TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Academic Year 2023-2024

Semester

EET4L ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2

MODULE 02: Types and Applications

of Electric Motor

TUPM-22-2390 2A
Student ID No. Section
SUMBONG, ARVIN JAY 6/3/24
Student’s Name Date of Submission

Date Submitted: 6/2/24

ASSESSMENT: NOTE:

Max. Marks For minor plagiarism:

Assessment
Marks Awarded
Performance 2
Both student who copied and student
Data Collection and who allowed another student to copy
2
Analysis his/her work will be given Zero Mark.
Results and Discussions 2

Lab Assessment 4
For late submission:
Total 10
A deduction of 2 Marks / Day out of
Lecturer Signature: 100 marks for late submission of
module activities will apply.
Engr. Rommel Aunario

EET4L - Module 8 1 / 11
I. Aims/Objectives

At the end of this module, electrical/electronic students at any level of education will be
able to:

• List different types of electric motor

• Explain single phase and three phase induction motor

• State the applications of each type of electric motor

• State the difference between Dc Motors and the Induction Motors

• Enumerate loses in an A-C motor

• Describe the common sources of overheating in an electric motor

• Answer all the MCQ Quiz of module 2

Electric motors are single-phase, or polyphase (three-phase) motors based on the a.c.
voltage. A winding tutor is an app program on a microdevice (Android phone) to
demonstrate a capacitor-start induction single-phase water pump and explain the winding
and rewinding processes.

II. Overview

Single-phase induction motor:

A single-phase motor consists of a set of coils, connected to generate a single wave of alternating
magnetomotive force. The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. They are of different
types (split-phase, shaded-pole, and capacitor motors) based on their way of starting since they are
not self-starting.

In this type of motor, the start winding can have a series capacitor or a centrifugal switch. When the
supply voltage is applied, the current in the main winding lags the supply voltage because of the
main winding impedance. And, depending on the starting mechanism impedance, current in the
start winding either leads or lags the supply voltage. The angle between the two windings has

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sufficient phase difference to provide a rotating magnitude field to produce a starting torque. At the
point when the motor reaches 70% to 80% of synchronous speed, a centrifugal switch on the motor
shaft opens and disconnects the starting winding.

Poly-phase induction motor:

A polyphase motor (3-phase) consists of two or more-phase winding, distributed, or connected to

produce alternating magnetomotive force. Thus, a three-phase motor has three-phase windings so
distributed around the field that the result is three separate magnetomotive force waves that are 90
electrical degrees apart, the waves of which are spaced 120 electrical degrees apart.

A 3-phase induction motor consists of two major parts: a stator and a rotor. The stator of the three-
phase induction motor is made up of several slots and is arranged in such a manner in the slots that
they produce one rotating magnetic field when the switch is on the three-phase AC supply source.
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 1200. When
we connect the primary winding or the stator to a 3-phase AC source, it establishes a rotating
magnetic field which rotates at a synchronous speed. Thus, the three-phase induction motor is self-
starting., with less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators
and brushes that may cause sparks, robust in construction, economical and easier to maintain.

Other types of Motors:

Based on their starting methods, single-phase induction motors are classified into Split Phase
Induction Motors, Capacitor Start Motors, Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motors, and Shaded Pole
Induction Motor. Other types also include Asynchronous motors, series motors or universal motors,
Repulsion motors, Repulsion-start induction-run motors, Synchronous motors, reluctance motors
and hysteresis motors.

III. Theory

Induction Motors:

The AC induction motor is the most common type of industrial motor. Other examples are shown in
the diagram below.

Different examples/types of Motor

1. Split Phase Induction Motor: This induction motor gives better starting torque with a smaller line
current. It contains an auxiliary winding and main winding on the stator. The main winding has high
reactance and low resistance while the auxiliary winding has high resistance with low reactance.
Immediately the motor reaches full speed, the starting winding must be disconnected. This can be
accomplished automatically by a centrifugal switch which opens the auxiliary circuit at about 80 per

EET4L - Module 8 3 / 11
cent of the normal running speed.

