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Brief Contents

PREFACE xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii

INTRODUCTION Opening the Conversation 1

PART 1 CONCEPT UAL FO UND A TIONS

CHAPTER 1 The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture 14

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development 35

CHAPTER 3 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Competing Images


of Women 57

CHAPTER 4 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Competing Images of Men 79

CHAPTER 5 Gendered Verbal Communication 101

CHAPTER 6 Gendered Nonverbal Communication 122

PART 2 G E N D E R E D C O M M U N I C A T I ON IN P R A C T I C E

CHAPTER 7 Becoming Gendered 142

CHAPTER 8 Gendered Education: Communication in Schools 165

CHAPTER 9 Gendered Close Relationships 185

CHAPTER 10 Gendered Organizational Communication 208

CHAPTER 11 Gendered Media 233

CHAPTER 12 Gendered Power and Violence 255

GLOSSARY 281
REFERENCES 289
INDEX 317

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Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
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Contents

PREFACE xvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii

INTRODUCTION Opening the Conversation 1


The Social Construction of Inequality 2
Feminism—Feminisms 3
Becoming Aware 5
Why We Wrote This Book 7
Communication as the Fulcrum of Change 10
The Challenge of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture 11
Features of Gendered Lives 11

PART 1 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

CHAPTER 1 The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture 14


Communication, Gender, and Culture as an Area of Study 14
Research on Gender, Communication, and Culture 15
Reasons to Learn about Communication, Gender, and Culture 15
Gender in a Transitional Era 16
Differences between Women and Men 17
Relationships among Gender, Culture, and Communication 18
Sex 19
Gender 20
Beyond Sex and Gender 25
Culture 29
Communication 30
Communication Is a Dynamic Process 30
Communication Is Systemic 30
Communication Has Two Levels of Meaning 31
Meanings Are Created through Human Interaction with Symbols 32

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development 35


Theoretical Approaches to Gender 35
Biological Theories of Gender 36
Interpersonal Theories of Gender 41
Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development 41
Psychological Theories of Gender Development 42
Social Learning Theory 42
Cognitive Development Theory 43
Cultural Theories of Gender 45
Anthropology 45
Symbolic Interactionism 46
Critical Theories of Gender 48
Standpoint Theory 48
Queer Performative Theory 50
Theories Working Together 54

vii

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viii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 3 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Competing


Images of Women 57
The Three Waves of Women’s Movements in the United States 58
The First Wave of Women’s Movements in the United States 59
Liberal Ideology: The Women’s Rights Movement 59
Cultural Ideology: The Cult of Domesticity 60
The Second Wave of Women’s Movements in the United States 61
Liberal Ideology 62
Cultural Ideology 68
Contemporary Feminism 70
Riot Grrrl 71
Power Feminism 71
Mainstream Third-Wave Feminism 72
Hip-Hop Feminism 75

CHAPTER 4 The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Competing Images of Men 79


Profeminist Men’s Groups 80
NOMAS 82
ACT UP: The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power 83
Men’s Antiviolence Groups 84
The White Ribbon Campaign 84
Walk a Mile in Her Shoes 86
Mentors in Violence Prevention 86
Masculinist Men’s Groups 87
Men’s Rights 87
Father’s Rights Groups 88
Mythopoetic Men 89
Promise Keepers 90
The Million Man March 93
Contemporary Men’s Movements 94
The Good Men Project 96

CHAPTER 5 Gendered Verbal Communication 101


Verbal Communication Expresses Cultural Views of Gender 102
Male Generic Language Excludes Women 102
Language Defines Men and Women Differently 102
Language Shapes Awareness of Gendered Issues 105
Language Organizes Perceptions of Gender 106
Language Evaluates Gender 107
Language Allows Self-Reflection 108
Gendered Styles of Verbal Communication 109
Gendered Speech Communities 109
The Lessons of Children’s Play 109
Boys’ Games 110
Girls’ Games 110
Gendered Communication Practices 112
Feminine Communication 112
Masculine Communication 114
The Gender-Linked Language Effect 116
Gender-Based Misinterpretations in Communication 116
Showing Support 116
Troubles Talk 117

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CONTENTS ix

The Point of the Story 119


Relationship Talk 119
Public Speaking 119

CHAPTER 6 Gendered Nonverbal Communication 122


Functions of Nonverbal Communication 123
Supplement Verbal Communication 124
Regulate Interaction 124
Establish the Relationship Level of Meaning 124
Responsiveness 124
Liking 125
Power or Control 125
Forms of Nonverbal Communication 125
Artifacts 126
Proximity and Personal Space 129
Haptics (Touch) 130
Kinesics (Facial and Body Motion) 130
Paralanguage 132
Physical Appearance 132
Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior 137
Respecting Gendered Styles of Nonverbal Communication 138

PART 2 G E N D E R E D C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N P R A C T I C E

CHAPTER 7 Becoming Gendered 142


Gendering Communication in the Family 144
Unconscious Processes 144
Gender Identity 144
Ego Boundaries 147
Parental Communication about Gender 148
Parental Modeling 150
The Personal Side of the Gender Drama 151
Growing Up Masculine 152
Don’t Be Feminine 152
Be Successful 152
Be Aggressive 153
Be Sexual 154
Be Self-Reliant 154
Embody and Transcend Traditional Views of Masculinity 155
Growing Up Feminine 156
Appearance Still Counts 157
Be Sensitive and Caring 157
Negative Treatment by Others 158
Be Superwoman 159
There Is No Single Meaning of Feminine Anymore 161
Growing Up Outside Conventional Genders 161

CHAPTER 8 Gendered Education: Communication in Schools 165


Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Students 166
Academics 166
Males 166
Females 167

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x CONTENTS

LGBTQ Students 172


Gender Isn’t the Whole Story 173
Athletics 173
Gender Pressures from Peers 175
Pressures to Conform to Masculinity 176
Pressures to Conform to Femininity 177
Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Faculty 180

CHAPTER 9 Gendered Close Relationships 185


The Meaning of Personal Relationships 185
Models of Personal Relationships 186
The Male Deficit Model 187
The Alternate Paths Model 187
Gendered Styles of Friendship 188
Feminine Friendships: Closeness in Dialogue 189
Masculine Friendships: Closeness in the Doing 191
Friendships between Women and Men 192
Gendered Romantic Relationships 193
Developing Romantic Intimacy 194
Gendered Patterns in Committed Relationships 195
Gendered Modes of Expressing Affection 196
Gendered Preferences for Autonomy and Connection 197
Gendered Responsibility for Relational Health 198
Gendered Power Dynamics 198

