Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instant download pdf Beginning and Intermediate Algebra with Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold Solutions Manual full chapter
Instant download pdf Beginning and Intermediate Algebra with Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold Solutions Manual full chapter
Instant download pdf Beginning and Intermediate Algebra with Applications and Visualization 3rd Edition Rockswold Solutions Manual full chapter
https://testbankfan.com/product/beginning-and-intermediate-
algebra-with-applications-and-visualization-4th-edition-
rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/intermediate-algebra-with-
applications-and-visualization-3rd-edition-rockswold-solutions-
manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/intermediate-algebra-with-
applications-and-visualization-3rd-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/developmental-mathematics-with-
applications-and-visualization-prealgebra-beginning-algebra-and-
intermediate-algebra-2nd-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
Intermediate Algebra with Applications and
Visualization 5th Edition Rockswold Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/intermediate-algebra-with-
applications-and-visualization-5th-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/algebra-and-trigonometry-with-
modeling-and-visualization-6th-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/college-algebra-with-modeling-
and-visualization-6th-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-with-modeling-and-
visualization-6th-edition-rockswold-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/beginning-and-intermediate-
algebra-5th-edition-tobey-solutions-manual/
Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 295
3. multiplying
4. prime; multiplication
5. greatest common factor (GCF)
6. grouping
15. In the expression 3x 2 + 9 x, the terms 3x 2 and 9x both contain a common factor of 3x because
16. In the expression 10 y 2 + 2 y, the terms 10 y 2 and 2y both contain a common factor of 2y because
17. In the expression 4 y 3 − 2 y 2 , the terms 4 y 3 and −2 y 2 both contain a common factor of 2 y 2
18. In the expression 6 x 4 + 9 x 2 , the terms 6 x 4 and 9 x 2 both contain a common factor of 3x 2 because
19. In the expression 2 z 3 + 8 z 2 − 4 z , the terms 2 z 3 , 8 z 2 , and −4z all contain a common factor of 2z
20. In the expression 5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 , the terms 5 x 4 , − 15 x3 , and −10x 2 all contain a common factor
5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 3x − 2).
21. In the expression 6 x 2 y − 3xy 2 , the terms 6x 2 y and −3xy 2 both contain a common factor of 3xy
22. In the expression 7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 , the terms 7x3 y 3 and 14x 2 y 2 both contain a common factor of
7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 y 2 ( xy + 2).
GCF = 6 x and ⇒ 6 x (1 − 3 x ) .
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 8 x 2 and ⇒ 8 x 2 ( 2 − 3 x ) .
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y 2 and ⇒ 4 y 2 ( 2 y − 3) .
(
common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y and ⇒ 4 y 3 y 2 − 2 y + 1 . )
27. 6 z 3 + 3z 2 + 9 z; because 6 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 3z 2 = 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and 9 z = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z, common factors are
(
3 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 3 z and ⇒ 3z 2 z 2 + z + 3 . )
28. 16 z 3 − 24 z 2 − 36 z; because 16 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 24 z 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and
(
36 z = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z , common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 4 z and ⇒ 4 z 4 z 2 − 6 z − 9 . )
29. x 4 − 5 x3 − 4 x 2 ; because x 4 = x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 5 x3 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 4 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors
(
GCF = 2 x 2 and ⇒ 2 x 2 x 2 + 4 . )
31. 5 y 5 + 10 y 4 − 15 y 3 + 10 y 2 ; because 5 y 5 = 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 y 4 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and
(
GCF = 5 y 2 and ⇒ 5 y 2 y 3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y + 2 . )
32. 7 y 4 − 14 y 3 − 21y 2 + 7 y; because 7 y 4 = 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 14 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and
(
GCF = 7 y and ⇒ 7 y y 3 − 2 y 2 − 3 y + 1 . )
33. xy + xz; because xy = x ⋅ y and xz = x ⋅ z , common factors are x ⇒ GCF = x and ⇒ x ( y + z ).
GCF = ab and ⇒ ab (b − a ) .
2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 2 xy and ⇒ 2 xy ( 2 x + 3 y ) .
GCF = ab and ⇒ ab ( a + b + 1) .
40. 6ab 2 − 9ab + 12b 2 ; because 6ab 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b and 9ab = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b and 12b 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ b ⋅ b,
( )
44. 3 y 2 ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) has common binomial ( y − 2 ) ⇒ 3 y 2 + 5 ( y − 2 )
( )
47. x3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 6 by associative property = x3 + 2 x 2 + (3x + 6 ) ⇒
common factors = x ( x + 2 ) + 3 ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 3) ( x + 2 )
2 2
common factors = x ( x + 6 ) + ( x + 6 ) ⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 6 )
2 2
common factors = y ( 2 y + 1) + ( 2 y + 1) ⇒ ( y + 1) ( 2 y + 1)
2 2
common factors = 2 y ( 2 y + 5) + ( 2 y + 5) ⇒ ( 2 y + 1) ( 2 y + 5 )
2 2
common factors = 2 z ( z − 3) + 5 ( z − 3) ⇒ ( 2 z + 5 ) ( z − 3)
2 2
common factors = 4t (t − 5) + 3 (t − 5 ) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 5)
2 2
common factors = 4t (t − 3) + 3 (t − 3) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 3)
2 2
common factors = 7 x ( x + 3) − 2 ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 7 x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
2 2
( )
59. 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − 4 y + 14 by associative property = 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − ( 4 y − 14 ) ⇒
common factors = y ( 2 y − 7 ) − 2 ( 2 y − 7 ) ⇒ ( y − 2 ) ( 2 y − 7 )
2 2
common factors = y ( y − 5 ) − 3 ( y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 3) ( y − 5)
2 2
common factors = z ( z − 4 ) − 7 ( z − 4 ) ⇒ ( z − 7 ) ( z − 4 )
2 2
common factors = 6 z ( 2 z − 3) − 5 ( 2 z − 3) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 ) ( 2 z − 3)
2 2
common factors = x ( 2 x − 3) + 2 ( 2 x − 3) ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x − 3)
3 3
common factors = x ( x + 1) + 5 ( x + 1) ⇒ ( x + 5 ) ( x + 1)
3 3
common factors = x ( a + b ) + y ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a + b )
common factors = x ( a − b ) + y ( a − b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a − b )
x 2 [ x 2 ( x + 2) − 3( x + 2)] ⇒ x 2 ( x 2 − 3)( x + 2)
y 3 [ y 2 ( y + 3) − 2( y + 3)] ⇒ y 3 ( y 2 − 2)( y + 3)
2 x 2 y 2 [ x( y − x) + 2( y − x )] ⇒ 2 x 2 y 2 ( y − x)( x + 2)
4 xy 5 [ x ( y − 1) − 2 y ( y − 1)] ⇒ 4 xy 5 ( y − 1)( x − 2 y )
⎛ b c⎞ b c
79. ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎜ x 2 + x + ⎟ because a ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , a ⋅ x = bx, and a ⋅ = c.
⎝ a a⎠ a a
⎛a b ⎞ a b
80. ax 2 + bx + c = c ⎜ x 2 + x + 1⎟ because c ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , c ⋅ x = bx, and c ⋅ 1 = c.
⎝c c ⎠ c c
83. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 2 x ⋅ x = 2 x 2 and the area of the small rectangle is
computed as 4 ⋅ x = 4 x . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 2 x 2 − 4 x . The GCF of
84. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 6 x 2 ⋅ 2 x = 12 x3 and the area of the small rectangles is
85. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 4 y ⋅ 2 y = 8 y 2 and the area of the small triangles is
1
computed as 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y = xy . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 8 y 2 − xy . The
2
86. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 10 x 2 ⋅ 2 y = 20 x 2 y and the area of the small rectangles
The GCF of the expression 20 x 2 y − 5 xy is 5xy and the resulting factored polynomial is 5 xy (4 x − 1) .
x = 3, 4 x3 − 60 x 2 + 200 x ⇒ 4 (3) − 60 (3) + 200 (3) = 108 − 540 + 600 = 168 ⇒ V = 168 in 3 .
3 2
87. (a)
(
are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 15 x + 50 . )
88. (a) Volume = ( 20 − 2 x )( 20 − 2 x )( x ) = 4 x3 − 80 x 2 + 400 x
(
factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 20 x + 100 . )
3 + (−10) = −7 ⇒ 3, − 10.
9. Factors of −50 are − 1, 50; 1, − 50; − 2, 25; 2, − 25; − 5, 10; 5, − 10 and only
−5 + 10 = 5 ⇒ −5, 10.
10. Factors of −100 are −1, 100; − 2, 50; − 4, 25; − 5, 20; 1, −100; 2, −50; 4, −25; 5, −20 and only
−4 + 25 = 21 ⇒ −4, 25.
11. Factors of 28 are 1, 28; − 1, − 28; 2, 14; − 2, − 14; 4, 7; − 4, − 7 and only
( −4 ) + ( −7 ) = −11 ⇒ −4, − 7.
17. The only factors of 7 are 1 and 7, whose sum is 8, not 3. The polynomial z 2 + 3z + 7 is prime.
18. The only factors of 5 are 1 and 5, whose sum is 6, not 4. The polynomial z 2 + 4 z + 5 is prime.
32. Factors of 81 with sum of −82 are − 1 and − 81 ⇒ a 2 − 82a + 81 = ( a − 1)( a − 81) .
33. The factors of 10 are ±1, ± 10, ± 2, ± 5 , but none of these has a pair has sum −6. The polynomial
y 2 − 6 y + 10 is prime.
34. The factors of 3 are ±1, ± 3 , but neither pair has a sum of –2. The polynomial y 2 − 2 y + 3 is prime.
35. Factors of 125 with sum of −30 are − 5 and − 25 ⇒ b 2 − 30b + 125 = (b − 5 )(b − 25 ).
41. The factors of −63 are −1, 63; 1, −63; 3, −21; −3, 21; 7, −9; and −7, 9 but none of these pairs of
these pairs of factors has sum 13. The polynomial a 2 + 13a − 42 is prime.
51. The factors of −22 are 1, −22; −1, 22; −2, 11; and 2, −11 but none of these pairs of factors has sum
56. Factors of −39 with sum of −10 are 3 and − 13 ⇒ y 2 − 10 y − 39 ⇒ ( y + 3)( y − 13) .
2 ⇒ 5( x 2 − 2 x − 8) ⇒ 5( x − 4)( x + 2).
−1 ⇒ 2( x 2 + 4 x − 5) ⇒ 2( x + 5)( x − 1).
61. The GCF of −3m 2 − 9m + 12 is −3 ⇒ −3(m 2 + 3m − 4). Factors of −4 with sum of 3 are 4 and
62. The GCF of −4n 2 + 20n − 24 is −4 ⇒ −4(n 2 − 5n + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of –5 are –3 and
65. The GCF of − x3 − 2 x 2 + 15 x is − x ⇒ − x( x 2 + 2 x − 15). Factors of −15 with sum of 2 are 5 and
67. The GCF of 3a3 + 21a 2 + 18a is 3a ⇒ 3a (a 2 + 7a + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of 7 are 6 and
68. The GCF of 5b3 − 5b 2 − 60b is 5b ⇒ 5b(b 2 − b − 12). Factors of −12 with sum of −1 are −4 and
these pairs has sum −3. The polynomial x 2 − 3 x + 4 is prime, so factored form of the original
polynomial is −2 x( x 2 − 3x + 4).
none of these pairs has sum −5. The polynomial y 2 − 5 y + 8 is prime, so factored form of the
71. The GCF of 2m 4 − 10m3 − 28m 2 is 2m 2 ⇒ 2m 2 (m 2 − 5m − 14). Factors of −14 with sum of −5 are −7
72. The GCF of 6n 4 − 18n3 + 12n 2 is 6n 2 ⇒ 6n 2 (n2 − 3n + 2). Factors of 2 with sum of −3 are −2 and
−1 ⇒ 6n 2 (n 2 − 3n + 2) ⇒ 6n 2 (n − 2)(n − 1).
