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(Download PDF) Energy Environment and Climate 3rd Edition Wolfson Solutions Manual Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Energy Environment and Climate 3rd Edition Wolfson Solutions Manual Full Chapter
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ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND CLIMATE, Third Edition
QUESTIONS
1. Primordial heat from Earth’s formation and the decay of naturally occurring radioactive
elements in the planet’s interior.
2. The water may not boil (much) at the lower temperatures of a binary geothermal plant, but the
working fluid should boil, and its vapor will turn turbines.
5. Two factors are: (i) loss of water due to steam extraction, and (ii) cooling of the source, or
heating of the environment.
6. Estuaries are good breeding and feeding habitat for many creatures. They are often shallow,
with high surface area in vegetation as well as land, so pollutants can get trapped easily. Dams
shift flows, salinity, sediment, and the motion of larger creatures.
7. The ultimate source is gravitational interaction of the Earth–Moon system (with a little help
from the Sun).
8. No, although they might contribute substantially in a few localized regions where geothermal
or ocean energy resources are concentrated.
EXERCISES
power 87 ´ 10-3 W
energy flow rate = ´ area = 2
´ 5.1 ´ 1014 m 2 = 4.4 ´ 1014 W = 44 TW
area m
2. To find the high temperature TH of the heat engine, first take the geothermal gradient
dT 25˚C dT 25˚C
= over the depth dx =1 km: DT = × dx = ´ 1 km = 25˚C = 25K.
dx km dx km
(a) A heat engine operating between these two temperatures has a maximum theoretical
DT 25 K
efficiency e = = = 7.8% .
TH 320 K
(b) The total power available is 10% e Pgeothermal = 0.01 (0.078) 44 TW = 0.34 TW (from Exercise
1).
available geothermal power 0.34 TW
= = 1.9%
total power required 18 TW
dT
3. Recall Equation 4.1: Conductive heat flow H = kA , so the energy flow rate per unit area is
dx
4. (a) The area of the city is A = R2, where 2R = 15 km: A = π ( 7.5 103 m ) = 1.77 108 m 2 .
2
The heat emitted by the cooling granite is Q = mcT, where mass m = density • volume, and the
volume = A x. The mass of granite is
m = Ax =
2,700 kg
m 3 (1.77 108 m2 ) 4 103 m = 1.91 1015 kg
so the energy that could be extracted is:
J
Q = mcΔT = 1.911015 kg 840 50 K = 8.02 10 J = 80 EJ
19
kg·K
(b) Power = energy per time, so this geothermal resource could last for a
H =A
dT
dx
=
3.37 W
m K
(1.77 108 m2 ) 3 = 1.49 107 W
25 K
10 m
DT TH - TL
5. Recall that e = = .
TH TH
(a) For the geothermal source, TH =150C + 273 = 423 K and
DT 123 K
DT = TH - TL = 423 K - 300 K = 123 K , so e = = = 29% .
TH 423 K
(b) For the magma, TH =1,000C + 273 = 1273 K and DT = TH - TL = 1,273 K - 300 K = 9,733 K
T 973 K
so e = = = 76% .
TH 1,273 K
The hotter source yields a more efficient heat engine.
87 10−3 W
Pgeothermal =
power
area
A=
m2
(150 m2 ) = 13 W
The geothermal floor supply could provide
1 TH 333 K
(a) Coefficient of performance (COP) = = = = 6.7 (so the efficiency e = 15% )
e DT 50 K
Prequired 15 kW
(b) Pused = = = 2.2 kW : This is less because Earth preheated the system.
COP 6.7
Pe 700 MW
8. (a) The rate of heat extraction is Pth = = = 10 GW
e 0.07
10. TH =170C + 273 = 443 K and T = 170C −90C =80C = 80 K, so the efficiency is
DT 80 K
e= = = 18%
TH 443 K
1 1
ffurnace = = = 1.18 MBtu
e f 0.85
With its COP of 4.1, the heat pump delivers 4.1 times as much heat as it uses electricity. Taking
into account the limited efficiency of the power plant supplying electricity, the heat pump’s ratio
1 1
of fuel used to heat supplied is f heat = = = 0.72 MBtu for every MBtu of heat
pump COP ´ ee 4.1´ 0.34
supplied to the house. So the gas furnace uses 64% more energy than the heat pump, with the
latter including the fuel energy needed to make the electricity that runs the heat pump:
f furnace 1.18
= = 1.64
f heat pump 0.72
(b) Now compare the costs to heat the house. Delivery of 1 MBtu of heat with the gas furnace
costs ffurnace ´ $3.15=1.18 ´ $3.15= $3.72 .
Now, the heat pump requires 0.72 MBtu of fuel energy at the power plant to deliver 1 MBtu of
heat. But the plant is 34% efficient, so it supplies (0.72 MBtu)(0.34) = 0.245 MBtu of electrical
energy for every MBtu of heat delivered. That electrical energy is what we pay for, and it costs
So, although the heat pump entails less overall energy use, it nevertheless costs more than twice
as much as gas.
12. There are approximately (365 days)(24 hours/day) = 8,760 hours per year. So if it operated at
peak power all the time, a 1.32-GW power plant would produce (1.32 GW)(8,760 hours) =
11,563 GWh, or about 11.6 TWh, in a year. Actual production at Incheon Bay is only 2.41 TWh,
or about 21% of peak—and less than one-fourth of peak, as stated in the text.
13. Figure 1.8 shows that the tidal flow amounts to 0.0017%, or 0.000017 of Earth’s total energy
flow. The latter is almost entirely solar, so it’s very nearly equal to the 1.74 1017 W cited in the
“Big Energy Numbers” table inside the front cover. Therefore the tidal energy flow is
(0.000017)(1.74 1017 W) = 3.0 1012 W = 3.0 TW.
14. As calculated in Exercise 12, there are approximately 8,760 hours per year. So the total wave
power of 910 TWh/year is equivalent to (910 TWh/year)/(8,760 hours/year) = 0.10 TWh/hour,
which is the same as 0.10 TW or 100 GW. If we could harvest all the wave energy incident on
the continental U.S., we would have the equivalent of 100 large power plants.
15. The kinetic energy is ½ mv2. The mass in a cube of seawater is m = V r , where the volume V
= x3, so m = x3 and:
2
1 1 3 1, 030 kg 2.5 m
(a) Kinetic energy = x3 v = (1 m ) = 3.2 10 J = 3.2 kJ
3
m s
3
2 2
1.) As in Example 2, the heat pump delivers four times as much heat as it uses electricity.
If the power plant supplying electricity has an efficiency of 33%, however, the heat pump’s ratio
1 1
of fuel used to heat supplied is f heat = = = 0.76 .
pump COP ´ e 4 ´ 0.33
The heat pump uses more like three quarters the fuel of a conventional system all told, not one
quarter.
2. Possible responses:
Pro: Every form of green energy for which the total carbon cost is less than the carbon
emissions displaced should be developed. If geothermal meets these criteria, and if
investment in geothermal is more cost effective than investment in other green energy
systems, then go for it.
Con: Geothermal energy is not the solution to our energy needs. The energy quality,
density, and quantity are all far too low.