Ahmad Physics-2

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project is the result of my own investigations, except where
otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently
submitted as a whole for any other degree at the Sokoto State University or other
institutions.
Name: ……………………………………………………
Sign: ……………………………………………………
Date: ……………………………………………………
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project has been read, approved and accepted as meeting the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Physics in the
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sokoto State University.
Malam Usman Abubakar Sign/Date

(Project Supervisor)
Prof. GM Argungu Sign/Date

(Head of Department)
Prof. A.O. Musa Sign/Date

External Examiner
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to God Almighty the giver of knowledge and giving me the
starting and the finishing grace in my academic career. I also dedicate this work to my
beloved Father Alhaji Musa Aliyu, and also, to my mother Hauwau Musa for their
support to ensure that I complete this research work successfully. Furthermore, I
extend my dedication to my beloved parents, who have served as an endless source of
inspiration throughout my life journey. In moments when I felt like giving up, they
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have been my pillars of strength, providing unwavering moral, spiritual, emotional,
and financial support. Their love and encouragement have been instrumental in
shaping my path. I would also like to acknowledge and dedicate this project to my
brothers, sisters, relatives, mentors, friends, course mates, and loved ones. Their
words of advice, wisdom, and encouragement have been invaluable, propelling me
forward and enabling me to complete this study with utmost dedication. To all those
who have played a part in this project, be it through their support, guidance, or simply
their presence, I express my deepest appreciation and dedicate this work to every one
of you. Together, we have made this achievement possible, and I am forever grateful
for your contributions.
ACKNOWLEGMENT
I wish to acknowledge and thank everyone who contributed one way or the other
towards the success of this work. My special thanks goes to my supervisor Malam
Usman Abubakar for his numerous contribution and effort to make this research a
success. Also my beloved parents Alhaji Musa Aliyu and Hauwa’u Musa for giving
me the great opportunity. I want to say a big thanks to my best friends, Isah Sani and
Yushau Musa for their support and love. My siblings and friends for their
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encouragement and advice, i wish to acknowledge their effect.
Table of Contents
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………..….
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………i
Certification…………………………………………………………………………..ii
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………….iii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………iv
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………...v
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List of Figure………………………………………………………………………...vii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………..viii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Background of the Project…………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….1
1.3 Aims And Objectives………………………………………………………………2
1.4 Significance of the Project………………………………………………………...3
1.5 Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………………....3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………….…4
2.1 Definition of Battery………………………………………………………………4
2.1.1 Electrochemical Battery…………………………………………………………4
2.1.2 Types of Battery…………………………………………………………………4
2.1.3 Primary Cell And Secondary Cell………………………………………………5
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………..………7
3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………..………7
3.2 Materials Used………………………………………………………….…………7
3.3 Method for Potato…………………………………………………………………8
3.4 Method for Tomato………………………………………………………………..9
3.5 Method for Banana…………………………………………………………..…...11
3.5 Method for Lemon…………………………………………………….………....12
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS……………………………………………………………….………..11
4.1 Results for Potato……………………………………………………….………..11
4.2 Results for Tomato……………………………………………………….………13
4.3 Results for Banana……………………………………………………………….15
4.4 Results for Lemon………………………………………………………………..17
4.5 Discussion…………………………………………………………………….….27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary………………………………………………………………………....29
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….29
5.3 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………30
6.0 References…………………………………………………………………….….31
7.0 Appendix………………………………………………………………………....32
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 3.1 Potato connected in parallel………………………………………….…9
Figure 3.2 potato connected in series………………………………………………9
Figure 3.3 Tomato connected in series…………………………………………….10
Figure 3.4 Tomato connected in parallel………………………………………..…11
Figure 3.5 Banana connected in series……………………………………….…....12
Figure 3.6 Banana connected in parallel……………………………………….….12
Figure 3.7 Lemon connected in parallel…………………………………………...13
Figure 3.8 Lemon connected in series……………………………………………..13
Figure 4.1 Time and voltage measuring for potatoes in series and parallel………..23