73. The GCF of −3x 4 + 3x3 + 6 x 2 is −3x 2 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2). Factors of –2 with sum of −1 are −2 and
1 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2) ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1).
( x + 2 )( x + 4 ).
77. 3 − 4 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 4 x + 3 and factors of 3 with a sum of − 4 ⇒ −1, − 3 ⇒
( x − 1)( x − 3).
78. 10 − 7 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 7 x + 10 and factors of 10 with a sum of − 7 ⇒ −2, − 5 ⇒
( x − 2 )( x − 5 ).
79. Using the hint, the answer will be in the form ( m − x )( n + x ) . We need to find m and n. Factors of
2. GCF of 12 z 3 and 18 z 2 is 6 z 2 ⇒ 6 z 2 ( 2 z − 3) .
3. (a) 6 y ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) = ( 6 y + 5)( y − 2 )
(b) (2 x 3
) ( )
+ x 2 + (10 x + 5) = x 2 ( 2 x + 1) + 5 ( 2 x + 1) = x 2 + 5 ( 2 x + 1)
4[ z 2 ( z − 3) + 1( z − 3)] ⇒ 4( z 2 + 1)( z − 3)
(c) The factors of −5 are 1, −5 and −1, 5 but neither of these pairs has sum 3. The polynomial
a 2 + 3a − 5 is prime.
5. x 2 + 5 x + 5 x + 25 ⇒ x 2 + 10 x + 25 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x + 5 )
2. ax 2 ; c
b = 4 x and − 2 ⋅ 4 x + 3 x = −5 x .
If a = 1, then b = 3 and − 2 x + 6 x = 4 x .
m = 6, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 6 x + x + 3 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3).
m = 2, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2 x + x + 1 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) .
m = 3, n = 1 ⇒ 3x 2 + 3x + x + 1 ⇒ 3x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ (3x + 1)( x + 1) .
m = 9, n = 1 ⇒ 3 x 2 + 9 x + x + 3 ⇒ 3 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ (3 x + 1)( x + 3) .
m = −10, n = −1 ⇒ 5 x 2 − 10 x − x + 2 ⇒ 5 x ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)( x − 2 ).
m = −7, n = −1 ⇒ 7 x 2 − 7 x − x + 1 ⇒ 7 x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ⇒ ( 7 x − 1)( x − 1) .
m = −5, n = −2 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 5 y − 2 y + 5 ⇒ y ( 2 y − 5 ) − ( 2 y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 1)( 2 y − 5) .
m = −8, n = −3 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 8 y − 3 y + 12 ⇒ 2 y ( y − 4 ) − 3 ( y − 4 ) ⇒ ( 2 y − 3)( y − 4 ).
27. To factor 3m 2 − 11m − 6, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3(−6) = −18 and m + n = −11.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
28. To factor 5m 2 − 7m − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 5(−2) = −10 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
m = −35, n = −2 ⇒ 7 z 2 − 35 z − 2 z + 10 ⇒ 7 z ( z − 5 ) − 2 ( z − 5) ⇒ ( 7 z − 2 )( z − 5 ) .
m = −9, n = −2 ⇒ 3z 2 − 9 z − 2 z + 6 ⇒ 3 z ( z − 3) − 2 ( z − 3) ⇒ (3z − 2 )( z − 3) .
m = 10, n = −5 ⇒ 25 x 2 + 10 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 5 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .
m = 12, n = −5 ⇒ 30 x 2 + 12 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 6 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .
m = 12, n = −1 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 12 x − x − 2 ⇒ 6 x ( x + 2 ) − ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( x + 2 ) .
and m + n = b = 28 ⇒ m = 30, n = −2 ⇒ 12 x 2 + 30 x − 2 x − 5 ⇒
6 x ( 2 x + 5 ) − ( 2 x + 5 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( 2 x + 5 ).
41. To factor 15 y 2 − 7 y + 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 15 ⋅ 2 = 30 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
42. To factor 14 y 2 − 5 y + 1, find numbers m and n such that mn = 14 ⋅1 = 14 and m + n = −5. Because no
such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
43. Using factoring by grouping: For 21n2 + 4n − 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 21⋅ ( −1) = −21 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒
m = 21, n = 4 ⇒ 28 y 2 + 21 y + 4 y + 3 ⇒ 7 y ( 4 y + 3) + ( 4 y + 3) ⇒ ( 7 y + 1)( 4 y + 3) .
50. Using factoring by grouping: For 50 x 2 − 55 x + 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 50 ⋅12 = 600 and m + n = b = −55 ⇒
51. To factor 20a 2 + 18a − 5, find numbers m and n such that mn = 20(−5) = −100 and m + n = 18.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
52. To factor 40a 2 + 21a − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 40(−2) = −80 and m + n = 21.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
54. Using factoring by grouping: For 33t 2 + 7t − 10, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 33 ⋅ ( −10 ) = −330 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒
m = 22, n = −15 ⇒ 33t 2 + 22t − 15t − 10 ⇒ 11t (3t + 2 ) − 5 (3t + 2 ) ⇒ (11t − 5 )(3t + 2 ).
55. The GCF of 12a 2 + 12a − 9 is 3 ⇒ 3(4a 2 + 4a − 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For
⇒ 3[(4a 2 + 6a) + (−2a − 3)] ⇒ 3[2a(2a + 3) − 1(2a + 3)] ⇒ 3(2a − 1)(2a + 3).
56. The GCF of 21b 2 − 14b − 56 is 7 ⇒ 7(3b 2 − 2b − 8). Now use factoring by grouping: For
7(3b 2 − 2b − 8) ⇒ 7[(3b 2 − 6b) + (4b − 8)] ⇒ 7 [3b(b − 2) + 4(b − 2)] ⇒ 7 (3b + 4)(b − 2).
57. The GCF of 12 y 3 − 11y 2 + 2 y is y ⇒ y (12 y 2 − 11 y + 2). Now use factoring by grouping: For
58. The GCF of 10 z 3 + 19 z 2 + 6 z is z ⇒ z (10 z 2 + 19 z + 6). Now use factoring by grouping: For
10 z 2 + 19 z + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 10 ⋅ 6 = 60 and m + n = b = 19 ⇒ m = 4, n = 15 ⇒
4 y 2 − 8 y + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 and m + n = b = −8 ⇒ m = −2, n = −6 ⇒
63. The GCF of 28 x 4 + 56 x 3 + 21x 2 is 7 x 2 ⇒ 7 x 2 (4 x 2 + 8 x + 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For
4 x 2 + 8 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 and m + n = b = 8 ⇒ m = 2, n = 6 ⇒ 7 x 2 (4 x 2 + 8 x + 3) ⇒
64. The GCF of 20 y 4 + 42 y 3 − 20 y 2 is 2 y 2 ⇒ 2 y 2 (10 y 2 + 21y − 10). Now use factoring by grouping:
m = 14, n = 1 ⇒ 7 x 2 + 14 x + x + 2 ⇒ 7 x ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 7 x + 1)( x + 2 ).
− (2 x − 1)(4 x + 3)
( )
73. −2 x 2 − 7 x + 15 = − 2 x 2 + 7 x − 15 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ ( −15 ) = −30 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒
( )
m = 10, n = −3 ⇒ − 2 x 2 + 10 x − 3x − 15 ⇒ − ⎡⎣ 2 x ( x + 5 ) − 3 ( x + 5)⎤⎦ ⇒ − ( 2 x − 3)( x + 5 ) .
( )
74. −5 x 2 − 19 x + 4 = − 5 x 2 + 19 x − 4 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ ( −4 ) = −20 and m + n = b = 19 ⇒
( )
m = 20, n = −1 ⇒ − 5 x 2 + 20 x − x − 4 ⇒ − ⎡⎣5 x ( x + 4 ) − ( x + 4 )⎤⎦ ⇒ − (5 x − 1)( x + 4 ) .
( )
75. −5 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = − 5 x 2 − 14 x − 3 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ ( −3) = −15 and m + n = b = −14 ⇒
( )
m = −15, n = 1 ⇒ − 5 x 2 − 15 x + x − 3 ⇒ − ⎡⎣5 x ( x − 3) + ( x − 3)⎤⎦ ⇒ − (5 x + 1)( x − 3) .
( )
76. −6 x 2 + 17 x + 14 = − 6 x 2 − 17 x − 14 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ ( −14 ) = −84 and m + n = b = −17 ⇒
( )
m = −21, n = 4 ⇒ − 6 x 2 − 21x + 4 x − 14 ⇒ − ⎡⎣3x ( 2 x − 7 ) + 2 ( 2 x − 7 )⎤⎦ ⇒ − (3x + 2 )( 2 x − 7 ) .
77. 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒ m = 4, n = 3 ⇒
(6 x 2
)
+ 4 x + 3 x + 2 ⇒ 2 x (3 x + 2 ) + (3 x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)(3x + 2 ). See Figure 77.
Figure 77 Figure 78
78. 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ b = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 and m + n = b = 5 ⇒ m = 3, n = 2 ⇒
79. (2 x 2
)
+ 6 x + x + 3 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3) .
80. (3 x 2
)
+ 6 x + 2 x + 4 ⇒ 3x ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) ⇒ (3x + 2 )( x + 2 ).
(c) The GCF is −2 ⇒ −2( x 2 − 38 x − 215). Find m and n such that m ⋅ n = −215 and
⇒ −2 ⎡⎣ x ( x + 5) − 43 ( x + 5)⎤⎦ ⇒ −2 ( x − 43)( x + 5 ) .
For 2009, x = 16 and N = −2(16 − 43)(16 + 5) = −2(−27)(21) = 1134. The answers agree.
3. False
4. False
5. a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = ( a + b )
2
6. a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = ( a − b )
2
7. ( x + 3)2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ 6x
(
9. a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) a 2 − ab + b 2 )
(
10. a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a 2 + ab + b2 )
11. 8 x3 + 27 y 3 = ( 2 x ) + (3 y ) ⇒ a = 2 x and b = 3 y.
3 3
12. x, 1
13. y 3 − 8 = ( y − 2 )( y + 2 y + 4 ) ⇒ −; +
14. 64 z 3 + 27 = ( 4 z ) + 33 so ( 4 z + 3) 16 z 2 − 12 z + 9 ⇒ +; −
3
( )
15. x 2 − 1 = ( x ) − (1) ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2
16. x 2 − 16 = ( x ) − ( 4 ) ⇒ ( x − 4 )( x + 4 )
2 2
18. z 2 − 81 = ( z ) − (9 ) ⇒ ( z − 9 )( z + 9 )
2 2
20. 9 y 2 − 16 = (3 y ) − ( 4 ) ⇒ (3 y − 4 )(3 y + 4 )
2 2
21. 36 z 2 − 25 = ( 6 z ) − (5 ) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 )( 6 z + 5 )
2 2
22. 49 z 2 − 64 = ( 7 z ) − (8 ) ⇒ ( 7 z − 8)( 7 z + 8)
2 2
24. 25 − x 2 = (5 ) − ( x ) ⇒ (5 − x )(5 + x )
2 2
26. 49 − 16 y 2 = ( 7 ) − ( 4 y ) ⇒ ( 7 − 4 y )( 7 + 4 y )
2 2
28. 16a 2 − b 2 = ( 4a ) − (b ) ⇒ ( 4a − b )( 4a + b )
2 2
a 2 = z 2 so a = z , b 2 = 52 so b = 5, 2ab = 10 z ≠ 12 z , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work,
therefore: Not possible.
so b = ±1, 2ab = ±10 z ≠ −12 z , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work, therefore:
Not possible.
