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Chapter 07
Positive Organizational Behavior
True / False Questions
1. POB stands for Productive Organizational Behavior.
True False
2. Positive organizational behavior is a purposefully positive approach to managing the behavior of

others.
True False
3. In a POB scenario, an organization measures its success by its accumulation of wealth.
True False
4. In ABC Company, relationships between working line employees and their managers are
respectful and honest. ABC is a POB organization.
True False
5. POB is a traditional area of study, and research in it is very strong and well-developed.
True False
6. Research supports the conclusion that positive organizational practices drive outcomes at the
individual level, but not the group or organizational levels.
True False
7. The three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying, buffering, and productivity.
True False
8. In the amplifying effect, positive practices escalate positive outcomes because of their association
with positive emotions and social capital.
True False
9. Prosocial behaviors are positive acts performed without expecting anything in return.
True False
10. In the buffering effect, positive practices reduce the impact of negative events and stressors.
True False
7-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
11. The positivity effect is the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from
negative energy.
True False
12. Positive deviance is an extreme form of mental illness.
True False
13. Organizations should work to discourage positive deviance in the workplace.
True False
14. Employees who "flourish" report less stress and more organizational commitment and job
satisfaction, perform better, and are absent less, than employees who don't flourish.
True False
15. One thing that organizations should do to foster employee positivity is to withhold negative
feedback.
True False
16. Positive businesses do well by being profitable, and do good by making the well-being of their
stakeholders a priority.
True False
17. One of the principles of conscious capitalism is to be shareholder-centric.
True False
18. Firms that practice conscious capitalism outperformed those that do not by a 9 to 1 ratio over a
10-year period.
True False
19. Positive emotions are the opposite of negative emotions.
True False
20. Positive emotions broaden your mindset and open you to consider alternatives when trying to
solve a problem, as well as help you build social relationships.
True False
21. Pride is a positive emotion.
True False
22. Negative emotions have no value and should be minimized.
True False
7-2
23. One suggestion for transforming ordinary interactions into high-quality connections is to goof off.
True False
24. Mindfulness is awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose.
True False
25. Research is clear that listening to music increases performance on the job.
True False
26. Attentional hyperactivity is the inability to focus vividly on an object.
True False
27. Attentional deficit can result from lack of sleep, conflicting priorities, or counterfactual thinking.
True False
28. Fantasizing is a form of attentional hyperactivity.
True False
29. Mindfulness can be learned.
True False
30. People with high levels of positive psychological capital have high levels of hope, efficacy,
resilience, and optimism.
True False
31. The three components of hope are willpower, waypower, and whypower.
True False
32. Waypower is the ability to see alternatives to achieving a goal, even when faced with adversity.
True False
33. Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation; it influences how we perceive

ourselves but does not influence how we perceive the world.
True False
34. Optimists are unrealistically positive about future events.
True False
35. Optimists tend to make external attributions about the causes of their success.
True False
7-3
36. Employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational policies, practices, procedures and
routines are known as organizational culture.
True False
37. Ideals that are endorsed, shared, and supported by the organization as a whole are known as
organizational norms.
True False
38. To achieve positive OB, an organization must pursue the key contributors of restorative justice,
compassion, and equality.
True False
39. Temperance is a shared belief in helping others who are suffering.
True False
40. Virtuousness is the shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and
provocation.
True False
41. The focus of virtuous leadership is to help individuals, groups, and organizations to elevate,
enrich, and flourish.
True False
42. One of the components of virtuous leadership is participativeness.
True False
43. The four components of virtuous leadership are forgiveness, trust, integrity, and the "greater
good."
True False
44. Well-being is the combined impact of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning,
and achievement, pursued for their own sake.
True False
45. Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA.
True False
46. Flourishing is related to our mental health, but not our physical condition.
True False
47. The state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake is known as empowerment.
True False
7-4
48. Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
49. One characteristic that would describe an organization with positive OB is:
A. Single-minded focus on winning

B. Pursuing wealth
C. Positive deviance
D. Secrecy
E. Figuring out how to beat the competition
50. One characteristic that would describe an organization without positive OB is:

B. Humility
C. Resilience
D. Compassion
E. Positive deviance
51. One of the inputs of positive OB is:
A. Amplification
B. Mindfulness
C. Flourishing
D. Buffering
52. Positive practices that escalate positive outcomes because of their associations with positive
emotions and social capital are having a(n) __________ effect.
A. Positivity
B. Buffering
C. Amplifying
D. Mindful
E. Attentional
7-5
53. Prosocial behaviors are:
A. Mindful acts of kindness

B. Acts performed to build friendships
C. Part of PsyCap
D. Positive acts performed without expecting anything in return
E. An essential part of corporate social responsibility
54. When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) _________ effect
has occurred.
A. Buffering
B. Attentional
C. Positivity
D. Amplifying
E. Deviant
55. The _______ effect is the attraction of all living systems toward that which is life-giving and away
from that which is life-depleting.
A. Buffering
B. Attentional
C. Positivity
D. Amplifying
E. Deviant
56. Successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction is known as:
A. Organizational citizenship behavior

B. Organizational commitment
C. Social deviance
D. Positive deviance
E. Positive amplification
57. In order to foster employee positivity, employers should do all but one of the following. Which
one?
A. Allow employees to make decisions

B. Share information with employees
C. Give employees only positive feedback
D. Make the well-being of employees a priority
E. Discourage uncivil behavior
7-6
58. An organization with a purpose beyond profitability, interdependence with stakeholders,
conscious leadership and conscious culture is practicing:
A. Corporate deviance
B. Conscious capitalism
C. Shareholder responsibility
D. Attentional hyperactivity
59. Which of the following is not a key principle of conscious capitalism?
A. Leadership that does not use "carrots and sticks"

B. Pursuit of a higher purpose
C. A culture focused on a higher purpose
D. Stakeholder interdependence
E. Shareholder centrism
60. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Positive and negative emotions are polar opposites

B. Negative emotions spur you to act in narrow ways
C. Positive emotions tend to broaden your mindset
D. Negative emotions are limiting
E. Positive emotions help combat negative emotions
61. An emotion that is similar to, but more low key than joy, is:
A. Gratitude
B. Serenity
C. Amusement
D. Inspiration
E. Awe
62. Barbara was watching the evening news and saw a story about people saving a horse that had
fallen into an icy lake. She is likely to be experiencing:
A. Gratitude
B. Awe
C. Inspiration
D. Pride
E. Hope
7-7
63. Eileen signed up for a photography class after having seen some spectacular wildlife art pictures
done by a local artist. She is likely to be experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Joy
C. Pride
D. Interest
E. Gratitude
64. Susan, a management major, is taking an overload of classes this term. On a team project in one
of her classes, one of her teammates sees how busy she is and does the final proofreading of the
team project for her. Susan is likely to be feeling:
A. Serenity
B. Gratitude
C. Amusement
D. Inspiration
E. Pride
65. Juan finishes the special report he is producing for the Vice President of Marketing. Juan has
spent many extra hours compiling this report, and he knows it is of excellent quality. Juan is likely
to be experiencing:
A. Awe
B. Inspiration
C. Pride
D. Hope
E. Interest
66. Of the following, which is the most frequently experienced?
A. Love
B. Hope
C. Gratitude
D. Amusement
E. Joy
67. Of the following, which is the least frequently experienced?
A. Awe
B. Hope
C. Gratitude
D. Amusement
E. Joy
7-8
68. Which of the following is not an outcome likely to result from positive emotions?
A. Stronger social relationships

B. Lower stress
C. Psychological well-being
D. More conformity to others' opinions
E. Fewer colds
69. Which of the following is true about balancing positive and negative emotions?
A. We should try to eliminate all our negative emotions

B. We should have one negative emotion for each positive emotion we experience
C. Our brains actually look more for positive information over negative during daily activity
D. Positive experiences activate a survival orientation
E. Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative
70. A state of reduced attention, expressed in behavior that is rigid, is called:
A. Mindfulness
B. Attention deficit
C. Attention delinquency
E. Mindlessness
71. Chris just finished a calculus test. Afterward, he walked all the way across campus without being
aware of anything or anyone he passed. This is an example of:
A. Mindfulness
E. Mindlessness
72. Awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and
nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment is called:
A. Mindfulness
E. Mindlessness
7-9
73. Which of the following statements about mindfulness is false?
A. Mindfulness pertains to our inner world of thinking and feeling

B. Mindfulness pertains to our outer worlds of other people and events
C. Mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander
D. Mindfulness is about concentrating or focusing
E. Mindfulness represents how much we are aware and attentive to what is going on around us
74. Dr. Riley, a professor in the finance department, keeps his office door open only a crack during
his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. When his door is open, people tend to
stop to say hello, and that interrupts what he is doing. He finds that this increases his ability to
grade exams quickly but accurately. This is an example of his increasing his:
A. Mindfulness
B. Optimism
E. Mindlessness
75. Dr. Beswick was writing questions for a test, but found herself listening to reggae music coming
from an adjoining office, and thinking about her upcoming trip to the Caribbean. She is
experiencing:
A. Mindfulness
B. PsyCap
E. Mindlessness
76. Which of the following is not a benefit of mindfulness?
A. Increased intelligence
B. More balanced emotions
C. Personal effectiveness
D. Increased physical effectiveness
E. More effective communication
77. _________ happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive
daydreaming or fantasizing.
A. Mindlessness
B. Attentional hyperactivity
D. PsyCap
E. Negative emotion
7-10
78. According to Professor Fred Luthans, people with high levels of positive psychological capital
have high levels of:
A. Hope, extraversion, resilience, and optimism

B. Hope, efficacy, respect, and optimism
C. Health, extraversion, respect, and optimism
D. Hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism
E. Health, efficacy, resilience, and obstinacy
79. The acronym for remembering the characteristics associated with PsyCap is:
A. V * I * E
B. HERO
C. WILL
D. PERMA
E. CLIMB
80. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of persevering toward goals is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
81. Armando has a goal of earning a B in his statistics course, but currently his grade is a C-.
Therefore, he decides to study more hours for the next test and even get involved in a study
group. Armando is experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Faith
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. PERMA
82. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of having confidence is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. Resilience
7-11
83. George's boss gave him a new project to do that entails developing a complex Excel
spreadsheet. George has extensive previous experience and training in Excel. George is
probably experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. PERMA
D. Health
E. Resilience
84. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of sustaining effort when beset by problems and
adversity is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
85. Imelda's life is difficult right now. Her husband and she recently decided to divorce and she is
now a single parent of two pre-teenagers. They are good kids, but it is difficult taking care of them
and managing her full-time job as a middle manager. Imelda has started taking work home at
night and finishing projects at night after her children are in bed. Imelda is likely exhibiting:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. Resilience
86. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of making a positive attribution about succeeding now
and in the future is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
87. Hope equals:
A. Faith and charity