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Figure 4.2 Time and voltage measuring for tomato in series and parallel…………24
Figure 4.3 Time and voltage measuring for banana in series and parallel…………26
Figure 4.4 Time and voltage measuring for lemon in series and parallel………….27
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Contains results of Potato in series…………………………….……14
Table 4.2 Contains results of Potato in parallel………………………….……..15
Table 4.3 Contains results of Tomato in series………………………….……..16
Table 4.4 Contains results of Tomato in parallel………………………..……..17
Table 4.5 Contains results of Banana in series…………………………..…….18
Table 4.6 Contains results of Banana in parallel……………………….………19
Table 4.7 Contains results of Lemon in series…………………………...…….20
Table 4.8 Contains results of Lemon in parallel……………………….…….…21
Table 4.9 Time measuring for potato in series……………………….………...22
Table 4.10 Time measuring for potato in parallel……………………………...22
Table 4.11 Time measuring for Tomato in series………………………………23
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Table 4.12 Time measuring for Tomato in parallel…………………………….24
Table 4.13 Time measuring for Banana in series……………………………....25
Table 4.14 Time measuring for Banana in parallel…………………………….25
Table 4.15 Time measuring for Lemon in series……………………………....26
Table 4.16 Time measuring for Lemon in parallel………………………….....27
ABTRACT
Fruit battery is a simple experiment using physical objects in daily life. The article
studies the types of fruits, the types of electrodes, the depth of electrode insertion, the
distance between electrodes and the different states of fruits. In this science fair
project, construct batteries from various fruits and test them to see which one will
produce the most electric current. Then, determine if it would be practical to use fruit
as a natural source for generating electricity. The source of electric energy in this
demonstration is the combination of copper and zinc strips in the citric acid of the
lemon. The citric acid of the lemon reacts with the zinc and loosens electrons. By
using acidic fruits, we can demonstrate the transformation of a chemical reaction into
an electrical reaction. Using the lemon, Cu, and Zn Plates, we can observe oxidation
and reduction (i.e. redox reaction) reactions, which means redox. After conclusion on
of my experiment my result and data show that lemon battery better than others fruit
and vegetables in terms of voltage and storing charge. After connected in series and
parallel similarly, because lemon contains more citric acid and potassium ions than
others fruit and vegetables.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Batteries are containers that store energy, which can be used to make electricity
(Crompton, 2000). This method of storing energy allows us to make portable
electronic devices (imagine what a pain it would be if everything had to be plugged
into a wall outlet to work!). There are many different types of batteries, but they all
depend on some sort of chemical reaction to generate electricity. The chemical
reaction typically occurs between two pieces of metal, called electrodes, and a liquid
or paste, called an electrolyte. It turns out that the moisture inside a potato works
pretty well as an electrolyte, (Michael. F, 1867). So you just need to add some metal
electrodes to a potato, and you have a battery.
Making a battery one need to understand some basic concepts of electricity (Petrovic,
2020). The flow of electricity is called an electrical current, which is measured in a
unit called amperes (A). Voltage, measured in volts (V) is what pushes electrical
current through wires. Finally, electrical resistance, measured in ohms (Ω). A common
analogy for electricity is to imagine water flowing through a pipe. The amount of
water flowing is like the current. The pressure pushing the water is like the voltage.
The resistance is like the size of the pipe—it is harder to squeeze a lot of water
quickly through a very tiny pipe than through a big pipe (Borvon, 2012).
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Batteries pollute the lakes and streams as the metals vaporize into the air when
burned. They can contribute to heavy metals that potentially may leach from solid
waste landfills. They expose the environment and water to lead and acid. They contain
strong corrosive acids which cause burns or danger to eyes and skin. In landfills,
heavy metals have the potential to leach slowly into soil, ground water or surface
water.
Dry cell batteries contribute about 88% of the total mercury and 50% of the cadmium
in the municipal solid waste stream ( Pauling, 1988). In the past, batteries accounted
for nearly half of the mercury and over half of the mercury and cadmium in the
municipal solid waste stream. When burned, some heavy metals such as mercury may
vaporize and escape into the air, and cadmium and lead may end up in the ash (Winie
et al., 2020).
Safety is the main reason manganese is used in lithium-ion batteries. Because of its
increased energy density properties and reputation for stability, manganese is known
to increase capacity and improve driving range.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to use varieties of crop to construct a simple battery. The
following objects to achieve are
1. To construct the battery using Potato, Lemon, Tomatoes and Banana to
produce light.
2. To understand the working principles of fruit/vegetable battery and it power