An alternative is to employ a relay with its coil connected in series with the running winding, the fall
of current through the relay as the motor speed rises causing the relay switch in the starting-winding
circuit to be opened. The starting winding is short time rated and must not be left in the circuit for
more than a few seconds, as it would become severely overheated. Like all induction motors, split-
phase motors have a shunt characteristic, i.e. a constant speed independent of load conditions. The
displacement between the currents in stator winding produces a rotating magnetic field. During the
running condition, a centrifugal switch removes the starting capacitor from the circuit. This is
explained in the diagram below:

2. Capacitor Start Motor: The single-phase capacitor-start induction motor is almost identical in
construction with the split-phase machine, but to obtain a higher starting torque with less current, a
short-time-rated electrolytic capacitor is used in series with the auxiliary winding. The circuit of the
auxiliary winding is broken by a centrifugal or other switch before full speed is reached. This is
shown in the diagram below.

3. Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor: In the capacitor-start capacitor-run induction motor, two
capacitors are employed. This allows a portion of the total capacity to be left in the auxiliary circuit
while running, so improving the power factor and consequently reducing the running current and
heating. For light duties, a capacitor-run induction motor may be used having a single capacitor
which is left in the auxiliary-winding circuit permanently. No switch is required as the auxiliary circuit
is in action during starting and running. Its stator contains an auxiliary winding and main winding.
This is explained in the circuit below:

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4. Shaded Pole Induction Motor: For very small horse powers on single-phase supplies the shaded-
pole induction motor is useful on account of its simplicity and robustness. The rotor is of the
squirrel-cage pattern. The stator has salient poles somewhat like those of universal motor but with
the field coils connected across the supply. Each pole is divided by a slot cut in the laminations and
one of these divided portions in each pole is surrounded by a heavy copper band, known as a
shading coil or loop.

A single turn of copper strap is wrapped around a portion of the main pole forming a closed circuit.
This closed circuit is named as a shading coil. The shading coil causes flux in that portion of the pole
surrounded by it, to lag flux in the remaining portion of the pole. Hence two components of flux are
displaced in time, which produce a revolving magnetic field which supplies the starting torque.

The synchronous speed of an induction motor is 120 x Hz/pole. The difference between the
synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is called "Slip"

Losses in an A-C MOTOR & how to reduce them:

• Core loss - better magnet steel - longer stack - thinner laminations

• Stator I2R loss - larger diameter wire

• Rotor I2R loss - larger diameter rotor bars.

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• Mechanical loss - smaller fans & better lubrication system for bearings

• Stray load loss - better manufacturing tolerances

Insulation life of Electric Motor

• Heat is the cause of reduced insulation life

• Winding insulation is rated according to its thermal capability

• For every 100C above rated temperature, motor life is reduced by 50%

• For every 100 C below rated temperature, motor life increases by 2X

• Common sources of overheating are overload, inadequate ventilation, dirt buildup, phase
unbalance and high/Low voltage.

The Single phase induction motor is generally used to power machines such as low torque fans,
mixers, toys, high speed vacuum cleaners, electric shavers, drilling machines, washing machines,
refrigerators, grinders, centrifugal pumps (water pumps), hair dryers and blowers e.t.c.

Applications of Electric Motor

• Squirrel Cage Motor - Low rotor resistance low starting torque - centrifugal pumps, wood working
tools etc.

• Squirrel Cage Motor - High rotor resistance High starting torque compressors, crushers,
reciprocating pumps etc.

• Squirrel Cage Motor - Higher rotor resistance Higher starting torque - punching presses, hoists,
elevators etc

• Slip Ring Motor-used for loads requiring severe starting conditions like hoists, cranes elevators etc

Three phase Electric motor finds its application in lifts, cranes, hoists, large capacity exhaust fans,
lathe machine, crushers, oil extraction mills and large capacity exhaust fans.

Difference between Dc Motors and the Induction Motors

The difference between Dc Motors and the Induction Motors is that the induction motor has no
brushes and is easy to control, many older DC motors are being replaced with induction motors and
accompanying inverters in industrial applications. In a DC motor this power is supplied to the
armature directly from a DC source, while in an AC motor this power is induced in the rotating
device.