CHAPTER 10 Gendered Organizational Communication 208


Gendered Stereotypes in the Workplace 209
Stereotypes of Women 209
Sex Object 209
Mother 210
Child 213
Iron Maiden 213
Stereotypes of Men 214
Sturdy Oak 214
Fighter 214
Breadwinner 215
Masculine Norms in Professional Life 216
Traditional Masculine Images of Leaders 216
Traditionally Masculine Norms for Career Paths 218
Gendered Patterns in Organizations 219
Formal Practices 219
Leave Policies 219
Work Schedules 220
Informal Practices 222
Unwelcoming Environments for Women 222
The Informal Network 223
Mentoring Relationships 223
Glass Ceilings and Walls 224
Efforts to Redress Gendered Inequity in Institutions 225
Equal Opportunity Laws 225
Affirmative Action Policies 226
Quotas 228
Goals 229
Diversity Training 230

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CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER 11 Gendered Media 233


Media Saturation of Cultural Life 234
Media Impacts 235
Set the Agenda 235
Regulate Images of Women and Men 236
Underrepresent Women and Minorities 236
Portray Men Stereotypically 237
Portray Women Stereotypically 238
Gendered Images in Advertising 241
Motivate Us to Consume 244
Gender and Social Media 246
Social Networking 246
Learning and Sharing Information 248
Holding Others Accountable 249
Activism 249
Consequences of Gendered Media 251
Normalize Unrealistic Standards 251
Normalize Violence against Women 251

CHAPTER 12 Gendered Power and Violence 255


The Many Faces of Gendered Violence 256
Gender Intimidation 256
Sexual Harassment 257
Quid Pro Quo 257
Hostile Environment 257
Sexual Assault 258
Intimate Partner Violence 262
Genital Surgery 266
Male Circumcision 266
Sunna 267
Excision or Clitoridectomy 267
Infibulation 268
Gender-Based Murder 269
Reproductive Violence 269
Cultural Foundations of Gendered Violence 272
The Normalization of Violence in Media 272
The Normalization of Violence by Institutions 272
Schools 273
Family 273
Law Enforcement 274
Language 274
Resisting Gendered Violence: Where Do We Go from Here? 274
Personal Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence 274
Social Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence 275
Taking a Voice 276

GLOSSARY 281
REFERENCES 289
INDEX 317

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L IST OF E XPLORING G ENDERED L IVES B OXES

INTRODUCTION
About “Male-Bashing”: Julia and Natalie—the Authors—Comment 6
Multicultural Perspectives on Gender 7

CHAPTER 1
Journals That Feature Research on Gender and Communication 16
Grown-Up Tomboys 19
Social Views of Intersexuality 20
T Troubles 21
Pink Is for Boys? 24
Trans Students 27

CHAPTER 2
Chromosomal Variations 37
The Claims of Sociobiology 39
Biological Differences That Make a Difference 40
Varied Cultural Approaches to Fathering 46
Ga Ga for Lady Gaga 53

CHAPTER 3
A’n’t I a Woman? 60
Reproductive Rights 61
The Famous Bra Burning (That Didn’t Happen!) 63
About NOW 64
To Be Womanish, To Be a Womanist 66
Antifeminism 68
The Text of the Equal Rights Amendment 69
Lesbian, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer-Identified Women 70
“Don’t Tell Us How to Dress. Tell Men Not to Rape.” 74
A Postfeminist Era? 76

CHAPTER 4
The Scariest Phrase? 82
Men Can Stop Rape 85
Rites of Manhood 90
Grassroots Men’s Ministries 93

xiii

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xiv LIST OF EXPLORING GENDERED LIVES BOXES

Misogyny 95
“If You Don’t Like What’s Being Said, Change the Conversation.” 97

CHAPTER 5
Parallel Language? 104
What’s in a Name? 105
Seeing the Unseen/Naming the Unnamed 106
Fat Talk 108
Gender and Gaming Culture 111
Scholarship versus Popular Psychology 118

CHAPTER 6
Guns Are for Girls; Tea Parties Are for Boys 127
Indecent Dress for Women 128
Beauty for Sale 132
A New Model for Models? 134
Modeling Physical Beauty 137

CHAPTER 7
Superheroes and Slackers 146
Sisterhood? 159
Careers for Women: Gendered, Raced, and Classed 160

CHAPTER 8
Single-Sex Educational Programs 167
Name That (Wo)man 170
Straddling Two Cultures 174
Title IX: Fiction and Fact 176
Schoolyard Bullying 178
Hooked Up 179

CHAPTER 9
When Focusing on Feelings Makes Us Feel Bad 190
Fertile Expectations 199
Dads at Work 201
Scientists and the Second Shift 203
Fathering in Other Species 204
The Mommy Myth 204
Global Nannies 205

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LIST OF EXPLORING GENDERED LIVES BOXES xv

CHAPTER 10
Personal Choice or Institutional Discrimination? 211
Can Women (and Men) Have It All? 212
Strategies for Women’s Success in the Workplace 214
Gendered Wages 215
If She’s a He, He’s Better and Paid Better Too! 217
Work-Life Balance for All 222
The Glass Escalator 225
When Quotas Raise Questions—and When They Don’t 229

CHAPTER 11
The Geena Davis Institute 236
Beyond Sexy Sidekicks and Damsels in Distress 239
Miss Representation 243
Is Censorship the Answer? 244
Am I Pretty? 247
Watch out for Sparks 250

CHAPTER 12
Hollaback! 256
First Rape, Then Marriage 260
Sexual Assault of Men 261
The Victim 262
Corrective Rape 263
Myths and Facts about Rape 263
The Cycle of Intimate Partner Violence 265
Myths and Facts about Violence between Intimates 266
To Circumcise or Not to Circumcise: That Is the Question 267
A Vacation to Remember 268
Forced Abortion 270
Whose Rights? Whose Protection? 271
Refusing to Be Defeated 276