2ab = ±12t ≠ 16t , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work, therefore: Not possible.
( a + b )2 ⇒ ( 2a − 9 ) .
2
48. 9a 2 − 60a + 100 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (3a ) so a = 3a, b 2 = ( ±10 ) so b = ±10,
2 2
( a + b )2 ⇒ ( r − 5t ) .
2
52. 15r 2 + 10rt + t 2 is not a perfect square trinomial, a ≠ a perfect square and it cannot be factored by
FOIL, therefore: not possible.
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( z + 1) ( z 2 − z + 1).
56. Using the sum of cubes for z 3 + 8, a 3 = z 3 so a = z , b3 = 23 so b = 2 ⇒
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( z + 2 ) ( z 2 − 2 z + 4 ).
57. Using the sum of cubes for x3 + 64, a3 = x3 so a = x, b3 = 43 so b = 4 ⇒
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 16 ).
58. Using the sum of cubes for x3 + 125, a3 = x3 so a = x, b3 = 53 so b = 5 ⇒
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 5 ) ( x 2 − 5 x + 25 ).
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( y − 2 ) ( y 2 + 2 y + 4 ).
60. Using the difference of cubes for y 3 − 27, a3 = y 3 so a = y, b3 = 33 so b = 3 ⇒
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( y − 3) ( y 2 + 3 y + 9 ).
61. Using the difference of cubes for n3 − 1, a3 = n3 so a = n, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( n − 1) ( n2 + n + 1).
62. Using the difference of cubes for n3 − 64, a 3 = n3 so a = n, b3 = 43 so b = 4 ⇒
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( n − 4 ) ( n 2 + 4n + 16 ).
63. Using the sum of cubes for 8 x3 + 1, a 3 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒
3
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1).
64. Using the difference of cubes for 27 x3 − 1, a3 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒
3
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ (3x − 1) (9 x 2 + 3x + 1).
65. Using the difference of cubes for m3 − 64n3 , a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = ( 4n ) so b = 4n ⇒
3
( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( m − 4n ) ( m2 + 4mn + 16n 2 ).
66. Using the sum of cubes for m3 + 8n3 , a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = ( 2n ) so b = 2n ⇒
3
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( m + 2n ) ( m2 − 2mn + 4n2 ).
67. Using the sum of cubes for 8 x3 + 125 y 3 , a 3 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b3 = (5 y ) so b = 5 y ⇒
3 3
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 5 y ) ( 4 x 2 − 10 xy + 25 y 2 ).
68. Using the sum of cubes for 27 x3 + 64 y 3 , a3 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b3 = ( 4 y ) so b = 4 y ⇒
3 3
( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ (3x + 4 y ) (9 x2 − 12 xy + 16 y 2 ).
69. 4 x 2 − 16 = 4( x 2 − 4) = 4(( x)2 − (2) 2 ) ⇒ 4( x − 2)( x + 2)
Therefore 2( y 2 − 14 y + 49) = 2( y − 7) 2 .
so a = z , b 2 = 25 so b = ±5, 2ab = ±10 z ≠ 9 z , the middle term, and FOIL does not work, therefore
4 z 3 + 36 z 2 + 100 z = 4 z ( z 2 + 9 z + 25).
75. x3 y − xy 3 = xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) = xy ( x − y )( x + y )
77. 2m3 − 10m 2 + 18m = 2m(m 2 − 5m + 9); m 2 − 5m + 9 is not a perfect square trinomial because
a 2 = m 2 so a = m, b 2 = 9 so b = ±3, 2ab = ±6m ≠ −5m, the middle term, and FOIL does not work,
81. Using the sum of cubes for 16a3 + 2b3 = 2 (8a3 + b3 ), a 3 = (2a )3 so a = 2a, b3 = b3 so
4b 4 + 24b3 + 36b2 = 4b 2 (b + 3) 2 .
2 y 4 + 24 y 3 + 72 y 2 = 2 y 2 ( y + 6) 2 .
85. Using the difference of cubes for 500r 3 − 32t 3 = 4(125r 3 − 8t 3 ), a 3 = (5r )3 so a = 5r , b3 = (2t )3 so
4 x 2 + 12 x + 9, a 2 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b 2 = 32 so b = 3,
2
Figure 87 Figure 88
88. Sides must be the same ⇒ perfect square trinomial,
using b = 5, 2ab = 30 x the middle term ⇒ (3x + 5) . See Figure 88. Length = 3x + 5.
2
2 x 2 − 8 x + 3x − 12 ⇒ 2 x ( x − 4 ) + 3 ( x − 4 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 3)( x − 4 ).
6 x 2 + 21x − 4 x − 14 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 7 ) − 2 ( 2 x + 7 ) ⇒ (3x − 2 )( 2 x + 7 ) .
(
b = 3 ⇒ (5n + 3) 25n 2 − 15n + 9 . )
7. (a) 16 x 2 − 4 = 4(4 x 2 − 1) = 4 ((2 x)2 − (1)2 ) = 4(2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)
b = 2 ⇒ 3 y ( y + 2)( y 2 − 2 y + 4).
10. x 2 + 3 x = x ( x + 3)
11. 2 y 2 − 4 y + 4 = 2( y 2 − 2 y + 2)
12. 5 y 2 − 25 y + 10 = 5 ( y 2 − 5 y + 2)
13. z 2 − 4 = ( z − 2)( z + 2)
15. a 3 + 8 = (a + 2)(a 2 − 2a + 4)
18. b 2 + 4b + 4 = (b + 2) 2
21. x3 − x 2 + 5 x − 5 = x 2 ( x − 1) + 5( x − 1) = ( x 2 + 5)( x − 1)
23. y 2 − 5 y + 4 = ( y − 4)( y − 1)
24. y 2 − 3 y − 10 = ( y − 5)( y + 2)
30. 3x 2 y + 24 xy + 48 y = 3 y ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) = 3 y ( x + 4) 2
= 3 (r − 2)(r 2 + 2r + 4)(r + 1)
36. 3x 4 y + 24 xy 4 = 3 xy ( x3 + 8 y 3 ) = 3 xy ( x + 2 y )( x 2 − 2 xy + 4 y 2 )
38. 6a 4 b + 4a3b + 18a 2b + 12ab = 2ab (3a3 + 2a 2 + 9a + 6) = 2ab [a 2 (3a + 2) + 3(3a + 2)]
= 2ab (a 2 + 3)(3a + 2)
39. 6 y 2 z − 24 z 3 = 6 z ( y 2 − 4 z 2 ) = 6 z ( y − 2 z )( y + 2 z )
40. 6 y 3 z − 48 z 4 = 6 z ( y 3 − 8 z 3 ) = 6 z ( y − 2 z )( y 2 + 2 yz + 4 z 2 )
41. 3x 2 y − 30 xy + 75 y = 3 y ( x 2 − 10 x + 25) = 3 y ( x − 5) 2
(
42. 8 x3 + y 3 = ( 2 x + y ) 4 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
43. 27m3 − 8n3 = (3m − 2n)(9m 2 + 6mn + 4n2 )
46. 8 x3 − 8 = 8( x3 − 1) = 8( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
55. 4 x 2 − 36 y 2 = 4( x 2 − 9 y 2 ) = 4( x − 3 y )( x + 3 y )
56. 64 x 2 − 25 y 2 = (8 x − 5 y )(8 x + 5 y )
59. 32 xy 3 + 4 x = 4 x (8 y 3 + 1) = 4 x (2 y + 1)(4 y 2 − 2 y + 1)
= 3( z − 3)( z + 3)( z − 2)
1
63. Area of one square = (27 x 2 + 18 x + 3) = 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1; sides must be the same ⇒ perfect square
3
1
64. Volume of one cube = (3 x3 + 18 x 2 + 36 x + 24) = x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8. The side length must be of the
3
form ax + b, and (ax + b)3 = x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8 ⇒ (ax + b)(ax + b) 2 = (ax + b)((ax) 2 + 2abx + (b) 2 )
= (ax)3 + (ax )2 b + 2abx (ax) + 2abx (b) + ax (b)2 + (b)3 . The only x3 − term is (ax)3 , and so
3. 2 x = 0, x + 6 = 0
4. Set the problem equal to zero by subtracting 4x from both sides.
5. Apply the zero-product property by setting x + 5 = 0 and x − 4 = 0.
6. solving
7. zero
8. 2
9. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0.
5m 2 0
14. 5m 2 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ m2 = 0 ⇒ m = 0
5 5
15. 2 x = 0 or x + 8 = 0, so x = −8, 0.
16. x = 0 or x + 10 = 0, so x = −10, 0.
17. y − 1 = 0 or y − 2 = 0, so y = 1, 2.
18. y + 4 = 0 or y − 3 = 0, so y = −4, 3.
1
19. 2 z − 1 = 0 or 4 z − 3 = 0, then 2 z − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 1 ⇒ z = or 4 z − 3 = 0 ⇒ 4 z = 3 ⇒
2
3 1 3
z= , so z = , .
4 2 4
−5 −5
20. 6 z + 5 = 0 or z − 7 = 0, then 6 z + 5 = 0 ⇒ 6 z = −5 ⇒ z = or z − 7 = 0 ⇒ z = 7, so z = , 7.
6 6
−1 1
21. 1 − 3n = 0 or 3 − 7n = 0, then 1 − 3n = 0 ⇒ − 3n = −1 ⇒ n = = or 3 − 7n = 0 ⇒
−3 3
−3 3 1 3
−7n = −3 ⇒ n = = , so n = , .
−7 7 3 7
22. 5 − n = 0 or 5 + n = 0, then 5 − n = 0 ⇒ − n = −5 ⇒ n = 5 or 5 + n = 0 ⇒ n = −5, so n = −5, 5.
23. x = 0 or x − 5 = 0 or x − 8 = 0, then x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5 or x − 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 8, so x = 0, 5, 8.
25. x 2 − x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 1) = 0, then x = 0 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, so x = 0, 1.
27. z 2 − 5 z = 0 ⇒ z ( z − 5 ) = 0, then z = 0 or z − 5 = 0 ⇒ z = 5, so z = 0, 5.
1 1
28. 6 z 2 − 3z = 0 ⇒ 3z ( 2 z − 1) = 0, then 3z = 0 ⇒ z = 0 or 2 z − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 1 ⇒ z = , so z = 0, .
2 2
29. 10 y 2 + 15 y = 0 ⇒ 5 y ( 2 y + 3) = 0, then 5 y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or 2 y + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −3 ⇒
−3 −3
y= , so y = 0, .
2 2
−3 −3
30. 2 y 2 + 3 y = 0 ⇒ y (2 y + 3) = 0, then y = 0 or 2 y + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −3 ⇒ y = , so y = 0,
2 2
31. x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 1) then x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 so x = −1, 1.
−1
33. 4n 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( 2n + 1)( 2n − 1) = 0, then 2n + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2n = −1 ⇒ n = or 2n − 1 = 0 ⇒
2
1 1 1
2n = 1 ⇒ n = , so n = − , .
