµ‡g
ewY©Z fvlv wkÿvi 3wU D‡Ïk¨ wjLyb|
wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjvi bevqbK…Z I cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµ‡g evsjv wel‡qi wb‡gœv³
D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-
K. wkÿv_©xi ÁvbvZ¥K I üè„wËK weKvk Ges Kíbvkw³i jvjb|
L. m„RbkxjZvi D‡Øvab|
M. gvZ…fvlv evsjv me©¯Í‡i eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
N. fvlv eënvi AwaKZi Kg©gyLxKiY A_v©r Kg©‡ÿ‡Î I eënvwiK Rxe‡b fvlvi
cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ïk¨ mvab|
O. †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wn‡m‡e fvlv eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
P. eyw×e„wË I üè„wËK g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Dchy³ fvlvMZ `ÿZv AR©b|
Q. AwaK cv‡Vi cÖwZ AbyivM m„wó|
27
R. mgmvgwqK wPšÍvavivi m‡½ m½wZ iÿvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ cv‡Vi AvMÖn m„Rb|
S. fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ I wbqg k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv AR©b|
T. cÖwgZ evbvb Ges D”Pvi‡Yi `ÿZv AR©b|
U. wkÿvi cvkvcvwk wkóvPvi I †mŠR‡bï fvlv eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
V. kãfvÐvi e„w×‡Z Drmvn mÂvi|
W. ‡gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖKvk fw½i gv‡bvbœqb|
X. PwjZ ixwZ‡Z fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
Y. h‡_vwPZfv‡e Ges `ªæZMwZ‡Z mie I bxie cv‡Vi Af¨vm MVb|
Z. cwVZ wel‡qi gg© Abyaveb I im MÖnY|
`. myôz evK¨-web¨v‡mi ÿgZv AR©b|
a. wbfy©j cwi”Qbœ I `ªæZ †jLvi KzkjZv AR©b|
b. fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb, h_v- kã, weivg wPý, Aby‡”Q`, Q›` BZ¨vw`| eënv‡ii
h_vh_ †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
c. cwifvlv eënv‡ii ÿgZv AR©b|
 ce©-2: fvee¯‘ I welqe¯‘i h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †`k I RvwZi HwZn¨MZ

cwiPq gvZ…fvlvq wea„Z| wbR †`‡ki gvbyl, cÖK…wZ, ag©, g~j¨‡eva, BwZnvm I HwZn¨
BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjv
wkÿv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| GB ¯Í‡i mwbœ‡ewkZ welqe¯‘ êwP‡Î¨ ficyi| wkÿv_x©‡ì
wPšÍv I Kíbv kw³i weKv‡k AbymwÜrmv m„wó‡Z cvV¨ welqe¯‘ mg~n Abb¨ f~wgKv ivL‡e|
wkÿvi jÿ¨ †`‡ki Rb¨ mybvMwiK ˆZwi Kiv| †h mg¯Í fvee¯‘i mswgkª‡Y Zv m¤¢e Zvi
cÖwZwU Dcv`vb welqe¯‘‡Z wbav©iY Kiv nq| d‡j wkÿv_x©‡ì eënvwiK Rxe‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv, wkí‡eva, iæwP‡eva, cigZ mwnòzZv cÖf„wZ gvbweK ¸Yvejxi weKvk
N‡U|
cÖwkÿYv_x©e„›` wb‡P wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wkÿvµ‡gi fvee¯‘ G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e †Ìqv
Av‡Q| Avmyb G‡ì AvšÍtm¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z LvZvq bZzb K‡i mvwR‡q wjwL-
28
evsjv wkÿY- 1
6ô †kªYx 7g †kªYx 8g †kªYx

fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘ (M`¨) fve¯‘ welqe¯‘ (M`¨) fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘ (KweZv)
1. evsjv‡`‡ki  Avgv‡ì wcÖq 6ô  iƒcmx 6ô  cÖv_©bv
cÖK…wZ I gvbyl evsjv‡`k †kª
Y xi evsjv‡`k †kªYxi  `yišÍ Avkv
2. BwZnvm I HwZn¨  mZZvi cyi¯‹vi Abyi~c  giæ-fv¯‹i Abyi~c  Awfhvb
3. wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ  i‡³‡jLv gyw³hy×  mg‡qi ürwcÛ  LvuwU †mvbv
4. fvlv I mvwnZ¨
 bZzb`v  kvixwiK  iƒcvB
5. ‰bwZKZv I
 gv`vi †Z‡imv- cwikªg  Avb›`
agx©q †PZbv
6. mgvR I g~j¨‡eva  mvMi R‡ji  jÛ‡bi  evey‡ii gnË¡
7. ‡`k‡cÖg I bvbv cÖvYx Rv`yN‡i  Ziæ
gyw³hy×  bxjb` Avi  BbmvwbqvZ  bIj wK‡kvi
8. mgvR I RvwZi wcivwg‡Wi  jvB‡eªix  av‡bi KweZv
Dbœq‡b bvix †`k-  fvOv Kzjv  cÛkªg
9. wewfbœ †`‡ki  GKm~‡Î  mvgªv‡Rï  GKz‡ki KweZv
gvbyl I ms¯‹…wZ  Rvbv-ARvbvi †P‡qI eo
10. cÖvK…wZK
 Avevi Avwme
my›ìeb  gyKzU wd‡i
fvimvg¨ I  gnvKwe  gnveb
cwi‡ek msiÿY  wbgš¿Y
AvjvIj AvgvRvb
11. Dw™¢` RMr  cvwL‡ì wb‡q  WvK-niKiv
12. kª‡gi ghv©`v
 cv‡qi wb‡P  K‡j Mov
13. gnr Rxebx
Gfv‡i÷ bKj gvbyl
14. inm¨ RMr
15. mf¨Zvi
 gnvb weÁvbx  AvKvk R‡qi
RM`xk Kvwnbx
µgweKvk
16. gvbe Rxe‡b  Rxe‡bi Rb¨  nv‡Z wb‡q
weÁvb I cÖhyw³  M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi Av‡jvK
17. `ytmvnwmK imiwmKZv ewZ©Kv
Awfhvb  B‡jKUªwbKm&-  GKwU Abb¨
18. cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M Gi Rv`yi cyivKxwZ©
I gvbyl †Qvuqvq
19. ‡`k åg‡Yi
AwfÁZv
20. Rb msL¨v
cwiw¯’wZ
21. ¯^v¯’ïÿv
22. bvwUKv/bvU¨vsk
23. imvZ¥K Mí
29
 ce©-3 : cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ
GKRb wkÿv_x©i mvg_©, ˆbc~Y¨, AwR©Z Ávb ev mvdj¨ hvPvB‡qi c×wZ ev cÖwµqvB nj
cixÿv| †h D‡Ïk¨ ev Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘
wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cixÿvi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi cixÿvi
Rb¨ †h ai‡bi cÖkœcÎ eëüZ nq evsjvi †ÿ‡Î Zvi wKQyUv wfbœZv jÿYxq| KviY
cÖkc
œ ‡Îi mvaviY êwk‡óï mv‡_ evsjvi †ÿ‡Î AviI hy³ nq mvwnZ¨‡eva, fvlv‡eva,
fvev‡eM BZ¨vw`|
wkÿv_©x eÜziv, jÿ¨ Kiæb wb‡Pi kã¸‡jv wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡ì AR©b hvPvB‡qi
Dc‡hvMx cÖkœc‡Îi êwkó¨m~PK| Avmyb G wel‡q wPšÍv K‡i kã¸‡jv w`‡q welqe¯‘MZ
evK¨ ˆZwi Kwi|
µg. kã evK¨
1 AR©b
2 Dcjw×
3 mvwnZ¨‡eva
4 fvlv‡eva
5 Kg©KzkjZv
6 cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv
7 fvev‡eM
8 cÖeYZv
9 eyw×gËv
10 g~j¨‡eva
11 m„RbkxjZv
12 ‰ewPÎ¨
30
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-3
g~j wkLbxq welq
wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii (6ô-8g) evsjv wkÿvµg I

cvV¨m~wP : D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ
wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wewPÎgyLx wkÿvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ gvZ…fvlv wkÿv GKwU †K›`ªxq ¯’vb
 AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| KviY, mvgwMÖKfv‡e wkÿvi cÖvq cÖwZwU GjvKv Ges cÖwZwU cÖwµqv
gvZ…fvlvi mg¨K Ávb I h‡_vwPZ ey¨rcwË AR©‡bi m‡½ A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| †mme w`K
we‡ePbv K‡iB wkÿvµ‡g wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi wbgœewY©Z D‡Ïk¨mg~n
wbev©wPZ n‡q‡Q|
 wkÿv_x©i ÁvbvZ¥K I üè„wËK weKvk Ges Kíbvkw³i jvjb|
 m„wókxjZvi D‡Øvab|
 gvZ…fvlv evsjv me©¯Í‡i eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
 fvlv eënvi AwaKZi Kg©gyLxKiY A_v©r Kg©‡ÿ‡Î I eënvwiK Rxe‡b fvlvi
cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ïk¨ mvab|
 †hvMv‡hvM-gva¨g wn‡m‡e fvlv eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
 eyw×e„wËK I üè„wËK g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ DcwiD³ fvlvMZ `ÿZv AR©b|
 AwaK cv‡Vi cÖwZ AbyivM m„wó|
 mgmvgwqK wPšÍvavivi m‡½ m½wZ iÿvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ cv‡Vi AvMÖn m„Rb|
 fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ I wbqg k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv AR©b|
 cÖwgZ evbvb Ges D”Pvi‡Y `ÿZv AR©b|
 wkóvPvi wkÿvi cvkvcvwk wkóvPvi I †mŠR‡bï fvlv eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
 kãfvÛvi e„w×‡Z Drmvn mÂvi|
 ‡gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖKvkfw½i gv‡bvbœqb|
 PwjZ ixwZ‡Z fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
 h‡_vwPZfv‡e Ges `ªæZMwZ‡Z mie I bxie cv‡Vi Af¨vm MVb|
 cwVZ wel‡qi gg© Abyaveb I im MÖnY|
 cwVZ wel‡qi AšÍwb©wnZ wPšÍv-cÖYvwj I AbymÜvb-c×wZ AbymiY I Abyaveb|
 myôz evK¨ web¨v‡mi ÿgZv AR©b|
 wbf©yj, cwi”Qbœ I `ªæZ †jLvi KzkjZv AR©b|
31
 fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb h_v- kã, weivgwPý, Aby‡”Q`, Q›` BZ¨vw` eënv‡ii h_vh_
†hvM¨Zv AR©b|
 cwifvlv eënv‡ii ÿgZv AR©b|
fvee¯‘: mgvR, mf¨Zv, ms¯‹…wZ I Rxeb, fvlv I mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ w`‡Ki we‡ePbvq wbgœ
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wkÿvµ‡g wbgœewY©Z fvee¯‘mg~n wbav©wiZ n‡q‡Q| g~j wkÿvµ‡g
fvee¯‘mg~n †kªYxwfwËK Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e †Ìqv _vK‡jI GLv‡b mv`„‡kï we‡ePbvq
mgwš^Zfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ nj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ I gvbyl

 BwZnvm I HwZn¨
 wkÿv I ms¯‹„wZ
 fvlv I mvwnZ¨
 ‰bwZKZv I agx©q †PZbv
 mgvR I g~j¨‡eva
 †`k‡cÖg I gyw³hy×
 mgvR I RvwZi Dbœq‡b bvix
 wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbyl I ms¯‹…wZ
 cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ I cwi‡ek msiÿY
 Dw™¢` RMr
 kª‡gi ghv©`v
 gnr Rxebx
 inm¨ RMr
 mf¨Zvi µgweKvk
 gvbe Rxe‡b weÁvb I cÖhyw³
 `ytmvnwmK Awfhvb
 cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M I gvbyl
 †`k åg‡Yi AwfÁZv
 RbmsL¨v cwiw¯’wZ
 ¯^v¯’ïÿv
 bvwUKv/bvU¨vsk
 imvZ¥K Mí
32
evsjv wkÿY- 1
welqe¯‘: fvee¯‘i Av‡jv‡K NCTB KZ©„K wbav©wiZ wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii

cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z welqe¯‘mg~n wbgœiƒc-
M`¨ KweZv M`¨ KweZv M`¨ KweZv
 Avgv‡ì wcÖq  R‡b¥wQ GB  iƒcmx  Rb¥f~wg  evsjv fvlvi  cÖv_©bv
evsjv‡`k †`‡k evsjv‡`k  cÖwZ`vb Rb¥K_v  `yošÍ
 mZZvi cyi¯‹vi  cwiPq  giæ fv¯‹i  Avgiv  Avgv‡ì Avkv
 i‡³‡jLv  I‡ì Rb¨  mg‡qi wK‡kvi †jvKwkí  Awfhvb
gyw³hy× ggZv ürwcÛ  Kzwj-gRyi  gn‡Ë¡i kw³  LvuwU
 bZzb`v  evsjv fvlv  kvixwiK  Avb›`  my›ì eënvi †mvbv
 gv`vi †Z‡imv  myL cwikªg  ¯§„wZ‡mŠa  ivRv  iƒcvB
 mvMi R‡ji  mKvj  jÛ‡bi  imvj I  Zvivi †`‡ki  Avb›`
bvbv cÖvYx  wcÖq Rv`yN‡i ¯^Y©jwZKv nvZQvwb  evey‡ii
 bxjb` Aviv ¯^vaxbZv  BbmvwbqvZ  mÜ¨v  Kw¤úDUv‡ii K_v gnË¡
wcivwg‡Wi †`k  wVKvbv  jvB‡eªwi  e„wó  dz‡ji †gjv  Ziæ
 GKm~‡Î  ‰gÎx  fv½v Kzjv  GKwU cvwL  fvlv I wkÿv  bIj
 Rvbv-ARvbvi  ‡bvjK  mvgªv‡Rï  wQbœ gyKzj  ‡RvuK wK‡kvi
my›ìeb  Rxe‡bi †P‡qI eo  Avgvi G  Av‡jv PvB  av‡bi
 gnvKwe wnmve  gyKzU †`k  Rxeb I KvR KweZv
AvjvIj  gvbyl RvwZ  gnveb  gvby‡li  iƒcK_vi †mB  cwikªg
 cvwL‡ì wb‡q  ‡n wK‡kvi, AvgvRvb †mev Avðh© cÖ`xc  GKz‡ki
 cv‡qi wb‡P †kv‡bv  WvK-niKiv  gvbv  ¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ KweZv
Gfv‡i÷  K‡j Mov  b›`jvj ¯§iYxq hvuiv  Avevi
 gnvb weÁvbx bKj gvbyl  fvjevmvi  ‡k‡i evsjv G †K Avwme
RM`xk  AvKvk R‡qi Rq dRjyj nK wd‡i
 Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Kvwnbx †nv‡mb  wbgš¿Y
 M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi  nv‡Z wb‡q  knx`
im-iwmKZv Av‡jvK †mvnivIqv`x©
 B‡jKUcÖwbKm- ewZ©Kv  gRjyg Rb‡bZv
Gi Rv`yi  GKwU Abb¨ gvIjvbv Ave`yj
†Qvuqvq cyivKxwZ© nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
 ‡kL gywReyi
ingvb
 wRqvDi ingvb
 gvby‡li Mí
 L¨vwZi weo¤^bv
cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ
33
wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x©i AR©b hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ †h cÖkœcÎ cÖYxZ n‡e Zv‡Z wbgœiƒc
êwkó¨mg~n Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_x©i AR©b I Dcjwä cwigv‡ci †hvM¨Zv|
 mvwnZ¨ I fvlv‡ev‡ai cwigvc‡hvM¨Zv|
 Kg©KzkjZv I cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZvi cwigvc‡hvM¨Zv|
 fvev‡eM, cÖeYZv, eyw×gËv, g~j¨‡eva I m„RbkxjZv gvcvi †hvM¨Zv|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi iPbvg~jK I ˆbe¨©w³K cÖ‡kœi mylg mgvnvi|
 Ávbg~jK, mg‡Kw›`ªK, †K›`ªP~¨Z I g~j¨vqbKvix cÖ‡kœi eënvi|
 g~j¨vqb:
1. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

2. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ mg~n D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© g‡b
K‡ib wK ? Avcbvi DË‡ii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
3. g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †Kgb ai‡bi cÖkœcÎ‡K DbœZ gv‡bi cÖkœ ejv hvq ? we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi :
ce©-1
1| cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K|
2| wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Íi †_‡K|
3| ejv, cov I †jLv|
4| K) gvZ…fvlv evsjv me©¯Í‡i eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
L) †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wn‡m‡e fvlv eënv‡ii †hvM¨Zv AR©b|
M) AwaK cv‡Vi cÖwZ AbyivM m„wó|
34
evsjv wkÿY- 1
ce©-2

fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘ (M`¨) fve¯‘ welqe¯‘ (M`¨) fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘
(KweZv)
1. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ  Avgv‡ì wcÖq 6ô  iƒcmx evsjv‡`k-1 6ô  cÖv_©bv-5
I gvbyl evsjv‡`k-1 †kªYxi  giæ-fv¯‹i-13 †kªYxi  `yišÍ Avkv-7
2. BwZnvm I HwZn¨  mZZvi cyi¯‹vi-5 Abyi~c  mg‡qi ürwcÛ-7 Abyi~c  Awfhvb-7
3. wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ  i‡³‡jLv  kvixwiK cwikªg -  LvuwU †mvbv-1
4. fvlv I mvwnZ¨ gyw³hy×-7 12  iƒcvB-1
5. ‰bwZKZv I agx©q
 bZzb`v-6  jÛ‡bi Rv`yN‡i-3  Avb›`-6
†PZbv
6. mgvR I g~j¨‡eva  gv`vi †Z‡imv-13  BbmvwbqvZ-5  evey‡ii gnË¡-6
7. ‡`k‡cÖg I gyw³hy×  mvMi R‡ji bvbv  jvB‡eªix-3  Ziæ-10
8. mgvR I RvwZi cÖvYx-14  fvOv Kzjv-5  bIj wK‡kvi
Dbœq‡b bvix  bxjb` Avi  mvgªv‡Rï †P‡qI  av‡bi KweZv-
9. wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbyl wcivwg‡Wi †`k- eo-13 1
I ms¯‹…wZ 19  gyKzU-22  cÛkªg-23
10. cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨  GKm~‡Î-6  gnveb AvgvRvb-  GKz‡ki
I cwi‡ek msiÿY  Rvbv-ARvbvi 14 KweZv-7
11. Dw™¢` RMr my›ìeb-10  WvK-niKiv--6  Avevi Avwme
12. kª‡gi ghv©`v  gnvKwe AvjvIj-  K‡j Mov bKj wd‡i -1
13. gnr Rxebx 22 gvbyl-16  wbgš¿Y-1
14. inm¨ RMr  cvwL‡ì wb‡q-10
15. mf¨Zvi µgweKvk  AvKvk R‡qi
 cv‡qi wb‡P Kvwnbx-17
16. gvbe Rxe‡b weÁvb
Gfv‡i÷-17  nv‡Z wb‡q Av‡jvK
I cÖhyw³
 gnvb weÁvbx ewZ©Kv-8
17. `ytmvnwmK Awfhvb
RM`xk-13 GKwU Abb¨
18. cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M I 
gvbyl  Rxe‡bi Rb¨-6 cyivKxwZ©-2,3
19. ‡`k åg‡Yi  M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi
AwfÁZv imiwmKZv-9
20. Rb msL¨v cwiw¯’wZ  B‡jKUªwbKm&- Gi
21. ¯^v¯’ïÿv Rv`yi †Qvuqvq-16
22. bvwUKv/bvU¨vsk
23. imvZ¥K Mí
35
ce©-3
1. AR©b: cÖkœcÎwU wkÿv_x©i AR©b cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e|

2. Dcjwä: wkÿv_x©i Dcjwäi RMZ KZUv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q Zv gvcvi †hvM¨Zv Gi
_vK‡e|
3. mvwnZ¨‡eva: cÖkœcÎwU wkÿv_x©i mvwnZ¨‡eva gvcv hvq Ggb n‡e|
4. fvlv‡eva : cÖkœcÎwU wkÿv_x©i fvlv‡eva gvcv hvq- Ggb n‡e|
5. Kg©KzkjZv : wkÿv_x©i Kg©KzkjZv gvcvi Dc‡hvMx n‡e|
6. cÖv‡qvwMZ `ÿZv: cÖkœcÎwU wkÿv_x©‡ì cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv hv‡Z gvcv hvq- †Zgb
n‡e|
7. fvev‡eM: cÖkœcÎwU Ggb n‡e hv‡Z Zvi DË‡i wkÿv_x©i fvev‡eM dz‡U I‡V|
8. cÖeYZv: wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn I cÖeYZv gvcvi my‡hvM G‡Z _vK‡e|
9. eyw×gËv: wkÿv_x©i eyw×gËv cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e|
10. g~j¨‡eva: wkÿv_x©i g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb cÖ‡kœ _vK‡Z n‡e|
11. m„RbkxjZv : wkÿv_x©‡ì gv‡S m„RbkxjZvi weKvk N‡U Ggb cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. êwPÎ¨: wewfbœ cÖKvi iPbvg~jK I ˆbe¨v©w³K cÖ‡kœi mylg mgš^q cÖkœcÎwU‡Z
_vK‡e|
36
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-4
gva¨wgK †kªYxi (9g-10g ) evsjv cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wP:

D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x© gvZ…fvlvi wkó I myôz iƒc Ges ixwZ-‰ewPÎ¨ A_v©r wkíiƒc Abyaveb
K‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvq ¯^”Q›` fv‡e ej‡Z co‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡e| wkÿv_x© Zvi †gŠwjK
wPšÍv Kíbv I m„Rb ÿgZv‡K gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g AviI my›ì I mvejxj fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| GB ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x© gvZ…fvlvi Hk¦h©, evK¨ MV‡bi êwPÎ¨ Ges evsjv fvlvi wewkó
†jLK‡ì iPbv‰kjxi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡e| gvZ…fvlvq wb‡Ri Ávb e„w× K‡i wkÿv_x© †hgb
Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I m„Rb KzkjZv‡K my›ì I mymsnZ fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡e †Zgwb †m
gvZ…fvlv evsjvi MVb cÖK…wZ I Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ fvlvi
e¨vKiYMZ wbqg c×wZ we‡kølY K‡i fvlv‡K ï× iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wkL‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi Av‡jv‡K gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ mg~n
mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wkÿvµg ewY©Z fvee¯‘i wbwi‡L NCTB KZ©„K wbav©wiZ eZ©gvb cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
wbev©wPZ cvVë¯‘i h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z fvlv I mvwn‡Zï g~j¨vq‡bi wbav©wiZ w`K¸‡jvi †cÖwÿ‡Z
Gm.Gm.wm. cixÿvq eëüZ cÖkœc‡Îi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wbiƒcb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1: evsjv cVb cvV‡bi D‡Ïk¨
GKwU wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿv eë¯’vi mvgwMÖK iƒc‡iLv‡K wkÿvµg ejv nq| wkÿvµ‡g we‡kl
wel‡qi mvwe©K iƒc‡iLvi D‡jøL _v‡K| cvV¨m~wP‡Z wbw`©ó wel‡qi wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
cvV¨ ZvwjKv _v‡K| cvV¨µg e¨vcK D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q cÖYqb Kiv nq| cvV¨m~wP Øviv D‡Ïk¨
ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| g~jZ: m„Rbkxj mvwn‡Zï iƒc‰ewPÎ¨ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì aviYv cÖ`vb,
fvlvi AšÍ©wbwnZ †mŠ›`h©, kã I ev‡Kï cÖ‡qvM KzkjZv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡ì aviYv `vb
37
Ges Zv‡ì m„Rbkxj fvlv eënv‡i cvi`kx© K‡i †ZvjvB gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV`v‡bi
D‡Ïk¨|
eÜziv, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cVb cvV‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡P ewY©Z Av‡Q| Avmyb wkÿvµg
wba©vwiZ wbgœewY©Z D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i we‡ePbvq mvwR‡q wjwL (wbe©vwPZ `kwU) :
D‡Ïk¨mg~n (µg Awba©vwiZ) ¸iæ‡Z¡i Abyµ‡g mvRv‡bv `kwU D‡Ïk¨

 wkÿv_©xi †gŠwjK wPšÍv, Kíbv I m„Rb
ÿgZvi weKvk I m¤cÖmviY| 1.
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï iƒc I †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ
AvKl©Y e„w×|
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï gva¨‡g weÁvb- 2.
gb¯‹Zv m„wó Kiv Ges beZi Ávb I
`ÿZv AR©‡b mg_© Kiv|
3.
 mvwnZ¨cv‡Vi gva¨‡g kãfvÛvi e„w×
Ges ˆ`bw›`b Kg©Rxe‡b Zvi myôz
cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv AR©b|
4.
 †hŠw³K evK& web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri
gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv AR©b|
 welqe¯‘i g‡g©vcjwä, imMÖnY Ges 5.
iPbv‰kjx I cÖKvkixwZi ¯^KxqZv
AR©b|
 gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K eënvwiK Rxe‡bi 6.
wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZv
AR©b|
 cvV¨welq QvovI wewfbœ wel‡q iPbv 7.
cv‡Vi AbyivM ea©b|
 cÖwgZ D”PviY I ï× evbvb †kLvi cÖwZ
AvMÖn m„wó Kiv| 8.
 Aci fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvi
eywbqv` gReyZ Kiv|
 gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ kª×v I m¤§vb‡eva 9.
RvMÖZ Kiv|
 †kªq‡eva I ˆbwZK †PZbvq DØy× Kiv|
10.
 evsjv fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ I fvlvi
e¨vKiYMZ wbqg c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb
AR©b Kiv|
38
evsjv wkÿY- 1
 ce©-2: fvee¯‘, welqe¯‘t h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY

gvZ…fvlv RvZxq HwZ‡nï aviK I evnK| gvZ„fvlv cvV`v‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡ì †`‡ki
gvbyl, cÖK…wZ ag©, g~j¨‡eva, BwZnvm I HwZn¨ m¤ú‡K© wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i †hgb m‡PZb
K‡i †Zvjvi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q †Zgwb gva¨wgK ¯Í‡iI Gi cÖwZdjb jÿYxq| ZvQvov
µgea©gvb Ávb I cywói m‡½-m‡½ wkÿv_x© mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ wel‡qi im Av¯^v`‡b mÿg
n‡e| mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ welq I Avw½‡Ki m‡½ wkÿv_x©‡ì cwiwPZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ AvaywbK
evsjv fvlvi bgybv wn‡m‡e cÖeÜ, Mí, Dcb¨vm I bvUK cvV¨ welqe¯‘i AšÍf©y³ Ki
n‡q‡Q|
wcÖq cÖwkÿYv_x©MY, wb‡P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wkÿvµ‡gi fvee¯Í I welqe¯‘ G‡jv‡g‡jv
fv‡e †Ìqv Av‡Q| Avmyb Avgiv fvee¯‘i evgcv‡k¦©i msL¨v wgj †i‡L welqe¯‘i Wvbcv‡k¦©
msL¨v ewm‡q wgj Kwi
M`¨ KweZv
fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘ fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘
1. †`k‡cÖg  cÖZy¨cKvi 1. wbmM©  e›`bv
2. ‰bwZKZv  bxj`c©b 2. †`k‡cÖg  nvg`&
3. gvbweKZv  iPbvi wkí¸Y 3. bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva  e½evYx
4. ¯§„„wZK_v 4. cÖv_©bv I fw³
 Ac~e© ÿgv  gvbyl †K?
5. evsjv‡`‡ki gvbylI I 5. msKí/DÏxcbv
cÖK…wZ  RoRMr I Dw™¢` 6. civ_©ciZv  K‡cvZvÿ b`
6. BwZnvm I HwZn¨ RMr 7. Kvwnbx Kve¨  evsjv Avgvi
7. wkÿv  QywU 8. MxwZagx© KweZv  mey‡Ri Awfhvb
8. mf¨Zv  Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejv 9. Q›` cwiPq  e„ÿ
9. ms¯‹…wZ  eB cov 10. RxebwPÎ  ab avb¨ cy¯úfiv
10. Rxeb K_v  g‡nk 11. nvm¨-‡KŠZzK Ie¨½  civ‡_©
11. Awfhvb I ågY Kvwnbx  Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx 12. wek¦kvwšÍ I Kj¨vY  SYv©
12. weÁvb I cÖhyw³  cjøx mvwnZ¨ 13. ¯§„wZPviY
 kvnRvnv‡bi g„Zz¨¯^cœ
13. RbmsL¨v 14. evsjv‡`k; BwZnvm I
 D`¨g I cwikªg  Rxeb wewbgq
14. cwi‡ek HwZn¨
 Bmjv‡gi gg©K_v  Dgi dviæK
15. kª‡gi ghv©`v 15. agx©q HwZn¨
16. A_©bxwZ  gvbyl gynv¤§` (`:) 16. gnrRxeb  KvÛvix ûwkqvi
17. fvlv I mvwnZ¨  Kwe I êÁvwbK 17. cïcvwLi cÖwZ ggZv  evsjvi gyL Avwg
18. Avb›` cvV  wiwjd IqvK© 18. e„‡ÿi cÖwZ ggZv †`wLqvwQ
19. cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RMr  `yišÍ cw_K 19. Abyev` KweZv  cjøxelv©
20. ¯^v¯’¨  evsjv beel©  RqhvÎv
21. iƒcK_v/DcK_v  ‡iLvwPÎ  emšÍ
22. bvix AwaKvi
 wkÿv I gbyl¨Z¡  AwfhvwÎK
23. ‡QvUMí
39
24. bvU¨ cvV  im‡Mvjøv  c~ev©kvi Av‡jv

 cvix  mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS
 aŸwbi eënvi  ‡div
 `yB gymvwdi  GB me MÖv‡g
 jvjmvjy  `yg©i
 gvZ…fvlv  ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg
 gnvcZ½  gv‡Mv Iiv e‡j
 Lv`¨ I cwi‡ek  †Zvgv‡K Awfev`b,
 `yRb exi‡kªô evsjv‡`k
 mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b  wZZvm
 knx` ¯§i‡Y
 ce©-3: Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ

cVb-cvVb cÖwµqvq wkLb AwfÁZv AR©‡bi d‡j wkÿv_x©i mvg_©, ˆbc~Y¨, AwR©Z Ávb
hvPvB‡qi c×wZ nj cixÿv| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i ˆÎgvwmK, lvb¥wmK I evwl©K cixÿv AbywôZ
nq| ˆbe©¨w³K I iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡ì g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
ˆbe©¨w³K As‡k 50 b¤î Ges iPbvg~jK As‡k 50 b¤î eivÏ _v‡K| iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi
†ÿ‡Î `xN© DËig~jK cÖkœ, mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ, e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw` Ges ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi
†ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i AwR©Ze¨ PviwU AvPiYxq †hvM¨Zv †hgb- Ávb, gvbm cÖeYZv, `ÿZv I
cÖv‡qvwMK ˆbc~‡Yï Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ K‡qK ai‡bi n‡jI
Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvq ïaygvÎ eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ eënvi Kiv nq| GKwU fvjgv‡bi cÖkœc‡Î
gyL¯Í wbf©iZv cwinvi, g‡bvfve hvPvBmn Ávb I `ÿZv cwigvcK êwkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K|
Avmyb eÜyiv, Avgiv DËg cÖkœc‡Îi êwkó¨¸‡jv wb‡Pi Ni¸‡jv‡Z wjwce× Kwi-
DËg cÖkœc‡Îi êwkó¨mg~n