B. Bouncing back from problems
C. Willpower plus waypower
D. The opposite of pessimism
E. Self-confidence
7-12
88. The need to have a goal and the determination to achieve it is known as:
A. Optimism
B. Resilience
C. Willpower
D. Waypower
E. Efficacy
89. The need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve a goal, even when faced with adversity,
is called:
A. Optimism
B. Resilience
C. Willpower
D. Waypower
E. Efficacy
90. Self-efficacy is a component of:
A. Core self-evaluation
B. Motivational structure
C. Optimism
D. PERMA
E. Resilience
91. To develop hope, a person should:
A. Break a large goal into smaller sub-goals

B. Anticipate potential obstacles to success and plan to avoid them
C. Develop more extraversion
D. Generate an important goal that is attainable yet challenging
E. Not try to do anything; hope cannot be developed consciously
92. ____________ is defined as employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational

policies, practices, procedures and routines:
A. Organizational culture
B. Job satisfaction
C. Organizational climate
D. Positive OB
E. Organizational citizenship
7-13
93. Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations are known as:
A. Norms
B. Goals
C. Personalities
D. Values
E. Cognitions
94. The three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB are:
A. Hope, optimism, and resilience

B. Restorative justice, compassion, and temperance
C. Positive emotions, engagement and meaning
D. Flourishing, motivation, and satisfaction
E. Social support, information support, and instrumental support
95. A shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of
victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders is known as:
A. Restorative justice
B. Distributive justice
C. Procedural justice
D. Interactional justice
E. Interpersonal justice
96. Compassion is:
A. A shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering
B. A shared belief in showing restraint and control
C. A shared belief in self-control, humility, and prudence
D. The same as virtuousness
E. A shared value in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally
97. The shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and provocation is
called:
A. Restoration
B. Virtuosity
C. Temperance
D. Compassion
E. Flourishing
7-14
98. The host of procedures, policies, routines, and rules that organizations use to get things done are
known as:
B. Organizational climate
C. Organizational practices
D. Organizational leadership
99. _______ represents what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very
best.
A. Virtuousness
B. PsyCap
C. Positive OB
D. Well-being
E. PERMA
100.Which of the following is not a component of virtuous leadership?
A. Focus on the greater good

B. Forgiveness
C. Trust
D. Integrity
E. Engagement
101.The capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame is
known as:
A. Trust
B. Integrity
C. Forgiveness
D. Virtuousness
E. Flourishing
7-15
102.What is true about research on the relationship of virtuous leadership to organizational and
individual employee performance?
A. A long-standing tradition of research in this area has demonstrated a strong, positive

relationship between these variables.
B. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between these variables.
C. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between virtuous leadership
and organizational performance, but a negative relationship between virtuous leadership and
individual outcomes.
D. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between virtuous leadership
and individual performance, but a negative relationship between virtuous leadership and
organizational outcomes.
E. No research has been conducted in this area.
103.Well-being is the combined impact of all but one of the following. Which one?
A. Engagement
B. Relationships
C. Achievement
D. Meaning
E. Productivity
104.Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain:
A. REM sleep
B. PERMA
C. Mindfulness
D. PsyCap
E. Integrity
105.Which of the following statements is true?
A. PERMA elements are positively related to good health, but are not related to work-related
outcomes such as organizational commitment and career satisfaction
B. Well-being is a single, unique concept that is related to happiness
C. Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and
financial performance
D. Positive emotions "happen to people"; they cannot be pursued proactively
E. PERMA should be pursued as a means to obtain a better career
7-16
106.The concept of ________ is defined as a state of being completely involved in an activity for its
own sake.
A. Virtuousness
B. Flow
C. Well-being
D. Achievement
E. Flourishing
107.The amount of perceived helpfulness derived from our relationships with others is known as:
A. Flow
B. Social support
C. Meaningfulness
D. Virtuousness
E. Flourishing
108.Which of the following is not a form of social support?
A. Providing information that a person is accepted and respected

B. Providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services
C. Spending time discussing your own vision for yourself
D. Spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities
E. Providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems
109.Therese and Kathy both work in the accounting department at ABC Company. They go out to
lunch, and Therese spends time telling Kathy how much she is valued by her co-workers and
their boss. Therese is performing:
A. Instrumental support
B. Informational support
C. Esteem support
D. Achievement support
E. Engagement support
110.Jackson and Samuel both work for XYZ Company, in different departments. They discover a
common interest in classic cars, and on weekends often meet up at car shows. They are
probably providing _______ to each other.
C. Esteem support
E. Social companionship
7-17
111.John received a poor performance evaluation from his boss. On the weekend, he talks with his
neighbor Faisal about his situation. Faisal asks him questions about his work and the evaluation,
and as a result John develops a plan of action for improving his productivity. Faisal has
provided:
C. Esteem support
112.Lee and Victor are good friends. Lee's laptop computer has become very slow and is not working
correctly, and he goes to Victor and asks for help. Victor downloads some anti-malware software
onto Lee's computer, and its performance improves. Victor has provided:
C. Esteem support
D. Social companionship
113.___________ is defined as belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than
yourself.
A. Virtuousness
B. Positive emotion
C. Meaningfulness
D. Social support
E. Achievement
Essay Questions
114.What is Positive OB? How does understanding this concept help managers?
7-18
115.Explain how does positivity (that is, positive OB) affects organizational outcomes.
116.What is "positive deviance"? Explain why this is an important concept for organizations.
117.What is conscious capitalism? Describe the principles of a consciously capitalistic organization.
118.What are "positive emotions," and how they are related to success? How can an individual
increase his or her positivity?
7-19
119.Explain this statement: "Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites." What should be
the ratio between an individual's positive and negative emotions?
120.Define the terms "mindfulness" and "mindlessness." What are the benefits of being mindful? Give
an example from your own life of a time when you have experienced each of these.
121.How can a person increase his or her level of mindfulness?
122.What is PsyCap? Identify what characteristics it is associated with, and briefly define each.
7-20
123.Describe what an optimist is. What function does optimism serve in our lives?
124.How can an individual develop his or her own psychological capital?
125.Define organizational climate. Identify and briefly define the organizational values that are
essential for promoting positive OB.
126.What is "virtuous leadership"? Name the components of virtuous leadership, and briefly discuss
each. What effects does virtuous leadership have on organizations?
7-21
127.What is "flourishing," and what is "well-being"? What do they result from? Briefly discuss each of
these elements, and describe an example from your own life.
128.Define the term "social support." Identify and briefly describe the types of social support. Give an
example of each from your own life.
7-22
Chapter 07 Positive Organizational Behavior Answer Answer Key
True / False Questions
1. POB stands for Productive Organizational Behavior.
FALSE
Positive Organizational Behavior involves the study and application of positively oriented
human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed,
and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-01 How does understanding Positive OB benefit me?
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Positive OB
2. Positive organizational behavior is a purposefully positive approach to managing the behavior

of others.
TRUE
Positive OB is a purposefully positive approach to managing the behavior of others.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive OB
3. In a POB scenario, an organization measures its success by its accumulation of wealth.
FALSE
In the non-POB scenario, organizations are described as seeking wealth as the ultimate
measure of success. In the POB scenario, they are described as seeking well-being and
thriving for individuals, groups, and organizations as the markers of success.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
7-23
4. In ABC Company, relationships between working line employees and their managers are
respectful and honest. ABC is a POB organization.
TRUE
The POB organization scenario described is a world in which appreciation, collaboration,

virtuousness, vitality, and meaningfulness are the rule. Well-being and thriving for individuals,
groups, and organizations are the markers of success. Trustworthiness, resilience, wisdom,
humility, and positive energy are common features. Relationships and interactions are
described as compassionate, loyal, honest, respectful, and forgiving.

AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Apply
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Positive OB
5. POB is a traditional area of study, and research in it is very strong and well-developed.
FALSE
Research on positive organizational behavior is relatively new and undeveloped, but it is

growing quickly.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive OB
6. Research supports the conclusion that positive organizational practices drive outcomes at the
individual level, but not the group or organizational levels.
FALSE
Research supports the conclusion that positive organizational practices drive outcomes across
all three levels of the Integrative Framework.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive OB
7-24
7. The three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying, buffering, and
productivity.
FALSE
As illustrated in Figure 7.2, the three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying,
buffering, and positivity.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive OB
8. In the amplifying effect, positive practices escalate positive outcomes because of their
association with positive emotions and social capital.
TRUE
In the amplifying effect, positive practices have an amplifying or escalating effect on positive
outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Amplifying effect
9. Prosocial behaviors are positive acts performed without expecting anything in return.
TRUE
Prosocial behaviors are positive acts performed without expecting anything in return.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Prosocial behaviors
10. In the buffering effect, positive practices reduce the impact of negative events and stressors.
TRUE
In the buffering effect, positive practices buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and
stressors.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Buffering effect
7-25
11. The positivity effect is the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from
negative energy.
TRUE
The positivity effect is the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from
negative energy, or toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positivity effect
12. Positive deviance is an extreme form of mental illness.
FALSE
Exceptionally positive means that inputs, processes, and outcomes are above and beyond
expectations, more than simply "making the grade." This is often referred to as positive
deviance. Gretchen Spreitzer and Kim Cameron from the University of Michigan describe
positive deviance as "successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive
direction."

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive deviance
13. Organizations should work to discourage positive deviance in the workplace.
FALSE
Positive deviance is successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive
direction, which is good for the organization.

Blooms: Understand
7-26
14. Employees who "flourish" report less stress and more organizational commitment and job
satisfaction, perform better, and are absent less, than employees who don't flourish.
TRUE
In a study published in the Harvard Business Review, employees who flourish-a key
component of POB shown in Figure 7.1-reported 16 percent higher overall performance, 125
percent less burnout, 32 percent more commitment to their employers, 46 percent more job
satisfaction, and they missed less work. These outcomes are compelling and beg the
question, what can organizations do to foster such benefits?

Blooms: Understand
15. One thing that organizations should do to foster employee positivity is to withhold negative
feedback.
FALSE
Some ways organizations can foster employee positivity are provide decision-making
discretion, share information, minimize incivility, and provide feedback. See Table 7.1.

Blooms: Understand
16. Positive businesses do well by being profitable, and do good by making the well-being of their
stakeholders a priority.
TRUE
Positive businesses do well by being profitable and performing at a high level, but they also do
good by making the well-being of their employees and other stakeholders a priority.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
7-27
17. One of the principles of conscious capitalism is to be shareholder-centric.
FALSE
Four key principles of conscious capitalism are higher purpose, stakeholder interdependence,
conscious leadership, and conscious culture.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Conscious capitalism
18. Firms that practice conscious capitalism outperformed those that do not by a 9 to 1 ratio over
a 10-year period.
TRUE
Such "conscious" organizations have been shown to outperform the S&P 500 by a 9 to 1 ratio
over a 10-year period.

