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Detailed Case Studies

Chapter 1
Culture Matters Cultural Context
A Pathway to Trouble Developmental Pathways
Diverging Developmental Paths Risk and Protective Factors
Malala Yousafzai A Portrait of Resilience
Chapter 2
Kirby Gene–Environment Correlation
Chapter 3
Stubborn Sara Psychological Assessment
Chapter 4
Anna’s Secret Systems of Psychotherapy
Well-Intentioned Dr. Williams Professional Ethics: Competence
Resentful Rachel Professional Ethics: Consent
Risky Renae Professional Ethics: Confidentiality
Margaret’s Mournful Mother Professional Ethics: Conflicts of Interest
Chapter 5
The Family Who Got Rid of the “R-Word” Intellectual Disability (Down
Syndrome)
Silent Sam Global Developmental Delay
Obsessed With Food Intellectual Disability (Prader-Willi Syndrome)
Tough Love Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Chapter 6
Kylie and Thomas Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alex Autism Spectrum Disorder With Intellectual Disability
Benji Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Disability
Chapter 7
Cody’s Problems With Language Acquisition Language Disorder (Late
Language Emergence)
Bernadette’s Problems With Expression Language Disorder (Specific
Language Impairment)
Same Disorder, Different Problems Speech Sound Disorder
Davis’s Stuttering Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Willem’s One-Sided Conversation Social (Pragmatic) Communication
Disorder
Waiting to Fail Specific Learning Disorder
Rafe, Ricky, and RTI Response to Intervention
Chapter 8
The Energizer Bunny Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined
Presentation
Well-Behaved Brandy Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
Chapter 9
Davidson’s Escape Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Making Mom Miserable Conduct Disorder
Callous Cade Conduct Disorder With Limited Prosocial Emotions
Chapter 10
Erica’s Emerging Alcohol Problem Alcohol Use Disorder
Erica’s Treatment Alcohol Use Disorder
Chapter 11
Concerned About Dad Separation Anxiety Disorder
Reticent Russell Selective Mutism
Mary and Man’s Best Friend Specific Phobia
Erin’s Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder
Heart Attack at Age 16 Panic Disorder
Planning for an Emergency Agoraphobia (With Panic Disorder)
Tammie’s Sleepless Nights Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Doing Things “Just Right” Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Chapter 12
Survivor’s Guilt Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Fleeing Syria Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Preschool-Age Child
Anaclitic Depression Reactive Attachment Disorder
Kayla’s Story Physical Abuse
Unhappy Family Sexual Abuse
Words Can Hurt, Too Psychological Abuse
Lost Boy Child Neglect
Chapter 13
Mood Problems and Meltdowns Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Hannah Misunderstood Major Depressive Disorder
Bad Genes Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Chapter 14
Energetic Emily Bipolar I Disorder
Mixed Mood Max Bipolar I Disorder With Mixed Features
Mina’s Macabre Visions Schizophrenia (Adolescent-Onset)
Caroline’s Conversations Schizophrenia (Childhood-Onset)
Chapter 15
Perfectly Normal Anorexia Nervosa
 Ants! Binge Eating Disorder
Eye of the Beholder Bulimia Nervosa and Culture
Chapter 16
No Sleepovers Enuresis

Additional case studies and discussion questions are available to instructors. Visit
abnormalchildpsychology.org.
Detailed Contents
Preface
About the Author
PART I: EVIDENCE-BASED RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
1. The Science and Practice of Abnormal Child Psychology
1.1 The Prevalence of Childhood Disorders
How Common Are Mental Disorders in Children?
Overall Prevalence
Use of Medication
What Factors Influence the Prevalence of Childhood Disorders?
Age
Gender
Socioeconomic Status
Ethnicity
Do Most Youths With Mental Disorders Receive Treatment?
Access to Treatment
Barriers to Treatment
1.2 What Is a “Mental Disorder”?
How Do We Identify “Abnormal” Behavior in Children?
How Does DSM-5 Define a Mental Disorder?
How Does Culture Affect the Identification of Childhood
Disorders?