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
40
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-4
g~j wkLbxq welq
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP : D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I cixÿvi

cÖkœcÎ
gva¨wgK wkÿv RvZxq wkÿv KvVv‡gvi wØZxq ¯Íi| G ch©v‡q gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi cÖavb
 jÿ¨ wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿv_©xi gvZ…fvlvi jä Ávb‡K AviI mymsnZ I DbœZ K‡i Zv‡K
fvlvi Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv †Ìqv| wkÿv_©x hv‡Z gvZ…fvlvi wkó I
myôziƒc Ges ixwZ-êwPÎ¨ A_©vr fvlvi wkíiƒc Abyaveb K‡i gvZ…fvlv evsjvq ¯^”Q›`fv‡e
ej‡Z, co‡Z I wjL‡Z cv‡i Zv-B G ¯Í‡i wkÿv`v‡bi g~j jÿ¨|
D‡Ïk¨
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cVb-cvV‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n wbgœiƒc 
 wkÿv_©xi †gŠwjK wPšÍv, Kíbv I m„Rb ÿgZvi weKvk I m¤cÖmviY|
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï iƒc I †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ AvKl©Y e„w×|
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï gva¨‡g weÁvb-gb¯‹Zv m„wó Kiv Ges beZi Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡b
mg_© Kiv|
 mvwnZ¨cv‡Vi gva¨‡g kãfvÛvi e„w× Ges ˆ`bw›`b Kg©Rxe‡b Zvi myôz cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv
AR©b|
 †hŠw³K evK& web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv AR©b|
 welqe¯‘i g‡g©vcjwä, imMÖnY Ges iPbv‰kjx I cÖKvkixwZi ¯^KxqZv AR©b|
 gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K eënvwiK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZv AR©b|
 cvV¨welq QvovI wewfbœ wel‡q iPbv cv‡Vi AbyivM ea©b|
 cÖwgZ D”PviY I ï× evbvb †kLvi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó Kiv|
 Aci fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ gvZ…fvlvi eywbqv` gReyZ Kiv|
 gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ kª×v I m¤§vb‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv|
 †kªq‡eva I ˆbwZK †PZbvq DØy× Kiv|
 evsjv fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ I fvlvi e¨vKiYMZ wbqg c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b
Kiv|
41
fvee¯‘
fvlv I mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ w`‡Ki we‡ePbvq beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv wkÿvµ‡g wbgœewY©Z
fvee¯‘mg~n wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q|
M`¨ KweZv e¨vKiY

 †`k‡cÖg  wbmM©  evsjv e¨vKiY I Zvi
 ˆbwZKZv  †`k‡cÖg eënvi
 gvbweKZv  bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva  evsjv fvlv
 ¯§„wZK_v  cÖv_©bv I fw³  aŸwbZË¡
 evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl I  msKí/DÏxcbv  evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg
cÖK…wZ  civ_©ciZv  iƒcZË¡
 BwZnvm I HwZn¨  Kvwnbx Kve¨  kãv_© ZË¡
 wkÿv  MxwZag©x KweZv  c` cÖKiY
 mf¨Zv  Q›` cwiPq  wefw³
 ms¯‹…wZ  RxebwPÎ  evK¨ cÖKiY
 Rxeb K_v  nvm¨-†KŠZzK I e¨½  cÖeÜ iPbv
 Awfhvb I ågY Kvwnbx  wek¦kvwšÍ I Kj¨vY  cÎ wjLb
 weÁvb I cÖhyw³  ¯§„wZPviY  fvem¤cÖmviY
 RbmsL¨v  evsjv‡`k; BwZnvm I  mvivsk
 cwi‡ek HwZn¨  evMaviv
 kª‡gi gh©v`v  ag©xq HwZn¨
 A_©bxwZ  gnrRxeb
 fvlv I mvwnZ¨  cïcvwLi cÖwZ ggZv
 Avb›` cvV  e„‡ÿi cÖwZ ggZv
 cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RMr  Abyev` KweZv
 ¯^v¯’¨
 iƒcK_v / DcK_v
 bvix AwaKvi
 †QvUMí
 bvU¨ cvV
42
evsjv wkÿY- 1
welqe¯‘: fvee¯‘i Av‡jv‡K NCTB KZ…©K wba©vwiZ beg-`kg †kªYxi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z
welqe¯‘mg~n wbgœiƒc 
M`¨ KweZv
welq †jLK welq †jLK
 cÖZz¨cKvi  Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi  e›`bv  kvn gyn¤§` mMxi
 bxj`c©Y  `xbeÜz wgÎ  nvg`&  AvjvIj
 iPbvi wkí¸Y  ew¼gP›`ª  e½evYx  Avãyj nvwKg
 Ac~e© ÿgv P‡Ævcva¨vq  gvbyl †K?  Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß
 gxi †gvkviid  K‡cvZvÿ  gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
 RoRMr I †nv‡mb b`  Kvq‡Kvev`
Dw™¢`RMr  RM`xkP›`ª emy  iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
 QzwU  iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi  evsjv Avgvi  iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
 Avgvi  iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi  mey‡Ri  wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq
†Q‡j‡ejv  cÖg_ †PŠayix Awfhvb  Kvwgbx ivq
 eB cov  kirP›`ª  e„ÿ  m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
 g‡nk P‡Ævcva¨vq  ab avb¨  kvnv`vr †nv‡mb
 Rv‡Mv †Mv  †eMg †iv‡Kqv cy®úfiv
fwMbx mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb  civ‡_©  †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv
 gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn  SY©v  KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
 cjøxmvwnZ¨  †gvnv¤§` jyZdi  kvnRvnv‡bi  KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
ingvb g„Zz¨¯^cœ  Rxebvb›` `vk
 D`¨g I cwikªg  Beivnxg Luv  Rxeb
 Bmjv‡gi  †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` wewbgq  Rmxg D`&`xb
gg©K_v Avjx  Dgi dviæK  Ave`yj Kvwì
 KvRx †gvZvnvi  gvngy`v LvZzb wmwÏKv
 gvbyl gyn¤§` †nv‡mb  KvÛvix  mywdqv Kvgvj
(m)  Aveyj gbmyi ûwkqvi  Avnmvb nvexe
 Kwe I Avng`  diiæL Avng&`
êÁvwbK  KvRx bRiæj  evsjvi gyL  ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb
Bmjvg Avwg †`wLqvwQ  Aveyj †nv‡mb
 wiwjd IqvK©  gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK  cjøxel©v  myKvšÍ fÆvPvh©
 Aveyj dRj  RqhvÎv  kvgmyi ivngvb
 `yišÍ cw_K  †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb  emšÍ  Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
†PŠayix  ˆmq` kvgmyj nK
 evsjv beel©  ˆmq` gyRZev  AwfhvwÎK
Avjx  c~e©vkvi  Avj gvngy`
 †iLvwPÎ  Abœ`vk¼i ivq Av‡jv
43
 wkÿv I gbyl¨Z¡  gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB  mvZ mvM‡ii  †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb

 im‡Mvjøv  kIKZ Imgvb gvwS
 ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn  †div
 cvix  gybxi †PŠayix
 Avey BmnvK  GB me MÖv‡g
 aŸwbi eënvi  Ave`yjøvn Avj gyZx  `yg©i
 `yB gymvwdi  Rwni ivqnvb  ¯^vaxbZv
Zzwg
 jvjmvjy  gv‡Mv Iiv
 gvZ…fvlv e‡j
 gnvcZ½
 Lv`¨ I cwi‡ek  †Zvgv‡K
 `yRb exi‡kªô Awfev`b,
evsjv‡`k
 mg‡qi  wZZvm
cÖ‡qvR‡b
 knx` ¯§i‡Y
cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ : wkÿv cÖwµqvi mvdj¨ I Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨B cixÿv I
g~j¨vq‡bi eë¯’v ivLv nq| ZvB cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ Aek¨B KwZcq ¸Yv¸Y mg„× nIqv
DwPZ| †hgb cÖkœcÎ Aek¨B Ggb n‡e hv‡Z 
 wba©vwiZ welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi AwR©Z Ávb I Dcjwä g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi cwiewZ©Z g‡bvfve I `„wófw½ cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi fvlv-†ev‡ai cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi mvwnZ¨‡ev‡ai cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi Kg©KzkjZv I cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZvi KZUv weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi fvev‡eM, cÖeYZv, eyw×gËv, g~j¨‡eva I m„RbkxjZvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv : wkÿv_©xi avivevwnK I P~ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †hme cÖkœcÎ
eëüZ n‡e Zv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbgœewY©Z bxwZgvjvmg~n AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖkœ Aek¨B n‡e DbœZgv‡bi|
 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœgvjvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivwcZ cÖkœgvjv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
44
evsjv wkÿY- 1
 cv‡Vi †h Ask ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœgvjvi mvnv‡h¨ g~j¨vqb‡hvM¨, †m As‡k iPbvg~jK cÖkœ bv

ivLvB evÃbxq|
 iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î `xN©-DËig~jK cÖkœ, mswÿß-DËig~jK cÖkœ, e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw`
mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡e|
 Ávb, gvbm cÖeYZv, `ÿZv I cÖv‡qvwMK ˆbcyY¨- GB PviwU w`‡Ki Dci mgvb ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc K‡i ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœgvjvq cÖZ¨ÿ cÖkœ, k~b¨¯’vb c~iY, mZ¨-wg_¨v wbiƒcY, wgjKiY Ges eû
wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœi mylg wgkªY _vKv evÃbxq|
 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœmg~n‡K h_vm¤¢e mnR †_‡K KwVb  GB µg iÿv K‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e|
 wfbœ wfbœ cÖkœgvjvi Rb¨ c„_K c„_K I my¯úó wb‡`©kvewj _vK‡Z n‡e|
 g~j¨vqb:
1. gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n ¸iæ‡Z¡i wbwi‡L eY©bv Kiæb|
2. gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mwbœ‡ewkZ welqe¯‘mg~n D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©
g‡b K‡ib wK ? Avcbvi e³‡eï ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
3. gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb eë¯’v‡K AviI hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
Ki‡Z Avcbvi mywPwšÍZ gZvgZ w`b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1
D‡Ïk¨mg~n (µg Awba©vwiZ)
 wkÿv_©xi †gŠwjK wPšÍv, Kíbv I m„Rb ÿgZvi weKvk I m¤cÖmviY|
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï iƒc I †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ AvKl©Y e„w×|
 fvlv I mvwn‡Zï gva¨‡g weÁvb-gb¯‹Zv m„wó Kiv Ges beZi Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡b
mg_© Kiv|
 mvwnZ¨cv‡Vi gva¨‡g kãfvÐvi e„w× Ges ˆ`bw›`b Kg©Rxe‡b Zvi myôz cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv
AR©b|
 †hŠw³K evK& web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv AR©b|
45
 welqe¯‘i g‡g©vcjwä, imMÖnY Ges iPbv‰kjx I cÖKvkixwZi ¯^KxqZv AR©b|

 gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K eënvwiK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZv AR©b|
 cvV¨welq QvovI wewfbœ wel‡q iPbv cv‡Vi AbyivM ea©b|
 cÖwgZ D”PviY I ï× evbvb †kLvi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó Kiv|
 evsjv fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ kw³ I fvlvi e¨vKiYMZ wbqg c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b
Kiv|
ce©-2
M`¨ KweZv
fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘ fvee¯‘ welqe¯‘
1. †`k‡cÖg  cÖZy¨cKvi-3 1. wbmM©  e›`bv-4
2. ‰bwZKZv  bxj`c©b-24 2. †`k‡cÖg  nvg`&-4
3. gvbweKZv  iPbvi wkí¸Y- 3. bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva  e½evYx-2
4. ¯§„„wZK_v 17 4. cÖv_©bv I fw³
 gvbyl †K?-
5. evsjv‡`‡ki gvbylI 5. msKí/DÏxcbv
 Ac~e© ÿgv-2  K‡cvZvÿ b`-2
I cÖK…wZ 6. civ_©ciZv
6. BwZnvm I HwZn¨  RoRMr I Dw™¢` 7. Kvwnbx Kve¨  evsjv Avgvi-2
7. wkÿv RMr-19 8. MxwZagx© KweZv  mey‡Ri Awfhvb-
8. mf¨Zv  QywU-23 9. Q›` cwiPq 5
9. ms¯‹…wZ  Avgvi 10. RxebwPÎ  e„ÿ-18
10. Rxeb K_v †Q‡j‡ejv-4 11. nvm¨-‡KŠZzK  ab avb¨
11. Awfhvb I ågY  eB cov-17 Ie¨½ cy¯úfiv-2
Kvwnbx  g‡nk-3 12. wek¦kvwšÍ I  civ‡_©-6
12. weÁvb I cÖhyw³  Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx- Kj¨vY  SYv©-9
13. RbmsL¨v 22 13. ¯§„wZPviY
 kvnRvnv‡bi
14. cwi‡ek  cjøx mvwnZ¨-21 14. evsjv‡`k;
g„Zz¨¯^cœ-10
15. kª‡gi ghv©`v BwZnvm I
 D`¨g I cwikªg-  Rxeb wewbgq-7
16. A_©bxwZ HwZn¨
10  Dgi dviæK-16
17. fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 15. agx©q HwZn¨
18. Avb›` cvV  Bmjv‡gi gg©K_v- 16. gnrRxeb  KvÛvix ûwkqvi-5
2,3  evsjvi gyL Avwg
19. cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RMr 17. cïcvwLi cÖwZ
20. ¯^v¯’¨  gvbyl gynv¤§` (`:)- ggZv †`wLqvwQ-1
21. iƒcK_v/DcK_v 2,3 18. e„‡ÿi cÖwZ  cjøxelv©-7
22. bvix AwaKvi  Kwe I êÁvwbK- ggZv  RqhvÎv-5
46
evsjv wkÿY- 1
23. ‡QvUMí 12 19. Abyev` KweZv  emšÍ-1