2 2 2
−2
34. 9n 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (3n + 2 )(3n − 2 ) = 0, then 3n + 2 = 0 ⇒ 3n = −2 ⇒ n = or 3n − 2 = 0 ⇒
3
2 2 2
3n = 2 ⇒ n = , so n = − , .
3 3 3
37. x 2 − 12 x + 35 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 7 )( x − 5 ) = 0, then x − 7 = 0 ⇒ x = 7 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5, so x = 5, 7.
1 1
b= or b + 2 = 0 ⇒ b = −2, so b = −2, .
2 2
40. 3b2 + b − 2 = 0 ⇒ (3b − 2 )(b + 1) = 0, then 3b − 2 = 0 ⇒ 3b = 2 ⇒
2 2
b= or b + 1 = 0 ⇒ b = −1, so b = −1, .
3 3
6 y 2 + 15 y + 4 y + 10 = 0 ⇒ 3 y ( 2 y + 5 ) + 2 ( 2 y + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ (3 y + 2 )( 2 y + 5 ) = 0, then 3 y + 2 = 0 ⇒
−2 −5 5 2
3 y = −2 ⇒ y = or 2 y + 5 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −5 ⇒ y = , so y = − , − .
3 2 2 3
4 y 2 − 28 y + 3 y − 21 = 0 ⇒ 4 y ( y − 7 ) + 3 ( y − 7 ) = 0 ⇒ ( 4 y + 3)( y − 7 ) = 0, then 4 y + 3 = 0 ⇒
−3 3
4 y = −3 ⇒ y = or y − 7 = 0 ⇒ y = 7, so y = − , 7.
4 4
43. x 2 = 25 ⇒ x 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0, then x + 5 = 0 ⇒ x = −5 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒
x = 5, so x = −5, 5.
44. x 2 = 81 ⇒ x 2 − 81 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 9 )( x − 9 ) = 0, then x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = −9 or x − 9 = 0 ⇒
x = 9, so x = −9, 9.
45. t 2 = 5t ⇒ t 2 − 5t = 0 ⇒ t (t − 5) = 0, then t = 0 or t − 5 = 0 ⇒ t = 5, so t = 0, 5.
−1 1
2t = −1 ⇒ t = , so t = − , 0.
2 2
m = −3, so m = −3, 0.
−3 3 3 3
m= or 2m − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2m = 3 ⇒ m = , so m = − , .
2 2 2 2
49. x 2 = 5 x + 6 ⇒ x 2 − 5 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 6 ) = 0, then x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x − 6 = 0 ⇒
x = 6, so x = −1, 6.
50. 2 x 2 + 3 x = 14 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 3x − 14 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 x + 7 )( x − 2 ) = 0, then 2 x + 7 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −7 ⇒
−7 7
x= or x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, so x = − , 2.
2 2
51. 12 z 2 = 5 − 4 z ⇒ 12 z 2 + 4 z − 5 = 0, ( factor by grouping ) , m ⋅ n = −60, m + n = 4 ⇒
m = 10, n = −6 ⇒ 12 z 2 + 10 z − 6 z − 5 = 0 ⇒ 2 z ( 6 z + 5 ) − ( 6 z + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ ( 2 z − 1)( 6 z + 5) = 0,
1 −5 5 1
then 2 z − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 1 ⇒ z = or 6 z + 5 = 0 ⇒ 6 z = −5 ⇒ z = , so z = − , .
2 6 6 2
t = −2 or t − 1 = 0 ⇒ t = 1, so t = −2, 1.
t = 3 or t − 4 = 0 ⇒ t = 4, so t = 3, 4.
1 1
2x = 1 ⇒ x = or x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3, so x = −3, .
2 2
56. x (3x + 2 ) = 5 ⇒ 3x 2 + 2 x = 5 ⇒ 3x 2 + 2 x − 5 = 0 ⇒ (3x + 5 )( x − 1) = 0, then 3x + 5 = 0 ⇒
−5 5
3x = −5 ⇒ x = or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, so x = − , 1.
3 3
57. 12 x 2 + 12 x = −3 ⇒ 12 x 2 + 12 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 (4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 0 ⇒ 3 (2 x + 1) 2 = 0, then
1
2 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −1 ⇒ x = − .
2
58. 18 x 2 + 2 = 12 x ⇒ 18 x 2 − 12 x + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2(9 x 2 − 6 x + 1) = 0 ⇒ 2 (3x − 1)(3x − 1) = 0, then
1
3x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3x = 1 ⇒ x = .
3
2 2
3 y + 2 = 0 ⇒ 3 y = −2 ⇒ y = − or y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y = −1, so y = −1, − .
3 3
1
60. 30 y 2 − 25 y + 5 = 0 ⇒ 5(6 y 2 − 5 y + 1) = 0 ⇒ 5(3 y − 1)(2 y − 1) = 0, then 3 y − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 y = 1 ⇒ y =
3
1 1 1
or 2 y − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = 1 ⇒ y = , so y = , .
2 3 2
62. Cube has 6 surfaces: so 96 ÷ 6 = 16 ft 2 for one surface. Sides of surface are the same so x 2 = 16 ⇒
x 2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0 ⇒ x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −4 or x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4, so x = −4, 4, but
a 2 + b2 = c 2 , ( x − 1)2 + x 2 = ( x + 1)2 ⇒ x2 − 2 x + 1 + x2 = x2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒
2 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ x 2 − 4 x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 4 ) = 0, then x = 0 or x − 4 = 0 ⇒
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , x 2 + ( x + 7 ) = ( x + 8 ) ⇒ x 2 + x 2 + 14 x + 49 = x 2 + 16 x + 64 ⇒
2 2
2 x 2 + 14 x + 49 = x 2 + 16 x + 64 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x + 3 = 0 ⇒
Figure 67
( )
68. 75 = −16t 2 + 88t + 3 ⇒ 16t 2 − 88t + 72 = 0 ⇒ 8 2t 2 − 11t + 9 = 0 ⇒ 8 ( 2t − 9 )(t − 1) = 0, now
9 9
2t − 9 = 0 ⇒ 2t = 9 ⇒ t = or t − 1 = 0 ⇒ t = 1, so t = 1, or 1 second and 4.5 seconds.
2 2
1 1
69. (a) For x = 30, D = (30 )2 ⇒ D = (900 ) ⇒ D ≈ 81.8 feet.
11 11
1 1
For x = 60, D = (60 )2 ⇒ D = (3600 ) ⇒ D = 327.3 feet.
11 11
When the speed doubles, the braking distance quadruples.
1 2
(b) 33 = x ⇒ 363 = x 2 ⇒ x ≈ 19 mph.
11
(c) See Figure 69. About 19 miles per hour: yes.
1 1
70. (a) For 36, D = (36 )2 ⇒ D = 144 ft. For 72, D = (72 )2 ⇒ D = 576 ft. Distance quadruples.
9 9
1 2
(b) 49 = x ⇒ 441 = x 2 ⇒ x = 21 mph
9
(c) See Figure 70. About 21 miles per hour: yes.
19 11 19 11
71. (a) In 1930, x = 30 ⇒ W = (30 )2 + ⇒ W = (900 ) + ⇒
3125 2 3125 2
W = 10.972 million ≈ 11 million.
19 11 19 11
In 2000, x = 100 ⇒ W = (100 )2 + ⇒ W = (10, 000 ) + ⇒
3125 2 3125 2
W = 66.3 million ≈ 66 million.
(b) See Figure 71. About 1981.
72. (a) In 2001, x = 21 ⇒ F = 0.0316 (21)2 + 0.015(21) − 0.046 ≈ 14.2 The result is $14.2 billion.
(b) In 2004 the result was approximately $18.5 billion.
(b) 7 xy 2 + 28 x = 7 x ( y 2 + 4)
3. (a) 36 x3 − 48 x 2 + 16 x = 4 x (9 x 2 − 12 x + 4) = 4 x (3x − 2) 2
3
4. (a) 4 y 2 − 6 y = 0 ⇒ 2 y ( 2 y − 3) = 0, then 2 y = 0 or 2 y − 3 = 0 ⇒ y = 0,
2
3
(b) 5 z 2 + 2 z = 3 ⇒ 5 z 2 + 2 z − 3 = 0 ⇒ (5 z − 3)( z + 1) = 0, then 5 z − 3 = 0 ⇒ 5 z = 3 ⇒ z = or
5
3
z + 1 = 0, so z = −1,
5
Numerical:
11
6. 88t − 16t 2 = 0 ⇒ −8t ( 2t − 11) = 0, then − 8t = 0 ⇒ t = 0 or 2t − 11 = 0 ⇒ 2t = 11 ⇒ t = ,
2
11
so t = 0, ; t = 0 is when the ball was hit so the golf ball will hit the ground 5.5 seconds after it
2
was hit.
4. ( x 2 − y 2 ) 2
5. ( z 2 + 1)( z 2 + 2)
9. Factor out x 2 .
10. One
( )
11. 5 x 2 − 5 x − 30 ⇒ 5 x 2 − x − 6 ⇒ 5 ( x + 2 )( x − 3)
12. 3x 2 − 15 x + 12 ⇒ 3 ( x 2
)
− 5 x + 4 ⇒ 3 ( x − 4 )( x − 1)
( )
14. −7 y 2 + 14 y + 21 ⇒ − 7 y 2 − 2 y − 3 ⇒ − 7 ( y + 1)( y − 3)
( )
15. −20 z 2 − 110 z − 50 ⇒ − 10 2 z 2 + 11z + 5 ⇒ − 10 ( 2 z + 1)( z + 5 )
( )
16. −12 z 2 − 54 z + 30 ⇒ − 6 2 z 2 + 9 z − 5 ⇒ − 6 ( z + 5 )( 2 z − 1)
( )
17. 60 − 64t − 28t 2 ⇒ − 4 7t 2 + 16t − 15 ⇒ − 4 ( 7t − 5 )(t + 3)
19. r − r ⇒ r ( r − 1) ⇒ r ( r + 1)( r − 1)
3 2
(
20. r 3 + 2r 2 − 3r ⇒ r r 2 + 2r − 3 ⇒ r ( r + 3)( r − 1) )
21. 3x3 + 3 x 2 − 18 x ⇒ 3 x x 2 + x − 6 ⇒ 3 x ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( )
) (
22. 6 x3 − 26 x 2 − 20 x ⇒ 2 x 3 x 2 − 13 x − 10 ⇒ 2 x (3x + 2 )( x − 5 )
23. 72 z + 12 z − 24 z ⇒ 12 z ( 6 z + z − 2 ) ⇒ 12 z (3z + 2 )( 2 z − 1)
3 2 2
25. x − 4 x ⇒ x ( x − 4 ) ⇒ x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
4 2 2 2 2
26. 4 x − 36 x ⇒ 4 x ( x − 9 ) ⇒ 4 x ( x + 3)( x − 3)
4 2 2 2 2
27. t + t − 2t ⇒ t (t + t − 2 ) ⇒ t (t + 2 )(t − 1)
4 3 2 2 2 2
29. x − 5 x + 6 ⇒ ( x − 2 )( x − 3)
4 2 2 2
30. x − 3x − 10 ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x − 5 )
4 2 2 2
31. 2 x + 7 x + 3 ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3)
4 2 2 2
32. 3x − 8 x + 5 ⇒ (3 x − 5 )( x − 1) ⇒ (3 x − 5) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
4 2 2 2 2
( )( ) ( )
2
33. y 4 + 6 y 2 + 9 ⇒ y 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 ⇒ y 2 + 3
( )( ) ( )
2
34. y 4 − 10 y 2 + 25 ⇒ y 2 − 5 y 2 − 5 ⇒ y 2 − 5
35. x − 9 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
4 2 2
36. x − 25 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
4 2 2
37. x − 81 ⇒ ( x + 9 )( x − 9 ) ⇒ ( x + 9 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
4 2 2 2
38. 4 x − 64 ⇒ 4 ( x − 16 ) ⇒ 4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) ⇒ 4 ( x
4 4 2 2 2
)
+ 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
(
40. 6 z 5 − 47 z 4 + 35 z 3 ⇒ z 3 6 z 2 − 47 z + 35 , (factor by grouping), m ⋅ n = 210, m + n = −47 ⇒ )
m = −42, n = −5 ⇒ 6 z 2 − 42 z − 5 z + 35 ⇒ 6 z ( z − 7 ) − 5 ( z − 7 ) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 )( z − 7 ) ⇒
z 3 (6 z − 5) ( z − 7 ).