1.3 An Introduction to Developmental Psychopathology
What Is Developmental Psychopathology?
Development Over Time
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Development
Are Childhood Disorders Stable Over Time?
Developmental Pathways
Continuity vs. Change
What Determines the Course of Children’s Development?
1.4 Integrating Science and Practice
What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Definition
Importance
How Can Students Help Children in an Evidence-Based Manner?
2. The Causes of Childhood Disorders: A Levels of Analysis Approach
2.1 Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Development
How Do Genes Affect Development?
 Genes, Chromosomes, and Alleles
Behavioral Genetics
Molecular Genetics
How Do Genes Interact With the Environment to Shape
Development?
The Diathesis–Stress Model
Gene–Environment Correlation
How Can Epigenetics Help Explain Children’s Development?
2.2 The Brain and Neurotransmitters
How Is Neuroimaging Used to Study Childhood Disorders?
How Does the Brain Change Across Childhood and Adolescence?
How Can Experience Affect Brain Development?
2.3 Learning Theory
How Is Classical Conditioning Important to Understanding
Childhood Disorders?
How Is Operant Conditioning Important to Understanding
Childhood Disorders?
How Is Social Learning Important to Understanding Childhood
Disorders?
2.4 Cognition and Emotion Regulation
How Does Cognition Change Across Development?
How Do Children’s Emotion-Regulation Skills Change Across
Development?
2.5 Parents, Families, and Friends
What Is Temperament?
How Can Parents and Families Influence Children’s Development?
Parent–Child Attachment
Parenting Behavior
How Do Peers Influence Children’s Development?
Interpersonal Theory
Peer Acceptance and Psychopathology
2.6 Culture and Society
How Can Culture and Society Shape Children’s Development?
What Is Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory?
3. Assessment and Diagnosis
3.1 Psychological Assessment
What Is Psychological Assessment?
Purpose
Principles
What Is a Diagnostic Interview and Mental Status Exam?
 How Do Psychologists Assess Children’s Behavior?
Observation Methods
Functional Analysis
How Do Psychologists Assess Children’s Cognitive Functioning?
Intelligence
Academic Achievement
How Do Psychologists Assess Children’s Personality and Social–
Emotional Functioning?
Personality Testing
Parent and Teacher Rating Scales
Specific Symptom Inventories
What Makes a Good Psychological Test?
Standardization
Reliability
Validity
3.2 DSM-5 Diagnosis
What Is the DSM-5 Approach to Diagnosis?
Categorical Classification
Prototypical Classification
Dimensional Classification
How Is DSM-5 Different Than Its Predecessors?
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Diagnosing
Children?
Possible Benefits
Potential Limitations
Research Domain Criteria
4. Treating Children, Adolescents, and Families
4.1 Medication
How Is Medication Used to Treat Children and Adolescents?
What Medications Are Most Frequently Prescribed to Children?
Stimulants and Nonstimulants for Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Anxiolytics
Antidepressants
Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsants
Antipsychotics
4.2 Systems of Psychotherapy
What Is Psychotherapy?
Description
Common Factors
 What Are the Major Systems of Psychotherapy?
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy
Family Systems Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
4.3 Psychotherapy Efficacy and Effectiveness
How Does Child Psychotherapy Differ From Adult Psychotherapy?
Does Child Psychotherapy Work?
What Therapies Work Best?
Efficacy
Effectiveness
4.4 Professional Practice and Ethics
Who Treats Children and Families?
What Is the APA Ethics Code?
What Are the Four Cs of Child/Family Ethics?
Competence
Consent
Confidentiality
Conflicts of Interest
PART II: DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND DISABILITIES
5. Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disorders
5.1 Description and Epidemiology
What Is Intellectual Disability?
How Does Intellectual Disability Differ Based on Severity?
Mild Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores 55–
70)
Moderate Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning
Scores 40–55)
Severe Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores
35–40)
Profound Intellectual Disability (Adaptive Functioning Scores
<25)
Needed Supports
What Is Global Developmental Delay?