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Preface

We wrote Gendered Lives for two reasons. First, we want to introduce students to a
rich body of research that informs us about the intricate connections among com-
munication, gender, and culture. Second, we think that learning about these con-
nections empowers students to make more informed decisions about how they
personally enact gender, address gender issues in their lives, and contribute to cul-
tural attitudes, perspectives, laws, and policies related to gender.
Since the first edition of this book appeared in the early 1990s, our under-
standings of gender have changed and issues related to gender have mush-
roomed. Society has acknowledged a greater range of options for individual
women and men—in the military, in the home, in professional life, in social
life, and in politics. During the past 20 years, society has become more accepting
of gay, lesbian, and transgender identities, new women’s and men’s movements
have emerged, mass media have challenged some gender stereotypes while creat-
ing others, and social media have added to the content and forms by which gen-
der is continuously negotiated. Academic researchers have continued to map the
ways that communication, gender, and culture influence one another. This new
edition responds to social changes in the United States and around the world, as
well as to feedback from students and faculty who generously offered ideas for
ways to improve this book.
We discuss this book’s origins and features in the Introduction (“Opening the
Conversation,” pages 1–13). Here, we want to describe changes that make this edi-
tion different from the last and identify supplementary resources available for stu-
dents and instructors.

Changes in Gendered Lives,


Twelfth Edition
The most important change in this edition is the addition of a coauthor: Natalie
Fixmer-Oraiz. Julia authored the first 11 editions of this book. Over the last 15
years, her conversations and writing with Natalie have deepened her understand-
ing of the profound ways in which gender and power are imbricated. Invariably,
Natalie’s ideas found their way into Julia’s thinking and writing about issues
discussed in this book. Deciding to write the book together is an organic out-
growth of our long-term intellectual collaboration. Natalie’s groundbreaking
research and her passion for teaching make her the ideal coauthor for Gendered
Lives.
In addition to being coauthored, five significant changes differentiate this
edition from its predecessors.

xvii

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xviii PREFACE

Enhanced Coverage of Gendered Health Issues


This edition gives greater attention to the ways in which cultural understandings and
expectations of gender influence physical and mental health. For instance, in the
Introduction, we note that pharmaceutical companies have constructed “low T” as
a problem men need to address by buying prescription testosterone, which can
cause serious health problems, including heart attacks. Chapter 1 points out that
women bear the vast majority of responsibility for reproductive matters ranging
from contraception to parenting. These responsibilities are accompanied by risks,
some of which are significant. Chapter 6 discusses the push for and dangers of cos-
metic surgery and the pressure many people, males as well as females, feel to achieve
media-created physical perfection. In addressing gendered violence, Chapter 12 cata-
logs a wide range of health problems that result from rape, female genital mutilation,
and reproductive violence. Chapter 12 also covers recent efforts by colleges and uni-
versities to take campus sexual assaults seriously. The sharpened focus on health issues
shows that social views of men and women are not simply abstract; they are also very
concrete in terms of consequences on our well-being and even our very lives.

Integrated Emphasis on Digital Media


Digital and online media are pervasive in our lives. Not only are digital media
sources of gender socialization, but also they are powerful platforms for rethinking
gender and for gender activism. Accordingly, we revised Chapter 11, Gendered
Media, to track the increasingly blurred lines between digital and mass media. We
also incorporated discussion digital media into other chapters. For example, we
revised Chapter 9, Gendered Close Relationships, to call attention to the ways in
which computer-mediated communication (CMC) is changing/reinforcing gen-
dered expressions of care, friendship, and intimacy. Chapters 3 and 4 note ways
that social movements about gender rely on social media, and Chapter 12 points
out ways that social media are used to challenge gendered violence.

Revised Coverage of Women’s and Men’s


Movements
This edition continues our commitment to tracing the evolution of women’s and
men’s movements. Chapter 3, which focuses on women’s movements, includes new
material on La Raza, an organization that represents interests of Chicana feminists,
and the Riot Grrrl movement, which laid the foundation for the third wave of
U.S. feminism. Chapter 3 also includes a new section on “postfeminism,” in
which we invite students to consider whether it is accurate to assume feminism is
no longer needed in the United States. Chapter 4, which covers men’s movements,
includes new material on the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), a men’s
health movement that began when the AIDS crisis first surfaced in the United
States and which marked a critical juncture in which men’s and women’s groups
worked together.

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PREFACE xix

Explicit Emphasis on Application


Since the first edition, Gendered Lives has encouraged students to apply material in
the book by reflecting on gendered issues in their lives and by taking a voice in
their personal lives as well as the public sphere. This edition enlarges the commit-
ment to application by providing more explicit invitations for students to think,
act, and otherwise do something active and personal related to what they learn in
the book and the course it accompanies. The Exploring Gendered Lives boxes that
appear in every chapter now conclude by asking students to take a stand on the
topic discussed. At the end of each chapter, the Reflection, Discussion, and Action
feature now includes a Gender in Action item that encourages students to apply or
extend a concept or topic discussed in the chapter to their lives. The Gender in
Action items are highlighted by the icon .

Up-to-Date Research
A final focus of this revision is updating research. Understandings of gender and
issues connected to it change at lightning speed. To keep up with these changes, a
textbook must be continuously updated to reflect the most current research and
events. To ensure the currency of Gendered Lives, we’ve incorporated more than
250 new references into this edition.

Pedagogical Features to Engage Students


Five features are aimed to heighten students’ engagement with the text and issues
related to gender. First, each chapter opens with “Knowledge Challenge” questions,
which focus on issues that are often misunderstood and which are covered in the
chapter. Second, to encourage active engagement with material, selected Exploring
Gendered Lives boxes conclude by asking students’ opinion about issues raised in
the feature. Third, each chapter concludes with questions for thought, discussion,
and application. These may be assigned for students to think about or as journal
entries. They may also be prompts for class discussion. Fourth, “Gender Online,”
which appears after each chapter summary, invites students to visit websites related
to chapter content and to search online for videos and information about concepts
and ideas in the chapter. Finally, at the end of each chapter, we suggest two to four
sources—films, articles, websites, and books. Our criteria for selecting these are
that (1) we consider them either classic or especially insightful, and (2) they are
accessible to undergraduate students.
In making these five changes, we’ve avoided “page creep”—the tendency of
books to grow longer with each new edition because old material is not deleted to
make room for new material. We have eliminated dated coverage and references to
make room for more current research and coverage of timely topics. We hope the
changes make this edition of Gendered Lives a valuable resource for instructors and
students who want to explore the complex and fascinating ways in which commu-
nication, gender, and culture interact and affect our lives.