output.
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3. Explain how the voltage of fruit/vegetable batteries change when connected
them in series and parallel
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

The significant of this research is to using crops electrochemical reaction to act as a
battery by converting chemical energy into electrical energy to power the light
emitted diode (LED). This can reduce waste and chemical hazard and provide clean
environment.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The use of potato, Lemon, Tomato and Banana battery is a type of electrochemical
battery, or cell. Certain metals (like zinc) use as electrodes. Ones can experience a
chemical reaction with the acids inside of the Potato, Lemon, Tomato, and Banana.
This chemical reaction creates the electrical energy that can power a small device like
an LED light or clock.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
hypothesize that different Potatoes, Lemon, Tomato and Banana will produce different
amounts of electricity. My hypothesis is based on my gathered information about
different species of potato, tomato, lemon, banana and different chemical composition
of each one. I also think that the amount of minerals in a potato depend on the type of
soil and mineral content of the soil. In other words, it is possible to find different
potatoes, lemon, tomato, banana of the same species that produce different amounts of
electricity.
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CHAPTERR TWO
LITERATURE VIEW
2.1 Definition of Battery

A battery is a device that stores energy and then discharges it by converting chemical
energy into electricity (Crompton, 2000). Typical batteries most often produce
electricity by chemical means through the use of one or more electrochemical cells.
Many different materials can and have been used in batteries, but the common battery
types are alkaline, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and nickel-metal hydride. Batteries
can be connected to each other in a series circuit or a parallel circuit. Benjamin
Franklin first used the term "battery" in 1749 when he was doing experiments with
electricity using a set of linked Leyden jar capacitors.
2.1.1 Electrochemical Battery
An Electrochemical cell is a device that is capable of generating electrical energy
from the chemical reaction taking place in it or using the electrical energy supplied to
it to enable a chemical reaction in it. These devices can convert chemical energy to
electrical energy and vice versa and are used to power many electrical devices such as
TV remote controls and watches (Andrew et al., 2018).
2.1.2 Types of Battery
1. Primary Battery
2. Secondary Battery
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2.1.3 Primary Cell (dry)
In these cells a chemical action between the electrodes and electrolyte causes a
permanent change, meaning they are not rechargeable. These batteries are single use,
which results in more waste from the use of these batteries since they are disposed of
after a relatively short period of time (Wilkins, 2007).
Secondary Cell (wet)
This type of cell (referred to as wet due to using a liquid electrolyte) generates a
current through a secondary cell in the opposite direction of the first/normal cell. This
causes the chemical action to go in reverse, effectively being restored, meaning that
they are rechargeable (Bellis, 2008). These batteries can be more expensive to
purchase but generate less waste as they can be used several times.
 E.M.F Of Cell
The electromotive force of a cell or EMF of a cell is the maximum potential
difference between two electrodes of a cell. It can also be defined as the net
voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions. The EMF of a cell
is mainly used to determine whether an electrochemical cell is galvanic or not.
 Electrolytes
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that is electrically conducting
through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons (Ender and
Nelson, 1981).This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases dissolved in a
polar solvent, such as water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cat
ions and anions, which disperse uniformly throughout the solvent. Solid-state
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electrolytes also exist (Wilkins, 2007) medicine and sometimes in chemistry,
the term electrolyte refers to the substance that is dissolved (Winie, 2020).
 Crops Using In Construction Battery