Blooms: Remember
19. Positive emotions are the opposite of negative emotions.
FALSE
Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-02 What is the role of positive emotions in POB, and how can they make me more effective at school,
at work, and in other arenas of life?
Topic: Positive emotions
20. Positive emotions broaden your mindset and open you to consider alternatives when trying to
solve a problem, as well as help you build social relationships.
TRUE
Positive emotions in contrast tend to broaden your mindset, open you to consider new,
different, if not better alternatives when trying to solve a problem. Positive emotions help you
build social (e.g., relationships), psychological (e.g., well-being), and physical (e.g., lower
stress and a healthy heart) resources that support your efforts and effectiveness in all arenas
of your life-school, work, and family.
7-28
Blooms: Understand
21. Pride is a positive emotion.
TRUE
Table 7.2 lists the 10 most common positive emotions as joy, gratitude, serenity, interest,
hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, awe, and love.

Blooms: Remember
22. Negative emotions have no value and should be minimized.
FALSE
Negative emotions spur you to act in quite narrow or specific ways. Fear may motivate you to
flee and anger may motivate you to fight. Negative experiences activate a survival orientation,
which leads us to be more responsive to negative information.

Blooms: Understand
23. One suggestion for transforming ordinary interactions into high-quality connections is to goof
off.
TRUE
To transform ordinary interactions into high-quality connections, try the following tips: the only
person in the room, support, give trust, and goof off.

Blooms: Remember
7-29
24. Mindfulness is awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose.
TRUE
Mindfulness is defined as the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in
the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-03 How can mindfulness contribute to my effectiveness?
Topic: Mindfulness
25. Research is clear that listening to music increases performance on the job.
FALSE
Research on students provides little support for listening to music while studying.
Neuroscientists believe that "listening to music with lyrics while trying to read or write can
distract employees by overtaxing verbal-processing regions of the brain."

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Mindfulness inhibitors
26. Attentional hyperactivity is the inability to focus vividly on an object.
FALSE
Attentional hyperactivity happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in
compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing.

Blooms: Remember
27. Attentional deficit can result from lack of sleep, conflicting priorities, or counterfactual thinking.
TRUE
Attentional deficits can stem from a lack of sleep, a cold, conflicting priorities, or counterfactual
thinking.

Blooms: Remember
7-30
28. Fantasizing is a form of attentional hyperactivity.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
29. Mindfulness can be learned.
TRUE
Mindfulness can be learned via practice, and the benefits are substantial.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Mindfulness
30. People with high levels of positive psychological capital have high levels of hope, efficacy,
resilience, and optimism.
TRUE
Fred Luthans, a renowned professor at the University of Nebraska and POB expert, says that
those with high levels of positive psychological capital (PsyCap) have high levels of hope,
efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HERO).

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-04 How can my inner HERO benefit me at work and in my career?
Topic: Positive psychological capital
31. The three components of hope are willpower, waypower, and whypower.
FALSE
The two components of hope are willpower and waypower.

Blooms: Remember
7-31
32. Waypower is the ability to see alternatives to achieving a goal, even when faced with
adversity.
TRUE
Waypower is the ability to see one or more alternative paths to achieve your goal, even when
faced with adversity.

Blooms: Remember
33. Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation; it influences how we perceive

ourselves but does not influence how we perceive the world.
FALSE
Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation and represents confidence in one's

ability to do something. It influences how one perceives the world and the ability to deal with
inherent challenges and opportunities.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Self-efficacy
34. Optimists are unrealistically positive about future events.
FALSE
Optimists are both realistic and flexible.

Blooms: Understand
35. Optimists tend to make external attributions about the causes of their success.
FALSE
Optimists often view successes as due to their personal, permanent, and pervasive causes,
and negative events to external, temporary, and situation-specific ones.

Blooms: Understand
7-32
36. Employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational policies, practices, procedures
and routines are known as organizational culture.
FALSE
Organizational climate is defined as employees' perceptions of formal and informal

organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-05 How can managers create an organizational climate that fosters Positive OB?
Topic: Organizational climate
37. Ideals that are endorsed, shared, and supported by the organization as a whole are known as
organizational norms.
FALSE
Organizational values represent the ideals that are endorsed, shared, and supported by the
organization as a whole.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Organizational values
38. To achieve positive OB, an organization must pursue the key contributors of restorative
justice, compassion, and equality.
FALSE
Figure 7.3 presents a model outlining the key contributors to an organizational climate that
fosters positive OB: organizational values, organizational practices, and virtuous leadership.

Blooms: Remember
39. Temperance is a shared belief in helping others who are suffering.
FALSE
Temperance is a shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation
and provocation. It promotes self-control, humility and prudence.
7-33
Blooms: Remember
40. Virtuousness is the shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation
and provocation.
FALSE
Virtuousness is what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very
best.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Virtuous leadership
41. The focus of virtuous leadership is to help individuals, groups, and organizations to elevate,
TRUE
The focus of virtuous leadership is to help individuals, groups, and organizations to elevate,

Blooms: Remember
42. One of the components of virtuous leadership is participativeness.
FALSE
The four components of virtuous leadership are "greater good," trust, integrity, and
forgiveness.

Blooms: Remember
7-34
43. The four components of virtuous leadership are forgiveness, trust, integrity, and the "greater
good."
TRUE
The four components of virtuous leadership are "greater good," trust, integrity, and
forgiveness.

Blooms: Remember
44. Well-being is the combined impact of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning,
and achievement, pursued for their own sake.
TRUE
Well-being is the combined impact of five elements-positive emotions, engagement,

relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA).

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 07-06 What can I do to enhance my level of flourishing?
Topic: Flourishing
45. Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA.
TRUE
Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA-positive emotions,
engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Flourishing
46. Flourishing is related to our mental health, but not our physical condition.
FALSE
We should all strive to flourish because of its association with other positive health outcomes
like lower cardiovascular risk, lower inflammation, living longer, greater REM sleep, and
positive mental health.

Blooms: Understand
7-35
Topic: Flourishing
47. The state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake is known as
empowerment.
FALSE
Flow is defined as the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Employee engagement
48. Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships.
TRUE
Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Social support
Multiple Choice Questions
49. One characteristic that would describe an organization with positive OB is:

B. Pursuing wealth
D. Secrecy
E. Figuring out how to beat the competition
Positive deviance is included in the description of a positive OB organization (second

scenario).

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
7-36
50. One characteristic that would describe an organization without positive OB is:

B. Humility
C. Resilience
D. Compassion
The first scenario, which describes an organization without positive OB, begins, "Imagine a
world in which almost all organizations are typified by greed, selfishness, manipulation,
secrecy, and a single-minded focus on winning." Wealth is the ultimate measure of success.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
51. One of the inputs of positive OB is:
A. Amplification
B. Mindfulness
C. Flourishing
D. Buffering
As seen in Figure 7.1, inputs and processes that drive positive organizational behavior are
positive emotion, mindfulness, psychological capital, and organizational culture and climate.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Positive OB
52. Positive practices that escalate positive outcomes because of their associations with positive
emotions and social capital are having a(n) __________ effect.
A. Positivity
B. Buffering
C. Amplifying
D. Mindful
E. Attentional
In the amplifying effect, positive practices have an amplifying or escalating effect on positive
outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital.
7-37
Blooms: Remember
Topic: Amplifying effect
53. Prosocial behaviors are:
A. Mindful acts of kindness

B. Acts performed to build friendships
C. Part of PsyCap
D. Positive acts performed without expecting anything in return
E. An essential part of corporate social responsibility
Prosocial behaviors are positive acts performed without expecting anything in return.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Prosocial behaviors
54. When positive practices reduce the impact of negative events or stressors, a(n) _________
effect has occurred.
A. Buffering
B. Attentional
C. Positivity
D. Amplifying
E. Deviant
In the buffering effect, positive practices buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and
stressors.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Buffering effect
7-38
55. The _______ effect is the attraction of all living systems toward that which is life-giving and
away from that which is life-depleting.
A. Buffering
B. Attentional
C. Positivity
D. Amplifying
E. Deviant
The positivity effect is the attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from
negative energy, or toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting.

Blooms: Remember
56. Successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction is known
as:
A. Organizational citizenship behavior

B. Organizational commitment
C. Social deviance
E. Positive amplification
Positive deviance is successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive
direction.

Blooms: Remember
7-39
57. In order to foster employee positivity, employers should do all but one of the following. Which
one?
A. Allow employees to make decisions

B. Share information with employees
C. Give employees only positive feedback
D. Make the well-being of employees a priority
E. Discourage uncivil behavior
Organizations can provide decision-making discretion, share information, minimize incivility,

and provide feedback. Feedback can be both motivational and instructional, and therefore can
include negative feedback.

Blooms: Understand
58. An organization with a purpose beyond profitability, interdependence with stakeholders,

conscious leadership and conscious culture is practicing:
A. Corporate deviance
B. Conscious capitalism
C. Shareholder responsibility
D. Attentional hyperactivity
Organizations that incorporate a higher purpose beyond profit maximization, stakeholder

interdependence, conscious leadership, and conscious culture practice conscious capitalism.

Blooms: Remember
7-40
59. Which of the following is not a key principle of conscious capitalism?
A. Leadership that does not use "carrots and sticks"

B. Pursuit of a higher purpose
C. A culture focused on a higher purpose
D. Stakeholder interdependence
E. Shareholder centrism
Four key principles of conscious capitalism are higher purpose beyond profit maximization,
stakeholder interdependence, conscious leadership, and conscious culture.

Blooms: Understand
60. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Positive and negative emotions are polar opposites

B. Negative emotions spur you to act in narrow ways
C. Positive emotions tend to broaden your mindset
D. Negative emotions are limiting
E. Positive emotions help combat negative emotions
Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites.

Blooms: Understand
61. An emotion that is similar to, but more low key than joy, is:
A. Gratitude
B. Serenity
C. Amusement
D. Inspiration
E. Awe
Serenity like joy includes safe surroundings. Serene situations are familiar and require little
effort on your part. But unlike joy, serenity is much more low key. It's when you went on a long,
relaxing ride or walk, engaged in fulfilling conversation, or got wrapped up in a good book at
the pool or beach while on vacation. See Table 7.2.

7-41
Blooms: Remember
62. Barbara was watching the evening news and saw a story about people saving a horse that
had fallen into an icy lake. She is likely to be experiencing:
A. Gratitude
B. Awe
C. Inspiration
D. Pride
E. Hope
Every so often, you come across true human excellence-people doing exceptional things.
Feeling inspired rivets your attention, warms your heart, and draws you in. Inspiration doesn't
simply feel good, it makes you want to act, to improve, or even to be the best that you can be.
See Table 7.2.

Blooms: Apply
Level of Difficulty: 3 Hard
63. Eileen signed up for a photography class after having seen some spectacular wildlife art
pictures done by a local artist. She is likely to be experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Joy
C. Pride
D. Interest
E. Gratitude
Table 7.2 describes interest as something novel or different draws your attention, filling you
with a sense of possibility or mystery. Unlike joy and serenity, the circumstances call for effort
on your part. You're pulled to immerse yourself in what you're discovering.