24. bvU¨ cvV  wiwjd IqvK©-8  AwfhvwÎK-5
 `yišÍ cw_K-11  c~ev©kvi Av‡jv-5
 evsjv beel©-9  mvZ mvM‡ii
 †iLvwPÎ gvwS-5
 wkÿv I gbyl¨Z¡-  †div-14
7  GB me MÖv‡g-
 im‡Mvjøv-18  `yg©i-
 cvix-8  ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg-2
 aŸwbi eënvi-  gv‡Mv Iiv e‡j-2
17  †Zvgv‡K
 `yB gymvwdi-11 Awfev`b,
 jvjmvjy- evsjv‡`k-2
 gvZ…fvlv-7  wZZvm-1
 gnvcZ½-  knx` ¯§i‡Y-2
 Lv`¨ I cwi‡ek-
14
 `yRb exi‡kªô-1
 mg‡qi
cÖ‡qvR‡b-1
ce©-3
 wba©vwiZ welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi AwR©Z Ávb I Dcjwä g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi cwiewZ©Z g‡bvfve I `„wófw½ cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi fvlv-†ev‡ai cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi mvwnZ¨‡ev‡ai cwigvc Kiv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi Kg©KzkjZv I cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZvi KZUv weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv
hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi fvev‡eM, cÖeYZv, eyw×gËv, g~j¨‡eva I m„RbkxjZvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
47
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-5
wbgœ gva¨wgK †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv
Avgv‡ì wkÿv eë¯’vq lô †_‡K Aóg GB wZbwU †kªYx wbgœ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi AvIZvfy³|
GB ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡ì eqm 11 †_‡K 13| GB mgqUv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv evj¨Kvj I ˆK‡kv‡ii
MwÛ †cwi‡q eqtmwÜKv‡j DcbxZ nq| †`n I g‡bi cwieZ©bkxjZvi gvbwmKZvq GB ¯Íi
c~Y©| wkïi †`n I gb c~Y©Zvi Awfgy‡L cwiYwZi m¤§yLxb| GB ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x© me wKQy
Rvb‡Z Pvq| Rvbvi GB AvKzjZv †hgb ewniv½b †_‡K †Zgwb cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡KI e‡U|
GKwU my›ì, my‡kvfb I `„wó b›`b cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkÿv_x©‡K cÖejfv‡e AvKl©Y K‡i| PgrKvi
welqe¯‘i cvkvcvwk ZvB fvlv wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Z‡ZvwaK my›ì evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK|
D‡Ïk¨
 6ô , 7g I 8g †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯îƒc wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
 evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg I welqe¯‘i ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
 evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK wZbwUi AvKvi, cÖ”Q`, A½m¾v, evbvb ixwZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1: lô, mßg I Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯îƒc
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlv evsjv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ lô †_‡K Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP
cÖYqb KwgwUi ixwZbxwZ Abymi‡Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯ÍK wZbwUi welqe¯‘, cwiKíbv I
web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvµ‡gi we‡kl bxwZ wb‡`©k AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯ÍK wZbwUi
cÖ”Q`, AvKvi, c„ôv msL¨v, A½m¾v evbvb ixwZ meB RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP KwgwU
cÖ`Ë wbqg bxwZ Abymi‡Y Kiv n‡q‡Q |
48
evsjv wkÿY- 1
wkÿv_x©e„›`, Avmyb gvBÛ g¨vwcs Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi e„Ë¸‡jv c~iY Kwi-
cvV¨cy¯ÍK
ch©v‡jvPbvi we‡eP¨
welq
 ce© -2: evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg I welqe¯‘
wbgœ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q G‡m wkÿv_x©‡ì fvlv †kLvi cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U| G ch©v‡q
mvaviYfv‡e gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ Zv‡ì GKwU Nwbô ms‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x© m„Rb KzkjZv‡K my›ì I mymsnZ fv‡e cÖKv‡ki ÿgZv AR©b K‡i| fvlvi `ÿZv
AR©b K‡i fvlv‡K h‡_vchy³fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mÿg nq| †mB w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L G ch©v‡q
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K welqe¯‘ ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| weL¨vZ †jLK I Kwei †jLv I KweZv
wkÿv_x©‡ì Kíbv wPšÍv I m„RbkxjZvi weKvk hv‡Z NUv‡Z cv‡i †m fv‡eB lô, mßg I
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Abykxjbx‡Z cÖkœ, kãv_©, e¨vL¨v
meB ms‡hvRb Kiv Av‡Q|
49
wcÖq wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avmyb Avgiv 6ô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK mßeYv©i M`¨ I KweZv mg~n
†jLK I Kwei bvgmn mvwR‡q wjwL-
µg. M`¨ ‡jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
 ce©-3: evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK wZbwUi AvKvi, cÖ”Q`, A½m¾v, evbvb ixwZ
lô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi bvg ÒPviæcvVÓ Gi c„ôv msL¨v 123| eBwUi cÖ”Q` gv‡S
njy` Dci I wb‡P Mvp ‡g‡R›Uv| njy‡ì †fZi my›ì bKkv Kiv| cÖ”Q` †ek AvKl©Yxq
n‡q‡Q|
mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi bvg ÒmßeYv©Ó Gi c„ôv msL¨v- 152 eBwUi cÖ”Q` Kgjv
is I nvjKv meyR is‡qi Dc‡i bx‡P meyR Ges gv‡S Kgjv is _vKvq cÖ”Q` †ek D¾¡j
Ges AvKl©Yxq n‡q‡Q| Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨ cy¯ÍKwUi bvg ÒmvwnZ¨ KwYKvÓ| eBwUi
c„óv msL¨v- 150 eBwUi cÖ”Q` bxj Ges †e¸bx is‡qi gv‡S †e¸bx is I Dc‡i bx‡P bxj
is _vKvq eBwUi cÖ”Q` AvKl©Yxq n‡q‡Q|
50
evsjv wkÿY- 1
1
wZbwU eB GiB wWgvB | wZbwU eB Gi g‡a¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq wPÎ AsKb K‡i Ges wKQy
4
iwOb KvMR eënvi K‡i A½m¾vi †Póv Kiv n‡h‡Q| iwOb KvMR¸‡jv mv`v KvM‡Ri
PvB‡Z mn‡RB bó nevi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| eB wZbwU‡Z g‡bv-12 c‡q›U UvBc eënvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| PwjZ fvlv ixwZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KweZvi †ÿ‡Î Ges L¨vwZgvb †jL‡Ki
†jLvi †ÿ‡Î PwjZ ixwZi e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q| RvZxq †U·U eyK †ev‡W©i evbvbixwZ AbymiY
Kiv n‡q‡Q| me wgwj‡q cÖ”Q` my`„k¨ Ges †gvUvgywU k³ evBwÛs Gi eB n‡q‡Q|
wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, Avmyb Avgiv GLb wbgœ gva¨wgK †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK msµvšÍ
Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K wbf©yj fv‡e c~iY Kwi-
Z_¨ mg~n 6ô †kªYx 7g †kªYx 8g †kªYx
1| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg
2| c„ôv msL¨v
3| cÖ”Q`
4| KvMR
5| M`¨ msL¨v
6| KweZvi msL¨v
7| evbvb ixwZ
8| UvBc/e‡Y©i AvKvi
51
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-5
g~j wkLbxq welq
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ch©v‡jvPbv
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i evsjv GKwU Avewk¨K welq| evsjv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlv| ZvB gva¨wgK ¯Íi
 †_‡K gvZ…fvlvq `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j G fvlvq eënvwiK I m„Rbkxj Dfq w`‡KB
wkÿv_x©i `ÿZv AR©b Avek¨K| Ab¨w`‡K, wkÿv_x©i agx©q, mvgvwRK I gvbweK
g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb Zv‡K n‡Z n‡e †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy×|
lô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg ÔPviæcvVÕ| 1996 mv‡j eBwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| 1997
mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m eBwU cybtgyw`ªZ nq| 2000 mv‡j cybivq ms‡kvab I cwigvR©b Kiv
nq| G eBwU‡Z †gvU 16wU M`¨ Ges 13wU KweZv AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q| ÔAvgv‡ì wcÖq
evsjv‡`kÕ Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…f~wgi gvwU I gvby‡li m‡½ wkï wK‡kvi‡ì cwiPq wbweo
Kivi R‡b¨ iPbvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
cieZx© cÖeÜwUi bvg ÔmZZvi cyi¯‹viÕ| wj‡L‡Qb W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&| Avjøvn&i cÖwZ
AwePj Av¯’v ¯’vcb Ges mrK‡g©i cÖwZ AvZ¥wb‡e`b KivB cÖeÜwUi g~j e³e¨|
Ôi‡³ †jLv gyw³hy×Õ cÖe‡Ü Avgv‡ì gnvb gyw³hy‡×i Kvwnbx Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| iPwqZv
kvwn`v †eMg gyw³‡hv×v‡ì gnvb exiZ¡ Mvu_v Ges i³wm³ BwZnvm GB cÖe‡Ü e¨³
K‡i‡Qb|
gvby‡li PwiÎ eoB wewPÎ| †KD gnr, †KD `qvjy, †KD ¯^v_©ci, †KD c‡ivcKvix| ÔbZzb
`vÕ MíwU‡Z kirP›`ª GKRb ¯^v_©ci gvby‡li PwiÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| GwU †jL‡Ki ÔkªxKvšÍÕ
Dcb¨v‡mi Ask we‡kl|
gvbyl gvby‡li wec`-Avc‡`, †iv‡M-†kv‡K, `yt‡L-‰`‡b¨ gvby‡li cv‡k G‡m `vuov‡e- GUvB
gvbeZv, GUvB Kvg¨| mvbwR`v LvZzb Ôgv`vi †U‡imvÕ cÖe‡Ü GB welqwU my›ìfv‡e Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
52
evsjv wkÿY- 1
ÔmvMiR‡ji bvbv cÖvYxÕ cÖeÜwU wj‡L‡Qb Ave`yjøvn Avj-gywZ| GB cÖe‡Ü †jLK

mvMiR‡ji we¯§qKi me cÖvYxi K_v cÖvÄj fvlvq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z wkï
wK‡kvi‡ì AbymwÜrmy g‡bi h‡_ó †LvivK i‡q‡Q|
Ôbxjb` Avi wcivwg‡Wi †`kÕ GKwU ågYKvwnbx| iPwqZv ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx| ågY
gvby‡li `„wó‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i, Áv‡bi cwiwa we¯Í…Z K‡i, wkÿv‡K cwicK¡ K‡i| wkÿv_x©i
g‡a¨ Ávbwccvmv e„w× Ges åg‡Yi gvbwmKZv e„w× Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ågY KvwnbxwU msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q|
ÔGKm~‡ÎÕ M‡í gvbyl‡K GKZve× nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| gvbyl mgv‡R GKZve× n‡q
evm K‡i| wKš‘ GUvB h‡_ó bq| GK Ac‡ii m‡½ Kvua wgwj‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKR‡bi K‡ó Ab¨‡K cv‡k G‡m `vuov‡Z n‡e Z‡eB mgv‡R evm Kiv mv_©K n‡e| †jLK
kIKZ Imgvb GB evZv©wU M‡í Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
ÔRvbv ARvbvi my›ìebÕ iPbvwU G. Gd. Gg. Avãyj Rwjj wjwLZ Ômy›ìe‡bi BwZnvmÕ
MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GB iPbvq my›ìe‡bi cwi‡ek, RxeRš‘ Ges cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú‡ì cwiPq Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…wZ Ges cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn m„wó KivB
GB iPbvwUi D‡Ïk¨|
ÔgnvKwe AvjvIjÕ GKwU bvU¨vsk| wmKv›`vi Avey Rvd‡ii ÔgnvKwe AvjvIjÕ bvU‡Ki
GKwU Ask mswÿß Ges cwigvwR©Z K‡i GB cy¯Í‡K msKwjZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li ¸YB
gvbyl‡K cÖwZôv `vb K‡i| Avi ¸Y KL‡bv Pvcv _v‡K bv| AÜKvi AveiY †f` K‡i m~‡h©i
g‡ZvB †m cÖwZfvZ nq| GB welqwUB my›ìfv‡e ÔgnvKwe AvjvIjÕ bvU‡K cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q|
cvwL‡ì wb‡q iPbvwU‡Z cïcvwL‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZi K_v g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q| cïcvwL
cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Iiv Avgv‡ì A‡bK DcKvi K‡i
_v‡K| ZvB cïcvwL‡ì `ytL e¨_vI Avgv‡ì Abyfe Kiv DwPZ Ges mva¨gZ Zv `~i Kivi
†Póv Kiv DwPZ| G K_vwU †jLK Avjx Bgvg GB cÖe‡Ü Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Ôcv‡qi wb‡P Gfv‡i÷Õ cÖeÜwU Ôwek¦‡kªô AwfhvÎx MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ| iPwqZv †mRvb
gvngy`| `yR©q‡K Rq Kivi evmbv gvbyl‡K ZvwoZ K‡i‡Q me©Kv‡j| GB evmbv †_‡KB
53
gvbyl A‡Rq‡K K‡i‡Q Rq, `y‡Á©q‡K K‡i‡Q ÁvZ| GB evmbv‡K wkÿv_x©i g‡b Dß Kivi
R‡b¨B iPbvwU msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
Ôgnvb weÁvbx RM`xkÕ cÖeÜwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb e‡›` Avjx wgqv| GB cÖe‡Ü RM`xkP›`ª emyi
weÁvb PPv© Ges we¯§qKi cÖwZfvi ¯îƒc Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Mv‡QiI †h cÖvY Av‡Q, myL-`ytL
†eva Av‡Q- GK_v RM`xkP›`ª wek¦evmx‡K Rvbvb w`‡q †M‡Qb| wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K weÁvbgb¯‹
Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖeÜwU cvV¨m~wPfy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ÔRxe‡bi R‡b¨Õ MíwU Wv: jyrdi ingv‡bi Ôgnr RxebÕ kxl©K MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| gvbyl gvby‡li R‡b¨ GB mZ¨wU MíwU‡Z my›ìfv‡e dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|
AvZ©gvbeZvi †mev Kivi cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó KivB MíwU msKj‡bi D‡Ïk¨|
ÔM¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi im iwmKZvÕ GKwU ig¨ iPbv| W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zuvi eyj‡Mwiqv