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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
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xx PREFACE

Supplementary Resources for Students


and Instructors
Gendered Lives, twelfth edition, offers electronic supplements to assist in making
the gender communication course as meaningful and enjoyable as possible for
both students and instructors, and to help students succeed. Cengage Learning
has prepared the following descriptions for your consideration.
Instructor Companion Website. The password-protected instructor’s website
includes electronic access to the Instructor’s Resource Manual, PowerPoints,
CogneroTesting Program, Comprehensive Video Program, and links to Cengage
Learning technology resources.
Written by Emily Anzicek at Bowling Green State University, the Instructor’s
Resource Manual comprises two main parts, the first titled and addressing Special
Issues in Teaching Communication, Gender & Culture, and the second a Chapter-
by-Chapter Guide for Teaching Gendered Lives, which provides chapter outlines,
activities, and test questions.
®
PowerPoint presentations prepared by Larry Edmonds at Arizona State Uni-
versity contain text and images, and can be used as is or customized to suit your
course needs.
Please consult your local Cengage Learning sales representative or cengage.com
/login for more information, user names and passwords, examination copies, or a
demonstration of these ancillary products. Available to qualified adopters.

Acknowledgments
One of the most gratifying aspects of writing a book is the opportunity to thank
those who have offered support, insight, and advice. First and foremost, we thank
our students. The women and men in our classes and those we meet when we visit
other campuses are unfailing sources of insight for us. Their questions and ideas,
their willingness to challenge some of our notions, and their generosity in sharing
their perceptions and experiences have shaped the pages that follow in both
obvious and subtle ways.
Among the undergraduate students who have pushed us to think in new ways
about gender, communication, and culture are Jordana Adler, Cutler Andrews,
Brandon Carter, Ethan Cicero, Alexis Dennis, Madeline Fitzgerald, Paige Pennigar,
and Nisha Verma. Among the graduate students who have influenced our thinking
are J. Beckham, Jen Cronin, Kate Harris, Naomi Johnson, Kristen Norwood, Tim
Muehlhoff, Julia O’Grady, Phaedra Pezzullo, Stace Treat, and Grover Wehman-
Brown.
Our thinking and writing also reflect conversations with colleagues. We are par-
ticularly grateful to Professor Bonnie Dow, Vanderbilt University, who has pro-
vided wise advice and challenges since the first edition of this book. We are also
indebted to Lynn O’Brien Hallstein, Boston University, for her generative research

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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
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PREFACE xxi

and her passion for wrestling with questions about gender, communication, and
culture.
We have benefited from the professional support of Nicole Morinon, Senior
Product Manager for Communication Studies, and Kate Scheinman, Content
Developer, who made our job as authors far easier and far more satisfying than
we had a right to expect. Along with Nicole and Kate, others at Cengage Learning
have contributed in important ways to this edition of Gendered Lives. They are
Colin Solan, Production Assistant; Karolina Kiwak, Associate Content Developer;
Sarah Seymour, Marketing Manager. Daniel Saabye, Content Product Manager;
and Ann Hoffman, Permissions Manager. As well we thank Samantha Ross-Miller,
who managed the production of this book.
Finally, we are indebted to the reviewers for this edition:
Sandra Alvarez, American International College
Sandy Berkowitz, Minneapolis Community and Technical College
Mary Carver, University of Central Oklahoma
Linda Dam, University of Connecticut
Abby Dubisar, Iowa State University
Charlotte Jones, Carroll College
Mary L. Kahl, Indiana State University
Myrna Kuehn, Clarion University of Pennsylvania
Amanda Martinez, Davidson College
Julie Mayberry, Meredith College/North Carolina State University
Kelly McKay-Semmler, University of South Dakota
Susan McManimon, Rider University and Kean University
Nina-Jo Moore, Appalachian State University
Kaneez Naseem, Monroe College
Jessica Papajcik, Stark State College
Kimberly Parker, Bellarmine University
Mairi Pileggi, Dominican University of California
Joquina Reed, Texas A&M International University
Henrietta Shirk, Montana Tech of the University of Montana
Erika Thomas, California State University, Fullerton
Joseph Velasco, Sul Ross State University
Justin Walton, Cameron University
Carrie West, Schreiner University
Debbie Wigington, Chemeketa Community College
And, always, we thank our partners. Julia thanks Robbie for his support, criti-
cism, and, most of all, his steadfast presence in her life. Natalie is ever grateful to
Vanessa for sharing her mad smarts, generosity, compassion, and love.
Julia T. Wood
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Natalie Fixmer-Oraiz
Iowa City, Iowa
June 2015

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights,
some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially
affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
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Te spitten, diep in z’n hei, stond Dirk weer, en Bolk, de
kromme dwerg-kerel, ’n endje verder schoot òver.—
Z’n verwrongen korpusje, verwaaid in den gierenden
hagelslag, stond stram tegen den loeiwind in, als had
ie moeite zich op z’n korte beentjes staande te
houden. Z’n gebarsten huid, over den kop, glansde
van nattigheid, en telkens spoog ie, in zware zucht
zand-scheppend en rondstrooiend over de bedden, bij
elken nieuwen steek, bruin speekselsap van z’n pruim
in de geteisterde handen.—

Piet rooide achter ’m, geknield, den scheef-grimmigen


kop, overhageld van neerstroomende buien.—

Dirk zakte al dieper in z’n heikuil, de oogen èven


boven den [439]zand-rand. Telkens uithijgend, keek ie
koeiig-loom de vaal-grauwe akkers òver, die eindloos
droefden onder de lage lucht, scheemrig grauwden
onder onrustige wolkenjacht.

Tegen donker werd er gestopt; stapte Piet naar Dirk,


liepen ze, stom naast elkaar ’n havenkroeg in.

Bij Pijler, waar de blonde meid van Rink uit den polder,
woonde, zopen ze zich zat, doorhuiverd van
landguurte.