Blooms: Apply
7-42
64. Susan, a management major, is taking an overload of classes this term. On a team project in
one of her classes, one of her teammates sees how busy she is and does the final
proofreading of the team project for her. Susan is likely to be feeling:
A. Serenity
B. Gratitude
C. Amusement
D. Inspiration
E. Pride
Susan is likely to realize that someone has gone out of his or her way to do something
different. According to Table 7.2, this is gratitude.

Blooms: Apply
65. Juan finishes the special report he is producing for the Vice President of Marketing. Juan has
spent many extra hours compiling this report, and he knows it is of excellent quality. Juan is
likely to be experiencing:
A. Awe
B. Inspiration
C. Pride
D. Hope
E. Interest
Pride is when you are "to blame" for something good, something for which you can take credit,
or when you recognize that you have made a positive difference to someone else.

Blooms: Apply
7-43
66. Of the following, which is the most frequently experienced?
A. Love
B. Hope
C. Gratitude
D. Amusement
E. Joy
Table 7.2 lists the 10 most common positive emotions from the most to the least frequently
experienced. Love is a special case, however. Despite being at the bottom of the list, love
actually is the most frequently experienced positive emotion.

Blooms: Remember
67. Of the following, which is the least frequently experienced?
A. Awe
B. Hope
C. Gratitude
D. Amusement
E. Joy
Table 7.2 lists the 10 most common positive emotions from the most to the least frequently
experienced. Love is a special case, however. Despite being at the bottom of the list, love
actually is the most frequently experienced positive emotion. Awe is the least frequently
experienced positive emotion.

Blooms: Remember
7-44
68. Which of the following is not an outcome likely to result from positive emotions?
A. Stronger social relationships

B. Lower stress
C. Psychological well-being
D. More conformity to others' opinions
E. Fewer colds
Research provides compelling evidence that positive emotions lead to or foster many
desirable behaviors and outcomes such as stronger social relationships, prosocial behaviors,
liking of yourself and others, stronger bodies and immune systems, and original thinking.

Blooms: Understand
69. Which of the following is true about balancing positive and negative emotions?
A. We should try to eliminate all our negative emotions

B. We should have one negative emotion for each positive emotion we experience
C. Our brains actually look more for positive information over negative during daily activity
D. Positive experiences activate a survival orientation
E. Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative
While some researchers have argued for specific ratios of positive to negative, and others
have disputed specific numbers, they all agree that positive and negative experiences are not
equivalent. This means that you can't simply remedy a negative experience with a positive.
Instead, to flourish and experience the benefits of PB you must have three, five, or more
positive experiences for every negative.

Blooms: Remember
7-45
70. A state of reduced attention, expressed in behavior that is rigid, is called:
A. Mindfulness
E. Mindlessness
Mindlessness is a state of reduced attention. It is expressed in behavior that is rigid or

thoughtless.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Mindfulness
71. Chris just finished a calculus test. Afterward, he walked all the way across campus without
being aware of anything or anyone he passed. This is an example of:
A. Mindfulness
E. Mindlessness

thoughtless.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Mindfulness
7-46
72. Awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and
nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment is called:
A. Mindfulness
E. Mindlessness

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Mindfulness
73. Which of the following statements about mindfulness is false?
A. Mindfulness pertains to our inner world of thinking and feeling

B. Mindfulness pertains to our outer worlds of other people and events
C. Mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander
D. Mindfulness is about concentrating or focusing
E. Mindfulness represents how much we are aware and attentive to what is going on around
us
Mindfulness requires effort because our brains work in ways that detract from staying focused.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Mindfulness
7-47
74. Dr. Riley, a professor in the finance department, keeps his office door open only a crack
during his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. When his door is open, people
tend to stop to say hello, and that interrupts what he is doing. He finds that this increases his
ability to grade exams quickly but accurately. This is an example of his increasing his:
A. Mindfulness
B. Optimism
E. Mindlessness

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Mindfulness
75. Dr. Beswick was writing questions for a test, but found herself listening to reggae music
coming from an adjoining office, and thinking about her upcoming trip to the Caribbean. She is
experiencing:
A. Mindfulness
B. PsyCap
E. Mindlessness

thoughtless.

Blooms: Apply
7-48
76. Which of the following is not a benefit of mindfulness?
A. Increased intelligence
B. More balanced emotions
C. Personal effectiveness
D. Increased physical effectiveness
E. More effective communication
Four broad benefits of mindfulness are increased physical, mental, and interpersonal
effectiveness, more effective communications, more balanced emotions, and personal
effectiveness.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Mindfulness
77. _________ happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive
daydreaming or fantasizing.
A. Mindlessness
B. Attentional hyperactivity
D. PsyCap
E. Negative emotion

Blooms: Remember
7-49
78. According to Professor Fred Luthans, people with high levels of positive psychological capital
have high levels of:
A. Hope, extraversion, resilience, and optimism

B. Hope, efficacy, respect, and optimism
C. Health, extraversion, respect, and optimism
D. Hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism
E. Health, efficacy, resilience, and obstinacy
Professor Fred Luthans says that those with high levels of positive psychological capital have
high levels of hope, efficacy resilience, and optimism (HERO).

Blooms: Remember
79. The acronym for remembering the characteristics associated with PsyCap is:
A. V*I*E
B. HERO
C. WILL
D. PERMA
E. CLIMB
HERO stands for hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism.

Blooms: Remember
80. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of persevering toward goals is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of persevering toward goals and redirecting paths
to goals in order to succeed is hope.

Blooms: Remember
7-50
81. Armando has a goal of earning a B in his statistics course, but currently his grade is a C-.
Therefore, he decides to study more hours for the next test and even get involved in a study
group. Armando is experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Faith
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. PERMA
Hope is persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals (hope) in
order to succeed.

Blooms: Apply
82. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of having confidence is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. Resilience
The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of having confidence to take on and put in the
necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks is efficacy.

Blooms: Remember
7-51
83. George's boss gave him a new project to do that entails developing a complex Excel
spreadsheet. George has extensive previous experience and training in Excel. George is
probably experiencing:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. PERMA
D. Health
E. Resilience
Efficacy is having confidence to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at
challenging tasks.

Blooms: Apply
84. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of sustaining effort when beset by problems and
adversity is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of sustaining effort when beset by problems and
adversity is resilience.

Blooms: Remember
7-52
85. Imelda's life is difficult right now. Her husband and she recently decided to divorce and she is
now a single parent of two pre-teenagers. They are good kids, but it is difficult taking care of
them and managing her full-time job as a middle manager. Imelda has started taking work
home at night and finishing projects at night after her children are in bed. Imelda is likely
exhibiting:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Effectiveness
D. Health
E. Resilience
Resilience is, when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even
beyond to attain success.

Blooms: Apply
86. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of making a positive attribution about succeeding
now and in the future is:
A. Hope
B. Efficacy
C. Optimism
D. Health
E. Resilience
The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of making positive attribution about succeeding now
and in the future is optimism.

Blooms: Remember
7-53
87. Hope equals:
A. Faith and charity

B. Bouncing back from problems
C. Willpower plus waypower
D. The opposite of pessimism
E. Self-confidence
The two components of hope are willpower and waypower.

Blooms: Remember
88. The need to have a goal and the determination to achieve it is known as:
A. Optimism
B. Resilience
C. Willpower
D. Waypower
E. Efficacy
The need to have goal and the determination to achieve it is willpower.

Blooms: Remember
89. The need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve a goal, even when faced with
adversity, is called:
A. Optimism
B. Resilience
C. Willpower
D. Waypower
E. Efficacy
The need to see one or more alternative paths to achieve your goal even when faced with
adversity is waypower.

Blooms: Remember
7-54
90. Self-efficacy is a component of:
A. Core self-evaluation
B. Motivational structure
C. Optimism
D. PERMA
E. Resilience
Efficacy is a component of your core self-evaluation.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Self-efficacy
91. To develop hope, a person should:
A. Break a large goal into smaller sub-goals

B. Anticipate potential obstacles to success and plan to avoid them
C. Develop more extraversion
D. Generate an important goal that is attainable yet challenging
E. Not try to do anything; hope cannot be developed consciously
To develop hope, a person should generate a work-related goal that is important, attainable,
yet challenging.

Blooms: Understand
92. ____________ is defined as employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational

policies, practices, procedures and routines:
B. Job satisfaction
C. Organizational climate
D. Positive OB

organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines.

7-55
Blooms: Remember
93. Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations are known as:
A. Norms
B. Goals
C. Personalities
D. Values
E. Cognitions
Values are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Values
94. The three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB are:
A. Hope, optimism, and resilience

B. Restorative justice, compassion, and temperance
C. Positive emotions, engagement and meaning
D. Flourishing, motivation, and satisfaction
E. Social support, information support, and instrumental support
The three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB are restorative justice,
compassion, and temperance.

Blooms: Remember
7-56
95. A shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of
victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders is known as:
A. Restorative justice
B. Distributive justice
C. Procedural justice
D. Interactional justice
E. Interpersonal justice
Restorative justice reflects a shared belief in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally
through the inclusion of victims, offenders, and all other stakeholders.

Blooms: Remember
96. Compassion is:
A. A shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering
B. A shared belief in showing restraint and control
C. A shared belief in self-control, humility, and prudence
D. The same as virtuousness
E. A shared value in the importance of resolving conflict multilaterally
Compassion is a shared value that drives people to help others who are suffering.

Blooms: Remember
97. The shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation and provocation
is called:
A. Restoration
B. Virtuosity
C. Temperance
D. Compassion
E. Flourishing
Temperance is a shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with temptation
and provocation.

Blooms: Remember
7-57
98. The host of procedures, policies, routines, and rules that organizations use to get things done
are known as:
B. Organizational climate
C. Organizational practices
D. Organizational leadership
Organizational practices refer to a host of procedures, policies, practices, routines, and rules
that organizations use to get things done.

Blooms: Remember
99. _______ represents what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their
very best.
A. Virtuousness
B. PsyCap
C. Positive OB
D. Well-being
E. PERMA
Virtuousness represents what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their
very best.

Blooms: Remember
7-58
100. Which of the following is not a component of virtuous leadership?
A. Focus on the greater good

B. Forgiveness
C. Trust
D. Integrity
E. Engagement
Components of virtuous leadership are "greater good," trust, integrity, and forgiveness.

Blooms: Remember
101. The capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame is
known as:
A. Trust
B. Integrity
C. Forgiveness
D. Virtuousness
E. Flourishing
Forgiveness is defined as the capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified

resentment, bitterness, and blame, and, instead, it is the adoption of positive, forward-looking
approaches in response to harm or damage.

Blooms: Remember
7-59
102. What is true about research on the relationship of virtuous leadership to organizational and
individual employee performance?
A. A long-standing tradition of research in this area has demonstrated a strong, positive

relationship between these variables.
B. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between these variables.
C. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between virtuous leadership
and organizational performance, but a negative relationship between virtuous leadership
and individual outcomes.
D. Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between virtuous leadership
and individual performance, but a negative relationship between virtuous leadership and
organizational outcomes.
E. No research has been conducted in this area.
Several studies done at the organizational level of analysis demonstrated that virtuous
leadership was related to outcomes like financial performance, customer satisfaction, positive
organizational climate, and subjective measures of organizational effectiveness over periods
of one to two years later. In contrast, a lack of virtuous leadership negatively affects individuals
and organizations alike.