41. 2 x 2 + xy − y 2 ⇒ ( 2 x − y )( x + y )
42. 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 2 y 2 ⇒ ( 2 x + y )( x + 2 y )
43. a 4 − 2a 2 b 2 + b 4 ⇒ a 2 − b2( )( a 2
)
− b 2 ⇒ ( a + b )( a − b )( a + b )( a − b ) ⇒ ( a + b ) ( a − b )
2 2
( )
44. a 3 + 2a 2 b + ab 2 ⇒ a a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ⇒ a ( a + b )( a + b ) ⇒ a ( a + b )
2
( )
45. x3 − xy 2 ⇒ x x 2 − y 2 ⇒ x ( x + y )( x − y )
( )
46. 2 x 2 y − 2 y 3 ⇒ 2 y x 2 − y 2 ⇒ 2 y ( x + y )( x − y )
( )
47. 4 x3 + 4 x 2 y + xy 2 ⇒ x 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 ⇒ x ( 2 x + y )( 2 x + y ) ⇒ x ( 2 x + y )
2
y (x ) ⇒ y ( x − 3 y )( x − 3 y ) ⇒ y (x − 3y)
2
48. x 2 y − 6 xy 2 + 9 y 3 ⇒ 2
− 6 xy + 9 y 2
49. (a) ( )
x3 − 4 x ⇒ x x 2 − 4 ⇒ x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
50. (a) ( )
4 x3 − 16 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 4 ⇒ 4 x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
51. (a) (
2 y 3 − 6 y 2 − 36 y ⇒ 2 y y 2 − 3 y − 18 ⇒ 2 y ( y − 6 )( y + 3) )
(b) 2 y ( y − 6 )( y + 3) = 0, then 2 y = 0 or y − 6 = 0 or y + 3 = 0 ⇒ y = −3, 0, 6.
52. (a) ( )(
z 4 − 13z 2 + 36 ⇒ z 2 − 9 z 2 − 4 ⇒ ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 2 )( z − 2 ))
(b) ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 2 )( z − 2 ) = 0, then z + 3 = 0 or z − 3 = 0 or z + 2 = 0 or z − 2 = 0 ⇒
z = −3, − 2, 2, 3.
53. (a) x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 1) + 4 ( x − 1) ⇒ x 2 + 4 ( x − 1) ( )
(b) (x )
2
( )
+ 4 ( x − 1) = 0 , then x 2 + 4 = 0 or ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 and there is no real number that
makes ( x 2
)
+4 =0.
54. (a) ( )( )
y 4 − 8 y 2 + 16 ⇒ y 2 − 4 y 2 − 4 ⇒ ( y − 2 )( y + 2 )( y − 2 )( y + 2 )
(b) ( y − 2 )( y + 2 )( y − 2 )( y + 2 ) = 0 , then ( y − 2 ) = 0 or ( y + 2 ) = 0 ⇒ y = 2, −2
( )
55. 3x 2 + 33x + 72 = 0 ⇒ 3 x 2 + 11x + 24 = 0 ⇒ 3 ( x + 8 )( x + 3) = 0, then x + 8 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 ⇒
x = −8, − 3.
( )
56. 4 x 2 − 16 x − 20 = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 − 4 x − 5 = 0 ⇒ 4 ( x − 5 )( x + 1) = 0, then x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 ⇒
x = −1, 5.
(
57. 25 x 2 = 50 x + 75 ⇒ 25 x 2 − 50 x − 75 = 0 ⇒ 25 x 2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ 25 ( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0, )
then x − 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 3.
( )
58. 10 x 2 = 20 x + 80 ⇒ 10 x 2 − 20 x − 80 = 0 ⇒ 10 x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 ⇒ 10 ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) = 0,
then x + 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −2, 4.
( )
59. y 3 − 3 y 2 − 4 y = 0 ⇒ y y 2 − 3 y − 4 = 0 ⇒ y ( y − 4 )( y + 1) = 0, then y = 0 or y − 4 = 0 or
y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y = −1, 0, 4.
( )
60. y 3 − 3 y 2 + 2 y = 0 ⇒ y y 2 − 3 y + 2 = 0 ⇒ y ( y − 2 )( y − 1) = 0, then y = 0 or y − 2 = 0 or
y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 0, 1, 2.
( )
61. 3z 3 + 6 z 2 = 72 z ⇒ 3z 3 + 6 z 2 − 72 z = 0 ⇒ 3z z 2 + 2 z − 24 = 0 ⇒ 3z ( z + 6 )( z − 4 ) = 0, then
3 z = 0 or z + 6 = 0 or z − 4 = 0 ⇒ z = −6, 0, 4.
( )
62. 4 z 3 = 4 z 2 + 24 z ⇒ 4 z 3 − 4 z 2 − 24 z = 0 ⇒ 4 z z 2 − z − 6 = 0 ⇒ 4 z ( z − 3 ) ( z + 2) = 0, then
4 z = 0 or z − 3 = 0 or z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z = −2, 0, 3.
( )
63. x 4 − 36 x 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 x 2 − 36 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) = 0, then x 2 = 0 or x + 6 = 0 or x − 6 = 0 ⇒
x = −6, 0, 6.
( )
64. 4 x 4 = 100 x 2 ⇒ 4 x 4 − 100 x 2 = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 x 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 4 x 2 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0, then 4 x 2 = 0 or
x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = −5, 0, 5.
( )
65. r 4 + 6r 3 = 7r 2 ⇒ r 4 + 6r 3 − 7 r 2 = 0 ⇒ r 2 r 2 + 6r − 7 = 0 ⇒ r 2 ( r + 7 )( r − 1) = 0, then r 2 = 0 or
r + 7 = 0 or r − 1 = 0 ⇒ r = −7, 0, 1.
( )
66. r 4 + 30r 2 = 11r 3 ⇒ r 4 − 11r 3 + 30r 2 = 0 ⇒ r 2 r 2 − 11r + 30 = 0 ⇒ r 2 ( r − 6 )( r − 5) = 0,
then r 2 = 0 or r − 6 = 0 or r − 5 = 0 ⇒ r = 0, 5, 6.
( )( )
67. x 4 − 13 x 2 = −36 ⇒ x 4 − 13x 2 + 36 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 9 x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0,
then x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −3, − 2, 2, 3.
( )( )
68. x 4 − 17 x 2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 16 x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0, then x + 4 = 0 or
x − 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −4, − 1, 1, 4.
( )( )
69. x 4 + 1 = 2 x 2 ⇒ x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 1 x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0, then
x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 1.
( )( )
70. x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 4 x 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0, then x + 2 = 0 or
x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2, 2.
( )( )
71. a 4 = 81 ⇒ a 4 − 81 = 0 ⇒ a 2 + 9 a 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ ( a 2 + 9) ( a + 3) ( a − 3) = 0, then a 2 + 9 = 0 or
( )
72. b3 = −8 ⇒ b3 + 8 = 0 ⇒ (b + 2 ) b 2 − 2b + 4 = 0, then b + 2 = 0 or b 2 − 2b + 4 = 0, but
( )
73. x3 − 2 x 2 − x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 1 ( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒
( )
74. x3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 1) + 4 ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 4 ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ then x 2 + 4 = 0 or
( )
75. x3 − 5 x 2 + x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 5) + ( x − 5 ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 1 ( x − 5 ) = 0 ⇒ then x 2 + 1 = 0 or
( )
76. 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 27 x − 18 = 0 ⇒ x 2 (3x + 2 ) − 9 (3 x + 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 9 (3x + 2 ) = 0 ⇒
−2 2
x= ⇒ x = −3, − , 3.
3 3
77. (a) x < 7.5 in. because the width is 15 inches.
(b) Surface area of rectangle with 4 cut-out pieces is15 × 20 = 300. Area of cut-out pieces =
5
x= ⇒ x = 2.5 inches.
2
78. (a) Length = 20 − 2 x, width = 15 − 2 x, height = x, Volume = l × w × h,
15
(c) 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or 2 x − 15 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 15 ⇒ x = or x − 10 = 0 ⇒ x = 10,
2
so x = 0, 7.5, 10; x = 0 and x = 7.5 produce a box with no volume.
79. In 1990, x = 30 ⇒ 0.0013 (30 ) − 0.085 (30 ) + 1.6 (30 ) + 12 = 35.1 − 76.5 + 48 + 12 = 18.6 trillion ft 3
3 2
Figure 80
81. Factoring is very difficult.
82. Graphically or numerically; the year in which natural gas consumption was 23.2 trillion ft 3 .
(b) ( )
−10 y 2 + 5 y + 5 = −5 2 y 2 − y − 1 = −5 ( 2 y + 1)( y − 1)
2. (a) )( ) (
z 4 − 25 = z 2 − 5 z 2 + 5
3. (a) x − 8 x + 16 ⇒ ( x − 4 )( x − 4 ) ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )
4 2 2 2 2 2
(b) 2 y + 17 y − 30 y ⇒ y ( 2 y + 17 y − 30 ) ⇒ y ( 2 y − 3)( y + 10 )
3 2 2
t + 4 = 0 or t − 3 = 0 ⇒ t = −4, 0, 3.
( )
5. x3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x 2 ( x − 3) + 2 ( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2 ( x − 3) = 0, then x 2 + 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = −2
Chapter 6 Review
1. Factors of 5 x = 5 ⋅ x ⇒ factors of 15 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⇒ GCF=5; 5( x − 3)
4 z 2 ( 2 z − 1)
(
factors of 12 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x = 3x 2 ; 3 x 2 2 x 2 + x − 4 . )
a 2 b 2 (b + a ) .
7. x ( x + 2 ) − 3 ( x + 2 ) = ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
( )
8. y 2 ( x − 5 ) + 3 y ( x − 5 ) = y 2 + 3 y ( x − 5 ) = y ( y + 3)( x − 5 )
( )
9. z 3 − 2 z 2 + 5 z − 10 = z 2 ( z − 2 ) + 5 ( z − 2 ) = z 2 + 5 ( z − 2 )
10. t + t + 8t + 8 = t (t + 1) + 8 (t + 1) = (t + 8 ) (t + 1)
3 2 2 2
11. x − 3 x + 6 x − 18 = x ( x − 3) + 6 ( x − 3) = ( x + 6 ) ( x − 3)
3 2 2 2
12. ax + bx − ay − by = x ( a + b ) − y ( a + b ) = ( x − y )( a + b )
(
13. x5 + 3x 4 − 2 x3 − 6 x 2 = x 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x − 6 ) = x ⎡⎣ x ( x + 3) − 2 ( x + 3)⎤⎦ = x ( x − 2) ( x + 3)
2 2 2 2
14. 2 y 4 + 6 y 3 + 2 y 2 + 6 y = 2 y y 3 + 3 y 2( + y + 3) = 2 y ⎡⎣ y ( y + 3) + 1( y + 3)⎤⎦ = 2 y ( y + 1) ( y + 3)
2 2
15. 4, 5
16. −3, 7
17. −9, − 4
18. −25, 4
( )
27. 2 x3 + 6 x 2 − 20 x = 2 x x 2 + 3x − 10 ; product −10, sum 3 is 5, − 2 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) .