’n Week na den dood van Wimpie hadden ze daar


plòts Kees ontmoet, met, van magerte verminkte
tronie, slapwangig, fletse, moedelooze oogen,
verbleekt, en beenig-verzwakt z’n scherpe kop.—Z’n
reuzig lijf ging krommig als van ouën Gerrit, en hij
zóóp, zóóp op den reutel, achter een, zonder ooit ’n
woord te spreken.—
Wat óm en in hem gebeurd was, begreep ie zelf niet
goed. Hij wist alleen dat hij, op ’n avond
thuisstrompelend van ’n dag werk, in z’n donker krot,
biddende wijven had zien staan, toen hij instapte. En
daarna Ant, in snikkende huilkramp voor ’t lijkje van
Wimpie; om ’r heen, de doodstille staar en angstige
ontdaanheid van den kinderkring.—

In dollen schrik, die ’m deed waggelen, was ie dwars


door de opschrikkende huilende wijven en wat kerels,
naar de plek gesprongen, midden in de kamer op de
tafel, waar Wimpie te kijk strekte, omschemerd van
kaarslicht, naast ’t krucifix.—Op z’n doodsbed lag ie
daar, ’t paarse kopje in den wasschemer, op wat
kussens, strak, onkenbaar ingezonken, met
smartelijntjes om mond en neus.—

De buurvrouwen en biddende kerels lagen om ’m


geknield; stapten telkens naar ’t doodsbed, lichtten ’t
laken van ’m af, en bestaarden ’t doode manneke.—
Rozekransgemurmel en litanieën verklonken luid, en
stemmen dreunden òm hem. Maar hij in schrik lam en
wezenloos. En telkens, bij ’t weggaan van wat
biddende wijven, zag ie hun, met ’n palmtakje uit ’n
glas, wat wijwater plengen op ’t lijkje. In ’t eerste uur
had ie niet meer kunnen kijken, hoorde ie de vlijmende
snikken van Ant, die in ’t achterend zat weggedoken,
stom; zag ie, in opdringerige felheid, z’n halfblinde
schoonmoeder schuifelen tusschen de [440]biddende
buurvrouwen.—Laat in den avond was ie wat
bijgeleefd uit z’n schrik-verstomming, durfde ie ook
weer even kijken naar ’t doodenkopje.—
Maar inééns was er ’n angst, ’n stilte in z’n ziel
neergeduizeld, die ’m deed huiveren. Hij voelde vrèès,
vrees voor alles. Hij had wèl gevoeld, dat komen ging,
wat nu gebeurde.—Drie nachten vóór z’n dood was
Wimpie al hèèl benauwd geweest. Voor niets ter
wereld was Kees van z’n bedje geweken. Op den dag
niet en ’s nachts niet, juist nou ie toch werkeloos bleef.
—Toen, op ’n Dinsdagochtend, na ’n onrustigen nacht,
was Wimpie tegen den morgen ingeslapen en
fluisterde Kees, roerloos aan ’t bedje, tegen Ant, dat
zij de kinderen koest had te houden.—Zachtvredig
sliep ’t vrome kindeke. Tegen elf uur was ’r ’n
boodschap van Breugel dat Kees kòn spitten vandaag
als ie wou.—Bang keek ie z’n vrouw áán. Dat was ’n
dagloon. Zou ie? ze knikte stom, nijdig, en hij ging,
wetend met donker toch weer thuis te zijn van ’t
avondland.

Dien middag ’t huis weer instappend, z’n hoofd vol van


de praatjes, die ie had moeten aanhooren over Ouën
Gerrit,—toèn nèt gesnapt,—zag ie de wijvengestalten,
donkerig in zijn duister krot, kreeg ie ’n ontzettenden
angstschok … kaarslicht aan ’t hoofd van Wimpie …
Z’n ventje doòd!.. zonder dat ie ’t nog ééns wakker
gezien, gesproken had.

Hij had ’t besef niet te vragen, waarom ze ’m niet even


had laten roepen, want er was plots huiverende angst
in ’m voor alles. Wàt zouen ze ’t kind van zijn vader
gezegd hebben vóór ie gestorven was? Dat bangde
nog in ’m. Hij voelde ’n sombere inzinking van al z’n
energie, ’n val van al z’n driften, ’n tuimel van z’n haat
tegen priesters, z’n wijf, z’n schoonmoêr.—
Hij was geslagen, gebroken, en z’n getrapt leven leek
’m ’n walg, ’n ontzettende ellende.—Z’n vrouw keek ie
niet áán, hòòrde ie niet meer.—Z’n schoonmoeder
knoeide en klieterde om ’m heen, met ’r blinden
schuifel van voeten en omtasting van d’r
vooruitgestoken armen, maar Kees zag en hòòrde
niet. De Ouë Rams bleef rochelen en vlijmig hoesten;
hij hòòrde niet.…..

Wimpie was begraven, van hèm weg. Hij zag z’n bleek
kopje [441]niet, en z’n oogen uit ’t donker hoekje
hielden ’m niet meer in bedwang. Wimpies neuriënd
stemmetje klonk niet meer, nòu zèlfs niet z’n
gebedjes, zacht en vroom.—

Er was ’n grimmige knagende stilte in ’t armoekrot, ’n


benauwende leegte die ’m deed weghollen naar de
kroeg.—

Hij slenterde weer werkeloos rond, en niks kon ’m


meer schelen, niks. Hij zòcht niet naar nieuwen
arbeid. Hij zou zuipen, zuipen, telkens zich verhittend
en verstillend dan ’n beetje ’t geknaag in ’m, van iets
dat op smart leek. Hij zou soms hebben willen
uitsnikken, alleen als ie dronk, in stilte, bij ’t naar huis
gaan, langs ’t leeggrauwende duinpad.—

Dan snikte z’n reuzige borst, en z’n vuisten krampten


van stom ellendegevoel. Drift kende ie niet meer. Z’n
woeste ransellust was wèg. Al de makkers nou in de
kroeg, beschouer-bonkten den gevaarlijken strooper.
Ze omdrongen ’m met vragen, waarom ie niet meer
stroopte, of ie z’n „skot” kwijt was, maar hij stotterde
wat, hield traag z’n schouders òp, en bestelde met
doffe loeiende stem, nieuwen borrel.—

Hij voelde zich geschonden, geslagen, als ’n kerel die


met spithouweel, ’n slag op z’n hersenpan had
neergemokerd gekregen. Hij voelde zich kindsch,
benauwd, zonder drift, zonder verzet, bang, lusteloos,
in hevigen hartstocht alleen voor den zuip.