Blooms: Remember
103. Well-being is the combined impact of all but one of the following. Which one?
A. Engagement
B. Relationships
C. Achievement
D. Meaning
E. Productivity

relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA).

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Flourishing
7-60
104. Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain:
A. REM sleep
B. PERMA
C. Mindfulness
D. PsyCap
E. Integrity
Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain PERMA.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Flourishing
105. Which of the following statements is true?
A. PERMA elements are positively related to good health, but are not related to work-related
outcomes such as organizational commitment and career satisfaction
B. Well-being is a single, unique concept that is related to happiness
C. Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity
and financial performance
D. Positive emotions "happen to people"; they cannot be pursued proactively
E. PERMA should be pursued as a means to obtain a better career
Flourishing is positively related to outcomes at both the group/team level-team performance-

and the organizational level-overall productivity and financial performance.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Flourishing
106. The concept of ________ is defined as a state of being completely involved in an activity for
its own sake.
A. Virtuousness
B. Flow
C. Well-being
D. Achievement
E. Flourishing
Flow is defined as the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.

Blooms: Remember
7-61
Topic: Employee engagement
107. The amount of perceived helpfulness derived from our relationships with others is known as:
A. Flow
B. Social support
C. Meaningfulness
D. Virtuousness
E. Flourishing
Social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships.

Blooms: Remember
108. Which of the following is not a form of social support?
A. Providing information that a person is accepted and respected

B. Providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services
C. Spending time discussing your own vision for yourself
D. Spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities
E. Providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems
We receive four types of social support from others: (1) Esteem support is providing
information that a person is accepted and respected despite any problems or inadequacies;
(2) Informational support is providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with
problems; (3) Social companionship is spending time with others in leisure and recreational
activities; (4) Instrumental support is providing financial aid, material resources, or needed
services.

Blooms: Understand
7-62
109. Therese and Kathy both work in the accounting department at ABC Company. They go out to
lunch, and Therese spends time telling Kathy how much she is valued by her co-workers and
their boss. Therese is performing:
C. Esteem support
Esteem support is providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any
problems or inadequacies.

Blooms: Apply
110. Jackson and Samuel both work for XYZ Company, in different departments. They discover a
common interest in classic cars, and on weekends often meet up at car shows. They are
probably providing _______ to each other.
C. Esteem support
Social companionship is spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities.

Blooms: Apply
7-63
111. John received a poor performance evaluation from his boss. On the weekend, he talks with his
neighbor Faisal about his situation. Faisal asks him questions about his work and the
evaluation, and as a result John develops a plan of action for improving his productivity. Faisal
has provided:
C. Esteem support
Informational support is providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems.

Blooms: Apply
112. Lee and Victor are good friends. Lee's laptop computer has become very slow and is not
working correctly, and he goes to Victor and asks for help. Victor downloads some anti-
malware software onto Lee's computer, and its performance improves. Victor has provided:
C. Esteem support
D. Social companionship
Instrumental support is providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services.

Blooms: Apply
7-64
113. ___________ is defined as belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than
yourself.
A. Virtuousness
B. Positive emotion
C. Meaningfulness
D. Social support
E. Achievement
Meaningfulness is defined as belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger
than the self.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Meaningfulness
Essay Questions
114. What is Positive OB? How does understanding this concept help managers?
Positive organizational behavior involves the study and application of positively oriented
human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed,
and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace. Identifying and
applying the many positive attributes of individuals, groups, and organizations is yet another
and especially powerful way of increasing your effectiveness, especially in the business
environment. In a recent study published in the Harvard Business Review, employees who
flourish-a key component of POB shown in Figure 7.1-reported 16 percent higher overall
performance, 125 percent less burnout, 32 percent more commitment to their employers, 46
percent more job satisfaction, and they miss less work. Positive OB emphasizes positive
emotion, mindfulness, psychological capital, organizational culture and climate to foster
flourishing and performance across all three levels of OB.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
7-65
115. Explain how does positivity (that is, positive OB) affects organizational outcomes.
Positive organizational behavior is expected to elevate positive outcomes across the

individual, group/team, and organizational levels. Positive organizational behavior operates via
three principle effects: amplifying, buffering, and positivity. In the amplifying effect, positive
practices have an amplifying or escalating effect on positive outcomes because of their
association with positive emotions and social capital. In the buffering effect, positive practices
buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and stressors. The positivity effect is the
attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from negative energy, or
toward that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting. These combined
generate positive outcomes.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Positive OB
116. What is "positive deviance"? Explain why this is an important concept for organizations.
Exceptionally positive means that inputs, processes, and outcomes are above and beyond
expectations, more than simply "making the grade." This is often referred to as positive
deviance. Spreitzer and Cameron from the University of Michigan describe positive deviance
as successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction. A recent
study published in the Harvard Business Review reported that employees who flourish-a key
component of POB shown in Figure 7.1-reported 16 percent higher overall performance, 125
percent less burnout, 32 percent more commitment to their employers, 46 percent more job
satisfaction, and the missed work less. Positive businesses do well and they do good. They do
well by being profitable and performing at a high level, but they also do good by making the
well-being of their employees and other stakeholders a priority. To elaborate, positive
organizations empower, support, and develop employees because leaders believe that doing
so is valuable in and of itself, in addition to meeting the expectations of shareholders.

Blooms: Understand
7-66
117. What is conscious capitalism? Describe the principles of a consciously capitalistic
organization.
Some companies integrate POB throughout every aspect of their organizations, such as those
that are known to practice conscious capitalism and incorporate four key principles: (1) Higher
purpose beyond profit maximization. (2) Stakeholder interdependence rather than
shareholder-centric. (3) Conscious leadership instead of "carrots and sticks." (4) Conscious
culture instead of bottom-line focused.

Blooms: Understand
118. What are "positive emotions," and how they are related to success? How can an individual
increase his or her positivity?
Positive emotions are relatively flexible individual differences and are important processes in
the Integrative Framework. Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites. Positive
emotions broaden your mindset, open you to consider new, different, if not better alternatives
when trying to solve a problem. Positive emotions are resources that fuel individual, group,
and organizational flourishing. Positive emotions help you build social, psychological, and
physical resources that support your efforts and effectiveness in all arenas of your life-school,
work, and family. Positive emotions also help combat negative emotions. Therefore, positive
emotions are processes that influence many of the outcomes in the Integrative Framework. To
increase positivity, create high-quality connections, cultivate kindness, develop distractions,
and dispute negative self-talk and thoughts.

Blooms: Apply
7-67
119. Explain this statement: "Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites." What should
be the ratio between an individual's positive and negative emotions?
Positive and negative emotions are not polar opposites. The emotional world is not simply
good versus bad. Negative emotions spur you to act in quite narrow or specific ways. Fear
may motivate you to flee and anger may motivate you to fight. Positive emotions in contrast
tend to broaden your mindset, open you to consider new, different, if not better alternatives
when trying to solve a problem. Negative emotions are limiting and positive emotions are
resources that fuel individual, group, and organizational flourishing. Positive emotions help you
build social, psychological, and physical resources that support your efforts and effectiveness
in all arenas of your life-school, work, and family. Positive emotions help combat negative
emotions. Therefore, positive emotions are processes that influence many of the outcomes in
the Integrative Framework.
Researchers agree that positive and negative experiences are not equivalent. This means that
you cannot simply remedy a negative experience with a positive. Instead, to flourish and
experience the benefits of POB you must have three, five, or more positive experiences for
every negative.

Blooms: Understand
120. Define the terms "mindfulness" and "mindlessness." What are the benefits of being mindful?
Give an example from your own life of a time when you have experienced each of these.
the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding experience moment by moment.
thoughtless. Four broad benefits of mindfulness are increased physical, mental, and
interpersonal effectiveness, more effective communications, more balanced emotions, and
personal effectiveness. Recent OB research revealed that mindfulness was significantly
related to several outcomes in the Integrative Framework. Specifically, mindfulness was
positively associated with task performance, job satisfaction, and decreased emotional
exhaustion. Students should give an example of both mindfulness and mindlessness.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Mindfulness
7-68
121. How can a person increase his or her level of mindfulness?
Mindfulness can be learned by using a variety of simple meditative techniques on a regular

basis. Two approaches that are easily learned are a breathing meditation and a walking
meditation. Mindfulness can be learned via practice, and the benefits are substantial.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Mindfulness
122. What is PsyCap? Identify what characteristics it is associated with, and briefly define each.
Positive psychological capital is known as PsyCap. The components of PsyCap are hope,
efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HERO). Hope is persevering toward goals and, when
necessary, redirecting paths to goals in order to succeed. Efficacy is having confidence to take
on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks. Resilience is, when beset
by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond to attain success.
Optimism is making a positive attribution about succeeding now and in the future.

Blooms: Understand
123. Describe what an optimist is. What function does optimism serve in our lives?
Optimists view successes as due to their personal, permanent, and pervasive causes, and
negative events to external, temporary, and situation-specific ones. Optimism is self-
inspiration-it is our mind's way of motivating us to move forward even if the future is uncertain.
It reduces stress.

Blooms: Understand
7-69
124. How can an individual develop his or her own psychological capital?
PsyCap is a form of capital that is valuable to develop. Try putting the following
recommendations into practice in order to develop your PsyCap:
• Hope development: Generate a work-related goal that is important, attainable, yet

challenging; create multiple plans for attaining the goal; share these with others to get their
feedback and recommendations.
• Efficacy development: Break your larger goal into smaller subgoals; create plans for
achieving subgoals and share them with others.
• Resilience development: Make a list of your talents, skills, and social networks; specify how
these can be used to help you achieve your goal; identify potential obstacles and determine
how to avoid or reduce their impact.
• Optimism development: Identify obstacles and negative expectations; check to see if they
are valid, and then have others challenge your assumptions.

Blooms: Understand
125. Define organizational climate. Identify and briefly define the organizational values that are
essential for promoting positive OB.

organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines. Three global values are essential
for promoting positive OB: (1) Restorative justice reflects a shared belief in the importance of
resolving conflict multilaterally through the inclusion of victims, offenders, and all other
stakeholders; (2) Compassion is a shared value that drives people to help others who are
suffering; (3) Temperance is a shared belief in showing restraint and control when faced with
temptation and provocation; it promotes self-control, humility and prudence.