1. Potato
Potatoes are a mix of starch and salts. Electric current is conducted between
two metals inserted in the potato by forming a salt bridge between them. This
occurs because the salt the potato releases sodium ions, allowing them to
travel through the wire connecting the two metals.
2. Lemon
The citric acid of the lemon reacts with the zinc and loosens electrons. Copper
pulls electrons more strongly than zinc, so loose electrons will move towards
the copper when the electrodes are connected by wires. Moving electrons are
called an electric current, which is what lights up the bulb.
3. Banana
Banana contain phosphoric acid and potassium ion. This acid participates in
chemical reactions that make electrons flow, thus creating electricity.
4.Tomato
The researchers developed microbial gel batteries that exploit tomato waste
(stock image) to generate electric current. The microbial electrochemical cells
use bacteria to break down and oxidize organic material in the tomatoes. This
process, triggered by the bacteria interacting with tomato waste, releases
electrons.
CHAPTER THREE
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METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
In this project, we are to construct a simple battery using chemicals contents in a
Potato, Lemon, Tomato and Banana, to create simple cell with a zinc electrode, and a
copper electrode.
3.2 MATERIALS USED
1. LED Lamp if you can get your hands on the 1.5 V LED lamps that would be best.
But they are rarer. The easiest one to get is from the lighter that you can buy in any
convenience store or from Christmas tree decorative lamps. That one requires 3.5V
but that is still good enough to create our potato, lemon, tomato, banana battery.
2. 3 to 5 Potatoes, lemon, tomato, banana, this can vary and mostly depends on the
Voltage of the lamp you will be using. We used a 3.5V lamp since it is easiest to get.
3. Copper Nails Copper coins can work well here too, but copper nails are more
convenient to work with. We can get them from any hardware store. We will need 6-
12 copper nails for our battery.
4. Zinc Nails (galvanized nails) same as copper nails. We will need 6-12 of them and
we can buy them in any hardware store.
5. Copper Wire we can also get a copper wire in the hardware store and one meter of
it will be more than enough. The thinner wire you can get the better since it will be
easier to wrap it around our electrodes (copper and zinc nails).
7. Multimeter with one black wire probe and one red wire probe.
8. 5 Dual alligator clip connectors (10 actual clips total) – you can find these at most
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hardware or electronic stores.
9. US Pennies (or copper wire with exposed copper end) – Pennies newer than 1982
are thinly copper-plated, while older ones have more copper. The pennies will be used
as your copper electrodes.
10. Galvanized nails (or screws) – they have a zinc coating and will be used as your
zinc electrodes.
3.3 Method for Potato

1. With the close supervision of an adult, insert one nail about 1 inch into the potato
end. Make sure not to poke all the way thru the potato. Use a pen to write a minus
sign “-” next to the nail.
2. Push one penny into the opposite end of the potato. Make sure most of the penny is
still sticking out. Use a pen to write a plus sign “+” next to the penny.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with the other two potatoes.
4. Number your potatoes 1, 2 and 3 and connect the potatoes in series:
 Connect the potatoes so that the penny on potato 1 is attached to the nail in
potato 2.
 Connect the penny from potato 2 with the nail from potato 3
 Connect the nail from potato 1 to the penny from potato 3.
5. You can connect your 3, 6, 9 potatoes in series to measure the voltage.
6. Connect your potatoes with multimeter to measure the voltage
7. Connect the nail from potato 1 to the negative terminal of LED leg potato three into
the positive terminal LED leg.
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Figure 3.1 Potatoes connected in parallel
Figure 3.2 Potatoes connected in series
3.4 Method For Tomato