Dàn had ie Wimpie náást, bij zich, bromde ie in zich


zelf, kwam er ’n lach op z’n mond, en scherpte z’n kop
weer, guitigden z’n oogen.

Ze begrepen er niets van, de tuinders en werkers.


Eerst hadden ze barren angst voor ’m gehad, nou
begonnen ze al met ’m te dollen.. of hij d’r ook mit z’n
vader ’n „soamespulletje” had gemaakt, en nou
berouw had dat den Ouë alleen bromde in den
krentetuin? Ze dolden en lolden met ’m, zonder dat ie
’n vin verroerde.

En brutaler werden de kerels. Want ze voelden z’n


verslapping, z’n in-zich-zelf zot gegrinnik als
verzwakking. Ze begrepen niet waarom ze ooit bang
voor dien mallen vent konden geweest zijn, al was ie
sterk. Voor dien kerel, nou elken avond en elken dag
zich volzuipend en dan opstappend, [442]in
stomdronken waggel, nòg stiller dan ie ingezwaaid
was.

Zoo, beschonken, strompelde ie op ’n laten


Novemberavond z’n krot op ’t pad in, loom en sullig-
zwaar zich neerschooierend op ’n beplankt oud
waschstel.
Ant braakte woede uit, dat ie zóó schaamteloos zoop.

En opgestookt in hellehaat door d’r moeder, schold ze


Kees de huid vol.—

Tergend vroeg vrouw Rams of zij nòu niet altijd de


waarheid had gesproken. Haar man was ’n zuipert, ’n
vuilik, ’n dief, „zoo goed aa’s hullie foàr!”—

Dat maakte Ant kokend, kokend van woede, afschuw


en haat.—

In ’t lage krot knaagde weer naderende winter-ellende;


kniesde de gore rommel op den steenen bevuilden
vloer; en de kinders hoopten bijéén, als voddige
morsstapeltjes. Ant had van de fabriek snijboonen
kunnen krijgen om àf te halen, maar de chef had
geweigerd, omdat ’r man zoo zoop, en er nijdig
bijgesnauwd.… of d’r nie g’nog schande was in de
diefefemilje van Hassel. Dat giftte nou in ’r, en ze zou
’t den smeerlap toeschreeuwen pal in z’n snuit.—

—Suiplap, fuilik! aa’s wai d’r f’rhongere.. is vast jou


skuld! ketter!.. feullak.… nou mis ’k main boone
afhoale.. deur jou loremstraike. En Dientje skraiwe
hullie weg.. deur jou.… Nou breng jai d’r onster
aldegoàr in ’t ongeluk! Skooiert! skurk!.. jai bint
krankjorum!

Ant gilde, sloeg met ’r armen door ’t krot,


helleveegachtig dat de kinders ontsteld wegkropen, en
Dientje begon te huilen. Ant’s mager, van zorg
vervreten gezicht stond vaal-grauw en ’r mond
schokte en hortte de woorden uit, in stuipige zieding
van woedegebaren.—

Maar Kees hoorde half, begreep er niks van,


dommelde voort in ronkerige pafheid. Dat maakte ’r
nog woedender. Ze wond zich òp, vloekte, raasde, en
bonkte ’r twee vuisten op de tafel, dat de losse
planken er van de hoogte inwipten! Ze sputterde,
spoog in ’n wolk van gift, haar woedewoorden uit. Nou
had ze d’r Wimpie niet meer te ontzien.—Ze kòn niet
begrijpen dat [443]Kees pas zoo ingezonken was nà
Wimpies dood. Want Wimpie was nou tòch in zijn
geluksstaat. Ze had er eerst zelf ook martelende
stomme smart van gehad, maar de Heer had ’m tot
zich genomen, en daarin most zij berusten. En nou
was ’t wurm tenminste uit den duivelsban van z’n
vader. Nou, dacht ze, zou Wimpie z’n vader pas zien,
hòe hij den boel verzoop. Nou zou ’t kind ’m toch
verafschuwen, haten en vervloeken, zooals het toch
op aarde óók had gewild, wanneer hij maar niet in den
ban van den duivel was gezeten.

Zoo vatte ze van Kees’ inzinking en verdroefde


baloorigheid niets; niets van z’n verstomde
verbijstering en geschondenheid, omdat ze dacht, dat
hij òòk ’t voortbestaan in den hemel, hoe ook
verketterd, van Wimpie vóór zich zag.—

En ze haatte Kees erger dan ooit, haatte ’m in furie


van geloof; geloof dat met Wimpies dood, nog heviger
’r doorgloeide, als ’t eenig ware.—

Haar moeder drentelde rond op ’t achterend, hoorde


Ant hellevegend krijschen en vloeken in toornenden
woordenhuil.—Ze zegende ’r kind, dat ze zóó heftig in
verzet kwam tegen dien dief en moordenaar, dien
kètter, dien schobbejak. En ze schoof dichter bij ’t
voorkrot, om nog beter te hooren. Want meeschelden,
durfde ze niet, altijd uit ontzettenden angst nog voor
z’n moordend groot reuzelijf en knuisten. Maar ze had
’n blaadje van ’m gelicht, bij ieder in de buurt, door
heel Wiereland. Ze had rondgebazuind, al de streken
van dien dronken „moordenaar” zooals ze ’m bij
vreemden altijd noemde.

Ant hurriede door, schimde òp in ’t goudgeel


lampjesschijnsel, donkerde weer weg achter ouë
Rams, die krom-verkort, voor de schouw blokte.—
Onder ’t opruimen schreeuwde ze, bukkend en
voortscharrelend:

—Skorumsooi! wou jai, dâ wai ook de krentetuin


ingonge.. aa’s je kettersche fòar! godskimpers! gaif
hier … de sinte! daa’s d’r veur twoalif koppe, twoalef
monde.. jai f’rsuipt ons fraite! hier, gedrocht: de sinte!
De sinte! màin sinte!

Kees bleef ingezakt zitten, in tragen dommel, hoorde


den krijsch van Ant, zonder ’n woord tegen te zeggen.
Soms grinnikte [444]ie even zòt, keek dan weer
lummelig, liet ie z’n kop op de borst hangen.—

Ant wier doller nou ie niks tegen zei.