åg‡Yi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi nvm¨-im wcÖqZvi GKwU wPÎ GB iPbvq dzwU‡q
Zz‡j‡Qb|
eZ©gvb hyM B‡j±ªwb·-Gi hyM| Avgv‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b B‡jKUªwb‡·i eënvi Awbevh©
n‡q D‡V‡Q| ZviB GKwU wPÎ ÔB‡j±ªwbmK-Gi hv`yi †QvuqvÕq dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cÖeÜwU iPbv
K‡i‡Qb gvneyeyj nK|
Pviæ cv‡Vi cÖ_g KweZvwUi wk‡ivbvg ÔR‡b¥wQ GB †`‡kÕ| KweZvwU‡Z Kwei †`k‡cÖg e¨³
n‡q‡Q| Kwe GB †`‡ki AvKvk-evZvm, wMwi-b`x, eb-ebvšÍ fvj‡e‡m gi‡Z Pvb|
ÔcwiPqÕ KweZvq †mœn ggZvi GKwU e¨wZµgx wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| ggZvi Qvqvq gvbyl cï
GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q| ÔI‡ì R‡b¨ ggZvÕ KweZvq mgv‡Ri Amnvq, Ae‡nwjZ, Abvnvi
wK¬ó wkï wK‡kvi‡ì cÖwZ GK Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva I AvwZ© e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Ôevsjv fvlvÕ KweZvq
evsjvi cÖwZ Kwei fvjevmv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
ÔmyLÕ KweZvq Kwe Kvwgbx ivq Rxe‡bi cÖK…Z my‡Li K_v e‡j‡Qb| AvZ¥myL Ges
AvZ¥¯^v‡_© †Kvb myL †bB| civ‡_© KivB cÖK…Z myL| ÔmKvjÕ KweZvq †iv‡`jv mKv‡ji
Abycg iƒcjve‡Yï Qwe AvuKv n‡q‡Q| ÔwcÖq ¯^vaxbZvÕ KweZvq MÖvg evsjvi cÖwZ Kwei
ggZ¡‡eva dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ GLbI GLvbKvi gvbyl Ab¨vq AwePv‡i RR©wiZ| GKgvÎ
cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZvB me iKg eÂbv †_‡K Zv‡ì gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡i| ÔwVKvbvÕ KweZvq Kwe
54
evsjv wkÿY- 1
¯^‡`kf~wgi cÖwZ Mfxi gg‡Z¡i fveUzKz dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Avgv‡ì wVKvbv Rb¥f~wg
evsjv‡`k| gvZ…f~wgi gvwU‡Z Avgv‡ì Rxeb GwM‡q P‡j| Ô‰gÎxÕ KweZvq Kwe gvbeZvi
RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| hy× bq, aŸsm bq, wnsmv bq, nvbvnvwb bq, ïay Kj¨v‡Yi g‡š¿ gvbeZvi
wgjb †nvK GUvB Kwei Kvgbv| †bvjK KweZvq evsjv‡`‡ki nviv‡bv HwZn¨ I üZ m¤ú`
cybiæ×v‡ii AvKzjZv dz‡U I‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`k GK`v wQj HwZn¨gwÛZ, m¤ú` I cÖvPz‡h©
ficyi| ÔRxe‡bi wnmveÕ KweZvq cyuw_MZ we`¨vi AmviZvi K_v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| cyuw_MZ
we`¨vi m‡½ Rxeb Nwbô we`¨vi cÖ‡qvRbxq K_vB KweZvi g~j K_v| Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ KweZvq
Kwe ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, gvbyl gvby‡l †Kvb †f`v‡f` †bB| mv`v-Kvj, eªvþY-k~`ª mevB
GK gvbe RvwZi AšÍf©y³| GKvË‡ii gyw³hy³ Avgv‡ì RvZxq Rxe‡bi Amvgvb¨
†MŠieMvu_v| evsjv‡`‡ki †mB †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZn‡mi NUbvB ZiæY cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q Ô‡n wK‡kvi †kvbÕ KweZvq|
mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg ÔmßeYv©Õ| cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi wfwË‡Z
1996 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m cy¯ÍKwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| 1997 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m
cy¯ÍKwU cybg©y`ªY nq| eBwU‡Z 16wU M`¨ Ges 16wU KweZv msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| 2000 mv‡j
cybivq ms‡kvab I cwgvR©b Kiv nq|
GB eB‡qi cÖ_g iPbvwU Ôi~cmx evsjv‡`kÕ| wj‡L‡Qb gÄykªx †PŠayix| evsjv‡`‡ki Aciƒc
cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© Ges cÖK…wZ loFZzi †Ljv GB cÖe‡Ü wea„Z n‡q‡Q| Ôgi~fv¯‹iÕ iPbvq
nhiZ gynv¤§` (`t) Gi Rxe‡bi bvbv w`K wb‡q †jLK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi
mZëvw`Zv, AvPi‡Yi gvayh©, mij Rxeb hvcb my›ìfv‡e GB cÖe‡Ü eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Ômg‡qi n„rwcÐÕ M‡í GKvË‡ii MYnZ¨vi GK fqvj wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| ÔkvixwiK cwikªgÕ
cÖe‡Ü †jLK Wv³vi jyrdi ingvb kª‡gi ghv©`vi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| ÔjÛ‡bi
hv`yNiÕ cÖe‡Ü †jLK gynv¤§` Avãyj nvB jÛ‡bi hv`yN‡ii GKwU PgrKvi eY©bv Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb| ÔBbmvwbqvZÕ M‡í W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq mrK‡g©i gvnvZ¥¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
†h mrKg© K‡i †m wfbœagx© n‡jI Avjøvni wcÖq GB mZ¨vwUB GB M‡íi g~j K_v|
ÔjvB‡eªwiÕ cÖe‡Ü Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK Ges RvZxq Rxe‡b jvB‡eªwii
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖeÜwUi iPwqZv †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix|
ÔfvOv KzjvÕ M‡í †jLK GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li gnZ¡ Ges AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi K_v Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| Ômvgªv‡Rï †P‡qI eoÕ cÖe‡Ü †jLK wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix ‡k·wcqv‡ii
êwPÎ¨gq Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ K‡g©i bvbv w`K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ÔgyKzUÕ bvwUKvwU wÎcyiv ivR
cwiev‡ii wZbRb ivRKygv‡ii AšÍK©jn‡K †K›`ª K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ôgnveb AvgvRbÕ
55
cÖeÜwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb bIqv‡Rk Avn‡g`| GB cÖe‡Ü c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo ebf~wgi eY©bv
†`qv n‡q‡Q| AvgvRb e‡bi ZiæjZv, KxU cZ½, cïcvwL m¤ú‡K© GB cÖe‡Ü PgrKvi Z_¨
i‡q‡Q| ÔWvK niKivÕ Zviv k¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi GKwU Abe`¨ Mí| GB M‡í mvaviY
GKRb WvK niKivi `vwqZ¡‡eva my›ìfv‡e wea„Z n‡q‡Q| ÔK‡j Mov bKj gvbylÕ
cÖeÜwU‡Z †iveU Avwe¯‹vi Ges Gi eënvi m¯ú‡K© Z_¨vw` Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔAvKvk
R‡qi KvwnbxÕ M‡í ivBU åvZ…Ø‡qi AvKv‡k Iovi Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Ônv‡Z wb‡q
Av‡jvKewZ©KvÕ cÖe‡Ü AvZ©-gvbeZvi †mevi GK D¾¡j `„óvšÍ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| bvwm©s
†ckvq †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji Ae`vb GB cÖe‡Üi welqe¯‘| ÔGKwU Abb¨ cyivKxwZ©Õ cÖe‡Ü
ev‡Minv‡Ui lvU¸¤^yR gmwR‡ì GKwU eY©bv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK mßeYv©i KweZv As‡ki cÖ_g KweZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii
ÔRb¥f~wgÕ| GB KweZvq Rb¥f~wgi cÖwZ Kwei Mfxi ggZ¡‡eva I †`kvZ¡‡eva dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
ÔcÖwZ`vbÕ KweZvwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb cjøx Kwe Rmxg D``xb| GB KweZvq Kwei D`vi gb
Ges cÖxwZgqZvi GK Abe`¨ Awfe¨w³ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ÔAvgiv wK‡kviÕ KweZvq Kwe
mywbg©j emy wK‡kvi g‡bi wewfbœ êwkó¨ eY©bv K‡i GB Kvgbv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb †h, Zviv †hb
wec_Mvgx bv nq| ÔKzwj-gRyiÕ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi mvgëv`x avivi GKwU KweZv| GB
KweZvq Kwe mgv‡Ri kªgRxex gvby‡li AwaKvi cÖwZôvi K_v Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
ÔAvb›`Õ KweZvq Rxeb I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ †h Acwimxg Avb‡›ì Drm i‡q‡Q Zv e¨³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Ô¯§„wZ‡mŠaÕ KweZvq GKvË‡ii weRq wQwb‡q Avb‡Z wM‡q hviv g„ZzëiY K‡i‡Qb
Zv‡ì cÖwZ kª×v wb‡e`b K‡i‡Qb Kwe| gyw³‡hv×v‡ì i‡³ †jLv †MŠiegq BwZnv‡mi
Abb¨ ¯§viK GB ¯§„wZ‡mŠa| Ôimvj I ¯^Y©jwZKvÕ KweZvq gvB‡Kj gaymy`b `Ë AnsKvi
cZ‡bi g~j- GB mZ¨wU‡K my›ìfv‡e cÖùzwUZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| ÔmÜ¨vÕ KweZvq Kwe mvnv`vr
†nv‡mb mÜ¨vi kvšÍ-wmœ» i~c dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Ôe„wóÕ KweZvq Kwe diiæL Avng` cÖK…wZ
g‡b e„wói Av‡e`bwU my›ìfv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| ÔGKwU cvwLÕ KweZvq gvby‡li g‡bi
GKwU †Mvcb evmbv GKwU cvwLi cÖZx‡K cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mB †Mvcb evmbvi bvg
myL| wKš‘ Avgiv wK Rxe‡b myL cvwLi mÜvb cvB ? ÔwQbœgyKzjÕ KweZvq Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_
`Ë GKwU wkïi AKvj g„Zz¨‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i gvbe g‡bi GKwU mKiæY AbyfywZ my›ìfv‡e
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ÔAvgvi G †`kÕ KweZv evsjvi i~c êwPÎ¨ dz‡U I‡V‡Q| Ôgvby‡li †mevÕ
KweZvq Kwe Avãyj Kv‡ì Ômevi Dci gvbyl mZ¨ Zvnvi Dci bvBÕ GB mZ¨wU g~Z© K‡i
Zz‡j‡Qb| gvby‡li †mev bv K‡i ïaygvÎ Avjøvni Gev`Z Kiv Avjøvni Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq-
GB K_vB Kwe Abe`¨ fvlvq e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I Rxe‡bi Kg© cwigÛ‡ji
êwP‡Îï g‡a¨ Qwo‡q Av‡Q Acvi Avb›`| Zv †_‡K wew”Qbœ Rxeb KL‡bv mv_©K n‡q I‡V
56
evsjv wkÿY- 1
bv| Ôb›`jvjÕ Kwe wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq iwPZ GKwU e¨½ KweZv| mgv‡Ri ‡h me †jvK gy‡L
eo eo K_v e‡j wKš‘ Kv‡Ri †ejvq VbVb, †mB me †jv‡Ki cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i KweZvwU
†jLv n‡q‡Q| Ôfvjevmvi RqÕ KweZvq kw³i `vcU bq, cÖxwZi gwngvB gvby‡li Rxe‡b
eiYxq G fve e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv eB‡qi bvg ÔmvwnZ¨ KwYKvÕ| GB eB‡q AvVviwU M`¨ iPbv Ges†PŠÏwU
KweZv AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q| GB M`¨ iPbv Ges KweZv¸‡jv‡Z †h fveeš‘ mg~n wea„Z n‡q‡Q
Zv nj gvZ…fvlv cÖxwZ I mvwnZ¨vbyivM, g~j¨‡eva, wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ, †`k‡cÖg I gyw³hy×,
agx©q †PZbv I ˆbwZKZv, mevi R‡b¨ wkÿv, †`k ågY, RbmsL¨v mgm¨v, weÁv‡bi
µgweKvk I eënvi, inm¨-RM‡Zi cwiPq, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M I gvbyl, mgvR Dbœq‡b bvixi
Ae`vb, bvMwiK `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi MÖš’vMvi, gnr e¨w³i Rxeb I Rxebv`k©, bvbvb‡`‡ki
gvbyl I cÖK…wZ, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I AvZ¥wbf©iZv BZ¨vw`|
DwjøwLZ fvee¯‘mg~n †h me cvV¨ wel‡qi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi mswÿß
eY©bv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|
evsjv fvlvi cÖwZ AbyivM I ggZ¡‡eva m„wói R‡b¨ evsjv fvlvi Rb¥K_v cÖeÜwU msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q| GB cÖe‡Ü evsjv fvlvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †jvKwkí
†jvK mvwn‡Zï g‡a¨ wea„Z n‡q Av‡Q Avgv‡ì RvZxq HwZn¨ Ges Avgv‡ì †kKo| GB
RvZxq HwZ‡nï m‡½ cwiPq Ges GKvZ¥Zv m„wói D‡Ï‡k¨ ÔAvgv‡ì †jvKwkíÕ cÖeÜwU
msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| cÖeÜwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb wkíx Kvgiæj nvmvb| Ôgn‡Ë¡i kw³Õ cÖe‡Ü
‡gvnv¤§` GqvKze Avjx †PŠayix ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb gnZ¡ NvZ‡Ki A‡¯¿i PvB‡ZI kw³kvjx|
A_©, civµg Ges A‡¯¿i SbSbvbx Gme wKQyB gn‡Z¡i Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡Z eva¨| K_vq
e‡j, Ôf`ª AvPiY Ki‡Z †Kvb cqmv jv‡M bvÕ| A_P mgv‡R m„wó nq GK cÖxwZgq
cwi‡ek| gvby‡li my›ì eënvi, D`viZv, f`ªZv Ges mshg ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU
†mŠåvZ…‡Z¡i m„wó K‡i| my›ì eënvi cÖe‡Ü †jLK ivwRqv gvneye G K_vB my›ìfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| ÔivRvÕ M‡í †jLK Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx cvwLi cÖwZ GKwU wK‡kv‡ii
ggZ¡‡eva PgrKvifv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| ÔZvivi †`‡ki nvZQvwbÕ cÖe‡Ü gnvKv‡ki Acvi
we®§q Ges wewPÎ inm¨ eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔKw¤úDUv‡ii K_vÕ cÖeÜwU Kw¤úDUvi m¤ú‡K©
GKwU mvaviY aviYv `vb I AvMÖn m„wói D‡Ï‡k¨ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Ôdz‡ji †gjv cÖe‡Ü
gynv¤§` Avãyj nvB Bsj¨v‡Û emšÍ FZzi i~c êwPÎ¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| dz‡ji wewPÎ i~c Ges
i‡Oi wewPÎ jxjv GB cÖe‡Ü g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q| Ôfvlv I wkÿvÕ cÖe‡Ü †jLK Aveyj gbmyi
57
Avng` gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ PgrKvifv‡e Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
Ô‡RvuKÕ M‡í mvgvwRK Ab¨vq AwePv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Ges †kvwlZ gvby‡li cÖwZ
ggZ¡‡eva cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ÔAv‡jv PvBÕ cÖe‡Ü †jLK mevi R‡b¨ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi
K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| wkÿvB Avgv‡ì‡K AÁvbZvi AÜKvi †_‡K gyw³i c‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z
cv‡i GK_vB cÖe‡Ü †Rvi w`‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| ÔRxeb I KvRÕ cÖe‡Ü ejv n‡q‡Q †h K‡Vvi
cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g Rxeb‡K mv_©K K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| †njv‡djv Ae‡njvq Rxe‡bi Ag~j¨
mgq‡K e¨_© K‡i †Ìqv hv‡e bv| KviY Rxeb GKUvB| G‡K Avi KL‡bvB wd‡i cvIqv
hv‡e bv| Ôi~c K_vi †mB Avðh© cÖ`xcÕ iPbvq †jLK we`y¨‡Zi Avwe¯‹vi I Gi eûgyLx
cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Z_¨vw` Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì gnvb gyw³hy‡× †h me gnvb e¨w³
Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zvu‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Ô¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ ¯§iYxq hvuiv| Ôgvby‡li MíÕ
iPbvwU RbmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wói R‡b¨ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v Avgv‡ì GK
b¤î mgm¨v| GB mgm¨v †h wKfv‡e Avgv‡ì Rxeb‡K `ywe©mn K‡i Zz‡j‡Q GB iPbvq
†mUvB Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔL¨vwZi weo¤^bvÕ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii GKwU e¨v½vZ¥K bvwUKv|
Rxe‡b me wKQy cwikª‡gi ga¨ w`‡q, mvabvi ga¨ w`‡q AR©b Ki‡Z nq| mn‡R †Kvb wKQy
AR©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j bvbv weo¤^bvi wkKvi n‡Z nq, GB mZ¨wUB bvUKwUi cÖavb e³e¨|
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK mvwnZ¨ KwYKvi KweZv As‡ki cÖ_g KweZv ÔcÖv_©bvÕ KweZwU
Kwe Kvq‡Kvev‡ì ÔAkÖægvjvÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kwe GB KweZvq
Avjøvni Acvi gwngvi K_v eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvui Amxg ingZ Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb| Ô`yišÍ
AvkvÕ KweZvq Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Avjm¨ fxiæZv BZ¨vw` Z¨vM K‡i mvnwmKZv Ges
msMÖv‡gi c_ †e‡Q †bevi AvKvOÿv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| ÔAwfhvbÕ KweZvq Kwe bRiæj Bmjvg
Zi~Y Ges bexb‡ì RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| mg¯Í evav wecwË AwZµg K‡i be Rxe‡bi c‡_
Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi R‡b¨ wZwb bexb‡ì‡K Avnevb Rvwb‡q‡Qb| ÔLvwU †mvbvÕ
KweZvq Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…fywg evsjv‡`‡ki kvšÍ wmœ» †gvnbxq i~‡ci
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| KweZvq gvZ…f~wgi cÖwZ Kwei Acvi fvjevmv e¨³ n‡q‡Q| Ôi~cvBÕ
KweZvwU‡Z Kwe Rmxg DÏxb Avgv‡ì wPi cwiwPZ MÖvgxY cUf~wg‡Z ivLvj †Q‡j i~cvB Gi
GKwU Abe`¨ wPÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| Avgiv mevB Avb›` PvB, myL PvB| ÔAvb›`Õ KweZvq
Kwe Avnmvb nvwee †mB Avb‡›ì Drmg~j LyuR‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Ôeve‡ii gnË¡Õ KweZvq Kwe
Kvwj`vm ivq †gvNj mgªvU eve‡ii gnË¡, gnr Av`k© Ges gvbweK g~j¨‡eva my›ìfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi ÔZiyÕ KweZvq gvby‡li AnsKvix g‡bvfve‡K
wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb gvbyl‡K djfv‡i bZ Mv‡Qi gZ wbinsKvix nevi Avnevb
Rvwb‡q‡Qb| ÔbIj wK‡kviÕ KweZvq Kwe wK‡kvi‡ì‡K Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ KvR Kivi R‡b¨
58
evsjv wkÿY- 1
GwM‡q †h‡Z e‡j‡Qb| avb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb dmj| Ôav‡bi KweZvÕ KweZvq Kwe diiyL
Avng` av‡bi wewPÎ bvg, K…lK cwiev‡i av‡bi cÖfve BZ¨vw` welq my›ìfv‡e eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb|
ÔcÐkªgÕ KweZvq Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, ¸R‡e Kvb w`‡Z †bB| †Kvb
KvR Kievi Av‡M mZ¨vmZ¨ Av‡M †_‡KB hvPvB K‡i †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| ÔGKz‡ki KweZvÕ
Kwe Avj gvngy` GKz‡k †deªæqvwii knx`‡‡ì ¯§i‡Y KweZvwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GKz‡k
†deªæqvwi wKfv‡e Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZ‡Z, Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Av‡Q, †m K_vB
GB KweZvwU‡Z wea„Z n‡q‡Q| ÔAvevi Avwme wd‡iÕ KweZvq Kwe Rxebvb›` `vm i~cmx
evsjvi kvk¦Z i~c Zz‡j a‡i gvZ…f~wgi cÖwZ Zvi Mfxi fvjevmv‡K e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Ôwbgš¿YÕ
KweZvq Kwe cjøx cÖK…wZi GK g‡bvgy»Ki wPÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| KweZvwU Kwe Avkivd
wmwÏKxi ÔKvM‡Ri †bŠKvÕ bvgK Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
lô, mßg I Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯îƒc-

lô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg ÒPviæcvVÓ, 123 c„ôvq †jLv 16wU M`¨ I 13wU KweZv
¯’vb †c‡q‡Q G‡Z| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i ixwZbxwZ wbqg wb‡`©k AbymiY
K‡i eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q|
mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg ÔmßeYv©Õ, 152 c„ôvq †jLv 15wU M`¨ I 16wU KweZv
GB eBwU‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK wn‡m‡e RvZxq
wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i ixwZbxwZ wbqg wb‡`©k AbymiY K‡i G& eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q|
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg ÒmvwnZ¨ KwYKvÓ, 150 c„ôv, 16wU M`¨ I 14wU
KweZv eBwU‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ…©K cÖ`Ë mKj ixwZ
bxwZ I wbqg Kvbyb AbymiY K‡i GB eBwUI †jLv n‡q‡Q| wbgœ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q evsjv
fvlv wel‡q wkÿv_©xiv hv †k‡L Zvi cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U mßg I Aóg †kªYx‡Z| G ch©v‡q
gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri `ÿZv †hvM¨Zv, m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvi cÖKvk weKvk Ges h_v_©
cÖ‡qvM wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z Ki‡Z cv‡i †m w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L eB `ywUi welqe¯‘ M`¨, KweZv
ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| L¨vwZgvb †jLK I Kwe‡ì †jLv I KweZv †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv †`k-
‡cÖg I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq DØy× n‡e Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ agx©q mvgvwRK, gvbweK ¸Yvejx I
g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e GUvB wkÿvµ‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨| GB eB wZbwU‡Z wkÿvµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨
h_vh_ fv‡e cÖwZ dwjZ n‡q‡Q| M‡`ï welqe¯‘ wbev©P‡b cÖvavb¨ ‡c‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k,
cÖK…wZ Ávb-weÁvb, gvbeZv, kvixwiK cwikªg, mg‡qi g~j¨ HwZnvwmK NUbv, cvVvMvi
BZ¨vw`| GKwU bvwUKvI mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki M`¨vs‡k ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
59
wkÿv_x©‡ì myweav‡_© eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ lô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK PviycvV M`¨ I