Description
Identification
What Challenging Behaviors Are Associated With Intellectual
Disability?
Stereotypies
 Self-Injurious Behaviors
Physical Aggression
Comorbid Disorders
How Common Is Intellectual Disability?
5.2 Causes
What Is the Difference Between Organic and Cultural–Familial
Intellectual Disability?
Zigler’s Classification
Similar Sequence and Similar Structure Hypotheses
Behavior Phenotypes
How Can Chromosomal Abnormalities Cause Intellectual
Disability?
Down Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Angelman Syndrome
Williams Syndrome
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
How Can X-Linked Disorders Cause Intellectual Disability?
Fragile X Syndrome (FMR-1 Disorder)
Rett Syndrome (MECP-2 Disorder)
How Can Metabolic Disorders Cause Intellectual Disability?
How Can Maternal Illness or Environmental Toxins Cause
Intellectual Disability?
Maternal Illness
Lead Exposure
Alcohol and Other Drugs
How Can Perinatal or Postnatal Problems Cause Intellectual
Disability?
Complications With Pregnancy and Delivery
Childhood Illness or Injury
What Causes Cultural–Familial Intellectual Disability?
5.3 Prevention and Treatment
How Do Professionals Screen for Developmental Disabilities?
Can Early Education Programs Prevent Intellectual Disability?
Infants and Toddlers
Head Start and Preschool Prevention
What Services Are Available to School-Age Children?
Mainstreaming and Academic Inclusion
Universal Design in the Classroom
How Can Clinicians Reduce Challenging Behaviors in Children
 With Intellectual Disabilities?
Applied Behavior Analysis
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Medication
How Can Clinicians Help the Caregivers of Children With
Intellectual Disability?
6. Autism Spectrum Disorder
6.1 Description and Epidemiology
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Deficits in Social Communication
Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors, Interests, or Activities
Specifying Symptoms
What Disorders Frequently Occur With Autism Spectrum
Disorder?
Intellectual Disability
Communication Disorders
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
Medical Problems
How Common Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Overall Prevalence
Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Ethnicity
What Is the Course and Prognosis for Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorder?
6.2 Causes
Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Heritable?
Genetics
Epigenetics
What Brain Abnormalities Are Associated With Autism Spectrum
Disorder?
Synaptic Density and Neural Connections
Abnormalities of the Limbic System
Fusiform Gyrus
Prefrontal Cortex
What Deficits in Social Cognition Are Associated With Autism
Spectrum Disorder?
Lack of Joint Attention
Problems With Social Orientation
Delays in Symbolic Play
 Deficits in Theory of Mind and Empathy
The Emergence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Over Time
6.3 Identification, Prevention, and Treatment
How Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Identified and Diagnosed?
What Treatments Are Effective for Preschoolers and School-Age
Children?
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Pivotal Response Training
TEACCH
What Treatments Are Effective for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers?
Is Medication Effective for Youths With Autism Spectrum
Disorder?
How Can Clinicians Improve Communication in Youths With
Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Picture Exchange Communication System
Speech-Generating Devices
What Interventions Have Limited Empirical Support?
7. Communication and Learning Disorders
7.1 Communication Disorders
What Is Language Disorder?
Description
Late Language Emergence
Specific Language Impairment
Causes
Evidence-Based Treatments
What Is Speech Sound Disorder?
Description
Causes
Evidence-Based Treatments
What Is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
Description
Causes
Evidence-Based Treatments
What Is Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder?
Description and Causes
Evidence-Based Treatments
7.2 Learning Disabilities and Specific Learning Disorder
What Is Specific Learning Disorder?
Learning Disorder
 Learning Disabilities
How Are Learning Disabilities Identified in Children?
Response to Intervention
Comprehensive Assessment
How Common Are Learning Disabilities?
Prevalence
Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture
What Causes Reading Disabilities?
Basic Reading Problems
Reading Fluency and Comprehension Problems
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Reading
Disabilities?
Basic Reading
Reading Fluency
Reading Comprehension
What Causes Disabilities in Written Expression?
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Disabilities in
Written Expression?