1. Set your multimeter to measure voltage in the 20 V range (the dial setting labeled
"200n" ).
2. Plug the multimeter's black probe into the port labeled COM.
3. Plug the multimeter's red probe into the port labeled VQmV.
4. Use a red alligator clip lead to connect the multimeter's red probe to the positive (+)
terminal of the 9 V battery.
5. Use a green alligator clip lead to connect the multimeter's black probe to one of the
9
resistor's leads.
6. Use another green alligator clip lead to connect the resistor's other lead to the 9 V
battery's negative (-) terminal.
7. Your multimeter should read about 20v (maybe slightly less if you are not using a
fresh battery).
6. Test if the tomato battery can power the LED
a. Disconnect the alligator clips from multimeter
b. Connect the red alligator clip to the LED positve (red) wire.
c. Connect the black alligator clip to the LED negative (black) wire.
d. LED it has positive and negative pins, and it will not work at all if it is connected
backwards.
e. Record in your lab notebook whether or not.
Figure
3.3 Tomatoes connected in series
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Figure 3.4 Tomato connected in parallel
3.5 Method For Banana
1. You can connect your 3, 6, 9 Banana in series to measure the voltage.
2. Connect your banana with multimeter to measure the voltage
3. Connect the nail from banana 1 to the negative terminal of LED leg banana three
into the positive terminal LED leg.
"200n" ).
5. Plug the multimeter's black probe into the port labeled COM.
6. Plug the multimeter's red probe into the port labeled VQmV.
7. Use a red alligator clip lead to connect the multimeter's red probe to the positive (+)
terminal of the 2 V battery.
8. Use a green alligator clip lead to connect the multimeter's black probe to one of the
resistor's leads.
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Figure 3.5 Banana connected in series
Figure 3.6 Banana connected in parallel
3.6 Method For Lemon
1. Set your multimeter dial to measure in the 20 V range.
2. Plug the red multimeter probe into the port labeled VQmV.
3. Plug the black multimeter probe into the port labeled COM.
4. Use a green alligator clip to connect the black probe to the zinc electrode.
5. Use a red alligator clip to connect the red probe to the copper electrode.
6. Record the voltage in the first row of your data table.
8. Test if the Lemon battery can power the LED
a. Disconnect the alligator clips from multimeter
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b. Connect the red alligator clip to the LED positive (red) wire.
c. Connect the black alligator clip to the LED negative (black) wire
9. Connect the nail from lemon 1 to the negative terminal of LED leg Lemon three
into the positive terminal LED leg.
"200n”).
Figure 3.7
Lemon
connected in
parallel
Figure 3.8 Lemon