VI. Data Collection and Analysis

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IX. Conclusion

1. The motor used for the compressors is...

answer: capacitor-start capacitor-run motor

2. Which of the following single-phase motors has relatively poor starting

torque?
answer: Capacitor motor
3. The electric motor used in portable drills is...
answer: Universal motor
4. Which motor is normally free from mechanical and magnetic
vibrations?
answer: Shaded pole motor
5. In which single-phase motor, the rotor has no teeth or winding?
answer: Reluctance motor

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 6. Which of the following single-phase motors is suitable for timing and
control purposes?
answer: Reluctance motor
7. The power factor of a single-phase induction motor is usually...
answer: Lagging
8. Which of the following motors can be run on AC. as well as D.C. supply?
answer: Universal motor
9. If a particular application needs high speed and high starting torque,
then which of the following motor will be preferred?
answer: Universal motor
10. Why is it necessary to take the proper data while working on a motor,
important?
answer: So that no difficulty will be encountered upon reassembly
11. What is meant by the pitch of a coil on a motor?
answer: The number of slots separating the sides of a coil
12. In a split phase motor, the running winding should have:
answer: high resistance and low inductance
13. On a split-phase induction motor, why is there more current on the
initial start than after it is running?
answer: it has more windings in the start winding than the run
14. Direction of rotation of a split phase motor can be reversed by
reversing the connection of:
answer: either (a) or (b)
15. In a split phase motor, which winding is connected through a
centrifugal switch?
answer: the starting winding
16. In split-phase motor auxiliary winding is of:
answer: thin wire placed at the top of the slots

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 17. In a capacitor start and run motors the function of the running
capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding is to
answer: improve power factor
18. If a capacitor-start motor (without a load) hums but does not run,
suspect:
answer: grounded winding
19. In a capacitor -start motor, what helps to prevent the motor from
drawing too much current?
answer: the centrifugal switch
20. How does a capacitor-start motor differ from a split-phase motor?
answer: capacitor is connected in parallel with the start winding
21. In a capacitor start single-phase motor, when capacitor is replaced by a
Resistance
answer: motor will continue to run in same direction
22. Locked rotor current of a shaded pole motor is
answer: slightly more than full load current
23. A shaded pole motor does not possess
answer: all of the above
24. The shaded pole motor is used for
answer: low starting torque
25. In case of a shaded pole motor the direction of rotation of the motor is
answer: from main pole to shaded pole
26. A shaded pole motor can be used for
answer: any of the above
27. The speed of a universal motor is usually reduced by using
answer: gearing
28. The speed control of universal motor used for sewing machines is by
friction
answer: varying the resistance

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 29. A universal motor is one which
answer: can be operated either on D.C. or A.C. supply at approximately
the same speed and output
30. In a A.C. series motor armature coils are usually connected to
commutator
answer: through resistance
31. The direction of rotation of universal motor can be reversed the by
reversing the flow of current through
answer: either armature winding or field winding
32. Which of the following statements regarding repulsion-start induction
motor is incorrect?
answer: In fractional horse power motors, it has replaced the capacitor
motors
33. The repulsion-start induction-run motor is used because of
answer: high starting torque
34. How is the neutral point located if it is not marked on the case of
repulsion-start induction motors?
answer: motor will not run in either direction
35. Open armature coils will cause the repulsion motor to:
answer: spark internally
36. A repulsion motor is equipped with
answer: commutator
37. Which of the following statements regarding a reluctance motor is
incorrect?
answer: It cannot be reversed, ordinarily
38. Which of the applications in a reluctance motor is preferred?
answer: Signaling and timing devices

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 39. In case of a reluctance motor, when the load is increased so that it
cannot maintain synchronous speed the motor will
answer: run as induction motor
40. Which of the following statements regarding reluctance-start motor is
incorrect?
answer: It is similar to reluctance motor
41. A reluctance motor
answer: all of the above

Student’s Name and Signature/Date

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