28. x 4 − 3x 3 − 28 x 2 = x 2 (x 2
− 3x − 28 ) ; product −28, sum −3 is −7, 4 ⇒ x 2
( x − 7 )( x + 4 ).
29. Product 10, sum − 7 is − 5, − 2 ⇒ ( 2 − x )(5 − x ) .
(
31. First factor out the GCF of –2. −2 x 2 + 2 x − 15 ) Product –15, sum 2 is 5, −3 ⇒ −2( x + 5)( x − 3)
( )
41. 12 x3 + 48 x 2 + 21x = 3x 4 x 2 + 16 x + 7 ; using FOIL: 3x ( 2 x + 7 )( 2 x + 1).
( )
42. 8 x 4 + 14 x3 − 30 x 2 = 2 x 2 4 x 2 + 7 x − 15 ; using FOIL: 2 x 2 ( x + 3)( 4 x − 5) .
59. 12 x − 8 = 4 (3x − 2 )
60. 6 x3 + 9 x 2 = 3 x 2 ( 2 x + 3)
(
61. 9 y 2 − 6 y + 6 = 3 3 y 2 − 2 y + 2 )
(
62. yz 2 − 9 y = y z 2 − 9 = y ( z − 3)( z + 3) )
( )
63. x 4 + 7 x3 − 4 x 2 − 28 x = x x3 + 7 x 2 − 4 x − 28 = x ⎡⎣ x 2 ( x + 7 ) − 4 ( x + 7 )⎤⎦ = x x 2 − 4 ( x + 7 ) ( )
= x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 7 )
( )
64. 12 x3 + 36 x 2 + 27 x = 3x 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = 3x ( 2 x + 3)
2
66. 5 x + 20 x = 5 x ( x + 4 )
3 2
67. 24 x − 6 xy = 6 x ( 4 x − y ) = 6 x ( 2 x − y )( 2 x + y )
3 2 2 2
68. x y + 27 y = y ( x + 27 ) = y ( x + 3) ( x − 3x + 9 )
3 3 2
69. m = 0 or n = 0
70. y = 0
3 3
71. ( 4 x − 3)( x + 9 ) = 0, then 4 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ 4x = 3 ⇒ x = or x + 9 = 0 ⇒ x = −9, so x = −9, .
4 4
−1 1
72. (1 − 4 x )( 6 + 5 x ) = 0, then 1 − 4 x = 0 ⇒ − 4 x = −1 ⇒ x = ⇒ x = or 6 + 5 x = 0 ⇒ 5 x = −6 ⇒
−4 4
−6 6 1
x= , so x = − , .
5 5 4
73. z ( z − 1)( z − 2 ) = 0, then z = 0 or z − 1 = 0 ⇒ z = 1 or z − 2 = 0 ⇒ z = 2, so z = 0, 1, 2.
74. z 2 − 7 z = 0 ⇒ z ( z − 7 ) = 0, then z = 0 or z − 7 = 0 ⇒ z = 7, so z = 0, 7.
76. y 2 + 9 y + 14 = 0 ⇒ ( y + 2 )( y + 7 ) = 0, then y + 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −2 or y + 7 = 0 ⇒
y = −7, so y = −2, − 7.
x = −2, so x = −2, 3.
−3 2 3 2
x= or 5 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ 5 x = 2 ⇒ x = , so x = − , .
2 5 2 5
5 5
2t = 5 ⇒ t = or t + 2 = 0 ⇒ t = −2, so t = −2, .
2 2
(
81. 5 x 2 − 15 x − 50 ⇒ 5 x 2 − 3x − 10 ⇒ 5 ( x − 5 )( x + 2 ))
(
82. −3x 2 − 6 x + 45 ⇒ − 3 x 2 + 2 x − 15 ⇒ − 3 ( x + 5 )( x − 3) )
( )
83. y 3 − 4 y ⇒ y y 2 − 4 ⇒ y ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
(
84. 3 y 3 + 6 y 2 − 9 y ⇒ 3 y y 2 + 2 y − 3 ⇒ 3 y ( y + 3)( y − 1))
(
85. 2 z 4 + 14 z 3 + 20 z 2 ⇒ 2 z 2 z 2 + 7 z + 10 ⇒ 2 z 2 ( z + 2 )( z + 5) )
86. 8 z 4 − 32 z 2 ⇒ 8 z 2 ( z − 4) ⇒ 8z
2 2
( z + 2 )( z − 2 )
( )(
) ( )
2
87. x 4 − 6 x 2 + 9 ⇒ x 2 − 3 x 2 − 3 ⇒ x 2 − 3
88. 2 x 4 − 15 x 2 − 27 ⇒ ( 2 x + 3)( x − 9 ) ⇒ ( 2 x
2 2 2
)
+ 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( )
90. x3 − xy 2 ⇒ x x 2 − y 2 ⇒ x ( x + y )( x − y )
( )
91. 16 x 2 − 72 x − 40 = 0 ⇒ 8 2 x 2 − 9 x − 5 = 0 ⇒ 8 ( 2 x + 1)( x − 5 ) = 0, then 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −1 ⇒
1 1
x=− or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5, so x = − , 5.
2 2
( )
92. 2 x3 − 11x 2 + 15 x = 0 ⇒ x 2 x 2 − 11x + 15 = 0 ⇒ x ( 2 x − 5 )( x − 3) = 0, then x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0 ⇒
5 5
2x = 5 ⇒ x = or x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, so x = 0, , 3.
2 2
( )
93. t 3 − 25t = 0 ⇒ t t 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ t (t + 5 )(t − 5 ) = 0, then t = 0 or t + 5 = 0 ⇒
t = −5 or t − 5 = 0 ⇒ t = 5, so t = −5, 0, 5.
( )
94. t 4 − 7t 3 + 12t 2 = 0 ⇒ t 2 t 2 − 7t + 12 = 0 ⇒ t 2 (t − 3)(t − 4 ) = 0, then t 2 = 0 ⇒ t = 0 or t − 3 = 0 ⇒
t = 3 or t − 4 = 0 ⇒ t = 4, so t = 0, 3, 4.
( )( )
95. z 4 + 16 = 8 z 2 ⇒ z 4 − 8 z 2 + 16 = 0 ⇒ z 2 − 4 z 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( z + 2 )( z − 2 )( z + 2 )( z − 2 ) = 0, then
z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z = −2 or z − 2 = 0 ⇒ z = 2, so z = −2, 2.
( )( ) ( )
96. z 4 − 256 = 0 ⇒ z 2 + 16 z 2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ z 2 + 16 ( z + 4 )( z − 4 ) = 0, then z 2 + 16 = 0 which
( )
97. y 3 = −64 ⇒ y 3 + 64 = 0 ⇒ ( y + 4 ) y 2 − 4 y + 16 = 0, then y + 4 = 0 ⇒
(
98. y 3 − y 2 − y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y 2 ( y − 1) − 1( y − 1) = 0 ⇒ y 2 − 1 ( y − 1) = 0 ⇒ )
( y + 1)( y − 1)( y − 1) = 0, then y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y = −1 or y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1, so y = −1, 1.
99. The sides of a square are equal so the trinomial must be a perfect square trinomial,
( )
101. A cube has six sides, so 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6 ÷ 6 = x 2 + 2 x + 1, the area of each side ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 1) ⇒
102. x 2 + 3 x + x + 3 = x 2 + 4 x + 3 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x + 1)
103. 2 x 2 + 3 x + 12 x + 18 = 2 x 2 + 15 x + 18 ⇒ ( 2 x + 3)( x + 6 )
8 × 15 ft.
( )
106. 100 = −16t 2 + 80t + 4 ⇒ 16t 2 − 80t + 96 = 0 ⇒ 16 t 2 − 5t + 6 = 0 ⇒ 16 (t − 2 )(t − 3) = 0, so
1 11 1 11
107. (a) D= ( 45 )2 + ( 45 ) ⇒ D = ( 2025) + ( 45) ⇒ D = 225 + 165 ⇒ D = 390 feet.
9 3 9 3
1 2 11 1 11
(b) 80 = x + x ⇒ x 2 + x − 80 = 0 ⇒ multiply by 9 ⇒ x 2 + 33 x − 720 = 0 ⇒
9 3 9 3
or 50, so 50 × 80 pixels.
(
2 sides x (50 − 2 x ) ⇒ 50 x − 2 x 2 )(2) = 100 x − 4 x ; 2
2 sides x ( 40 − 2 x ) ⇒ ( 40 x − 2 x ) ( 2 ) = 80 x − 4 x .
2 2
( )
12 x 2 + 48 x + 48 = 2 6 x 2 + 24 x + 24 . The surface area of one of the cubes will be given as
( )
S = 6s 2 = 6 x 2 + 24 x + 24 = 6 x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 6 ( x + 2)( x + 2) = 6 ( x + 2) . Therefore, the length of the
2
Chapter 6 Test
1. 4 x 2 y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y; 20 xy 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y; 12 xy = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⇒
GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y = 4 xy ⇒ 4 x 2 y − 20 xy 2 + 12 xy = 4 xy ( x − 5 y + 3)
2. 9a3b 2 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b; 3a 2 b2 = 3 ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b ⇒ GCF = 3 ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b = 3a 2b 2 ⇒
9a3b 2 + 3a 2 b 2 = 3a 2 b2 (3a + 1)
3. ay + by + az + bz ⇒ y ( a + b ) + z ( a + b ) ⇒ ( y + z )( a + b )
6. 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25 = ( 2 x + 5 )( 2 x + 5) = ( 2 x + 5)
2
7. 4 z 2 − 19 z + 12 = ( 4 z − 3)( z − 4 )
9. x 2 + 7 x − 10 ⇒ prime
10. 3 y 2 + 4 y + 2 ⇒ prime
( )
11. 6 x3 + 3 x 2 − 3x ⇒ 3x 2 x 2 + x − 1 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x − 1)( x + 1)
( ) ( )( )
12. 2z 4 − 12 z 2 − 54 ⇒ 2 z 4 − 6 z 2 − 27 ⇒ 2 z 2 − 9 z 2 + 3 ⇒ 2 ( z + 3)( z − 3) z 2 + 3 ( )
( )
13. 36 y 3 − 100 y = 4 y 9 y 2 − 25 = 4 y (3 y − 5 )(3 y + 5 )
( ) (
14. 7 x 4 + 56 x = 7 x x3 + 8 = 7 x ( x + 2 ) x 2 − 2 x + 4 )
( )
15. 16a 4 + 24a3 + 9a 2 = a 2 16a 2 + 24a + 9 = a 2 ( 4a + 3)
2
( ) ( )( )
16. 2b 4 − 32 = 2 b4 − 16 = 2 b2 − 4 b 2 + 4 = 2 (b − 2 )(b + 2 ) b 2 + 4 ( )
17. x 2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0, then x + 4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0, so x = −4, 4.