Dat kòn ze niet dulden. Nou moèst z’m raken, ze


moest ’m zien opduivelen van gift, dien vuilik! En
voortratelde ze in vloekhoos.
—F’rdomme! wou jai d’r ònster f’rmoorde.… soo aa’s
je màin Wimpie f’rmoord hep! hee?

Kees, plots beefde op z’n stoel. Grauw in


lampschuwen schijn, zonk er sidder in z’n wangen. In
heel zijn ronkigen romp kwam beroering. Een suizel
zwirrelde door z’n kop. In ’n nevel van roode,
moordende woestheid en drift, tastte ie rond.—Z’n lijf
rees van de waskruk reuzig òp, onder de lage
bebalking. Z’n oogen stonden gespalkt. Hij sidderde.
Vrouw Rams was Ant opzijgetast en de kinders kropen
voor ’t leege bedje waar Wimpie had geslapen bijeen,
in instinkt om bescherming. Alleen Dientje stond
achter ’r moeder in kindergekerm te trekken aan ’r
plunje, voelend wat ’r opstormen ging. Maar Ant zag
niets, stemkraste dóór, in wild venijn en woedetoorn,
nog eens en nòg eens.

—Ketter.… Moordenoar van Wimpie! hep jai Wimpie


d’r nie loate f’rhongere.… en.…

Maar ze kon niet uitspreken. In hevigen schrik was


Kees ontnuchterd.… hoorde ie daar wat z’n waif zei?..
hoorde ie niet den naam van Wimpie?.. sain jonge..
sain jonge! Wat? Wat? hai hài.. Wimpie f’rmoord..
hai?.. sei ze ’t doar nie weer?.. Nou suisde z’n kop vol
bloed. Z’n oogen liepen rood, hij keek weer door ’n
bloednevel en in ouë kracht sprong ie met z’n vuist
mokerend vooruit, tastend in zwaai, de plek waar Ant
stond te krijschen.—

’n Geweldige uitstorting van haat, woede en wrok


barstte los. Hij voelde zich omklemd door ’t oude wijf,
door Dientje. Maar met éen duw morzelde hij ze opzij,
dat ze waggelden naar achter. Stemmengegil van
kinders, bijeengehoopt voor ’t leege donkerende
ledikantje rauwde òp, maar hij alléén zag z’n wijf,
hoorde haàr stem, en in ontzettende wraakpassie, in
vernielende [445]krachthengst mokerde ie z’n vuist op
d’r vale schuw-begeelde tronie, twee, drie maal, dat
z’n handen in haar gebit vastscheurden en ’t bloed uit
Ant’s mond stroomde.—

Met den derden slag lag ze op de steenen, Kees in


drift struikelde dwars over haar kermende borst heen.

Ouë vrouw Rams gilde op ’t erf, aan de deur!

—Moord.… moord! de Strooper f’rmoordt sain waif!


moord moo-oord!

De kinders gilden en schreiden bang achter ’r áán.

Plots was ouë Rams van z’n stoel gestrompeld, en


smakte z’n wijf de kamer in. Hij mummelde z’n
„swaineboel” uit, en keek in den wiegel-schijn van de
lamp,—die Kees met z’n lijf voorbijscheerend ’n knauw
gegeven had,—naar z’n dochter.

—Hou jai je bèk krèng! snauwde ie vrouw Rams toe,


die sidderend naar de deur zocht, kromarmig
vooruittastend, in angst, als ’n rat naar gat in ’n
straatgoot.—

Kees was over z’n vrouw heen weer op de been


gewaggeld, z’n krampig bebloede vuist in den mond.
Ant lag stom, voor dood.—
Er stolde schrik in ’t krot en de lamp schommelde
goren schijn àf. Schaduwvaalte spookte over de
vervreten kniezende armoezooi van wat gehavende
stoelen en de morsige tafel. Silhouetjes van
kinderkopjes schimden heen en weer in lampenwiegel
op den vuilsteenen muur. En de kleintjes groepten
weer samen in ’t hoekje bij ’t ledekant waar Wimpie
altijd gelegen had en waar boven nù ontzette stilte
aangroeide.

Kees, ontnuchterd in schrikkelijke bleekheid, niet


omkijkend naar z’n wijf, was rugkrommig ’t pad
opgestápt, met woesten klank van z’n vrouw’s stem
nog in de ooren.… jai … jai … moordenoar van
Wimpie. Daar, ver op ’t duistere pad, snikte ie uit, een
razende bui van droefenis, in ’t donkere duin, zich
voelend, vernield, gebroken, ’t leven in hem
weggetrapt, voor eeuwig.—

[Inhoud]

III.

Ant schaamde zich voor Kees, na haar wraak die ze


op hem [446]in ’r drift genomen had. De neermokering
had ze van hèm verwacht, deed ’r beter dan z’n akelig
stommetje spelen. Ze was flauw gevallen. De halve
kinnebak was ’r platgeslagen. Ze had dagen van
braak-weeê pijn en ellende. Maar ze klaagde en
schold niet meer. Al kwam ie ook iederen avond
dronken thuis, ze zei geen enkel verwijt. Flauw begon
ze iets te beseffen van zijn martelingen. Kees was nog
stiller dan ooit. Soms sprak ze ’t hoog-noodige tegen
hem, met onderdanige stem. Maar ook dàt hoorde
Kees niet meèr.

Hij voelde zich schuchter, verbangd voor alles. Als ie


dacht aan nachtstroopen begon ie te rillen. Geen
geweer nam ie meer in z’n handen. Dag op dag
zwaaide ie in de kroeg, na soms ’n paar uur spitwerk.
Gretig nam ie alle traktementjes, borrels van de
dollende kameraden aan, die ’m wouên laten konkelen
van al z’n stroopavontuurtjes. Maar hij zoop, zoop,
zwijgend, verbraste geen stom woord.

Ouë vrouw Rams strooide overal rond dat ie z’n wijf


wilde vermoorden, en heel Wiereland wist dat ie Ant
de kaak had ingeslagen, ze doodgebloed zou hebben
als ouë Rams, die anders nooit van z’n schouw kwam,
’r niet met water gewasschen en verbonden had.