KweZvmg~n †jL‡Ki I Kwei bvgmn ZvwjKv wb‡gœ Zz‡j †`qv nj|
M`¨ †jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

1 Avgv‡ì wcÖq - 1 R‡b¥wQ GB †`‡k mywdqv Kvgvj
evsjv‡`k
2 mZZvi cyi¯‹vi gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn 2 cwiPq iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi
3 i‡³‡jLv gyw³hy× mvwn`v †eMg 3 I‡ì Rb¨ ggZv KvRx bRiæj
Bmjvg
4 bZzb`v kirP›`ª 4 evsjv fvlv Rmxg D`&`xb
P‡Ævcva¨vq
5 gv`vi †Z‡imv mb&Rx`v LvZzb 5 myL Kvwgbx ivq
6 mvMi R‡ji bvbv Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx 6 mKvj nvexeyi ingvb
cÖvYx
7 bxjb` Avi ‰mq` gyRZev Avjx 7 wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv kvgmyi ivngvb
wcivwg‡Wi †`k
8 GKm~‡Î kIKZ Imgvb 8 wVKvbv Av‡Zvqvi ingvb
9 Rvbv-ARvbvi G.Gd.Gg Ave`yj 9 ‰gÎx Ave`yj Kvwì
my›ìeb Rjxj
10 gnvKwe AvjvIj wmKv›`vi Avey 10 ‡bvjK Avj gvngy`
Rvdi
11 cvwL‡ì wb‡q Avjx Bgvg 11 Rxe‡bi wnmve myKzgvi ivq
12 cv‡qi wb‡P †mRvb gvngy` 12 gvbyl RvwZ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
Gfv‡i÷
13 gnvb weÁvbx e‡›` Avjx wgqv 13 †n wK‡kvi, gnv‡è mvnv
RM`xk †kv‡bv
14 Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †gvnv¤§` jyrdi
ingvb
15 M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi gyn¤§` Gbvg~j nK
im-imKZv
16 B‡jKUªwb·&-Gi gvneyeyj nK
Rv`yi †Qvuqvq
wkÿv_x©‡ì myweav‡_© eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK mßeY©vi M`¨ I KweZv
mg~n †jL‡Ki I Kwei bvgmn ZvwjKv wb‡gœ Zz‡j †`qv nj|

60
evsjv wkÿY- 1
1 iƒcmx evsjv‡`k gÄykªx †PŠayix 1 Rb¥f~wg iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

2 giæ fv¯‹i nvexeyjøvn evnvi 2 cÖwZ`vb Rmxg DÏxb
3 mg‡qi ürwcÛ AvjvDwÏb Avj 3 Avgiv wK‡kvi mywb©gj emy
AvRv`
4 kvixwiK cwikªg †gvnv¤§` jyrdi 4 Kzwj gRyi KvRx bRiæj
ingvb Bmjvg
5 jÛ‡bi hv`yNi gynv¤§` Avãyj nvB 5 Avb›` myKzgvi ivq
6 BbmvwbqvZ mybxwZ Kzgvi 6 ¯§„wZ †mŠa d‡qR Avng`
P‡Ævca¨vq
7 jvB‡eªix †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb 7 imvj I gvB‡Kj gyaym~`b
†PŠayix ¯^Y©jwZKv `Ë
8 fv½v Kzjv Beivnxg Lvu 8 mÜ¨v kvnv`r †nv‡mb
9 mvgªv‡Rï †P‡qI wmivRyj Bmjvg 9 e„wó diiƒL Avng`
eo †PŠayix
10 gyKzU iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 10 GKwU cvLx kvgmyb ingvb
11 gnveb AvgvRvb bIhv‡Rk Avn‡g` 11 wQbœ gyKzj m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
12 WvK-niKiv Zvivk¼i 12 Avgiv G †`‡k gvngy`v LvZzb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wmwÏKv
13 K‡j Mov bKj gvneyeyj nK 13 gvby‡li †mev Ave`yj Kvwì
gvbyl
14 AvKvk R‡qi 14 gvbv wmKv›`vi Avey
Kvwnbx Rvdi
15 nv‡Z wb‡q 15 b›`jvj wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq
Av‡jvK ewZ©Kv
16 GKwU Abb¨ Av.Kv.†gv. 16 fvjevmvi Rb¨ hZx›`ª‡gvnb
c~ivKxwZ© hvKvwiqv evMPx
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ÒmvwnZ¨ KwYKvÓi M`¨ I KweZvmg~n †jLK I Kwei bvgmn
ZvwjKv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv nj|

1 evsjvfvlvi Rb¥ ûgvq~b AvRv` 1 cÖv_©bv Kvq‡Kvev`
K_v
2 Avgv‡ì Kvgiæj nvmvb 2 `~išÍ Avkv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
†jvKwkí
3 gn‡Ë¡i kw³ †gvnv¤§` GqvKze 3 Awfhvb KvRx bRiæj
Avjx †PŠayix Bmjvg
4 my›ì eënvi ivwRqv gvneye 4 LvuwU †mvbv m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
61

5 ivRv Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx 5 iƒcvB Rmxg DÏxb
6 Zvivi †`‡ki Ave`yjøvn Avj gyZx 6 Avb›` Avnmvb nvexe
nvZQvwb
7 Kw¤úDUv‡ii G.Gg.nviæb-Ai 7 evey‡ii gnË¡ Kvwj`vm ivq
K_v ikx`
8 dz‡ji †gjv gynv¤§` Ave`yj nvB 8 Ziæ K…ò P›`ª gRyg`vi
9 fvlv I wkÿv Aveyj gbmyi 9 bIj wK‡kvi mywdqv Kvgvj
Avng`
10 ‡RvuK Avey BmnvK 10 F‡Yi KweZv diiæL Avng`
11 Av‡jv PvB gvneyeyj Avjg 11 cwikªg kvgmyi ingvb
12 Rxeb I KvR †gvnv¤§` jyrdi 12 GKz‡ki KweZv Avj gvngy`
ingvb
13 iƒcK_vi †mB myeªZ eo–qv 13 Avevi Avwme Rxebvb›` `vm
Avðh© cÖ`xc wd‡i
14 ¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ W. mvC`yi ingvb 14 wbgš¿Y Avkivd wmwÏKx
¯§iYxq hvuiv
†k‡i evsjv
G.†K.dRjyj
nK
†nv‡mb knx`
†mvnivIqv`x©
gRjyg Rb‡bZv
gvIjvbv Ave`yj
nvwg` Lvb
fvmvbx
15 gvby‡li Mí KvRx wmivR DwÏb
Avng`
16 L¨vwZi weo¤^bv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
cÖ”Q`, AvKvi, A½m¾v, c„ôv msL¨v, fvlv, evbvbixwZ

mßg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨ cy¯ÍKwUi bvg mßeYv©, eBwUi c„ôv msL¨v 152, eBwUi AvKvi
1
wWgvB | eBwUi cÖwZwU M`¨ I KweZvi mswkøó wPÎ AsKb Kiv Av‡Q| fv‡jv Kvwj
4
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKQy wKQy iwOb KvMRI eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| eBwU‡Z g‡bv-12 c‡q›U
UvBc eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kgj I nvjKv meyR is eënvi K‡i cÖ”Q`wU my›ì I
AvKl©Yxq Kiv n‡q‡Q|
62
evsjv wkÿY- 1
Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨ cy¯ÍKwUi bvg ÔmvwnZ¨ KwYKvÕ GB eBwUi c„ôv msL¨v-150, eBwUi
1
AvKvi wWgvB | eBwUi A½m¾v Kiv n‡q‡Q welq mswkøó wPÎ w`‡q| eBwU‡Z g‡bv-12
4
c‡q›U UvBc eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ”Q‡` bxj Ges †e¸bx is eënvi K‡i my›ì Ges
AvKl©Yxq Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eB `ywU‡Z PwjZ fvlv ixwZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q RvZxq wkÿvµ‡gi bxwZ I c×wZ AbymiY
K‡i| wKQy M`¨ I KweZv e¨wZµg Av‡Q| L¨vwZgvb †jLK I Kwe‡ì †Kvb †Kvb †jLvq
mvay fvlvi eënvi Av‡Q| evbv‡bi †ÿ‡Î RvZxq †U·U eyK †evW© Gi wbqg †g‡b welqe¯‘
iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eB evuavB †gvUvgywU k³ n‡q‡Q wKš‘ KvMR AviI fv‡jv n‡j
wkÿv_x©‡ì cy¯ÍK eënv‡ii AviI myweav n‡Zv| me wgwj‡q eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ evsjv
cvV¨cy¯ÍK wn‡m‡e eB¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cvV¨cy¯ÍK n‡jv cvV`v‡bi cÖavb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
DcKiY; †mw`K †_‡K evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjv fvlv wkÿvq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q G K_v Ab¯^xKvh©|
 g~j¨vqb:
1| cvV¨cy¯ÍK chv©‡jvPbv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki gvb wbav©i‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©- welqwUi Dci GKwU
wbeÜ wjLyb|
2| wbgœ gva¨wgK †h †Kvb evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki MVb g~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1
cÖ”Q`, eB‡qi AvKvi/gvc, c„ôv msL¨v, A½m¾v, evbvb ixwZ, gy`ªY, welqe¯‘,
BZ¨vw`|
ce©-2
m~wPcÎ (6ô †kªYxi evsjv eB)
µg. M`¨ †jLK µg. KweZv †jLK
01 Avgv‡ì wcÖq - 01 R‡b¥wQ GB †`‡k mywdqv Kvgvj
evsjv‡`k
02 mZZvi cyi¯‹vi gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn 02 cwiPq iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi
03 i‡³‡jLv gyw³hy× mvwn`v †eMg 03 I‡ì Rb¨ ggZv KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
04 bZzb `v kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 04 evsjv fvlv Rmxg D`&`xb
05 gv`vi †Z‡imv mb&Rx`v LvZzb 05 myL Kvwgbx ivq
06 mvMi R‡ji bvbv cÖvYx Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx 06 mKvj nvexeyi ingvb
63
µg. M`¨ †jLK µg. KweZv †jLK

07 bxjb` Avi ‰mq` gyRZev 07 wcÖq ¯^vaxbZv kvgmyi ivngvb
wcivwg‡Wi †`k Avjx
08 GKm~‡Î kIKZ Imgvb 08 wVKvbv Av‡Zvqvi ingvb
09 Rvbv-ARvbvi G.Gd.Gg. 09 ‰gÎx Ave`yj Kvwì
my›ìeb Ave`yj Rjxj
10 gnvKwe AvjvIj wmKvb&`vi Avey 10 †bvjK Avj gvngy`
Rvdi
11 cvwL‡ì wb‡q Avjx Bgvg 11 Rxe‡bi wnmve myKzgvi ivq
12 cv‡qi wb‡P Gfv‡i÷ †mRvb gvngy` 12 gvbyl RvwZ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
13 gnvb weÁvbx RM`xk e‡›` Avjx wgqv 13 †n wK‡kvi, gnv‡è mvnv
†kv‡bv
14 Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †gvnv¤§` jyrdi
ingvb
15 M¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi im- gyn¤§` Gbvgyj
iwmKZv nK
16 B‡jKUªwb·&-Gi gvneyeyj nK
Rv`yi †Qvuqvq
ce©-3
Z_¨mg~n 6ô 7g 8g
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg PviæcvV mßeYv© mvwnZ¨ KwYKv
c„ôv msL¨v 123 152 150
cÖ”Q` gv‡S njy`, Dci I Dci wb‡P meyR I bxj I †e¸bx is
wb‡P Mvp †g‡R›Uv is gv‡S Kgjv
KvMR mv`v I wKQy iwOb| mv`v I wKQy iwOb gvb mv`v I wKQy iwOb
gvb ZZUv DbœZ bq ZZUv DbœZ bq DbœZ gv‡bi bq
M`¨ msL¨v 16 16 18
KweZv 13 16 14
evbvb ixwZ NCTB evbvbixwZ NCTB evbvbixwZ NCTB evbvbixwZ
UvBc/e‡Y©i AvKvi g‡bv-12 g‡bv-12 g‡bv-12
64
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-6
gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv (beg-`kg †kªYx)
wkLb-wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g cvV¨cy¯ÍK GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY| wkÿvµ‡gi jÿ¨ I

D‡Ïk¨ mvwaZ nq cvV¨m~wPi Øviv, Avi cvV¨m~wPi Abymi‡Y cÖYxZ nq cvV¨cy¯ÍK| myZivs
cvV¨µg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK GKwU Awew”Qbœ mskªq ev cÖwµqv| gvbm¤úbœ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki
Dci wbf©i K‡iB gvbm¤úbœ wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i| G Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv
beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|
D‡Ïk¨
 beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯îƒc wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki iPbvi welqe¯‘ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AvKvi, cÖ”Q`, A½m¾v, evbvbixwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1 : beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯îƒc
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i cwigvwR©Z wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP Abyhvqx beg I

`kg †kªYxi Rb¨ Ôgva¨wgK evsjv msKjbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g M`¨ I KweZvi Rb¨ `ywU c„_K c„_K
cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| eB `ywUi welqe¯‘, cwiKíbv I web¨v‡mi †ÿ‡ÎI wkÿvµ‡gi
we‡kl bxwZ wb‡`©k †g‡b ejv n‡q‡Q| Ôgva¨wgK evsjv msKjb M`¨Õ wk‡ivbv‡gi
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †gvU wÎkwU M`¨ Ges Ôgva¨wgK evsjv msKjb KweZvÕ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K c‡biwU
KweZv msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Gme M`¨ I KweZvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©i mvg‡b K‡qKwU fvee¯‘
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- †`k‡cÖg, gvbweKZv, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw`| msKwjZ iPbvmg~‡n mv‡_
Abykxjbx Kv‡R Kwe cwiwPwZ, kãv_©, mswÿß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ, e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw` ms‡hvwRZ
n‡q‡Q|
65
wcÖq wkÿv_x©e„›`, Gevi Avmyb beg I `kg †kªYxi evsjv M`¨ I KweZv msKjb g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q GKevi †`wL Ges msKwjZ iPbv¸‡jv †`‡L AviI K‡qKwU fvee¯‘ wb‡Pi KjvgØq
Abymi‡Y wjwce× Kivi †Póv Kwi
fvee¯‘ (M`¨) fvee¯‘ (KweZv)
 ce©-2 : beg-`kg †kªYxi evsjv M`¨ I KweZvi welqe¯‘ ch©v‡jvPbv

beg †kªYxi M`¨ msKj‡b msKwjZ M`¨ iPbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q iPbvi wkí¸Y - ew¼gP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq, Ac~e© ÿgv - gxi gkviid †nv‡mb, QzwU - iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, eBcov - cÖg_
†PŠayix, g‡nk - kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx - †eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ
†nv‡mb, cjøx mvwnZ¨ - gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, D`¨g I cwikªg - †gvnv¤§` jyZdi ingvb, gvbyl
gynv¤§` (mv.) - †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx, `yišÍ cw_K - KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, evsjv beel©
- gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK, wkÿv I gbylZ¡ - †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †PŠayix, im‡Mvjøv - ˆmq`
gyRZev Avjx, cvix - Abœ`vksKi ivq, gnvcZ½ - Avey BmnvK|
KweZv msKj‡bi msKwjZ KweZv¸‡jvi wk‡ivbvg nj e½evYx, K‡cvZvÿ b`, evsjv