4
then 3 z − 4 = 0 ⇒ 3z = 4 ⇒ z = .
3
( )
21. y 3 = 9 y ⇒ y 3 − 9 y = 0 ⇒ y y 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ y ( y + 3)( y − 3) = 0, then
y = 0 or y + 3 = 0 or y − 3 = 0, so y = −3, 0, 3.
( )( )
22. x 4 − 5 x 2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 4 x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0, then x + 2 = 0 or
x − 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0, so x = −2, − 1, 1, 2.
23. In a square the sides must be equal so 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 must be a perfect square trinomial
24. x 2 + 3 x + 2 x + 6 = x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
1 1
25. (a) D= (55 )2 = (3025 ) = 275 ft.
11 11
1 2 1 2
(b) 99 = x ⇒ x − 99 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 1089 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 33)( x − 33) = 0, then x + 33 = 0 or
11 11
x − 33 = 0, so x = −33 ( not possible ) or 33, so 33 mph.
( )
26. 36 = −16t 2 + 48t + 4 ⇒ 16t 2 − 48t + 32 = 0 ⇒ 16 t 2 − 3t + 2 = 0 ⇒ 16 (t − 2 )(t − 1) = 0, then
t − 2 = 0 or t − 1 = 0, so t = 1, 2 so 1 sec. or 2 sec.
( 5 ) = ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
2
7. x 2 − 5 = x 2 −
( 7 ) = ( y + 7 )( y − 7 )
2
8. y 2 − 7 = y 2 −
( 3z ) ( )( )
2
− (5 ) =
2
9. 3z 2 − 25 = 3z + 5 3z − 5
( 7t ) − ( 2 ) = ( )( )
2 2
10. 7t 2 − 2 = 7t + 2 7t − 2
( x) ( )( )
2
− (2) =
2
11. x − 4 = x +2 x −2
( x) −( 7) = ( )( )
2 2
12. x − 7 = x+ 7 x− 7
( 3) ( )( )
2
13. x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − = 0 ⇒ x + 3 x − 3 ⇒ x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − 3, 3
( 7) ( )( y − 7 ) ⇒ y +
2
14. y 2 − 7 = 0 ⇒ y 2 − =0⇒ y+ 7 7 = 0 or y − 7 = 0 ⇒ y = − 7, 7
( 3x ) ( )( )
2
− (5 ) = 0 ⇒
2
15. 3x 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ 3x + 5 3 x − 5 = 0 ⇒ 3x + 5 = 0 or 3 x − 5 = 0 ⇒
−5 5
3 x = −5 or 3x = 5 ⇒ x = or x =
3 3
( ) − ( 11) ( )( )
2 2
16. 7 x 2 − 11 = 0 ⇒ 7x =0⇒ 7 x + 11 7 x − 11 = 0 ⇒ 7 x + 11 = 0 or
− 11 11
7 x − 11 = 0 ⇒ 7 x = − 11 or 7 x = 11 ⇒ x = or x =
7 7
( ) ( )( )
2
− (3) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 3 x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 3 = 0 or x 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ only
2
17. x 4 − 9 = 0 ⇒ x 2
( 3) ( )( )
2
x2 − = 0 ⇒ x + 3 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − 3 or x = 3
− ( 5 ) = 0 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) = 0 ⇒ x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = − 5 or x = 5
2
x2
3+ 2
4. −22 +
8+2
5
( ) 1 8 1
= − 22 + = −4 + = − + = −
10 2 2 2
7
2
5. See Figure 5. 2 x + 3 = 5 when x = 1.
Figure 5
6. 3n − 5 = n − 7; 3n − 5 = n − 7 ⇒ 3n − n = −7 + 5 ⇒ 2n = −2 ⇒ n = −1
5.7 57
7. = ; 0.057
100 1000
P − 2L P − 2L
8. P = 2W + 2 L ⇒ P − 2 L = 2W ⇒ =W ⇒ W =
2 2
9. 5 − 3z < −1 ⇒ −3z < −6 ⇒ z > 2
10. See Figure 10.
11. See Figure 11.
2
x-intercept: 0 = 3x − 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 x ⇒ x = ; y-intercept: y = 3 ( 0 ) − 2 ⇒ y = 0 − 2 ⇒ y = −2
3
2
13. 2 x − 3 y = −6 ⇒ − 3 y = −2 x − 6 ⇒ y = x + 2, since perpendicular lines have slopes that are
3
3 3
negative reciprocals, m = − , now using (1, 2 ) and y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) ⇒ y − 2 = − ( x − 1) ⇒
2 2
3 3 3 7
y−2= − x+ ⇒ y = − x+ .
2 2 2 2
5 −1 4 4
14. m = = , using ( −2, 1) and y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) ⇒ y − 1 = ⎡⎣ x − ( −2 )⎤⎦ ⇒
1 − ( −2 ) 3 3
4 8 4 11
y −1 = x+ ⇒ y = x+ .
3 3 3 3
−2 − 0 −2
15. x-intercept: x = −1 ⇒ ( −1, 0 ) ; y-intercept: y = −2 ⇒ ( 0, − 2 ) ; m = = = −2;
0 − ( −1) 1
y = mx + b ⇒ y = −2 x − 2.
− x + 2 ( −5 x − 5 ) = 12 ⇒ − x − 10 x − 10 = 12 ⇒ − 11x = 22 ⇒ x = −2 and y = −5 ( −2 ) − 5 ⇒
y = 10 − 5 ⇒ y = 5 ⇒ ( −2, 5 ) .
Figure 19 Figure 20
20. See Figure 20. 2 x − y ≤ 4 ⇒ − y ≤ −2 x + 4 ⇒ y ≥ 2 x − 4 and x + 2 y ≥ 2 ⇒ 2 y ≥ − x + 2 ⇒
1
y ≥ − x + 1.
2
( )
24. 7 x3 −2 x 2 + 3x = −14 x5 + 21x 4
1
25. a −4 ⋅ a 2 = a −2 =
a2
26. (2t ) 3 −2
= 2−2 ⋅ t −6 =
1 1
⋅ =
1
22 t 6 4t 6
( xy )−3 ( x −1 y 2 )
−1 1
27. = x −3 y −3 ⋅ x1 ⋅ y −2 = x −2 ⋅ y −5 = 2 5
x y
5
⎛ 2x ⎞ 25 x5 32 x5
28. ⎜⎜ −2 ⎟⎟ = −10 = −10 = 32 x5 y10
⎝y ⎠ y y
6 x 3 + 12 x 2 6 x3 12 x 2
29. = + = 2 x2 + 4 x
3x 3x 3x
−4 x + 1
30. 3x The solution is 3x +
x2 + 1
x + 1 3x + 0 x − x + 1
2 3 2
3x3 + 0 x 2 + 3 x
− 4x + 1
31. FOIL, x 2 + 3 x − 28 = ( x − 4 )( x + 7 )
( )
37. y 4 = 25 y 2 ⇒ y 4 − 25 y 2 = 0 ⇒ y 2 y 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ y 2 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) = 0, then y 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or
y + 5 = 0 ⇒ y = −5 or y − 5 = 0 ⇒ y = 5, so y = −5, 0, 5.
( )
38. 8 z 2 + 8 z − 16 = 0 ⇒ 8 z 2 + z − 2 = 0 ⇒ 8 ( z + 2 )( z − 1) = 0, then z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z = −2 or
z − 1 = 0 ⇒ z = 1, so z = −2, 1.
( )
39. 4 z 3 = 49 z ⇒ 4 z 3 − 49 z = 0 ⇒ z 4 z 2 − 49 = 0 ⇒ z ( 2 z + 7 )( 2 z − 7 ) = 0, then z = 0 or
−7 7 −7 7
2 z + 7 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = −7 ⇒ z = or 2 z − 7 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 7 ⇒ z = , so z = , 0, .
2 2 2 2
( )( )
40. x 4 − 18 x 2 + 81 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 9 x 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x + 3 )( x − 3) = 0, then
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 or x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, so x = −3, 3.
41. (a) 10 x + 8 x = 18 x
(b) 18 x = 900 ⇒ x = 50 min.
3 1 2 9 6 8 23 11
42. 1 + 2 + 2 = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5 = 6 miles.
4 2 3 12 12 12 12 12
43. Let x represent the minutes cross-country skiing and 60 − x represent minutes running.
12 ( x ) + 9 ( 60 − x ) = 615 ⇒ 12 x + 540 − 9 x = 615 ⇒ 3 x = 75 ⇒ x = 25, so 25 minutes skiing and
35 minutes running.
44. (a) C = 0.25 x + 20
(b) 100 = 0.25 x + 20 ⇒ 80 = 0.25 x ⇒ x = 320 or 320 miles.
48. (a) 0 = 64t − 16t 2 ⇒ − 16t (t − 4 ) = 0, then − 16t = 0 ⇒ t = 0 ( when hit ) or t − 4 = 0 ⇒ t = 4 sec
(b) ( )
48 = 64t − 16t 2 ⇒ 16t 2 − 64t + 48 = 0 ⇒ 16 t 2 − 4t + 3 = 0 ⇒ 16 (t − 3 )(t − 1) = 0, then
t − 3 = 0 ⇒ t = 3 or t − 1 = 0 ⇒ t = 1, so at 1 and 3 sec.
From the first, I, for one, saw in this war the end of slavery; and
truth requires me to say that my interest in the success of the North
was largely due to this belief. True it is that this faith was many times
shaken by passing events, but never destroyed. When Secretary
Seward instructed our ministers to say to the governments to which
they were accredited, that, “terminate however it might, the status of
no class of the people of the United States would be changed by the
rebellion—that the slaves would be slaves still, and that the masters
would be masters still”—when General McClellan and General Butler
warned the slaves in advance that if any attempt was made by them
to gain their freedom, it would be suppressed with an iron hand—
when the government persistently refused to employ colored troops
—when the emancipation proclamation of General John C. Fremont
in Missouri was withdrawn—when slaves were being returned from
our lines to their masters—when Union soldiers were stationed about
the farm houses of Virginia to guard and protect the master in
holding his slaves—when Union soldiers made themselves more
active in kicking colored men out of their camps than in shooting
rebels—when even Mr. Lincoln could tell the poor negro that “he was
the cause of the war,” I still believed, and spoke as I believed, all
over the North, that the mission of the war was the liberation of the
slave, as well as the salvation of the Union; and hence from the first I
reproached the North that they fought the rebels with only one hand,
when they might strike effectually with two—that they fought with
their soft white hand while they kept their black iron hand chained
and helpless behind them—that they fought the effect while they
protected the cause, and that the Union cause would never prosper
till the war assumed an anti-slavery attitude, and the negro was
enlisted on the loyal side. In every way possible, in the columns of
my paper and on the platform, by letters to friends, at home and
abroad, I did all that I could to impress this conviction upon this
country. But nations seldom listen to advice from individuals,
however reasonable. They are taught less by theories than by facts
and events. There was much that could be said against making the
war an abolition war—much that seemed wise and patriotic. “Make
the war an abolition war,” we were told, “and you drive the border
States into the rebellion, and thus add power to the enemy, and
increase the number you will have to meet on the battle-field. You
will exasperate and intensify southern feeling, making it more
desperate, and put far away the day of peace between the two
sections.” “Employ the arm of the negro, and the loyal men of the
North will throw down their arms and go home.” “This is the white
man’s country, and the white man’s war.” “It would inflict an
intolerable wound upon the pride and spirit of white soldiers of the
Union, to see the negro in the United States uniform. Besides, if you
make the negro a soldier, you cannot depend on his courage: a
crack of his old master’s whip would send him scampering in terror
from the field.” And so it was that custom, pride, prejudice, and the
old-time respect for southern feeling, held back the government from
an anti-slavery policy, and from arming the negro. Meanwhile the
rebellion availed itself of the negro most effectively. He was not only
the stomach of the rebellion, by supplying its commissary
department, but he built its forts, and dug its intrenchments, and
performed other duties of its camp, which left the rebel soldier more
free to fight the loyal army than he could otherwise have been. It was
the cotton and corn of the negro that made the rebellion sack stand
on end, and caused a continuance of the war. “Destroy these,” was
the burden of all my utterances during this part of the struggle, “and
you cripple and destroy the rebellion.” It is surprising how long and
bitterly the government resisted and rejected this view of the
situation. The abolition heart of the North ached over the delay, and
uttered its bitter complaints, but the administration remained blind
and dumb. Bull Run, Ball’s Bluff, Big Bethel, Fredericksburg, and the
Peninsula disasters were the only teachers whose authority was of
sufficient importance to excite the attention or respect of our rulers,
and they were even slow in being taught by these. An important
point was gained, however, when General B. F. Butler, at Fortress
Monroe, announced the policy of treating the slaves as
“contrabands,” to be made useful to the Union cause, and was
sustained therein at Washington, and sentiments of a similar nature
were expressed on the floor of Congress by Hon. A. G. Riddle of
Ohio. A grand accession was made to this view of the case when
Hon. Simon Cameron, then secretary of war, gave it his earnest
support, and General David Hunter put the measure into practical
operation in South Carolina. General Phelps from Vermont, in
command at Carrollton, La., also advocated the same plan though
under discouragements which cost him his command. And many and
grievous disasters on flood and field were needed to educate the
loyal nation and President Lincoln up to the realization of the
necessity, not to say justice, of this position, and many devices,
intermediate steps, and make-shifts were suggested to smooth the
way to the ultimate policy of freeing the slave, and arming the
freedmen.