connected in series
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Result Of Potatoes
Table 4.1 Contains results for potatoes connected in series
 I connect the anode electrode (Zn) of one voltaic cell to the cathode electrode
(Cu) of another voltaic cell.
 I connect the anode electrode (Zn) from one voltaic cell to the meter, and the
cathode electrode (Cu) from the other voltaic cell to the meter.
 Many voltages in the circuit, so voltage increases.
S/N Number of Potato Voltage (mV)
1 1 0.975
2 2 1.965
3 3 2.62
4 4 3.14
In series connection voltage increase. The total voltage in a series circuit is equal to
the sum of all the individual voltage drops in the circuit. As current passes through
each resistor in a series circuit, it establishes a difference in potential across each
individual resistance.
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Table 4.2 Contains results of potatoes connected in parallel
 I connect anode electrode (Zn) to anode electrode (Zn).
 I connect cathode electrode (Cu) to cathode electrode (Cu).
 I connect anode electrode (Zn) to meter.
 I connect cathode electrode (Cu) from the same voltaic cell to meter.
There is only one voltage in the circuit, so voltage is about the same as
S/N Number of Potato Voltage (mV)
1 3 1.85
2 4 2.62
3 6 3.65
4 9 4.72
In parallel connection voltage is the same. because the total voltage in a series circuit
is equal to the sum of all the individual voltage drops in the circuit. As current passes
through each resistor in a series circuit, it establishes a difference in potential across
each individual resistance.
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4.2 Results for Tomatoes
Table 4.3 Contains results of tomato connected in series
S/N Number of Tomato Voltage (volts)
1 1 0.965
2 2 1.90
3 3 3.42
4 4 5.65
5 6 7.02
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Table 4.4 Contains results of Tomatoes connected in parallel
 There is only one voltage in the circuit, so voltage is about the same as the
separate tomato batteries.
S/N Number of Tomato Voltage ( mV)
1 1 0.965
2 2 1.84
3 3 3.80
4 4 1.01
5 6 2.43
4.3 Results for Banana
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Table 4.5 Contains results of Banana connected in series
S/N Number of Banana Voltage (mV)
1 1 0.984
2 2 1.87
3 3 2.73
4 4 3.50
5 6 6.93
Table 4.6 Contains results of Banana connected in parallel
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separate banana batteries.
S/N Number of Banana Voltage (volts)
1 1 0.981
2 2 0.94
3 3 2.07
4 4 1.14
5 6 3.09
In parallel connection voltage is the same. Because the total voltage in a series circuit
4.4 Results for Lemon
Table 4.7 Contains results of Lemon connected in series
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S/N Number of Lemon Voltage (mV)
1 1 0.996
2 2 1.90
3 3 2.81
4 4 4.41
5 6 7.31
Table 4.8 Contains results of Lemons connected in parallel
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separate lemon batteries.
S/N Number of Lemon Voltage (mV)
1 1 0.989
2 2 0.95
3 3 2.09
4 4 1.99
5 6 3.10
4.5 Time Measuring For Storing Charge
Table 4.9 Contain Time measuring for potato in series
I connected my potato series from 3.14 V with red LED 1.5 V
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Time (hrs) Voltage (mV) Loss of voltage
1 hours 2.93 0.21
3 hours 2.51 0.63
6 hours 1.88 1.26
9 hours 1.41 1.25
Table 4.10 Contain Time measuring for potato in parallel
I connected my potato from 2.62 V with red LED 1.5 V
1 hours 2.45 0.17
3 hours 2.11 0.51
6 hours 1.66 1.02
9 hours 1.09 1.09
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Figure 4.1 Time and voltage Vairation for potatos in series and parallel
Table 4.11 Contain Time measuring for tomato in series
I connected my tomato series from 7.02 V with red LED 1.5 V
1 hours 6.70 0.35
3 hours 5.97 1.05
6 hours 4.92 2.10
12 hours 2.82 4.10
17 hours 1.58 5.44
Table 4.12 Contain Time measuring for tomato in parallel
I connected my tomato series from 2.43 V with red LED 1.5 V
1 hours 2.23 0.20
3 hours 1.83 0.6
6 hours 1.23 0.8
12 hours 0.03 2.4
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17 hours -0.97 3.40
Figure 4.2: Time and voltage Vairation for tomato in series and parallel
Table 4.13 Contain Time measuring for banana in series
I connected my banana from 6.93 V with red LED 1.5 V
1 hours 6.64 0.29
6 hours 5.19 1.74
12 hours 3.45 3.48
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18 hours 1.71 5.22
Table 4.14 Contain Time measuring for banana in parallel
1 hours 2.89 0.11
6 hours 2.34 0.66
12 hours 1.77 1.23
18 hours 1.11 1.89
Figure 4.3 Time and voltage Vairation for banana in series and parallel
Table 4.15 Contain Time measuring for lemon in series
I connected my lemon from 7.31 V with red LED 1.5 V
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1 hours 7.14 0.17
6 hours 6.29 1.20
12 hours 5.72 2.40
18 hours 4.52 3.60
24 hours 3.32 4.80
34 hours 1.35 5.87
Table 4.16 Contain Time measuring for Lemon in parallel
1 3.30 0.07
6 2.86 0.24
12 2.62 0.48
18 1.48 1.62
24 1.24 1.86
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Figure 4.4 Time and voltage Vairation for lemon in series and parallel
4.5 DISCUSSION
After conclusion on of my experiment my result and data show that lemon battery
better than others fruit and vegetables in terms of voltage and storing charge. After
connected in series and parallel similarly, because lemon contains more citric acid and
potassium ions than others fruit and vegetables. A lemon battery connected in series
can lights small red LED which is 1.5 Volt at least 34 hours before voltage below to
1.5 Volt, while in parallel it can last at least 24 hours. Followed by banana it can light