Avgvi, e„ÿ, Rxeb wewbgq, Dgi dviæK, cjøxel©v, RqhvÎv, AwfhvwÎK, c~e©vkvi Av‡jv,
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, `yg©i, ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg, wZZvm, knx` ¯§i‡Y|
wcÖq wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv beg I `kg †kªYxi cvV¨cy¯ÍKØq co–b Ges wbgœwjwLZ
iPbv¸‡jv g~j welqe¯‘ / g~je³e¨ m¤ú‡K© GKwU K‡i jvBb wjLyb:
66
evsjv wkÿY- 1
iPbvi bvg welqe¯‘ / g~je³e¨

1. iPbvi wkí¸Y 1.
2. Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx 2.
3. jvB‡eªix 3.
4. cjøxmvwnZ¨ 4.
5. D`¨g I cwikªg 5.
6. e½evYx 6.
7. e„ÿ 7.
8. cjøxel©v 8.
9. K‡cvZvÿ 9
10. ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg 10.
 ce©-3 : cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AvKvi, cÖ”Q`, A½m¾v, evbvbixwZ

M‡`ï eBwUi cÖ”Q` L‡qix Ges bxj is eënvi K‡i D¾¡j Ges AvKl©Yxq Kivi †Póv
i‡q‡Q| KweZvi eBwU‡Z nvjKv njy` I bxj is eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡`ï eBwUi c„ôv
1
msL¨v-148, KweZvi eBwUi c„ôv msL¨v-144| eB `ywUi AvKvi wWgvB 2 | eB `ywU g‡bv-
12 c‡q‡›U UvBc K‡i gyw`ªZ n‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i evbvbixwZ
AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| KweZv Ges welqe¯‘i †k‡l Abykxjbxg~jK KvR ivLv n‡q‡Q|
eBwUi k³ Ges my›ì evuavB n‡q‡Q|
67
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-6
g~j wkLbxq welq
gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv (beg-`kg †kªYx)
beg I `kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cyK‡K M`¨ I KweZv GB `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 1| gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb M`¨, 2| gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb KweZv| M`¨ msKj‡b
we`¨vmvM‡ii iPbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ch©vqµ‡g cÖeÜ, Mí meB ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Ges AvaywbK
Kvj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Av‡Q| wkÿvµ‡g cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb KwgwUi wb‡`©kµ‡g evsjv fvlvI
mvwn‡Zï µgweKv‡ki aviv iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K‡ì
wkí¸Y m¤úbœ iPbv, Mí, KweZv wkÿv_x©‡ì fvlvMZ Kjv‡KŠkj Ges wkí mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K©
aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡e GB jÿ¨ mvg‡b †i‡L RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYqb KwgwU M`¨ I
KweZv¸‡jv wbe©vPb K‡i‡Qb| welq wbe©vP‡bi wfwËmg~n wbgœiƒc t
M‡`ï †ÿ‡Î-
1| M`¨ mvwn‡Zï µgweKvk|
2| fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwôZ, †kªô iPbv¸‡jvi avivevwnKZv|
3| wewkó †jLK‡ì iPbv‰kjx, fve, fvlv|
4| evsjv evbvbixwZi mvaviY bxwZgvjv |
5| mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ Avw½K--cÖeÜ, Mí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, ig¨ iPbv
6| fvlv I mvwn‡Zï `ÿZv AR©‡bi †cÖwÿZmg~n|
7| †jL‡Ki cwiwPwZ|
8| wkÿv_x©‡ì MÖnY ÿgZv|
KweZvi †ÿ‡Î-
1| evsjv Kve¨ mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg iƒc|
2| hy‡Mi avivevwnKZv|
3| hyM I Kvj Abymv‡i fvlvi iƒc I ixwZ|
4| Kwe cwiwPwZ|
5| KweZv cv‡V I †jLvq `ÿZv AR©b |
6| evsjv KweZvi AvaywbK I cÖvPxbZg iƒc |
7| kã web¨vm ixwZ|
8| fvlvi e¨vKiYMZ KvVv‡gv|
68
evsjv wkÿY- 1
beg I `kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK `ywUi bvg

1| gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb M`¨
2| gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb KweZv|
gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb M`¨ cvV¨m~wPfy³ iPbv¸‡jv n‡jv-
iPbvi wkí¸Y, Ac~e© ÿgv, QzwU, eBcov, g‡nk, Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx, cjøxmvwnZ¨, D`¨g I
cwikªg, gvbyl gyn¤§` (mv.), `yišÍ cw_K, evsjv beel©, wkÿv I gbyl¨Z¡, im‡Mvjøv, cvix I
gnvcZ½|
gva¨wgK evsjv msKjb KweZv cvV¨m~wPfy³ KweZvmg~n n‡jv -
e½evYx, K‡cvZvÿ b`, evsjv Avgvi e„ÿ, Rxeb wewbgq, Dgi dviæK, cjøxel©v, RqhvÎv,
AwfhvwÎK, c~e©vkvi Av‡jv, mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, `yg©i, ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg, wZZvm, knx` ¯§i‡Y|
msKwjZ iPbvmg~‡ni †fZi w`‡q gvZ…fvlv evsjv, evsjv mvwnZ¨, evsjvi BwZnvm HwZn¨,
agx©q e¨w³‡ì gnr Rxeb, †`k‡cÖg, ˆbwZKZv I gvbweKZv, wkÿv I mf¨Zv, RbmsL¨v
cwi‡ek, cjøx cÖK…wZ, †hŠeb I ZviæY¨, ¯^vaxbZv cÖf„wZ cÖm½ AZ¨šÍ my›ìfv‡e dz‡U
D‡V‡Q|
M‡`ï eBwU‡Z L‡qix Ges bxj eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖ”Q‡`| KweZvi eBwU‡Z nvjKv njy`
I bxj is eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖ”Q‡`| M‡`ï eBwUi c„ôv msL¨v-148 Ges KweZvi eBwUi
1
c„ôv msL¨v-114| eB `ywUi AvKvi wWgvB | eB `ywU g‡bv-12 c‡q‡›U UvBc Kiv
4
n‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i evbvbixwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| KweZv I
M`¨vs‡ki †k‡l Abykxjbxg~jK KvR ivLv n‡q‡Q| Kwe †jLK‡ì cwiwPwZ mswÿßfv‡e
†`qv Av‡Q| PwjZ fvlvixwZ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KweZv I wewkó †jL‡Ki †jLvq Gi
e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q (mvay fvlv AÿzYœ Av‡Q)| hyM Ges Kv‡ji avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i Mí,
cÖeÜ, KweZv meB mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A½m¾vq †Kvb iKg wPÎ AsKb bv K‡i gva¨wgK
¯Í‡ii gvb AÿzYœ ivLv n‡q‡Q| me wgwj‡q eB `ywU eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ evsjv cvV¨ eB wn‡m‡e
D”Pgv‡bi ejv P‡j|
69
 g~j¨vqb:
1. wkLb wkÿY cÖwµqvq cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
2. beg I `kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍKØ‡qi fvee¯‘ I welqe¯‘ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. beg I `kg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍKØ‡qi A½m¾v, cÖ”Q`, evbvbixwZ m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi
AwfgZ wjLyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1
fvee¯‘ (M`¨) fvee¯‘ (KweZv)

‰bwZKZv wbmM© cÖxwZ
BwZnvm HwZn¨ gnr Rxeb
wkÿv I mf¨Zv †hŠe‡bi e›`bv
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ fvlv I mvwnZ¨
gvbyl I cÖK…wZ †mœnggZv
RbmsL¨v cwi‡ek msKí DÏxcbv
kª‡gi gh©v`v ¯^vaxbZv
ce©-2
iPbvi bvg welqe¯‘ / g~je³e¨
1. iPbvi wkí¸Y 1. GKwU DrK…ó iPbvi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv|
2. Rv‡Mv †Mv fwMbx 2. bvix wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|
3. jvB‡eªix 3. jvB‡eªixi ¸iæZ¡|
4. cjøxmvwnZ¨ 4. cjøxmvwn‡Zï †MŠie|
5. D`¨g I cwikªg 5. hye‡Ki ¯^wbf©i nIqvi Av‡e`b|
6. e½evYx 6. gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ fvjevmv|
7. e„ÿ 7. e„‡ÿi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva|
8. cjøxel©v 8. cjøxi iƒc eY©bv|
9. K‡cvZvÿ 9. Kwei ˆkke ¯§„wZ|
10. ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg 10. Kwei ¯^vaxbZvi †PZbv|
70
evsjv wkÿY- 1
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-7
evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj
wkÿ‡Ki wKQz ¸Y mvaviY n‡q _v‡K, mKj wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨B †m¸‡jvi Kg-‡ewk _vK‡Z
nq| wKš‘ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi evsjvi wkÿ‡Ki we‡kl KwZcq ¸Y _vKv AZ¨vek¨K| fvlv
†h‡nZz ˆ`bw›`b welq †_‡K mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ Ges wPšÍv I gb‡b e¨vc„Z †m‡nZz G‡ÿ‡Î
e„wËg~jK cwie„wË wbweo nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
GK_v hwÌ wKQzUv mwZ¨ †h wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj ev we‡kl K‡i evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj
A‡b‡K †ÿ‡ÎB mnRvZ cÖwZfv-mswkøó, wKš‘ mycÖwkÿ‡Y Giƒc gvbexq ¸Yvewji Dbœqb
NUv‡bv m¤¢e| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †gŠwjK wKQz wkÿKmyjf †KŠkj I M~pZ_¨ ÁvZ nIqv
Ges †mUv Riæwi|
GB BDwb‡Ui ce©¸‡jv wbweo ch©‡eÿY Ges AbymiY I Abykxjb K‡i AvcwbI Kw_Z
¸Yvewji Dbœqb I AvqËxKiY NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
D‡Ïk¨
G Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wkÿKZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q †bevi AvMÖ‡ni KviY wPwýZ Kiv|
 wkÿKZv †ckvi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv|
 Av`k© evsjv wkÿ‡Ki Ávb, `ÿZv I g~j¨‡evaMZ †hvM¨Zv I ¸Yvewj kbv³ Kiv|
Av`k© evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi cš’v/†KŠkj wba©viY Kiv|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-1: wkÿKZv †ckv wbe©vP‡bi KviY
wkÿKZv †ckv wbe©vP‡bi wewfbœ KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Avcwb hw` we‡kl K‡i evsjv
wel‡q wkÿKZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi K_v fv‡eb Z‡e nq‡Zv †`L‡Z cv‡eb †h,
wkÿv_©x-_vKv-Kv‡j evsjvi †Kv‡bv wkÿ‡Ki mvwe©K e¨w³Z¡ I wkÿv`vb Avcbvi Ges
Ab¨‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Qvc †d‡jwQj, cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj Ggb fv‡e hv‡Z ¯‹zj Rxeb
†_‡K evsjv-wkÿKZv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z A‡b‡KB DØy× n‡q‡Qb| A_ev evsjv
fvlv-mvwn‡Zï cÖwZ wb‡Ri GKvZ¥ Abyf‚wZ †_‡K, mvaviY evsjv-wkÿgvb wkÿv_©x mKj‡K
71
ï×-my›ì evsjv wkÿv`v‡bi gvb‡mI nq‡Zv Ggwb †ckv‡K wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi
¯œvZK ch©v‡q hw` evsjv wel‡q Avcbvi we‡kl cVb-cvVb N‡U _v‡K Z‡e Lye ¯^vfvweK
fv‡eB GiKg wkÿKZv †ckvq Avmv n‡e|
GLb Avcwb wbR †_‡K †f‡e †`Lyb : DcwiD³ cÖKvi †ckv wbe©vP‡b Avi Kx ev Kx-Kx
KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi m¤¢ve¨Zv ¸‡jvI GB m‡½ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 †ckvMZ myweav
 e¨w³MZ myweav
 mggbv I AvšÍwiK mnKg©x jvf
 AbyK‚j Kg© cwi‡ek
 Ab¨vb¨
Avmyb, Gevi wb‡Pi QK-Abyhvqx GB c‡e©i MÖvn¨ w`K¸‡jv wjwce× Kwi :
1. wkÿKZv †ckv wbe©vP‡bi †cQ‡b wK

GKwU gvÎ KviYB _v‡K ?
2. we‡kl K‡i evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï wkÿKZv‡K

†ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi †cQ‡b cÖavbZ †Kvb-iƒc
Kvh©KviY‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq ?
3. cwi‡cÖwÿZ we‡ePbvq evsjvi wkÿ‡Ki wK

GK cÖKvi AvZ¥Z…wß KvR K‡i ?
4. Ab¨ KviY hv-B ‡nvK gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ Abyf‚wZ Ges GB fvlvi

jvwjZ¨-AvKl©Y wK mvwe©K fv‡e †ckv wbe©vP‡b cÖfve †d‡j ?
 ce©-2 : wkÿKZv †ckvi BwZevPK w`K
Ab¨ A‡bK †ckvi my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I A‡b‡KB GB †ckvq G‡m _v‡Kb| NUbvµ‡g
wkÿKZvq-Avmv Ges evsjv wel‡q wkÿv`v‡bI m¤ú„³Zv N‡U| wKš‘ c~e©-Abygv‡b ev †ckvq
mswkøóZvi ci Gi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq| GB c‡e© †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi
wPšÍv-fvebvi mywbqwgwZ NU‡Z cv‡i|
72
evsjv wkÿY- 1
mywPšÍb : GB †ckvi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewji Abyl‡½ Avcwb wb‡Pi
gZ K‡i fve‡Z cv‡ib| †ckvi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© hw` wkÿK Abyaveb K‡ib
Z‡e Zvui ¸Yvewj AR©‡b I weKv‡k wZwb AwaKZi hZœevb n‡Z cvi‡eb| we‡ePbv Kiæb
GB iKg wPšÍbmg~n :
GwU m¤§vbRbK †ckv;
e¨vcK msL¨K QvÎ-QvÎx‡K mywkÿv`v‡bi my‡hvM (mK‡jiB evsjv cvV Avewk¨K
weavq) wb‡Ri †jLv-‡jwLi AvMÖn ev †SvuK _vK‡j Zvi PP©v I weKv‡k m¤ú~iKZv
jvf;
 Ab¨vb¨|
Avmyb, GLb wb‡Pi (c¨vUvb©wU) c~Y© Kiv hvK :