What Causes Math Disabilities?
Delays in Number Sense
Counting and Calculation Errors
Deficits in Math Reasoning
What Treatments Are Effective for Children With Math
Disabilities?
PART III: DISRUPTIVE DISORDERS AND SUBSTANCE USE
PROBLEMS
8. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
8.1 Description and Epidemiology
What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Description
Presentations
Symptoms Across Development
What Problems Are Associated With Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Conduct and Substance Use Problems
Academic Problems
Problems With Parents and Peers
Sleep Problems
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo
How Common Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
 Prevalence
Gender
Course
8.2 Causes
Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Heritable?
Behavioral Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Genes and Early Environment
What Brain Abnormalities Are Associated With Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
The Mesolimbic Neural Circuit (Heightened Reward
Sensitivity)
The Frontal–Striatal Neural Circuit (Impaired Inhibition)
The Default Mode Network (Daydreaming and Mind-
Wandering)
How Do Deficits in Executive Functioning Underlie Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Barkley’s Neurodevelopmental Model
The Development of Executive Functions
8.3 Evidence-Based Treatment
What Medications Are Effective for Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Psychostimulants
Nonstimulant Medication
Efficacy and Limitations
What Psychosocial Treatments Are Effective for Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Clinical Behavior Therapy
Summer Treatment Programs
Behavioral Classroom Management
Potentially Effective Treatments
Which Is More Effective: Medication or Psychosocial Treatment?
Multimodal Treatment
Best Practices
9. Conduct Problems in Children and Adolescents
9.1 Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
What Are Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Conduct Disorder
How Do Professionals Identify Subtypes of Conduct Problems?
 Overt vs. Covert Problems
Reactive vs. Proactive Aggression
Childhood-Onset vs. Adolescent-Onset Problems
Limited Prosocial Emotions
What Disorders Are Associated With Conduct Problems?
The Relationship Between Oppositional Defiant Disorder and
Conduct Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Substance Use Problems
Academic Problems
Anxiety and Depression
What Is the Prevalence of Children’s Conduct Problems?
9.2 Causes
Are Conduct Problems Heritable?
How Can Temperament and Early Neurological Development
Contribute to Conduct Problems?
Emotion-Regulation Problems
Low Emotional Arousal
How Can Parenting Behavior Contribute to Children’s Conduct
Problems?
Coercive Parent–Child Interactions
Modeling Physical Aggression
Parents’ Cognitions and Mental Health
Low Parental Monitoring
How Can Children’s Social Information Processing Contribute to
Conduct Problems?
How Can Peers and Neighborhoods Contribute to Conduct
Problems?
Peer Rejection and Deviancy Training
Neighborhood Risk
What Are Three Developmental Pathways Toward Conduct
Problems?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Only Pathway
Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder Pathway
Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder Pathway
9.3 Evidence-Based Treatment
What Evidence-Based Treatment Is Available for Younger
Children?
Parent Management Training
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
 Videotaped Modeling and the Incredible Years Program
What Evidence-Based Treatment Is Available for Older Children
and Adolescents?
Problem-Solving Skills Training
Multisystemic Therapy
Aggression Replacement Training
10. Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents
10.1 Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
What Are Substance Use Disorders?
Overview
Substance Use Disorders
Substance-Induced Disorders
How Are Substance Use Disorders Different in Adolescents Than
in Adults?
Key Differences
Assessing Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents
What Disorders Are Associated With Adolescent Substance Use
Problems?
Behavior Problems
Depression and Anxiety
Psychotic Disorders
How Common Are Substance Use Problems Among Adolescents?
Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use
Prevalence of Adolescent Substance Use Disorders
Gender and Ethnic Differences
Course
10.2 Causes
What Are the Effects of Alcohol?
Psychological Effects
Physiological Effects
What Are the Effects of Marijuana?
Psychological Effects
Physiological Effects
What Developmental Pathways Predict Substance Use Disorders?
Enhanced Reinforcement Pathway
Negative Affect Pathway
Deviance-Prone Pathway
10.3 Evidence-Based Treatment
Can We Prevent Adolescent Substance Use Disorders?