When at last the truth began to dawn upon the administration
that the negro might be made useful to loyalty, as well as to treason,
to the Union as well as to the Confederacy, it then considered in
what way it could employ him, which would in the least shock and
offend the popular prejudice against him. He was already in the army
as a waiter, and in that capacity there was no objection to him, and
so it was thought that as this was the case, the feeling which
tolerated him as a waiter would not seriously object if he should be
admitted to the army as a laborer, especially as no one under a
southern sun cared to have a monopoly of digging and toiling in
trenches. This was the first step in employing negroes in the United
States service. The second step was to give them a peculiar
costume which should distinguish them from soldiers, and yet mark
them as a part of the loyal force. As the eyes of the loyal
administration still further opened, it was proposed to give these
laborers something better than spades and shovels with which to
defend themselves in cases of emergency. Still later it was proposed
to make them soldiers, but soldiers without the blue uniform. Soldiers
with a mark upon them to show that they were inferior to other
soldiers; soldiers with a badge of degradation upon them. However,
once in the army as a laborer, once there with a red shirt on his back
and a pistol in his belt, the negro was not long in appearing on the
field as a soldier. But still he was not to be a soldier in the sense, and
on an equal footing, with white soldiers. It was given out that he was
not to be employed in the open field with white troops, under the
inspiration of doing battle and winning victories for the Union cause,
and in the face and teeth of his old masters, but that he should be
made to garrison forts in yellow fever and otherwise unhealthy
localities of the South, to save the health of white soldiers, and in
order to keep up the distinction further the black soldiers were to
have only half the wages of the white soldiers, and were to be
commanded entirely by white commissioned officers. While of
course I was deeply pained and saddened by the estimate thus put
upon my race, and grieved at the slowness of heart which marked
the conduct of the loyal government, I was not discouraged, and
urged every man who could to enlist; to get an eagle on his button, a
musket on his shoulder, and the star-spangled banner over his head.
Hence, as soon as Governor Andrew of Massachusetts received
permission from Mr. Lincoln to raise two colored regiments, the 54th
and 55th, I made the following address to the colored citizens of the
North through my paper, then being published in Rochester, which
was copied in the leading journals:
“men of color, to arms.
“When first the rebel cannon shattered the walls of Sumpter
and drove away its starving garrison, I predicted that the war
then and there inaugurated would not be fought out entirely by
white men. Every month’s experience during these dreary years
has confirmed that opinion. A war undertaken and brazenly
carried on for the perpetual enslavement of colored men, calls
logically and loudly for colored men to help suppress it. Only a
moderate share of sagacity was needed to see that the arm of
the slave was the best defense against the arm of the
slaveholder. Hence with every reverse to the national arms, with
every exulting shout of victory raised by the slaveholding rebels,
I have implored the imperiled nation to unchain against her foes,
her powerful black hand. Slowly and reluctantly that appeal is
beginning to be heeded. Stop not now to complain that it was not
heeded sooner. It may or it may not have been best that it
should not. This is not the time to discuss that question. Leave it
to the future. When the war is over, the country is saved, peace
is established, and the black man’s rights are secured, as they
will be, history with an impartial hand will dispose of that and
sundry other questions. Action! Action! not criticism, is the plain
duty of this hour. Words are now useful only as they stimulate to
blows. The office of speech now is only to point out when,
where, and how to strike to the best advantage. There is no time
to delay. The tide is at its flood that leads on to fortune. From
East to West, from North to South, the sky is written all over,
‘Now or never.’ Liberty won by white men would lose half its
luster. ‘Who would be free themselves must strike the blow.’
‘Better even die free, than to live slaves.’ This is the sentiment of
every brave colored man amongst us. There are weak and
cowardly men in all nations. We have them amongst us. They
tell you this is the ‘white man’s war’; that you will be no ‘better off
after than before the war’; that the getting of you into the army is
to ‘sacrifice you on the first opportunity.’ Believe them not;
cowards themselves, they do not wish to have their cowardice
shamed by your brave example. Leave them to their timidity, or
to whatever motive may hold them back. I have not thought
lightly of the words I am now addressing you. The counsel I give
comes of close observation of the great struggle now in
progress, and of the deep conviction that this is your hour and
mine. In good earnest then, and after the best deliberation, I now
for the first time during this war, feel at liberty to call and counsel
you to arms. By every consideration which binds you to your
enslaved fellow-countrymen, and the peace and welfare of your
country; by every aspiration which you cherish for the freedom
and equality of yourselves and your children; by all the ties of
blood and identity which make us one with the brave black men
now fighting our battles in Louisiana and in South Carolina, I
urge you to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that
would bury the government and your liberty in the same
hopeless grave. I wish I could tell you that the State of New York
calls you to this high honor. For the moment her constituted
authorities are silent on the subject. They will speak by and by,
and doubtless on the right side; but we are not compelled to wait
for her. We can get at the throat of treason and slavery through
the State of Massachusetts. She was first in the War of
Independence; first to break the chains of her slaves; first to
make the black man equal before the law; first to admit colored
children to her common schools, and she was first to answer
with her blood the alarm cry of the nation, when its capital was
menaced by rebels. You know her patriotic governor, and you
know Charles Sumner. I need not add more.
“Massachusetts now welcomes you to arms as soldiers. She
has but a small colored population from which to recruit. She has
full leave of the general government to send one regiment to the
war, and she has undertaken to do it. Go quickly and help fill up
the first colored regiment from the North. I am authorized to
assure you that you will receive the same wages, the same
rations, the same equipments, the same protection, the same
treatment, and the same bounty, secured to white soldiers. You
will be led by able and skillful officers, men who will take
especial pride in your efficiency and success. They will be quick
to accord to you all the honor you shall merit by your valor, and
see that your rights and feelings are respected by other soldiers.
I have assured myself on these points, and can speak with
authority. More than twenty years of unswerving devotion to our
common cause may give me some humble claim to be trusted at
this momentous crisis. I will not argue. To do so implies
hesitation and doubt, and you do not hesitate. You do not doubt.
The day dawns; the morning star is bright upon the horizon! The
iron gate of our prison stands half open. One gallant rush from
the North will fling it wide open, while four millions of our
brothers and sisters shall march out into liberty. The chance is
now given you to end in a day the bondage of centuries, and to
rise in one bound from social degradation to the plane of
common equality with all other varieties of men. Remember
Denmark Vesey of Charleston; remember Nathaniel Turner of
South Hampton; remember Shields Green and Copeland, who
followed noble John Brown, and fell as glorious martyrs for the
cause of the slave. Remember that in a contest with oppression,
the Almighty has no attribute which can take sides with
oppressors. The case is before you. This is our golden
opportunity. Let us accept it, and forever wipe out the dark
reproaches unsparingly hurled against us by our enemies. Let us
win for ourselves the gratitude of our country, and the best
blessings of our posterity through all time. The nucleus of this
first regiment is now in camp at Readville, a short distance from
Boston. I will undertake to forward to Boston all persons
adjudged fit to be mustered into the regiment, who shall apply to
me at any time within the next two weeks.
“Rochester, March 2, 1863.”
C
I have reason to know that this supposition
did Mrs. Lincoln great injustice.
Eight, nine, ten o’clock came and went, and still no word. A
visible shadow seemed falling on the expecting throng, which the
confident utterances of the speakers sought in vain to dispel. At last,
when patience was well-nigh exhausted, and suspense was
becoming agony, a man (I think it was Judge Russell) with hasty step
advanced through the crowd, and with a face fairly illumined with the
news he bore, exclaimed in tones that thrilled all hearts, “It is
coming!” “It is on the wires!!” The effect of this announcement was
startling beyond description, and the scene was wild and grand. Joy
and gladness exhausted all forms of expression from shouts of
praise, to sobs and tears. My old friend Rue, a colored preacher, a
man of wonderful vocal power, expressed the heartfelt emotion of
the hour, when he led all voices in the anthem, “Sound the loud
timbrel o’er Egypt’s dark sea, Jehovah hath triumphed, his people
are free.” About twelve o’clock, seeing there was no disposition to
retire from the hall, which must be vacated, my friend Grimes (of
blessed memory), rose and moved that the meeting adjourn to the
Twelfth Baptist church, of which he was pastor, and soon that church
was packed from doors to pulpit, and this meeting did not break up
till near the dawn of day. It was one of the most affecting and thrilling
occasions I ever witnessed, and a worthy celebration of the first step
on the part of the nation in its departure from the thraldom of ages.
There was evidently no disposition on the part of this meeting to
criticise the proclamation; nor was there with any one at first. At the
moment we saw only its anti-slavery side. But further and more
critical examination showed it to be extremely defective. It was not a
proclamation of “liberty throughout all the land, unto all the
inhabitants thereof,” such as we had hoped it would be; but was one
marked by discriminations and reservations. Its operation was
confined within certain geographical and military lines. It only
abolished slavery where it did not exist, and left it intact where it did
exist. It was a measure apparently inspired by the low motive of
military necessity, and by so far as it was so, it would become
inoperative and useless when military necessity should cease. There
was much said in this line, and much that was narrow and
erroneous. For my own part, I took the proclamation, first and last,
for a little more than it purported; and saw in its spirit, a life and
power far beyond its letter. Its meaning to me was the entire abolition
of slavery, wherever the evil could be reached by the Federal arm,
and I saw that its moral power would extend much further. It was in
my estimation an immense gain to have the war for the Union
committed to the extinction of Slavery, even from a military necessity.