LED at least 18 hours connected in series, while in parallel it last at least 14 hours.
Followed by tomato, tomato battery can light LED at least 17 hours connected in
series, while in parallel can last at least 5 hours. Followed by potato it can light small
LED with 1.5 Volt at least 8 hours, while in parallel it can last at least 7 hours before
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the voltage below to 1.5 Volt.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
Fruit batteries work by creating an acidic reaction. The acidic reaction causes atoms
to move from one metal to the other metal. As the atoms move, they lose their
electrons, causing an electric flow. Eventually, the movement of atoms ceases. The
anode of the fruit battery is the zinc and the cathode is the copper. The acid in a fruit
act as the electrolytes. When the two metal strips are inserted into a fruit, they create a
chemical reaction, making the atoms rearrange themselves.
5.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, my science experiment shows that a lemon conducts the most
electricity when compared to other fruit and vegetables. This is because of their
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higher potassium content. After conducting my experiments, the results showed that
the lemon generated the most electricity than others fruits and vegetables. When a
fruit or vegetable is connected with electricity in a circuit the fruit and electricity or
vegetable serve as the battery to complete the circuit. Fruit/vegetable Voltage
conducted. Lemons 0.99 Volt, Potatoes 0.98 Volt, Banana 0.75 Volt, Tomato 0.87
Volt. Data/ Results After conducting my experiments, the results showed that the
lemon generated the most electricity than others fruits and vegetables.
RECOMMENDATION
A fruit battery works because some fruits contain citric acid. This acid participates in
chemical reactions that make electrons flow, thus creating electricity. However, these
fruit batteries have very little voltage, probably less than one volt. Most fruits have
very little electrical current (amperage).
Other metals can be used, but both must be of different types. In home experiments,
the most common materials are nails and pennies. Nails are typically galvanized, or
covered in zinc, to keep them from rusting, and pennies are an easy source of copper.
So you can stick a nail and a penny in a potato or lemon and get a tiny amount of
voltage. Eventually, the battery dies because either the zinc is depleted or the
electrolyte issued up.
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The potato lemon tomato banana doesn’t actually provide any electricity itself, it
merely serves as the conductive medium. The metals very slowly dissolve in the
conductive medium, giving off free electrons that seek a more attractive, stable home.
In the typical experiments, its zinc dissolves and its electrons flowing to the copper.
Voltaic batteries of all shapes and sizes are devices that convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. You probably use batteries to power your cell phone, iPod, or any
number of other gadgets. But, you can actually use chemical energy stored in a lemon
and two metals to make a current and light up a small LED. It’s true and well shows
you exactly how it's done. Care should be taken cutting holes in the fruit and cutting
metal foils may result in very sharp edges. Do not eat the fruit after the experiment –
Some of the toxic metals may have dissolved into the fruit
REFERENCE
1. Andreev. M., Pablo, J.J., de; Chremos; A., and Douglas. j.F (2018). "Influence of
ion solvation on the properties of electrolyte solutions". The Journal of Physical
Battery History, Technology, Applications and Development. MPower Solutions Ltd.
Retrieved 19 March 2007.
2. Bellis, (2008). Biography of Alessandro Volta, Inventor of the Battery. About.com.
Retrieved 7 August 2008
3. Borvon, (2012). "History of the electrical units". Association S-EAU-S. ISBN 0-
521-37095-7.
Chemistry B . 122: 4029–4034. doi :10.1021/ acs.jpcb.8b00518 .
4. Crompton, T. R. (2000). Battery Reference Book (third ed.). Newnes. p. Glossary
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3. ISBN 978-0-08-049995-6.
5. Electrical battery" of Leyden jars - The Benjamin Franklin 1749.
Tercentenary". www.benfranklin300.org.
6. Enderby, J E; and Neilson, G W (1981). "The structure of electrolyte solutions" .
Reports on Progress in Physics . 44 (6): 593–653. doi :10.1088/0034-4885/44/6/001 .
ISSN 0034-4885 . S2CID 250852242 . Archived
6. Fascinating facts about the invention of the Electric Battery by Alessandro Volta in
1800. The Great Idea Finder. Retrieved 11 August 2008
for instance, in the discovery of electromagnetism in 1820
from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
7. Pauling, Linus (1988). Oxidation-Reduction Reactions; Electrolysis". General
Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-486-65622-9.
8. Petrovic, (2020). Battery technology crash course : concise introduction . ISBN
978-3-030-57269-3 . OCLC 1202758685 .
9. Pistoia, Gianfranco (25 January 2005). Batteries for Portable Devices. Elsevier.
p. 1. ISBN 978-0-08-045556-3. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-34200-6 .
10. Stinner, Arthur. Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani Archived 10 September 2008
at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2008.
The history and development of batteries". 30 April 2015.
11. Wilkins, L. W (2007). Fluids and Electrolytes . ISBN 978-1-58255-923-0 .
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Techniques and Energy Applications . John Wiley & Arthur. ISBN 978-1-136-40731-
31
4.
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DECLARATION

