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CHAPTER 7

Reactions in Aqueous Solution

1. Water is the most universal of all liquids. Water has a relatively large heat capacity and a
relatively large liquid range, which means it can absorb the heat liberated by many reactions
while still remaining in the liquid state. Water is very polar and dissolves well both ionic solutes
and solutes with which it can hydrogen bond (this is especially important to the biochemical
reactions of the living cell).

2. Driving forces are types of changes in a system that pull a reaction in the direction of product
formation; driving forces discussed in Chapter 7 include: formation of a solid, formation of water,
formation of a gas, and transfer of electrons.

3. precipitation

4. A reactant in aqueous solution is indicated with (aq). Formation of a solid is indicated with (s)

5. When an ionic solute such as NaCl (sodium chloride) is dissolved in water, the resulting solution
consists of separate, individual, discrete hydrated sodium ions (Na+) and separate, individual,
discrete hydrated chloride ions (Cl–). There are no identifiable NaCl units in such a solution and
the positive and negative ions behave independently of one another.

6. Because each formula unit of MgCl2 contains two chloride ions for each magnesium ion, that
ratio will be preserved in the solution when MgCl2 is dissolved in water.

7. A substance is said to be a strong electrolyte if each unit of the substance produces separated,
distinct ions when the substance is dissolved in water. NaCl and KNO3 are both strong
electrolytes.

8. Chemists know that a solution contains independent ions because such a solution will readily
allow an electrical current to pass through it. The simplest experiment that demonstrates this uses
the sort of light–bulb conductivity apparatus described in the text: if the light bulb glows strongly,
then the solution must contain a lot of ions to be conducting the electricity well.

9. The solubility rules are general rules describing the solubility of common ionic substances in
water. They are based on countless observations of chemical compounds and reactions. For
example, Solubility Rule 1 says that “most nitrate salts are soluble”. So when we write an
equation for the reaction of a nitrate salt with some other reagent, we know that any precipitate
that forms will not involve the nitrate ion.

10. (a); The precipitate BaSO4 will form.

11. a. insoluble (Rule 6: most sulfide salts are insoluble.)

b. insoluble (Rule 5: most hydroxide compounds are insoluble)
c. soluble (Rule 2: most salts of Na+ are soluble; Rule 4: most sulfate salts are soluble.)

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

d. soluble (Rule 2: most salts of NH4+ are soluble.)

e. insoluble (Rule 6: most carbonate salts are insoluble.)
f. insoluble (Rule 6: most phosphate salts are insoluble.)
g. insoluble (Exception to Rule 3)
h. insoluble (Exception to Rule 4)

12. a. soluble (Rule 1: most nitrate salts are soluble.)

b. soluble (Rule 2: most salts of K+ are soluble.)
c. insoluble (Rule 4: most sulfate salts are soluble with PbSO4 as an exception.)
d. insoluble (Rule 5: most hydroxide compounds are insoluble.)
e. soluble (Rule 2: most salts of K+ are soluble.)
f. insoluble (Rule 3: most chloride salts are soluble with Hg2Cl2 as an exception.)
g. soluble (Rule 2: most salts of NH4+ are soluble.)
h. insoluble (Rule 6: most sulfide salts are insoluble.)

13. a. Rule 2: Most salts of K+ are soluble.

b. Rule 1: Most nitrate salts are soluble.
c. Rule 2: Most salts of NH4+ are soluble.
d. Rule 4: Most sulfate salts are soluble.
e. Rule 3: Most chloride salts are soluble.

14. a. Rule 5: Most hydroxide compounds are insoluble.

b. Rule 6: Most carbonate salts are insoluble.
c. Rule 6: Most phosphate salts are insoluble.
d. Rule 3: Exception to the rule for chloride salts.
e. Rule 4: Exception to the rule for sulfate salts.

15. a. CuS: Rule 6 (most sulfide salts are insoluble).

b. Ba3(PO4)2: Rule 6 (most phosphate salts are insoluble).
c. AgCl: Rule 3 (exception to rule for chloride salts).
d. CoCO3: Rule 6 (most carbonate salts are insoluble).
e. CaSO4: Rule 4 (exception to rule for sulfate salts).
f. Hg2Cl2: Rule 3 (exception to rule for chloride salts).

16. a. MnCO3: Rule 6 (most carbonates are only slightly soluble).

b. CaSO4: Rule 4 (exception for sulfates).
c. Hg2Cl2: Rule 3: (exception for chlorides).
d. soluble

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

e. Ni(OH)2: Rule 5 (most hydroxides are only slightly soluble).

f. BaSO4: Rule 4 (exception for sulfates).

17. The precipitates are marked in boldface type.

a. No precipitate: both (NH4)2SO4 and HCl are soluble.
NH4Cl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → no precipitate
b. Rule 6: Most carbonate salts are only slightly soluble.
2K2CO3(aq) + SnCl4(aq) → Sn(CO3)2(s) + 4KCl(aq)
c. Rule 3: exception to rule for chlorides
2NH4Cl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
d. Rule 5: Most hydroxide compounds are only slightly soluble.
CuSO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + K2SO4(aq)
e. Rule 6: Most phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.
Na3PO4(aq) + CrCl3(aq) → CrPO4(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
f. Rule 6: Most sulfide salts are only slightly soluble.
3(NH4)2S(aq) + 2FeCl3(aq) → Fe2S3(s) + 6NH4Cl(aq)

18. The formulas of the precipitates are in boldface type.

a. Rule 6: Most carbonate salts are insoluble.
Na2CO3(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + CuCO3(s)
b. Rule 3: Exception for chloride salts.
HCl(aq) + AgC2H3O2(aq) → HC2H3O2(aq) + AgCl(s)
c. No precipitate
d. Rule 6: Most sulfide salts are insoluble.
3(NH4)2S(aq) + 2FeCl3(aq) → 6NH4Cl(aq) + Fe2S3(s)
e. Rule 4: Exception for sulfate salts
H2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2HNO3(aq) + PbSO4(s)
f. Rule 6: Most phosphate salts are insoluble.
2K3PO4(aq) + 3CaCl2(aq) → 6KCl(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

19. Hint: when balancing equations involving polyatomic ions, especially in precipitation reactions,
balance the polyatomic ions as a unit, not in terms of the atoms the polyatomic ions contain (e.g.,
treat nitrate ion, NO3– as a single entity, not as one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms). When
finished balancing, however, be sure to count the individual number of atoms of each type on
each side of the equation.
a. Na2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → CaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)
Balance sodium: Na2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Balanced equation: Na2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

b. Co(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) → CoS(s) + NaC2H3O2(aq)
Balance acetate: Co(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) → CoS(s) + 2NaC2H3O2(aq)
Balanced equation: Co(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) → CoS(s) + 2NaC2H3O2(aq)
c. KOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq) → Ni(OH)2(s) + KCl(aq)
Balance hydroxide: 2KOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq) → Ni(OH)2(s) + KCl(aq)
Balance potassium: 2KOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq) → Ni(OH)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
Balanced equation: 2KOH(aq) + NiCl2(aq) → Ni(OH)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)

20. Hint: when balancing equations involving polyatomic ions, especially in precipitation reactions,
balance the polyatomic ions as a unit, not in terms of the atoms the polyatomic ions contain (e.g.,
treat nitrate ion, NO3– as a single entity, not as one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms). When
finished balancing, however, be sure to count the individual number of atoms of each type on
each side of the equation.
a. CaCl2 (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + AgCl (s)
balance chlorine: CaCl2 (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2AgCl (s)
balance silver: CaCl2 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2AgCl (s)
balanced equation: CaCl2 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) → Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + 2AgCl (s)
b. AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + KNO3(aq)
balance silver: 2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + KNO3(aq)
balance nitrate ion: 2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
balanced equation: 2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
c. BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + KCl(aq)
balance potassium: BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
balanced equation: BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

21. The products are determined by having the ions “switch partners.” For example, for a general
reaction AB + CD → , the possible products are AD and CB if the ions switch partners. If either
AD or CB is insoluble, then a precipitation reaction has occurred. In the following reaction, the
formula of the precipitate is given in boldface type.
a. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) → 2NH4NO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Rule 4: BaSO4 is a listed exception.
b. H2S(aq) + NiSO4(aq) → H2SO4(aq) + NiS(s)
Rule 6: Most sulfide salts are only slightly soluble.
c. FeCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → 3NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
Rule 5: Most hydroxide compounds are only slightly soluble.

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

22. The precipitate is lead(II) phosphate. The balanced equation is:

2Na 3PO4 (aq) + 3Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) ® Pb 3 (PO4 )2 (s) + 6NaNO3 (aq)

23. The net ionic equation for a reaction in solution indicates only those components that are directly
involved in the reaction. Other ions that may be present to balance charge, but which do not
actively participate in the reaction are called spectator ions and are not indicated when writing the
chemical equation for the reaction.

24. (e)
25. The products are determined by having the ions in the two aqueous ionic reagents “switch
partners.” For example, for a general reaction AB + CD → , the possible products are AD and CB
if the ions switch partners. If either AD or CB is insoluble according to the solubility rules in
Table 7.1, then a precipitation reaction has occurred. Answers will vary for each student.

26. Molecular: K 2SO4 (aq) + Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) ® 2KNO3 (aq) + PbSO4 (s)

Complete Ionic: 2K + (aq) + SO2-

4
(aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) ® 2K + (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + PbSO4 (s)

Net Ionic: SO2-

4
(aq) + Pb2+ (aq) ® PbSO4 (s)

27. Cu2+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → CuCrO4(s)

Co3+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → Co2(CrO4)3(s)
Ba2+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → BaCrO4(s)
Fe3+(aq) + CrO42–(aq) → Fe2(CrO4)3(s)

28. Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → PbCl2(s)
Hg22+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)

29. Ca2+(aq) + C2O42–(aq) → CaC2O4(s)

30. Co2+(aq) + S2–(aq) → CoS(s)

2Co3+(aq) + 3S2–(aq) → Co2S3(s)
Fe2+(aq) + S2–(aq) → FeS(s)
2Fe3+(aq) + 3S2–(aq) → Fe2S3(s)

31. Strong acids ionize completely in water. The strong acids are also strong electrolytes. Strong
electrolytes dissociate completely in water.

32. Strong bases fully produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. The strong bases are also
strong electrolytes. Strong electrolytes dissociate completely in water.

33. H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O; formation of a water molecule

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

34. acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4, HBr

bases: NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH

35. 1000; 1000

36. A salt is the ionic product remaining in solution when an acid neutralizes a base. For example, in
the reaction HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) sodium chloride is the salt produced by
the neutralization reaction.

37. Your textbook mentions four strong acids. You only had to give three of the following equations.
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
HNO3(aq) → H+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
H2SO4(aq) → H+(aq) + HSO4–(aq)
HClO4(aq) → H+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)

38. HBr(aq) → H+(aq) + Br–(aq)

HClO4(aq) → H+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)

39. The formulas of the salts are marked in boldface type. Remember that in an acid/base reaction in
aqueous solution, water is always one of the products: keeping this in mind makes predicting the
formula of the salt produced easy to do.
a. HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → H2O(l) + KCl(aq)
b. RbOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → H2O(l) + RbNO3(aq)
c. HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaClO4(aq)
d. HBr(aq) + CsOH(aq) → H2O(l) + CsBr(aq)

40. In general, the salt formed in an aqueous acid–base reaction consists of the positive ion of the
base involved in the reaction, combined with the negative ion of the acid. The hydrogen ion of
the strong acid combines with the hydroxide ion of the strong base to produce water, which is the
other product of the acid–base reactions.
a. H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
b. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
c. 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d. 2HClO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(ClO4)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

41. An oxidation–reduction reaction is one in which one species loses electrons (oxidation) and
another species gains electrons (reduction). Electrons are transferred from the species being
oxidized to the species being reduced.

42. Answer depends on student choice of example: Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) is an example.

43. A driving force, in general, is an event that tends to help to convert the reactants of a process into
the products. Some elements (metals) tend to lose electrons, whereas other elements (nonmetals)

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

tend to gain electrons. A transfer of electrons from atoms of a metal to atoms of a nonmetal
would be favorable and would result in a chemical reaction. A simple example of such a process
is the reaction of sodium with chlorine: sodium atoms tend to each lose one electron (to form
Na+), whereas chlorine atoms tend to each gain one electron (to form Cl–). The reaction of sodium
metal with chlorine gas represents a transfer of electrons from sodium atoms to chlorine atoms to
form sodium chloride.

44. The aluminum atoms lose 3 electrons to become Al3+ ions. Fe3+ ions gain 3 electrons to become
Fe atoms.

45. Each calcium atom would lose two electrons. Each fluorine atom would gain one electron (so the
F2 molecule would gain two electrons). One calcium atom would be required to react with one
fluorine, F2, molecule. Calcium ions are charged 2+, fluoride ions are charged 1–.

46. Each magnesium atom would lose two electrons. Each oxygen atom would gain two electrons (so
the O2 molecule would gain four electrons). Two magnesium atoms would be required to react
with each oxygen, O2, molecule. Magnesium ions are charged 2+, oxide ions are charged 2–.

47. MgCl2 is made up of Mg2+ ions and Cl– ions. Magnesium atoms each lose two electrons to
become Mg2+ ions. Chlorine atoms each gain one electron to become Cl– ions (so each Cl2
molecule gains two electrons to become two Cl– ions).

48. AlBr3 is made up of Al3+ ions and Br– ions. Aluminum atoms each lose three electrons and
bromine atoms each gain one electron (Br2 gains two electrons).

49. a. Co(s) + Br2(l) → CoBr3(s)

Balance bromine: Co(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2CoBr3(s)

Balance cobalt: 2Co(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2CoBr3(s)
Balanced equation: 2Co(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2CoBr3(s)
cobalt is oxidized, bromine is reduced
b. Al(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2(g)
Balance sulfate ions: Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2(g)
Balance hydrogen: Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Balance aluminum: 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Balanced equation: 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
aluminum is oxidized, hydrogen is reduced
c. Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Balance hydrogen: Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Balance sodium: 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Balanced equation: 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
sodium is oxidized, hydrogen is reduced
d. Cu(s) + O2(g) → Cu2O(s)

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Balance copper: 2Cu(s) + O2(g) → Cu2O(s)

Balance oxygen: 2Cu(s) + 1
2 O2(g) → Cu2O(s)

Balanced equation: 4Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2Cu2O(s)

copper is oxidized, oxygen is reduced

50. a. P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s)

balance oxygen: P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
balanced equation: P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
b. MgO(s) + C(s) → Mg(s) + CO(g)
This equation is already balanced.
c. Sr(s) + H2O(l) → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
balance oxygen: Sr(s) + 2H2O(l) → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
balanced equation: Sr(s) + 2H2O(l) → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
d. Co(s) + HCl(aq) → CoCl2(aq) + H2(g)
balance hydrogen: Co(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CoCl2(aq) + H2(g)
balanced equation: Co(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CoCl2(aq) + H2(g)

51. a. In a double displacement reaction, two ionic solutes “switch partners” with the positive
ion from one combining with the negative ion from the other to form the precipitate: for
example, in the reaction AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq), silver ion from
one solute combines with chloride ion from the other solute to form the precipitate. In a
single displacement reaction, one element replaces another from its compound: in other
words, a single displacement reaction is typically an oxidation–reduction reaction also:
for example in the reaction Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq), zinc in the
elemental form replaces copper in the copper compound, producing copper in the
elemental form and a zinc compound. Many other examples are possible.

b. examples of formation of water:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → 2H2O(l) + K2SO4(aq)
examples of formation of a gaseous product:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

52. A reaction must be an oxidation–reduction reaction if any of the oxidation numbers of the atoms
in the equation change. Aluminum changes oxidation state from 0 in Al to +3 (oxidation) in
Al2O3 and AlCl3; nitrogen changes oxidation state from –3 in NH4+ to +2 in NO (oxidation);
chlorine changes oxidation state from +7 in ClO4– to –1 in AlCl3 (reduction)

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

53. For each reaction, the type of reaction is first identified, followed by some of the reasoning that
leads to this choice (there may be more than one way in which you can recognize a particular type
of reaction).
a. precipitation (from Table 7.1, BaSO4 is insoluble).
b. oxidation–reduction (Zn changes from the elemental to the combined state; hydrogen
changes from the combined to the elemental state).
c. precipitation (From Table 7.1, AgCl is insoluble.)
d. acid–base (HCl is an acid; KOH is a base; water and a salt are produced.)
e. oxidation–reduction (Cu changes from the combined to the elemental state; Zn changes
from the elemental to the combined state.)
f. acid–base (The H2PO4– ion behaves as an acid; NaOH behaves as a base; a salt and water
are produced.)
g. precipitation (From Table 7.1, CaSO4 is insoluble); acid–base [Ca(OH)2 is a base; H2SO4
is an acid; a salt and water are produced.]
h. oxidation–reduction (Mg changes from the elemental to the combined state; Zn changes
from the combined to the elemental state.)
i. precipitation (From Table 7.1, BaSO4 is insoluble.)

54. For each reaction, the type of reaction is first identified, followed by some of the reasoning that
leads to this choice (there may be more than one way in which you can recognize a particular type
of reaction).
a. oxidation–reduction (Oxygen changes from the combined state to the elemental state.)
b. oxidation–reduction (Zinc changes from the elemental to the combined state; hydrogen
changes from the combined to the elemental state.)
c. acid–base (H2SO4 is a strong acid and NaOH is a strong base; water and a salt are
formed.)
d. acid–base, precipitation (H2SO4 is a strong acid, and Ba(OH)2 is a base; water and a salt
are formed; an insoluble product forms.)
e. precipitation (From the Solubility Rules of Table 7.1, AgCl is only slightly soluble.)
f. precipitation (From the Solubility Rules of Table 7.1, Cu(OH)2 is only slightly soluble.)
g. oxidation–reduction (Chlorine and fluorine change from the elemental to the combined
state.)
h. oxidation–reduction (Oxygen changes from the elemental to the combined state.)
i. acid–base (HNO3 is a strong acid and Ca(OH)2 is a strong base; a salt and water are
formed.)

55. A combustion reaction is typically a reaction in which an element or compound reacts with
oxygen so quickly and with so much release of energy that a flame results. In addition to the
carbon dioxide and water chemical products, combustion reactions are a major source of heat
energy.

56. oxidation–reduction

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

57. A synthesis reaction represents the production of a given compound from simpler substances
(either elements or simpler compounds). For example,
O2(g) + 2F2(g) → 2OF2(g)
represents a simple synthesis reaction. Synthesis reactions may often (but not necessarily always)
also be classified in other ways. For example, the reaction
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
could also be classified as an oxidation–reduction reaction or as a combustion reaction (a special
sub–classification of oxidation–reduction reaction that produces a flame). As another example,
the reaction
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)
is a synthesis reaction that also is an oxidation–reduction reaction.

58. A decomposition reaction is one in which a given compound is broken down into simpler
compounds or constituent elements. The reactions
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
both represent decomposition reactions. Such reactions often (but not necessarily always) may be
classified in other ways. For example, the reaction of HgO(s) is also an oxidation–reduction
reaction.

59. Compounds like those in parts (a) and (b) of this problem, containing only carbon and hydrogen,
are called hydrocarbons. When a hydrocarbon is reacted with oxygen (O2), the hydrocarbon is
almost always converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Because water molecules contain an
odd number of oxygen atoms, and O2 contains an even number of oxygen atoms, it is often
difficult to balance such equations. For this reason, it is simpler to balance the equation using
fractional coefficients if necessary, and then to multiply by a factor that will give whole number
coefficients for the final balanced equation.
a. C6H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Balance carbon: C6H6 + O2 → 6CO2 + H2O
Balance hydrogen: C6H6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O
Balance oxygen with fractional coefficient: C6H6 + 15
2 O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O

Balanced equation: 2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

b. C5H12 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Balance carbon: C5H12 + O2 → 5CO2 + H2O
Balance hydrogen: C5H12 + O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O
Balance oxygen: C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O
Balanced equation: C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

c. C2H6O(l) + O2(g) → CO2 + H2O

Balance carbon: C2H6O(l) + O2(g) → 2CO2 + H2O
Balance hydrogen: C2H6O(l) + O2(g) → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Balance oxygen: C2H6O(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Balanced equation: C2H6O(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 + 3H2O

60. Compounds like those in this problem, containing only carbon and hydrogen, are called
hydrocarbons. When a hydrocarbon is reacted with oxygen (O2), the hydrocarbon is almost
always converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Because water molecules contain an odd
number of oxygen atoms, and O2 contains an even number of oxygen atoms, it is often difficult to
balance such equations. For this reason, it is simpler to balance the equation using fractional
coefficients if necessary, and then to multiply by a factor that will give whole number coefficients
for the final balanced equation.
a. C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance carbon: C3H8(g) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance hydrogen: C3H8(g) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
balance oxygen: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
balanced equation: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
b. C2H4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance carbon: C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance hydrogen: C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
balance oxygen: C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
balanced equation: C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
c. C4H10(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance carbon: C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + H2O(g)
balance hydrogen: C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g)
balance oxygen: C4H10(g) + 13
2 O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g)

balanced equation: 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)

61. Specific examples will depend on the students’ input. A typical combustion reaction is
represented by the reaction of methane (CH4) with oxygen gas
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g).

62. A reaction in which small molecules or atoms combine to make a larger molecule is called a
synthesis reaction. An example would be the synthesis of sodium chloride from the elements
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s).
A reaction in which a molecule is broken down into simpler molecules or atoms is called a
decomposition reaction. An example would be the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate
when heated.

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g).

Specific examples will depend on the students’ input.

63. a. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)

b. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
c. P2O5(s) + 3H2O(l) → 2H3PO4(aq)

64. a. 8Fe(s) + S8(s) → 8FeS(s)

b. 4Co(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Co2O3(s)
c. Cl2O7(g) + H2O(l) → 2HClO4(aq)

65. a. CaSO4(s) → CaO(s) + SO3(g)

b. Li2CO3(s) → Li2O(s) + CO2(g)
c. 2LiHCO3(s) → Li2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
d. C6H6(l) → 6C(s) + 3H2(g)
e. 4PBr3(l) → P4(s) + 6Br2(l)

66. a. 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2AlBr3(s)

b. Zn(s) + 2HClO4(aq) → Zn(ClO4)2(aq) + H2(g)
c. 3Na(s) + P(s) → Na3P(s)
d. CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g) → CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g)
e. Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

67. A molecular equation uses the normal, uncharged formulas for the compounds involved. The
complete ionic equation shows the compounds involved broken up into their respective ions (all
ions present are shown). The net ionic equation shows only those ions that combine to form a
precipitate, a gas, or a nonionic product such as water. The net ionic equation shows most clearly
the species that are combining with each other.

68. (c); (a), (b), and (d) will form insoluble compounds with Pb2+. For (e), a compound will not form
between Na+ and Pb2+.

69. a. 2Fe3+(aq) + 3CO32–(aq) → Fe2(CO3)3(s)

b. Hg22+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)
c. no precipitate
d. Cu2+(aq) + S2–(aq) → CuS(s)
e. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → PbCl2(s)
f. Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CaCO3(s)
g. Au3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) → Au(OH)3(s)

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70. The formulas of the salts are indicated in boldface type.

a. HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → H2O(l) + KNO3(aq)
b. H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + BaSO4(s)
c. HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaClO4(aq)
d. 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)

71. For each cation, the precipitates that form with the anions listed in the right–hand column are
given below. If no formula is listed, it should be assumed that the anion does not form a
precipitate with the particular cation. See Table 7.1 for the Solubility Rules.
Ag+ ion: AgCl, Ag2CO3, AgOH, Ag3PO4, Ag2S, Ag2SO4
Ba2+ ion: BaCO3, Ba(OH)2, Ba3(PO4)2, BaS, BaSO4
2+
Ca ion: CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, Ca3(PO4)2, CaS, CaSO4
Fe3+ ion: Fe2(CO3)3, Fe(OH)3, FePO4, Fe2S3
Hg22+ ion: Hg2Cl2, Hg2CO3, Hg2(OH)2, (Hg2)3(PO4)2, Hg2S
+
Na ion: all common salts are soluble
Ni2+ ion: NiCO3, Ni(OH)2, Ni3(PO4)2, NiS
Pb2+ ion: PbCl2, PbCO3, Pb(OH)2, Pb3(PO4)2, PbS, PbSO4

72. a. 2AgNO3 (aq) + H 2SO4 (aq) ® Ag2SO4 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)

b. Ca(NO3 )2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ® CaSO4 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)
c. Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ® PbSO4 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq)

73. a. iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3. Rule 5: Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble.
b. nickel(II) sulfide, NiS. Rule 6: Most sulfide salts are only slightly soluble.
c. silver chloride, AgCl. Rule 3: Although Most chloride salts are soluble, AgCl is a listed
exception
d. barium carbonate, BaCO3. Rule 6: Most carbonate salts are only slightly soluble.
e. mercury(I) chloride or mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2. Rule 3: Although Most chloride salts
are soluble, Hg2Cl2 is a listed exception
f. barium sulfate, BaSO4. Rule 4: Although Most sulfate salts are soluble, BaSO4 is a listed
exception

74. a. H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ® 2H 2O(l) + Na 2SO4 (aq)

b. HNO3 (aq) + RbOH(aq) ® H2O(l) + RbNO3 (aq)

c. HClO4 (aq) + KOH(aq) ® 2H 2O(l) + KClO4 (aq)
d. HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) ® H 2O(l) + KCl(aq)

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75. a. Rule 3: Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)

b. Rule 6: 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43–(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s)
c. Rule 3: Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → PbCl2(s)
d. Rule 6: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)

76. Molecular: Na 2SO4 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) ® 2NaCl(aq) + CaSO4 (s)

Complete Ionic: 2Na + (aq) + SO2-

4
(aq) + Ca 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) ® 2Na + (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + CaSO4 (s)

Net Ionic: SO2-

4
(aq) + Ca 2+ (aq) ® CaSO4 (s)

77. a. potassium hydroxide and perchloric acid

b. cesium hydroxide and nitric acid
c. potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
d. sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid

78. Aluminum atoms lose 3 electrons to become Al3+ ions. Iodine atoms gain 1 electron each to
become I– ions.

79. Fe2S3 is made up of Fe3+ and S2– ions. Iron atoms each lose three electrons to become Fe3+ ions.
Sulfur atoms each gain two electrons to become S2– ions.