Blooms: Understand
7-70
126. What is "virtuous leadership"? Name the components of virtuous leadership, and briefly
discuss each. What effects does virtuous leadership have on organizations?
Virtuousness represents what individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their
very best. The focus of virtuous leadership is to help individuals, groups, and organizations to
elevate, enrich, and flourish. Four components of virtuous leadership frequently discussed in
OB research are the "greater good," trust, integrity, and forgiveness. See Figure 7.3. Virtuous
leaders are more focused on the "greater good" than on self-interest. They tend to promote
trust by making sure that their words match their actions. Integrity, which reflects living a life
guided by morals and honesty, is surely going to foster positive OB. The final component of
virtuous leadership, forgiveness, is defined as the capacity to foster collective abandonment of
justified resentment, bitterness, and blame, and instead, it is the adoption of positive, forward-
looking approaches in response to harm or damage.
Several studies done at the organizational level of analysis demonstrated that virtuous
leadership was related to outcomes like financial performance, customer satisfaction, positive
organizational climate, and subjective measures of organizational effectiveness over periods
of one to two years later. In contrast, a lack of virtuous leadership negatively affects individuals
and organizations alike.

Blooms: Understand
127. What is "flourishing," and what is "well-being"? What do they result from? Briefly discuss each
of these elements, and describe an example from your own life.

relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA). Flourishing represents the extent to which
our lives contain PERMA. Positive emotions broaden your perspective about how to overcome
challenges in your life. Positive emotions also build on themselves. Engagement reflects the
extent to which you are physically, cognitively, and emotionally involved with an activity, task,
or project. Being engaged in something has been referred to as being in the "zone" or in a
state of "flow." Positive relationships are a strong contributor to our well-being. They buffer us
from stressors and provide resources that enable us to more effectively get things done.
Positive relationships fuel the giving and receiving of social support. Meaningfulness is defined
as belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than the self. Achievement
pertains to the extent to which you have a self-directed "achieving life." In other words, we
flourish when we pursue achievement for its own sake. Doing so fosters feelings of mastery,
which in turn enhances our self-esteem and self-efficacy. Students will give examples from
their own lives of the five components.

Blooms: Apply
Topic: Flourishing
7-71
128. Define the term "social support." Identify and briefly describe the types of social support. Give
an example of each from your own life.
Positive relationships fuel the giving and receiving of social support. Social support is the
amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships. One receives four types of
social support from others. Esteem support is providing information that a person is accepted
and respected despite any problems or inadequacies. Informational support is providing help
in defining, understanding, and coping with problems. Social companionship is spending time
with others in leisure and recreational activities. Instrumental support is providing financial aid,
material resources, or needed services. Students should give an example of each from their
own lives.

Blooms: Apply
7-72
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The Military Quarter, Merv 80
The Amu Daria Bridge 81
Near the Source of the Oxus 83
The Valley of the Oxus 83
Beside the Oxus 87
The Wakhan Valley 87
Type from Wakhan 89
Bridge over the Upper Oxus 90
Difficult Going 92
Village on the Lower Oxus 95
Petro Alexandrovsk 99
Native Church at Khiva 101
Temple on the Banks of the Oxus 103
The Shrine of Hazrat Ali 105
Village on the Middle Oxus 107
Street Scene, Andijan 110
A Notable Gathering 113
On the Central Asian Railway 115
School Children 118
Hindu Traders at Pendjeh 120
Native Water-Sellers 123
Khorassan Dervish 125
The Murghab Valley Railway 127
Native School 130
The Russian Cossack on the Afghan Border 131
Tamarisk Scrub in the River Valley 133
Bokharan Traders at Pendjeh 139
The Russo-Afghan Boundary 141
Meshed Traders at Pendjeh 143
Gandamak Bridge, where the Famous Treaty was signed 151
Plan of Herat 153
A Street Shrine 155
The Irak Gate 159
Herat Citadel 163
Kitchen in Native House 165
Household Utensils 167
A Caravansary Compound 170
Religious Festival on the Perso-Afghan Border 171
Afghan Post at Kala Panja 175
A Water Seller 177
Typical Street Scene 180
Crossing the Helmund River 183
Constructing the Quetta-Nushki Line 188
Plan of Kandahar 191
The Walls of Kandahar 195
Always a popular and central Meeting-place 199
Typical Street Scenes 207
Carrying Cotton to Market 210
Camel Bazaar, Nasratabad 212
Lakeside Dwellers 214
The Native Staff attached to the Mission 215
Officers of the McMahon Mission 217
Baluchistan Camel Corps 220
Baluchi Chiefs who accompanied Colonel McMahon 221
Gates at Nasratabad 224
The Walls at Nasratabad 225
Bazaar Scene, Nasratabad 227
Dâk Bungalow on the Nushki Route 236
Infantry with the Persian Commissioner 238
The Persian Commissioner 240
A Caravan of Pack-Ponies 242
Women pounding Grain 245
A Baluchi Shepherd 248
Elders from Wakhan 251
Kasi Khoda da of Ishkashim 261
Children from the Upper Oxus 265
A Mountain Village 268
Entrance to Amir’s Pavilion at Jelalabad 269
Tomb of the Emperor Baber near Kabul 272
Spinning Cotton 275
A Customs Station in the Plains 285
Abdur Rahman’s Memorial to the Soldiers who fell in the War of
1878-1880 287
Caravan of Wool and Cotton 288
Cotton Fields under Irrigation from the Amu Daria 299
Across the Passes 307
Typical Afghan Fortress 310
Picket of the Household Troops 313
Troop of Cavalry 315
Men of the Amir’s Bodyguard 317
Infantry in Parade State 319
Patrols of Household Troops 322
Infantry on the March 325
Miss Brown, Physician to the Amir’s Harem 342
Winter Palace of the Amir 348
Amir’s Summer Residence—Indikki Palace 351
Major Cleveland, I.M.S. Physician to the Amir of Afghanistan 354
Mrs. Cleveland 355
His Highness Prince Nasr Ulla Khan 361
The Amir’s Bodyguard 363
His Highness Habib Ullah, Amir of Afghanistan 367
A Proclamation 370
Major Cleveland’s Residence at Kabul 375
The famous Cage on the Summit of the Lataband Pass 376
Weighing Wood in the Bazaar 377
Playground of Amir’s School, Kabul 381
Afghan Women 383
A Saint’s Tomb 385
The Bala Hissar Kabul 389
Remains of the Roberts Bastion at Shirpur 393
Bazaar Children 398
In the Khyber Pass 400
Abdur Rahman’s Palace at Jelalabad 404
The Road to Lundi Khana, Khyber Pass 412
Ali Masjid Fort 420
Jamrud Fort 426
Jamrud Fort 428
Caravansary at Dakka 430
Grounds of Palace occupied by the Dane Mission 437
Takht-i-Rawan 447
Festival in Honour of the Dane Mission 453
Scene of the Audiences between Habib Ullah and Sir Louis Dane 455
Escort outside the Gate of the Quarters occupied by the Dane
Mission 457
The Walls of Bokhara 458
Map of Afghanistan At end
market-cart, orenburg
CHAPTER I
THE ORENBURG-TASHKENT RAILWAY

By a coincidence of singular interest in Central Asian affairs the
completion of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway occurred
simultaneously with the evacuation of Lhassa by the troops of the
Tibetan Mission, the two events measuring in a manner the
character of the policies pursued by the respective Governments of
Great Britain and Russia in Mid-Asia. Moreover, if consideration be
given to them and the relation of each to contemporary affairs
appreciated, it becomes no longer possible to question the causes
which have determined the superior position now held in Asia by our
great opponent. If this situation were the result of some sudden
cataclysm of nature by which Russia had been violently projected
from her territories in Europe across the lone wastes of the Kirghiz
steppe into and beyond the region of the Pamirs or over the desert
sands of the Kara Kum to the southern valleys of the Murghab river,
our periodic lament at the mastery of Central Asia by Russia would
be more comprehensible. But, unfortunately, the forward advance of
Russia to the borders of Persia, along the frontiers of Afghanistan to
the north-eastern slopes of the Hindu Kush, has been gradual; so
gradual indeed that as each successive step became accomplished
we have had time to register recognition of the fact in bursts of
indignant chatter, accompanied as is not unusual with us by a frothy
clamour of empty threats. Unluckily noisy outcry has been mistaken
for action; but from the moment when Russia first moved into Trans-
Caspian territory there appears to have been nothing but vague
realisation of the acute possibilities with which the situation in
Central Asia from that hour became impressed. As time passed and
the several phases vanished our indifference and supineness have
increased, until no chapter in the history of our Imperial affairs offers
more melancholy reading than that which deals with the period
covering the “peaceful” penetration of Asia by Russia.
In order to secure sufficient momentum for her descent railways
were needed; and, while the line so lately completed between
Orenburg and Tashkent is a more material factor in the situation than
hitherto has been recognised, the laying of the permanent way
between Samarkand and Termes, Askhabad and Meshed,
approximately gauges the duration of the interval separating Russia
from the day when she will have rounded off her position in Mid-Asia.
Just now, therefore, and for ten years to come, strategic
requirements should alone be permitted to influence the
arrangement of our policy in High Asia. Commercial developments
within the vexed sphere of the Russian and British territories in this
region should be regulated by circumstances which, actually inherent
in our Asiatic position, have been too long ignored. No question of
sentiment, no considerations of trade influenced the creation of
railway communication between Orenburg and Tashkent, the
construction of the Murghab Valley line or the extension of the Trans-
Caspian system from Samarkand to Osh. Strategy, steely and
calculating, required Mid-Russia to be linked with Mid-Asia, the
irresistible expansion of empire following not so much the line of
least resistance as the direction from which it would be placed in
position for the next move. Continents have been crossed, kingdoms
annihilated and provinces absorbed by Russia in her steady, inimical
progression towards the heart of Central Asia; until there is nothing
so important nor so intimately associated with our position in
Afghanistan to-day as the intricate perplexities which have emanated
from this untoward approach. From time to time attempts have been
made to effect an adjustment of the points at issue. The result has
been unsatisfactory since the patchwork application of pen and
paper has come, as a rule, in response to some accomplished coup
upon the part of our astute opponent. Indeed, there is nothing in the
result of any of these compromises which can be said to do credit to
our knowledge of the existing situation. Indifference, coupled with a
really lamentable ignorance, distinguishes the conditions, if not the
atmosphere, under which these rectifications of frontier and
modifications of clauses in previously accepted treaties have been
carried out. But now that we have witnessed the joining of the rails
between Orenburg and Tashkent let us put an end to our absurd
philandering; and, appraising properly the true position of affairs, let
us be content to regard all further extension of the Russian railway
system in Mid-Asia as the climax of the situation. To do this we must
understand the points at issue; and to-day in Central Asia there are
many causes which of themselves are sufficient to direct attention to
them.
tomb in the market-place, samarkand
Years have passed since the delimitation of the Russo-Afghan

