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The principle of effective stress is the most important principle in soil mechanics.
Deformations of soils are a function of effective stresses, not total stresses. The
principle of effective stresses applies only to normal stresses and not to shear stresses.

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(Simplified method)

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In 1885, Boussinesq developed the mathematical relationships for determining the normal and
shear stresses at any point inside homogeneous, elastic, and isotropic mediums due to a
concentrated point load located at the surface. According to his analysis, the vertical stress
increase at point A caused by a point load of magnitude P is given by;

For Concentrated
point load

I is an influence factor

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Example

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𝒁𝑫 𝒇 𝑫𝒇

(At bottom of foundation)

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Fig.7.2
Stress below a Rectangular Area

Newmark's
integratian of
Boussinesq's
method

In some references named

as

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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