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Sokoto State University.

Malam Usman Abubakar Sign/Date

Prof. GM Argungu Sign/Date

Prof. A.O. Musa Sign/Date

1.1 Background of the Project…………………………………………………………1

1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………….1

1.3 Aims And Objectives………………………………………………………………2

1.4 Significance of the Project………………………………………………………...3

1.5 Research Hypothesis……………………………………………………………....3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………….…4

2.1 Definition of Battery………………………………………………………………4

2.1.1 Electrochemical Battery…………………………………………………………4

2.1.2 Types of Battery…………………………………………………………………4

2.1.3 Primary Cell And Secondary Cell………………………………………………5

3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………..………7

3.2 Materials Used………………………………………………………….…………7

3.3 Method for Potato…………………………………………………………………8

3.4 Method for Tomato………………………………………………………………..9

3.5 Method for Banana…………………………………………………………..…...11

3.5 Method for Lemon…………………………………………………….………....12

4.1 Results for Potato……………………………………………………….………..11

4.2 Results for Tomato……………………………………………………….………13

4.3 Results for Banana……………………………………………………………….15

4.4 Results for Lemon………………………………………………………………..17

Figure 3.1 Potato connected in parallel………………………………………….…9

Figure 3.2 potato connected in series………………………………………………9

Figure 3.3 Tomato connected in series…………………………………………….10

Figure 3.4 Tomato connected in parallel………………………………………..…11

Figure 3.5 Banana connected in series……………………………………….…....12

Figure 3.6 Banana connected in parallel……………………………………….….12

Figure 3.7 Lemon connected in parallel…………………………………………...13

Figure 3.8 Lemon connected in series……………………………………………..13

Table 4.1 Contains results of Potato in series…………………………….……14

Table 4.2 Contains results of Potato in parallel………………………….……..15

Table 4.3 Contains results of Tomato in series………………………….……..16

Table 4.4 Contains results of Tomato in parallel………………………..……..17

Table 4.5 Contains results of Banana in series…………………………..…….18

Table 4.6 Contains results of Banana in parallel……………………….………19

Table 4.7 Contains results of Lemon in series…………………………...…….20

Table 4.8 Contains results of Lemon in parallel……………………….…….…21

Table 4.9 Time measuring for potato in series……………………….………...22

Table 4.10 Time measuring for potato in parallel……………………………...22

Table 4.11 Time measuring for Tomato in series………………………………23

Table 4.13 Time measuring for Banana in series……………………………....25

Table 4.14 Time measuring for Banana in parallel…………………………….25

Table 4.15 Time measuring for Lemon in series……………………………....26

Table 4.16 Time measuring for Lemon in parallel………………………….....27

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

(Crompton, 2000). This method of storing energy allows us to make portable

electronic devices (imagine what a pain it would be if everything had to be plugged

depend on some sort of chemical reaction to generate electricity. The chemical

electrodes to a potato, and you have a battery.

2020). The flow of electricity is called an electrical current, which is measured in a

to increase capacity and improve driving range.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2. To understand the working principles of fruit/vegetable battery and it power

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT