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(Download PDF) Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition Tro Solutions Manual Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition Tro Solutions Manual Full Chapter
Solutions Manual
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Chemical Bonding 10
Chapter Overview
Understanding how atoms bond gives us the power of predicting chemical behavior.
Drawing Lewis structures and predicting the resulting molecular shapes is discussed. The
chemical interactions based on shape, including electronegativity and polarity, are also
explained.
Lecture Outline
Lewis Structure
All covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons. By understanding how the atoms
bond to each other, the students can begin to understand why species react the way they do.
Molecular Shapes
The most effective way for students to remember the various molecular shapes is to
memorize one example of each. For example, remember that NH 3 is trigonal pyramidal and has
three bonds and one lone pair. H 2 O has two lone pairs and two bonds, and the geometry is bent.
Electronegativity
Some atoms hold on to electrons tighter than others. In some interactions, the bonding is
therefore uneven. Atoms are involved in a sort of tug-of-war with the electrons. A purely
10.1. Magnesium has just 2 valence electrons, so the Lewis structure is •Mg•
10.2. NaBr is an ionic compound, so Na donates the 1 valence shell electron it has to bromine,
which then has an octet in its valence shell. Sodium has a +1 charge and Br has a –1
charge. The Lewis structure is thus Na+ [: Br :]-
10.3. Since Mg has a +2 charge and N has a –3 charge, the molecular formula is Mg 3 N 2 . The
Lewis structure is Mg+2[: N :]-3 Mg+2[: N :]-3 Mg+2
10.4. Carbon monoxide has a total of 4 + 6 = 10 valence electrons. The skeletal structure is
C-O, and then we add electrons around the outer atoms, giving them octets. We can start
with : C- O :, but carbon does not have an octet, so we must form a triple bond with the
10.5. There are a total of 12 valence electron in this species. Following the symmetry
guidelines, and placing 2 electrons in for each bond, we get
Now add the remaining electrons around the outer oxygen atom
To give the carbon atom an octet, we must move a lone pair from the oxygen
10.6. The species has 7 electrons coming from the Cl and 6 coming from the O atom. This
makes a total of 13, but one more comes from the –1 charge of the ion, for a total of 14.
The two species share one pair of electrons, to give each an octet. The Lewis structure is
[: Cl : O :]-
so it wishes to make a multiple bond with one of the oxygen atoms. It does not matter
from which oxygen it comes, so there are two possible resonance structures: [ O = N - O :]-
[: O - N = O ]-
10.8. The central nitrogen has three groups of electrons around it, two of which are bonds and
one is a lone pair. The electron geometry is then trigonal planar, and the molecular
structure is bent.
10.9. The central sulfur atom has four groups of electrons around it: one a lone pair and
three bonds. This gives tetrahedral electron structure and trigonal pyramidal molecular
geometry.
10.10. a. Because two iodine atoms have the exact same electronegativity, neither is stronger
than the other. Therefore, the bond is pure covalent.
b. Cesium is a group IA metal, and bromine is a group VIIA nonmetal. When they
bond, there is a transfer of the electrons, giving an ionic bond.
c. Phosphorus and oxygen are both nonmetals and are significantly different in
electronegativity. When they bond, the electrons are shared, but oxygen has a
larger pull, so there is a small dipole moment. The bond is polar covalent.
10.11. CH 4 has a tetrahedral electron geometry and a tetrahedral molecular geometry. Since all
of the bonds are of the same slight polarity in terms of electronegativity difference and
the bonding is symmetric, the bond dipoles cancel each other out. Thus, the overall
molecule is nonpolar.
Suggested Demonstrations
Blow up four equally sized balloons and tie the knots together. The resulting structure is
tetrahedral in geometry, and you can explain how the balloons try to get as far apart as possible.
Then pop one of the balloons to show how three orbitals (balloons) orient themselves. Then pop
another balloon and explain the resulting structure change.
Have a few students (of various sizes) come to the front of the room and have them make various
molecular geometries by holding arms in various orientations. This is an effective method for
showing bond dipoles, dipole moments, and polarity.
Below are a few example questions that students answer in the guided inquiry activities provided
in the Guided Activity Workbook.
The four groups of electrons in methane get as far from each other as possible. Is the angle
between them 90°? If not, what is it?
Is a linear molecule the only one in which all the polar bonds cancel? What other geometric
arrangement of polar bonds also leads to all the polar bonds canceling?
— Sillä ihmiset uhkasivat tappaa minut, sanoi hän, — kun Mdali oli
nähnyt unen minun tulostani ja sanonut, että jos minä vien hänet,
niin jokainen kylässä tulee sokeaksi. Ja, herra, koska tunnen mielesi,
en halunnut tappopalaveria, ja tulin takaisin ilman häntä, vaikka, niin
kuin tiedät, en pelkää kuolemaa.
— Herra, sanoi hän, — sanon sinulle, että jos otat uneksijan, niin
ihmiset nousevat kapinaan — ei vain minun kyläni, vaan koko
ympärillä oleva maa — sillä häntä pidetään hyvin pyhänä miehenä.
— Minä olen hänelle pyhä mies, sanoi Sanders englanniksi ja
jatkoi matkaansa rannalle.
Mdali oli ollut aivan tavallinen mies, ennen kuin hän alkoi uneksia.
Hän oli ollut kalankeihästäjä, ei varakkaampi eikä köyhempi kuin
muutkaan ammattitoverinsa.
Kylä itse oli jaettu kolmeen osaan: yksi varattu miehille, toinen
naisille ja kolmas — ainoan maihinnousupaikan vastainen —
puolelle hausakomppanialle.
*****
Kun hän oli kertonut ensimmäisen unensa, niin Tembeli, jolle hän
sen uskoi, sanoi miettiväisenä:
Sanders noitui.
Sillä vain kaksi hausaa oli jäljellä, toinen vartiana ja toinen hänen
vuorolaisenaan.
Hän käveli sen alueen poikki, joka erotti miesten osaston naisten
osastosta, avasi portin ja astui sisään sulkien sen jälkeensä.
— Krak!
Hän avasi portin vakavin käsin ja sulki sen jälkeensä. Hän näki
Abibun maassa miesjoukon alla. Tyttö oli kadonnut. Sitten hän näki
tämän taistelevan kahden naisen kanssa, ja puolihullu Koforo hääri
hänen kimpussaan.
Hän pääsi naisten luo, kun toinen tarttui tyttöä tukasta ja veti
hänen päätään taaksepäin.
Sanders tähtäsi tarkkaan, sillä hänellä oli vain viisi panosta jäljellä;
sitten hän kiinnitti huomionsa Abibuun.
Isisissä oli mies, joka oli suuri ajattelija. Hän ajatteli asioita, jotka
eivät olleet ajateltavissa, sellaisia kuin tähdet, myrskyt ja aika, joka ei
alkanut eikä loppunut koskaan.
Usein hän meni joen rantaan, istui poski polven varassa ja ajatteli
suuria asioita päivät umpeensa. Kylän asukkaat — Akalavi-särkän
rannalla — ajattelivat, eikä se ole luonnotontakaan, että hän oli hullu,
sillä tämä nuori mies pysytteli erillään elämän iloista, eikä hän
löytänyt mitään huvitusta neitosten parista; hän pysyi poissa
tansseista ja juhlista, jotka muodostivat jokivarren elämän
valoisamman puolen.