frontier and the definition of the Anglo-Russian spheres of influence
in the Pamirs were made. In the interval, beginning with the
acceptance of the findings of the Pamir Boundary Commission of
1896, Russia ostensibly has been engaged in evolving an especial
position for herself in North China and providing railway
communication between Port Arthur, Vladivostock and St.
Petersburg. In this direction, too, war has intervened, coming as the
culminating stroke to the policy of bold aggression and niggardly
compromise which distinguished the diplomatic activities of Russia in
Manchuria. Yet throughout these ten years the energies of Russia in
Mid-Asia have not been dormant. Inaction ill becomes the Colossus
of the North and schemes, which were en l’air in 1896, have been
pushed to completion, others of equal enterprise taking their place.
Roads now thread the high valleys of the Pamirs; forts crown the
ranges and the military occupation of the region is established.
Similarly, means of access between the interior of the Bokharan
dominions and the Oxus have been formed; caravan routes have
been converted into trunk roads and the services of the camel, as a
mode of transport, have been supplemented by the waggons of the
railway and military authorities.
The great importance attaching to the Orenburg-Tashkent railway
and its especial significance at this moment will be appreciated more
thoroughly when it is understood that hitherto the work of maintaining
touch between European Russia and the military establishment of
Russian Turkestan devolved upon a flotilla of fourteen steamers in
the Caspian sea—an uncertain, treacherous water at best—and the
long, circuitous railway route viâ Moscow and the Caucasus. This
necessitated a break of twenty hours for the sea-passage between
Baku and Krasnovodsk before connection with the Trans-Caspian
railway could be secured. The military forces in Askhabad, Merv,
Osh and Tashkent—including, one might add, the whole region lying
between the south-eastern slopes of the Pamirs, Chinese Turkestan,
the Russo-Afghan and the Russo-Persian frontiers—embracing the
several Turkestan Army Corps, were dependent upon a single and
interrupted line. Now, however, under the provision of this
supplementary and more direct Orenburg-Tashkent route the entire
military situation in Central Asia has been dislocated in favour of
whatever future disposition Russia may see fit to adopt. All the great
depôts of Southern and Central Russia—Odessa, Simpheropol,
Kieff, Kharkoff and Moscow, in addition to the Caucasian bases as a
possible reserve of reinforcements—are placed henceforth in
immediate contact with Merv and Tashkent, this latter place at once
becoming the principal military centre in these regions. Similarly,
equal improvement will be manifested in the position along the
Persian and Afghan borders, to which easy approach is now
obtained over the metals of this new work and for which those
military stations—Askhabad, Merv, Samarkand—standing upon the
Trans-Caspian railway, and Osh, now serve as a line of advanced
bases. It is, therefore, essential to consider in detail this fresh state
of affairs; and as knowledge of the Orenburg-Tashkent railway is
necessary to the proper understanding of the position of
Afghanistan, the following study of that kingdom is prefaced with a
complete description of the Orenburg-Tashkent work, together with
the remaining sections of railway communication between Orenburg
and Kushkinski Post.
palace of the governor, baku
The journey between St. Petersburg and Orenburg covers 1230

miles and between Orenburg and Tashkent 1174 miles, the latter line
having taken almost four years to lay. Work began on the northern
section in the autumn of 1900 and many miles of permanent way
had been constructed before, in the autumn of 1901, a start was
made from the south. The two sections were united in September of
1904; but the northern was not opened to general traffic until July,
nor the southern before November, 1905. Prior to the railway
communications were maintained by means of tarantass along the
post-road, which led from Aktiubinsk across the Kirghiz steppes viâ
Orsk to Irghiz and thence through Kazalinsk to Perovski, where the
road passed through Turkestan to run viâ Chimkent to Tashkent—a
journey of nineteen days. In addition to the galloping patyorka and
troika—teams of five and three horses respectively—which were
wont to draw the vehicles along the post-road and the more
lumbering Bactrian camels, harnessed three abreast and used in the
stages across the Kara Kum, long, picturesque processions of
camels, bound for Orenburg and carrying cotton and wool from Osh
and Andijan, silks from Samarkand and Khiva, tapestries from
Khokand, lambs’-wool, skins and carpets from Bokhara and dried
fruits from Tashkent, annually passed between Tashkent and
Orenburg from June to November.
the picturesque camel
Of late years, the Trans-Caspian railway, begun by Skobeleff in

1880 and gradually carried forward by Annenkoff to Samarkand, has
supplanted the once flourishing traffic of the post-road, along which
the passing of the mails is now the sole movement. The new railway,
too, is destined to eliminate even these few links with the past,
although in the end it may revive the prosperity of the towns which
through lack of the former trade have shrunk in size and diminished
in importance. The line does not exactly follow the postal route; but
from Orenburg, which is the terminus of the railway from Samara on
the Trans-Siberian system, it crosses the Ural river to Iletsk on the
Ilek, a tributary of the Ural. From Iletsk the metals run viâ Aktiubinsk
and Kazalinsk along the Syr Daria valley viâ Perovski to Turkestan
and thence to the terminus at Tashkent.
the shir dar medresse, samarkand
Originally one of three suggested routes the Orenburg-Tashkent

road was the more desirable because the more direct. Alternative
schemes in favour of connecting the Trans-Siberian with the Central
Asian railway on one hand and the Saratoff-Uralsk railway with the
Central Asian railway on the other were submitted to the commission
appointed to select the route. Prudence and sentiment, as well as
the absence of any physical difficulties in the way of prompt
construction, tempered the resolution of the tribunal in favour of the
old post-track. It was begun at once and pushed to completion within
four years—a feat impossible to accomplish in the case of either of
the two rival schemes. The former of these, costly, elaborate and
ambitious, sought to connect Tashkent with Semipalatinsk, the head
of the steamboat service on the Irtish river, 2000 miles away, viâ
Aulie-ata, Verni and Kopal. Passing between the two lakes Issyk and
Balkash alternative routes were suggested for its direction from
Semipalatinsk: the one securing a connection with the Trans-
Siberian system at Omsk, the other seeking to pass along the post-
road to Barnaul, terminating at Obi where the Trans-Siberian railway
bridges the Obi river. The supporters of the scheme, which aimed at
uniting the Saratoff-Uralsk railway with the Central Asian railway,
proposed to carry the line beyond Uralsk to Kungrad, a fishing village
in close proximity to the efflux of the Amu Daria and the Aral sea.
From Kungrad, passing east of Khiva, the line would have traversed
the Black Sands following a straight line and breaking into the
Central Asian system at Charjui, opposite which, at Farab, a line to
Termes viâ Kelif has been projected; and where, too, an iron girder
bridge, resting on nineteen granite piers, spans the Amu Daria. It is
useless at this date to weigh the balance between the several
schemes; one of which, the Orenburg-Tashkent route, has become
an accomplished fact to provide, doubtless in the near future, matter
for immediate concern.
From Orenburg, of which the population is 80,000, the line 4
versts[1] from the station crosses the Ural river by an iron bridge, 160
sagenes[2] in length, running from there south to Iletsk, formerly the
fortress Iletskaya Zashchita and at present a sub-district town of the
Orenburg government with a population of 12,000.
on the road in asia
From Iletsk a short branch line, rather more than three versts in
length, proceeds to the Iletsk salt mines. Running eastwards and
crossing the Ilek river from the right to the left bank by an iron bridge
105 sagenes in length it reaches Aktiubinsk, a district town in Turhai
province. At this stage the railway traverses the main watershed of
the Ural, Temir, Kubele and Embi rivers, arriving at the Kum Asu
pass across the Mugodjarski range. The passage of the line through
the mountains, extending 26 versts and a veritable triumph of
engineering, imposed a severe test upon the constructive ability of
the railway staff. Beyond the range the line turns southward following
the valleys of the Bolshoi, Mali Karagandi and Kuljur rivers until, 600
versts from Orenburg, it arrives at Lake Tchelkar. The line now runs
across the Bolshiye and Maliye Barsuki sands, where there is
abundance of underground fresh water, to the northern extremity of
the Sari Tchegonak inlet on the Aral sea, where it descends to sea-
level moving along the north-eastern shore. The military depôt at
Kazalinsk—sometimes called Fort No. 1—now approaches. This
point founded in 1854 has lost its exclusive military character,
ranking merely among the district centres of the Syr Daria province.
Thirty-six versts from Kazalinsk, at the next station Mai Libash
situated in a locality quite suitable for colonisation, a branch line, 4
versts in length, links up the important waterway of the Syr Daria
with the Orenburg-Tashkent system, extending the facilities of the
railway to shipping which may be delayed through stress of bad
weather in the gulf or through inadequacy of the draught over the bar
at the mouth of the river.
The main line keeps to the Syr Daria, running through the steppe
along the post-road to Karmakchi or Fort No. 2. On leaving
Karmakchi it diverges from the post-road to wind round a succession
of lakes and marshes which lie at a distance of 50 versts from the
river. The railway continuing its original direction now runs along the
basins of the Syr Daria and the Karauzyak, a tributary which it
crosses twice by small bridges, each constructed with two spans 60
sagenes in length. The character of the country from Karmakchi to
Perovski, a distance of 138 versts, differs considerably from the
region preceding it. The low-lying ground, broken by swamps, is
everywhere covered with a thick overgrowth of reeds; while the more
elevated parts, watered by ariks, are devoted to the cultivation of
crops. The town of Perovski is situated in flat country 1½ versts from
the station. From there to Djulek the line returns to the post-road and
some distance from the Syr Daria passes between the river and the
Ber Kazan lakes to Ber Kazan. At Djulek, the name being adopted
from a small adjacent hamlet, it diverges from the post-road to run
direct to the village of Skobelevski, one of those curious peasant
settlements which located in the uttermost parts of Central Asia
preserve in their smallest detail every characteristic of remote
Russia. At such a place life savours so strongly of the middle ages
that one scarcely heeds the purely modern significance which
attaches to the Iron Horse.
Barely 30 versts from Skobelevski and situated close to the Syr
Daria there is the station of Tumen Arik, which gives place to
Turkestan, beyond which for 120 versts the line runs parallel with the
post-road. The station is 2½ versts to the north of the town of
Turkestan, one of the most important towns in the Syr Daria province
and only 40 versts from the Syr Daria. The next station Ikan is
associated with the conquest of Turkestan, a famous battle having
been fought about the scene where the station buildings now stand.
Twenty versts to the north of the station, close to the post-road, there
is a memorial to Ural Cossacks who fell during the fight. Otrar the
following station is identified with the tradition, derived from the
existence of an enormous mound standing amid the ruins of the old-
time city of Otrar, that Timur when his army crossed the Syr Daria
ordered each of his soldiers to throw a handful of earth upon the
ground at the point where the river was crossed in safety. Beyond
Otrar the line runs along the right bank of the Aris river, crossing it at
1570 versts from Orenburg by a bridge of 90 sagenes in three spans
of 30 sagenes each. Aris station is placed further along the river
bank at a point where at some future date branch lines between it
and the town of Verni, as well as to a junction with the Trans-Siberian
system, will be laid. After leaving it the railway, still ascending,
ultimately crosses the pass of Sari Agatch in the Kizi Kurt range, 267
sagenes above the sea.
The descent from the pass leads to Djilgi valley where the line
crosses three bridges; passing over the Keless river by a single span
bridge of 25 sagenes, over the Bos-su arik by a bridge of 18
sagenes, and over the Salar river by a bridge of 12 sagenes.
Seventy-two versts further the line runs into its terminus at Tashkent
which is now classed as a station of the first degree, although
commercially it stands only sixth among the stations of the Central
Asian railway ranking with Andijan and yielding priority of place to
Krasnovodsk, Samarkand, Khokand, Askhabad and Bokhara. It is
proposed at Tashkent, which lies 1762 versts from Orenburg, 1747
versts from Krasnovodsk and 905 versts from Merv and where it is
evident that the needs of the railway have been carefully studied, to
double the track between Orenburg and Tashkent. Large stocks of
spare rails and railway plant are held in reserve in sheds, one
important feature of this very efficient preparation being the
possession of 20 versts of light military railway. The erection of
engine-sheds, waggon-sheds, workshops, supply stores and
quarters for the staff has followed a most elaborate scale, these
buildings being arranged in three groups around the station. The
railway medical staff and the subordinate traffic and traction officials
occupy the first; the chiefs of the traffic, telegraph and traction
departments are in possession of the second; the remaining
employés securing accommodation in the third set of buildings
placed at the end of the Station Square. Along the opposite face are
the spacious workshops where between five and six hundred men
find daily employment; in juxtaposition with the general depôt are the
railway hospital, where there is accommodation for 10 beds, the
main supply stores and a naphtha reservoir with a capacity of 50,000
poods.[3]
The country in the neighbourhood of Tashkent as seen from the
railway presents the picture of a bountiful oasis. For 20 versts there
is no interruption to a scene of wonderful fertility. Market gardens,
smiling vineyards and fruitful orchards, not to mention cotton-fields
and corn-lands, cover the landscape. This abundance in a measure
is due to careful irrigation and to the excellent system of conserving
water which has been introduced. In support of this 113 specific
works have been completed, each of which—and the giant total
includes water-pipes by the mile and innumerable aqueducts—was a
component part of that scheme of irrigation by which life in Central
Asia alone can be made possible.
Although work upon the Orenburg-Tashkent line began in 1900
immediately after the completion of the original survey, wherever
more careful examination has shown an advantage to be possible
alterations have been made. The cost of construction, estimated at
70,000 roubles[4] per verst, has been materially lessened by these
means—a reduction of 24 versts equally divided between the
Orenburg and Kazalinsk, Kazalinsk and Tashkent sections having
been effected. By comparison with the old post-road the railway is
much the shorter of the two lines of communication, the advantage in
its favour amounting to 134 versts on one section of the road alone;
the actual length between Tashkent and Kazalinsk being by post-
road 953¼ versts and by railway 819¼.
In its local administration the railway is divided into four sections:
No. 1. From Orenburg to the Mugodjarski mountains about 400
versts.
No. 2. From Mugodjarski mountains to the sands of Bolshiye
Barsuki, 400 to 560 versts.
No. 3. From the sands of Bolshiye Barsuki to Kazalinsk, 560 to
845 versts.
No. 4. From Kazalinsk to Tashkent, 845 to 1762 versts.
In the northern section the line is supplied everywhere with fresh
water—in the first instance from the Ural river and then by the
smaller rivers Donguz, Elshanka, Ilek, Kulden, Kubele, Temir and
Embi; Koss lake and finally from wells.
Here are the Iletsk mines, famous for their rock salt. They
despatch annually to Orenburg more than 1,500,000 poods of salt.
The deposits cover a field 4 versts in extent with an unvarying
thickness of more than 85 sagenes. The section now in working
contains 100 milliard poods of salt. The annual yield may be
reckoned at 7,000,000 poods. At the present time considerably less
than this output is obtained, the high freight charges upon land-
carried goods and the insufficiency of the labour available being
responsible for the disproportion.
In another direction the Iletsk district is of importance; the
veterinary station Temir Utkul, through which pass large herds of
cattle on their way to Orenburg from the Ural province, having been
established there. In the course of the year many thousands of cattle
are examined by the surgeons of the Veterinary Board—the
existence of the numerous cattle-sheds and the constant arrival of
the droves adding to the noise and bustle of Iletsk, if not exactly
increasing its gaiety. Further on, in the Aktiubinsk district of the
Turgai province and along the whole valley of the Ilek river, where
much of the land is under cultivation, wide belts are given over to the
pasturage of these travelling mobs of cattle. Upon both banks of the
river, too, there are Kirghiz villages. The area of the Aktiubinsk
district is:
Area. Population.
40,000 sq. versts 120,000
From an agricultural point of view this locality, on account of its