Avgvi evsjv co‡Z I cov‡Z fvj jv‡M| KZUzKz ? ----20%, ----
1,
50%, -----70%
[[[
hZB †kLv‡Z hvB, cÖwZwbqZ wb‡RI ZZB bZzb K‡i wkwL |------20%,
2.
-------50%, --- 70% Gi †ewk|
3. evsjv fvlvi †mŠ›`h©, LuywUbvwU Ges êfe -- †h¸‡jv Avwg Av‡M †Lqvj
KiZvg Kg Zv µ‡gB ¯úó nq | ----10%, ----40%, ---- 80% -
Gi †ewk|
4. Av‡iv wKQz BwZevPK w`K Av‡Q hv Av‡M fvev nq wb; Avcbvi cQ‡›ì
µg-Abyhvqx G¸‡jv‡K mvRvb :
K.------------L.--------------M.---------------N.-----------------
we‡ePbvq wb‡Z cv‡ib : mvgvwRK ¯^xK…Z-m¤§vb, fwel¨Z cÖRb¥‡K ‰Zwi
Kiv, gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva, wkÿv_©xi kÖ×v‡eva I cÖvYPvÂj¨,
wPËvKl©K m„RbkxjZv, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi mswkøóZv|
 ce©-3 : evsjv wkÿ‡Ki †hvM¨Zv
evsjv wkÿ‡Ki †hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© wb‡qvMKvix A_ev we‡klÁMY mvaviY GKUv ÔgvbÕ D‡jøL
K‡i †`b| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, Kg©‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, wbQK wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv ev GK/GKvwaK
wWwMÖ I AwfÁZvB h‡_ó bq| g~jZ †gŠwjK Ávb, fvlv‡eva I fvlvcÖ‡qvM `ÿZvi m‡½
g~j¨‡evaI GB wkÿ‡Ki mvwe©K ‡hvM¨Zvi mgwfe¨vnvi we‡kl|
73
Gevi ‡f‡e ejyb, wb‡Pi †KvbwUi m‡½ †KvbwU mswkøó :

1. `ÿZv K. wkÿK hv Rv‡bb| 1→
2. Ávb L. wkÿK hv fv‡eb| 2→
3. g~j¨‡eva M. wkÿK hv K‡ib| 3→
Avi wKQz wK wjL‡Z cv‡ib hv Gm¤ú‡K© Avcbvi †gŠwjK wPšÍvi cÖKvk e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z
cv‡i ? h_v -
 wkÿv_©xi mgm¨v Abyaveb
 welqÁvb
 my-eë¯’vcbv
 †kªYx eë¯’vcbv
 wbqgvbyewZ©Zv
 wkí‡eva
 m„wókxjZv
?
?
?
?
 ce©-4 : †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi cš’v
‡hvM¨Zv AR©b †Kv‡bv fv‡e ivZvivwZ NU‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU `xN© †gqv`x, Pjgvb cÖwµqv-
mswkøó Ges ‰ah© I GKvMÖZv mv‡cÿ| †hvM¨Zv ¯^wba©viYxI bq, eis Zv cixÿY I
cybtcixÿv Kiv‡bv mv‡cÿ e‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q wb‡R‡K hvPvB K‡i †bqv (wb‡Ri
`ye©jZv Avwe®‹v‡ii) Ges †Póv I å‡gi ga¨ w`‡qB DËi‡Yi †Póvi|
GLb fveyb, wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i :

K. ‡hvM¨Zvi e¨vcviwU gvÎvMZ, cÖKiYMZ, bvwK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gvwÎK ?
L. Kx Ki‡j `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e ? -- wbqwgZ Abykxjb, mdj e¨w³‡ì
D`vniY‡K ch©v‡jvPbv I Zv †_‡K wb‡Ri cš’v I †KŠkj wba©viY|
M. mg‡q-mg‡q AwfÁ e¨w³i civgk© Ges Kg©Kvjxb cÖwkÿY MÖnY| -
- †Kvb cÖKvi cš’v Kvh©Ki ?
74
evsjv wkÿY- 1
N. wewfbœ wgwWqv I Dc¯’vcb-‡KŠkj eënvi ? --- `„k¨-kÖe¨ (audio-

visual) ‡KŠkj, cÖ‡kœvËi I bvU¨vwfbq †KŠkj, wb‡R Awf‡bZvi
gZ wm‡Kv‡qÝ ‰Zwi Kiv (improvisation)|
cvVv‡šÍ wb‡Ri Rb¨ GLv‡b †bvU Kiæb :
75
BDwbU-1 Awa‡ekb-7
g~j wkLbxq welq
evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj

we‡kl ¸Y :
  wkÿKZv GKwU wkíKg©| cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿKB GK GKRb wkíx| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï
wkÿK‡K n‡Z n‡e mywbcyY wkíx| wZwb n‡eb wkí m‡PZb I myKzgvi g‡bi AwaKvix|
Zuvi _vK‡e AvKlYx©q e¨w³Z¡, DrK…ó evPbfw½, ï× D”PviY I evK-†KŠk‡ji
cÖ‡ÿcY ÿgZv| e³…Zv, cvV, Ave„wË, msjvc, D”Pvi‡Y Zvi _vK‡e wkí`ÿZv|
wkÿ‡Ki GB ¸Yvewj wkÿv_x©‡ì †hgb DÏxwcZ, D”Q¡wmZ Ki‡e †Zgwb cÖfvweZ
Ki‡e cÖPÐfv‡e| GB cÖfv‡e wkÿv_x©iv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ cv‡V Ges PPv©q I cÖ‡qv‡M
n‡e AvMÖnx| GB mKj ¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z nIqvi d‡j wkÿv_x©i g‡b evsjv wkÿ‡Ki
AvmbwU n‡e D”P I wPi¯’vqx|
 evsjv wkÿK‡K n‡Z n‡e evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨vbyivMx| wZwb m„Rbkxj cv‡V Af¨¯Í
n‡eb| wPivqZ, AvaywbK I mgKvjxb mvwnZ¨ m¤ú©‡K Zuvi aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨
Zuv‡K wbqwgZ m„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨, msev`cÎ, mvgwqKx I wjUj g¨vMvwRb co‡Z n‡e|
Zuv‡K jvB‡eªwi eënv‡i AvMÖnx n‡Z n‡e; Zvn‡j wZwb wkÿv_x©‡ì‡KI G Kv‡R
Mfxifv‡e AvMÖnvwš^Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡e Mfxi I my¯úó welqÁvb| †h †kªYx‡Z †h wel‡q wZwb cov‡eb
†m m¤ú©‡K Zuv‡K ¯^”Q aviYvi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| welqwU m¤ú©‡K Zvi h_vh_ Ávb
_vK‡jB wZwb welqwU‡K wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K myôzfv‡e †kLv‡Z mÿg n‡eb| G Rb¨
cÖwZw`b †kªYxK‡ÿ hvIqvi c~‡e© wZwb h_vh_ Ôc~e©cÖ¯‘wZÕ MÖnY Ki‡eb|
 GKRb evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ïay wbR wel‡qi Ávb _vK‡j n‡e bv, Zuv‡K Zuvi wel‡qi
evB‡iI Rvb‡Z n‡e| Zuv‡K cvV¨wel‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡jI Pj‡e bv| wZwb hZ
wewPÎ wel‡q Rvb‡eb Zuvi Dc¯’vcbvI ZZ mg„× n‡e|
 GKRb evsjv wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZ-Zzjbv Kivi ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GKwU wbw`©ó-cvV
cvV`v‡bi mgq H cvVwUi mgagx© Ab¨ cv‡Vi Zzjbv Ki‡Z Rvb‡Z n‡e| cvV¨ wel‡qi
mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© Ab¨vb¨ cv‡Vi Zzjbvi d‡j wkÿv_x©i c‡ÿ wkLbxq welqwU Abyaveb
mnR n‡e|
76
evsjv wkÿY- 1
 evsjv wkÿ‡Ki mvwn‡Zï ixwZMZ msiƒ‡ci †KŠkj¸‡jv m¤ú©‡K ¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z
n‡e| †hgb: Dcb¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î PwiÎ I PwiÎvqb-c×wZ, `„wó‡KvY I cwiPhv©ixwZ;
KweZvi †ÿ‡Î Q›`, Dcgv, cÖZxK, iƒcK, wPÎKí; cÖe‡Üi †ÿ‡Î Zb¥qZv, gb¥qZv
BZ¨vw` m¤ú©‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e| G Rvbvi mgš^‡qi ga¨w`‡qB wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e
wkÿv`vb m¤¢e|
 evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ch©vß I wbf©yj fvlv I e¨vKiYÁvb _vKv Riyix| evsjv M`ïxwZ,
evbvbixwZ, aŸwb cÖKiY, kã cÖKiY, evK¨ cÖKiY m¤ú©‡K Zuvi ¯úó aviYv _vKv
AZ¨vek¨K|
 evsjv wkÿ‡Ki AvKl©Yxq evPbfw½, ï× I ¯úó D”PviY I ¯î‡ÿc‡bi `ÿZv _vKv

DwPZ| e³…Zv ev cv‡Vi mgq h_vh_ D”PviY, k¦vmvNvZ, KÚ¯^‡ii IVvbvgv wbqš¿Y,
hwZ I weivgwP‡ýi c~Y© eënvi m¤ú©‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Zvu‡K|
 evsjv wkÿ‡Ki wkÿv DcKiY ˆZwi I eënvi m¤ú©‡KI Rvb‡Z n‡e| wZwb Zuvi
cv‡Vi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wkÿv-DcKiY ˆZwi K‡i ‡b‡eb|
 G¸‡jv QvovI we‡ePbvq ivLv ìKvi Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv w`K| cwi®‹vi, cwicvwU,
iæwPkxj evOvwj cwi‡aq eënvi Kiv (gwnjviv kvwo‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib); K¬v‡k
Ges evB‡i evsjv ms¯‹…wZ cwicš’x K_vevZ©v bv ejv ev †miƒc AvPi‡Y wjß bv nIqv;
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi cvVm~wP ewn©f~Z mvwnwZ¨K I mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Û e¨vcK Ask ÖnY I
AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv, BZ¨vw`|
 g~j¨vqb:
iPbvg~jK-DËi cÖkœ :
1. evsjv wkÿ‡Ki we‡kl ¸Yvejx wPwýZ Kiæb|
2. evsjv wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewji cÖavb w`K¸‡jvi cÖv_wgK aviYv wjwce× Kiæb|
3. fvlv`ÿZv Z_v fvlv‡eva I fvlvcÖ‡qv‡Mi †Kvb-‡Kvb w`K¸‡jv evsjv wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ
AZ¨vek¨K ?
4. evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wkÿ‡Ki mvwe©K e¨w³Z¡ wewbg©v‡Y, Kx-Kx GB †ckvi †ÿ‡Î
mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i ?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-1
77
1. bv, wkÿKZv †ckv wbe©vP‡b GKvwaK KviY _v‡K|

2. QvÎve¯’v †_‡KB evsjvi cÖwZ AvMÖn‡K GB †ckvq Avmvi Ab¨Zg Kvh©-KviY ejv hvq|
3. n¨vu, evsjv wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥Z…wß KvR K‡i|
4. gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva I GB fvlvi jvwjZ¨-AvKl©Y mvwe©Kfv‡e Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
ce©-2
1. AšÍZ 50% nIqv DwPZ|
2. 70%-Gi †ewk n‡Z cv‡i, e¨w³ †f‡`|
3. 40% †_‡K 80% -- †h‡Kv‡bv gvÎvi|
4. K. mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi mswkøóZv
L. RMr-Rxeb m¤ú‡K© fvwlK †eva cybR©vMiY,
M. fvlvi cÖfve bZzb K‡i DcjwäKiY,
N. wPËvKl©K m„RbkxjZv|
ce©-3
1→ M 2→ K 3→ L
ce©-4:
K. gvÎv I cÖKiYMZ, †mB m‡½ Acivci gvÎviI m¤ú„³Zv N‡U|
L. wbqwgZ Abykxj‡bi m‡½ ¯^g~j¨vqb Ges cš’v I †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM|
M. AwfÁ e¨w³i civgk©|
N. DwjøwLZ me¸‡jvi mgwš^Z cÖ‡qvM|
78

Unit 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

evsjv wkÿY- 1

AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡, ˆewkó¨ I Ae¯’vb

fvlvweÁvbxMY, †hgb- W. gy n ¤§` knx`y j ø v n& , W.my b xwZ Ky gvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W.

G Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv evsjv cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kie|

 ce©-1: AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡

 ce©-2 : evsjv fvlvi ˆewkó¨

wRnevg~jxq ev KÉ¨ K L M N O - K eM©

evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨i i‡q‡Q `ywU ixwZ-- mvayixwZ I PwjZ ixwZ|

eY© D”PviY¯’vb †Nvl / A‡Nvl AícÖvY gnvcÖvY

 ce©-3 : AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb

AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡, ˆewkó¨ I Ae¯’vb

fvlvi ˆewkó¨ Gfv‡e wba©viY Kiv hvq :

evsjv fvlvi ˆewkó¨

evsjvi evK¨-msMVb n‡jv cÖv_wgKfv‡e KZ©v-Kg©-wµqv Ges ev‡K¨i kã ev Dcv`v‡bi

AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡

AvaywbK fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ae¯’vb

evsjv fvlv B›Uvi‡bU

wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlv

ce©-1 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi ¸iæZ¡

 ce©-2 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv e¨env‡ii HwZnvwmK †cÖwÿZ

hyM / kvmbvgj wkÿvi gva¨g

 ce©-3 : wkÿvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I KiYxq

RvZxqZv‡eva evsjv †`k‡cÖg

wbgœ gva¨wgK †kªYxi (6ô-8g) evsjv cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wP :

Avmyb Avgiv wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi-

1. gvZ…fvlvi AvbyôvwbK cvV KLb ïiæ nq?

2. wkÿvi †Kvb ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i fvlvi wkí¸Y

 ce©-2: fvee¯‘ I welqe¯‘i h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY

RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †`k I RvwZi HwZn¨MZ

6ô †kªYx 7g †kªYx 8g †kªYx

 ce©-3 : cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ

wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii (6ô-8g) evsjv wkÿvµg I

 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ I gvbyl

welqe¯‘: fvee¯‘i Av‡jv‡K NCTB KZ©„K wbav©wiZ wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii

1. wbgœ gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gvZ…fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

6ô †kªYx 7g †kªYx 8g †kªYx

1. AR©b: cÖkœcÎwU wkÿv_x©i AR©b cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e|

gva¨wgK †kªYxi (9g-10g ) evsjv cvV¨µg I cvV¨m~wP:

D‡Ïk¨mg~n (µg Awba©vwiZ) ¸iæ‡Z¡i Abyµ‡g mvRv‡bv `kwU D‡Ïk¨

 ce©-2: fvee¯‘, welqe¯‘t h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY

24. bvU¨ cvV  im‡Mvjøv  c~ev©kvi Av‡jv

 ce©-3: Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ

DËg cÖkœc‡Îi ˆewkó¨mg~n

gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii evsjv wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP : D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ I cixÿvi

M`¨ KweZv e¨vKiY

 wkÿv I gbyl¨Z¡  gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB  mvZ mvM‡ii  †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb

 cv‡Vi †h Ask ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœgvjvi mvnv‡h¨ g~j¨vqb‡hvM¨, †m As‡k iPbvg~jK cÖkœ bv

 welqe¯‘i g‡g©vcjwä, imMÖnY Ges iPbv‰kjx I cÖKvkixwZi ¯^KxqZv AR©b|

23. ‡QvUMí 12 19. Abyev` KweZv  emšÍ-1

wbgœ gva¨wgK †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ch©v‡jvPbv

 ce© -2: evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki bvg I welqe¯‘

µg. M`¨ ‡jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

 ce©-3: evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK wZbwUi AvKvi, cÖ”Q`, A½m¾v, evbvb ixwZ

Z_¨ mg~n 6ô †kªYx 7g †kªYx 8g †kªYx

ÔmvMiR‡ji bvbv cÖvYxÕ cÖeÜwU wj‡L‡Qb Ave`yjøvn Avj-gywZ| GB cÖe‡Ü †jLK

ÔM¨v‡eªv‡fvevmxi im iwmKZvÕ GKwU ig¨ iPbv| W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zuvi eyj‡Mwiqv

lô, mßg I Aóg †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¯^iƒc-

wkÿv_x©‡`i myweav‡_© eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ lô †kªYxi evsjv cvV¨cy¯ÍK PviycvV M`¨ I

M`¨ †jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

M`¨ †jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

1 iƒcmx evsjv‡`k gÄykªx †PŠayix 1 Rb¥f~wg iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

M`¨ †jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg

M`¨ †jL‡Ki bvg KweZv Kwei bvg