Primary Prevention: D.A.R.E.
 Secondary Prevention Programs
Is Medication Effective?
What Psychosocial Treatments Are Effective for Adolescents?
Inpatient 12-Step Programs
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Motivational Enhancement Therapy
Family Therapy
Treatment Comparison
What Is Relapse Prevention?
PART IV: EMOTION AND THOUGHT DISORDERS
11. Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
11.1 Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
What Is the Difference Between Normal Anxiety and an Anxiety
Disorder?
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Anxiety
Anxiety in the Context of Development
How Common Are Childhood Anxiety Disorders?
Onset
Prevalence and Course
What Is Separation Anxiety Disorder?
Description
Causes
What Is Selective Mutism?
Description
Causes
What Is Specific Phobia?
Description
Causes
What Is Social Anxiety Disorder?
Description
Causes
What Is Panic Disorder?
Description
Causes
What Is Agoraphobia?
Description
Causes
What Is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Description
Causes
 11.2 Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders
What Is Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder?
Description
Causes
What Disorders Are Related to Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder?
Tic Disorders
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
11.3 Evidence-Based Treatment
How Can Behavior Therapy Be Used to Treat Phobias and
Selective Mutism?
Contingency Management
Systematic Desensitization
Modeling
Efficacy of Behavioral Interventions
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat
Separation Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and
Social Anxiety Disorder?
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat Panic
Disorder?
How Can Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Be Used to Treat
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders?
Treatment for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Treatment for Tics, Trichotillomania, and Excoriation
Is Medication Effective in Treating Childhood Anxiety Disorders?
Medication for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Medication for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Related
Disorders
12. Trauma-Related Disorders and Child Maltreatment
12.1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Older Children and
Adolescents
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Preschoolers
How Common Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Prevalence
Course and Comorbidity
What Predicts the Emergence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Functioning Before the Trauma
Proximity to the Trauma
 Brain and Endocrine Functioning
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Effective for Children With
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Psychological First Aid
Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
12.2 Social–Emotional Deprivation in Infancy
What Is Reactive Attachment Disorder?
Description
Early Studies on Infant Deprivation
Reactive Attachment Disorder and Parent–Child Attachment
What Is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
Description
Early Studies on “Indiscriminately Friendly” Children
What Causes Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited
Social Engagement Disorder?
Reactive Attachment Disorder: An Absence of Attachment
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: A Lack of
Inhibition
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Available for Youth
Exposed to Deprivation?
Treatment for Reactive Attachment Disorder
Treatment for Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
12.3 Child Abuse and Neglect
What Is Child Maltreatment?
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
Psychological Abuse
Neglect
How Common Is Child Maltreatment?
Maltreatment in Children
Sexual Abuse and Assault Among Adolescents
What Are the Effects of Physical/Psychological Abuse and
Neglect?
Health Problems
Behavior Problems
Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Insecure and Disorganized Attachment
What Are the Effects of Sexual Abuse?
 What Treatments Are Effective for Children Exposed to Physical
Abuse or Neglect?
Supportive Therapy for Children
Parent Training
Cognitive–Behavioral Family Therapy
What Treatments Are Effective for Children Exposed to Sexual
Abuse?
Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Sexual
Abuse
Cognitive Restructuring for Sexually Abused Adolescents
13. Depressive Disorders and Suicide
13.1 Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
What Is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
How Is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Different From
Other Childhood Disorders?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
What Causes Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
What Evidence-Based Treatments Are Available for Disruptive
Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
Medication
Behavior Therapy
Comprehensive Family Treatment
Sleep Enhancement
13.2 Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia
What Is Major Depressive Disorder?
What Is Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)?
How Common Is Depression in Children and Adolescents?
Overall Prevalence
Depression in Girls
Depression Over Time
What Genetic and Biological Factors Contribute to Childhood
Depression?
Genes and Neurotransmitters
Temperament
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysregulation
What Behavioral and Cognitive Factors Contribute to Childhood
Depression?
Stressful Life Events
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