paucity of population and fertile soil, is regarded with high favour by
the immigration authorities. In the town of Aktiubinsk itself there is a
yearly market of cattle, corn, manufactures and agricultural
implements. This as a rule returns a quarter of a million roubles. Now
that the railway has been completed and opened to passenger and
commercial traffic, it is expected that it will give an immediate
impetus to this region and that it will be possible to carry out a more
careful examination of its mining resources, of which at the present
time there are only indications. Copper has been traced along the
Burt, Burl, Khabd and Kutchuk Sai rivers; deposits of coal have been
found near the Maloi Khabd, Teress Butak and Yakshi Kargach
rivers; iron has been located by the Burt river and naphtha on the
Djus river; while there is reason to believe that gold exists in the
vicinity.
On the second section, the line derives its water from springs in
the Djaksi mountains, the basin of the Kuljur river, the Khoja and
Tchelkar lakes. It abounds with Kirghiz villages but minerals do not
play an important part in it. A few seams of coal are believed to exist
in the ravine of the Alabass stream; and there are lodestone mines in
the Djaman mountains and in the Kin Asu defile. Cattle-farming is
more remunerative to the local settlers than cereal production; as a
consequence there is very little cultivation. The district, which is 160
versts in length, occupies:
Area. Population.
127,300 sq. versts 85,000
On the third section, which extends from the sands of Bolshiye

Barsuki to Kazalinsk covering an area of 285 versts, the water-
supply is obtained at first from shallow surface wells; but 45 versts
from Kazalinsk the railway enters the Syr Daria valley, where water
is abundant. The southern areas of this belt alone possess any
commercial importance, owing to Kirghiz from the northern part of
the Irgiz district who, to the number of some 10,000 kibitkas, winter
there. The northern part is largely the continuation of a sparse
steppe. The Kazalinsk district, beyond which the Orenburg-Tashkent
railway enters Turkestan, is one of the least important divisions of
the Syr Daria province. It embraces:
Area. Population.
59,550 sq. versts 140,598
Around Kazalinsk itself, however, there has been but little

agricultural activity. In the main, development is confined to the fertile
Agerskski valley and along the Kuban Daria, a tributary of the Syr
Daria. The return is meagre and the population has not sufficient
corn for its own needs. Large quantities of grain are annually
imported into the neighbourhood from the Amu Daria district by boat
across the Aral sea or by camel caravan. Railway traffic in this
section nevertheless will not rely upon the carriage of cereal
produce—live stock, which until the advent of the railway was sent to
Orenburg by boat along the Syr Daria and then by caravan-road to
the city, representing the prospective return which the district will
bring to the line. The population is composed of:
Males. Females. Total.
4478 4002 8480
Orthodox Russians 2205

Dissenters 1165
Jews 115
Mahommedans 4995
In the town there are:

Private houses 578
Orthodox church 1
Synagogue 1
Mosques 2
Schools 4
Native universities 2
The revenue of Kazalinsk is 21,880 roubles. The town contains
the residences of a district governor and an inspector of fisheries,
together with district military headquarters, the administrative offices
of the treasury and the district court, besides a district hospital and a
public library. There are no hotels. In early days in the conquest of
Turkestan, when the Kazalinsk road served as the only line of
communication with European Russia, the town became a busy mart
for Orenburg, Tashkent, Khiva and Bokhara; even now the Kirghiz in
the district possess 770,000 head of cattle. Trade was obliterated by
the advent of the Central Asian railway; but it is hoped that now the
Orenburg-Tashkent line has been opened to traffic it may revive.
The village of Karmakchi which is situated on the banks of the Syr
Daria is another point in this district. It boasts only a small
population, in all some 300 odd, an Orthodox church, post and
telegraph office, two schools, hospital and military base office.
Importance attaches to the post as it is upon the high road along
which is conducted the winter trek of the Kirghiz.
The value of the annual export trade of the region is:
Exports.
Poods. Roubles.
Wool
Sheep ⎫
} 200,000
Camel ⎪
2,000,000
Hides 150,000 ⎬
Lard 150,000 ⎭
Cattle 400,000
The value of the annual import trade amounts to:

Imports.
Merchandise. Value.
110,000 poods 1,800,000 roubles.
With the opening of the line to traffic the transportation of fish by

the railway has shown a tendency to increase. It is believed that the
development of the fishing industry throughout the Aral basin is only
a matter of time. At present the yearly catch of fish there reaches a

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Positive Organizational Behavior

True / False Questions

1. POB stands for Productive Organizational Behavior.

2. Positive organizational behavior is a purposefully positive approach to managing the behavior of

3. In a POB scenario, an organization measures its success by its accumulation of wealth.

12. Positive deviance is an extreme form of mental illness.

13. Organizations should work to discourage positive deviance in the workplace.

17. One of the principles of conscious capitalism is to be shareholder-centric.

19. Positive emotions are the opposite of negative emotions.

21. Pride is a positive emotion.

22. Negative emotions have no value and should be minimized.

24. Mindfulness is awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose.

26. Attentional hyperactivity is the inability to focus vividly on an object.

28. Fantasizing is a form of attentional hyperactivity.

29. Mindfulness can be learned.

33. Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation; it influences how we perceive

34. Optimists are unrealistically positive about future events.

39. Temperance is a shared belief in helping others who are suffering.

42. One of the components of virtuous leadership is participativeness.

Multiple Choice Questions

A. Single-minded focus on winning

A. Single-minded focus on winning

51. One of the inputs of positive OB is:

A. Mindful acts of kindness

A. Organizational citizenship behavior

A. Allow employees to make decisions

59. Which of the following is not a key principle of conscious capitalism?

A. Leadership that does not use "carrots and sticks"

60. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Positive and negative emotions are polar opposites

66. Of the following, which is the most frequently experienced?

67. Of the following, which is the least frequently experienced?

A. Stronger social relationships

A. We should try to eliminate all our negative emotions

70. A state of reduced attention, expressed in behavior that is rigid, is called:

A. Mindfulness pertains to our inner world of thinking and feeling

76. Which of the following is not a benefit of mindfulness?

A. Hope, extraversion, resilience, and optimism

82. The characteristic of PsyCap that consists of having confidence is:

87. Hope equals:

A. Faith and charity

90. Self-efficacy is a component of:

91. To develop hope, a person should:

A. Break a large goal into smaller sub-goals

92. ____________ is defined as employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational

A. Hope, optimism, and resilience

96. Compassion is:

100.Which of the following is not a component of virtuous leadership?

A. Focus on the greater good

A. A long-standing tradition of research in this area has demonstrated a strong, positive

104.Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain:

105.Which of the following statements is true?

108.Which of the following is not a form of social support?