Dat was ’n nieuwtje in de kroeg. Nou kenden ze hem


wéér.. de kaak ingescheurd, z’n wijf bijna verbrijzeld.
Ze voelden wel dat ie ’n halve moordenaar was, dat hij
eigenlijk in de kast moest inplaats van den ouën
Gerrit, want die had alléén uit dolle zorgen gestolen.—

Ze dachten dat Kees nog wel eens ’n griezeligen uitval


zou doen, nou ie zoop als de ergste onder hen; Kees
de Strooper, iederen dag zwaaiend door de straatjes,
gesteenigd door straattuig, beschald en verschooierd;
Kees, dien ze nooit nog dronken hadden gezien. Ze
dolden den Strooper over z’n wijf, maar hij blééf stom,
smoordronken in wrokkigen zwijg.—
Einde November, op ’n grauwen ochtend dat ’r jammer
van vale droefheid over de akkers triestte, en de regen
neerstriemde in kletter, liep Kees voorbij de verstorven
herfstvelden, [447]eindloos-droef onder den laag-
doorgrauwden hemeldruil.

Als ’n verschoppeling liep ie ’n pad af, z’n huis voorbij


met ’n smart-knagend wee, eindeloos van angstige
gejaagdheid, in ontzette vereenzaming van leven, niet
wetend waarheen.—Z’n rotte natte plunje verzweette
regenstank om z’n lijf. Hij voelde zich bang voor de
nachten, die komen gingen, in diepe aanstarende
donkering. Hij voelde zich bang; verlangde in
schreiend heimwee naar den dood, of naar den
heeten zuip die z’n brein verbrandde, z’n hartzeer
verdoofde, z’n denken aan z’n jongen gloeiend
verwarmde. Twee kerels slungelend langs den weg,
wouên ’m vroeg al in den morgen meetronen naar de
kroeg. Wat deed ie daar suf te mummelen, alsof ie ’n
tik op z’n hersens had gekregen.. luilakken in den
regen. Hij weigerde; straks zou ie ’r zijn. En de kerels
begrepen maar niet waarom ie eerst nooit gezopen
had, en nou z’n neus verfde, erger dan een van hen
allen.—

Om Wiereland droefden de akkers weer grauw en stil


in de late herfstsombering. Op ’t grondbrok van ouë
Gerrit stond Bolk bij ’n nieuwen baas te spitten, twee
steek, en heel tegen den verren horizon, in mistige
bronzing van ’t bollenland, de stomme silhouetten van
Dirk en Piet.—
In grauwige somb’ring druilden de bosschages, en
windruisch huiverbleekte achter boomen en laantjes.
Leeggedroefd in de wintering kniesden kaal-wijd weer
de velden; stille werkers zwoegden op ’t aardeland.
Schemer regende, vertriestte over hun bukkende en
verdonkerende gestalten.

En wijd-rondomme, eindelooze herfstweedom van ’t


land zonk uit, verdempend geruchten, in donkerende
verstilling van leven.—

EINDE.

[448]
[Inhoud]
ERRATA.

DEEL I.

Pag. 15, regel 12 van boven staat: neerbonkten, lees:


neerbrokkelden ze.

Pag. 34, regel 3 van onder staat: huilgento, lees: huilgenot.

Pag. 67, regel 12 van onder staat: stonden, lees: stomden.


Inhoudsopgave

MENSCHENWEE, EERSTE DEEL

WINTER.
EERSTE HOOFDSTUK. 1
TWEEDE HOOFDSTUK. 20
DERDE HOOFDSTUK. 45
VIERDE HOOFDSTUK. 102
VIJFDE HOOFDSTUK. 143
ZESDE HOOFDSTUK. 160
ZEVENDE HOOFDSTUK. 180
ACHTSTE HOOFDSTUK. 202
LENTE. 257
NEGENDE HOOFDSTUK. 259
TIENDE HOOFDSTUK. 284
ELFDE HOOFDSTUK. 330

MENSCHENWEE, TWEEDE DEEL

ZOMER.
EERSTE HOOFDSTUK. 1
TWEEDE HOOFDSTUK. 36
DERDE HOOFDSTUK. 61
VIERDE HOOFDSTUK. 75
VIJFDE HOOFDSTUK. 196
ZESDE HOOFDSTUK. 233
ZEVENDE HOOFDSTUK. 271
ACHTSTE HOOFDSTUK. 357
NEGENDE HOOFDSTUK. 369
HERFST. 391
TIENDE HOOFDSTUK. 393
ELFDE HOOFDSTUK. 401
TWAALFDE HOOFDSTUK. 428
DERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK. 433
ERRATA. 448
Colofon
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Metadata

Titel: Menschenwee
Israël Querido Info
Auteur:
(1872–1932) https://viaf.org/viaf/58168930/
Aanmaakdatum 2023-09-30
bestand: 18:24:08 UTC
Nederlands
Taal: (Spelling De
Vries-Te Winkel)
Oorspronkelijke
[1903]
uitgiftedatum:

Codering

Dit boek is weergegeven in oorspronkelijke schrijfwijze. Afgebroken


woorden aan het einde van de regel zijn stilzwijgend hersteld.
Kennelijke zetfouten in het origineel zijn verbeterd. Deze
verbeteringen zijn aangegeven in de colofon aan het einde van dit
boek.
Dit boek bevat zeer veel ongebruikelijke samengestelde woorden.
Deze worden vaak inconsistent met of zonder een streepje
geschreven. Waar dergelijke woorden aan het einde van een regel
waren afgebroken, is dat ongedaan gemaakt door de meest
voorkomende vorm te gebruiken, of, als een samengesteld woord
verder niet voorkomt in de tekst, deze zo veel mogelijk naar analogie
met vergelijkbare samengestelde woorden te schrijven. (Dit boek
bevat ongever veertigduizend unieke woordvormen, waar
normaalgesproken in een roman van deze omvang tussen de
zestien- en zeventienduizend gebruikelijk is.)

Documentgeschiedenis

2023-07-27 Begonnen.

Verbeteringen

De volgende verbeteringen zijn aangebracht in de tekst:

Bladzijde Bron Verbetering Bewerkingsafstand


5, 220,
polzen polsen 1
94
5, 6, 56,
203, 221,
Oue Ouë 1/0
3, 72,
446
7, 125,
, . 1
207
Passim. oue ouë 1/0
11, 40,
. , 1
120, 217
neerbrokkelden
15 neerbonkten 8
ze
18 . [Verwijderd] 1
22, 24,
228, 319, [Niet in bron] . 1
200, 414
23 .. … 1

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