80. a. Na + O2 → Na2O2
Balance sodium: 2Na + O2 → Na2O2
Balanced equation: 2Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s)
b. Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Equation is already balanced!
c. Al2O3 → Al + O2
Balance oxygen: 2Al2O3 → Al + 3O2
Balance aluminum: 2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2
Balanced equation: 2Al2O3(s) → 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
d. Fe + Br2 → FeBr3
Balance bromine: Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3
Balance iron: 2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3
Balanced equation: 2Fe(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2FeBr3(s)
e. Zn + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2
Balance nitrate ions: Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2
Balanced equation: Zn(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)

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81. For each reaction, the type of reaction is first identified, followed by some of the reasoning that
leads to this choice (there may be more than one way in which you can recognize a particular type
of reaction).
a. oxidation–reduction (Mg changes from the elemental state to the combined state in
MgSO4; hydrogen changes from the combined to the elemental state.)
b. acid–base (HClO4 is a strong acid and RbOH is a strong base; water and a salt are
produced.)
c. oxidation–reduction (Both Ca and O2 change from the elemental to the combined state.)
d. acid–base (H2SO4 is a strong acid and NaOH is a strong base; water and a salt are
produced.)
e. precipitation (From the Solubility Rules of Table 7.1, PbCO3 is insoluble.)
f. precipitation (From the Solubility Rules of Table 7.1, CaSO4 is insoluble.)
g. acid–base (HNO3 is a strong acid and KOH is a strong base; water and a salt are
produced.)
h. precipitation (From the Solubility Rules of Table 7.1, NiS is insoluble.)
i. oxidation–reduction (both Ni and Cl2 change from the elemental to the combined state).

82. (a), (b), and (c); All three statements are true.

83. a. 4FeO(s) + O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)

b. 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
c. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
d. 16K(s) + S8(s) → 8K2S(s)
e. 6Na(s) + N2(g) → 2Na3N(s)

84. a. 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

b. 2NaClO3(s) → 2NaCl(s) + 3O2(g)
c. 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
d. C12H22O11(s) → 12C(s) + 11H2O(g)
e. 2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

85. For simplicity, the physical states of the substances are omitted.
2Ba + O2 → 2BaO
Ba + S → BaS
Ba + Cl2 → BaCl2
3Ba + N2 → Ba3N2
Ba + Br2 → BaBr2
4K + O2 → 2K2O
2K + S → K2S

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

2K + Cl2 → 2KCl
6K + N2 → 2K3N
2K + Br2 → 2KBr
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Mg + S → MgS
Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2
3Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
Mg + Br2 → MgBr2
4Rb + O2 → 2Rb2O
2Rb + S → Rb2S
2Rb + Cl2 → 2RbCl
6Rb + N2 → 2Rb3N
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
Ca + S → CaS
Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2
3Ca + N2 → Ca3N2
Ca + Br2 → CaBr2
4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
2Li + S → Li2S
2Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl
6Li + N2 → 2Li3N
2Li + Br2 → 2LiBr

86. 6Na + N2 ® 2Na 3N

87. For simplicity, the physical states of the substances are omitted.
Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2
Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2
Sr + Cl2 → SrCl2
Ba + Cl2 → BaCl2
Mg + Br2 → MgBr2
Ca + Br2 → CaBr2
Sr + Br2 → SrBr2
Ba + Br2 → BaBr2

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Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
2Sr + O2 → 2SrO
2Ba + O2 → 2BaO

88. a. one
b. one
c. two
d. two
e. three

89. a. two; O + 2e– → O2–

b. one; F + e– → F–
c. three; N + 3e– → N3–
d. one; Cl + e– → Cl–
e. two; S + 2e– → S2–

90. False. The balanced molecular equation is: Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l).
The complete ionic equation is: Ba2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s) +
2H2O(l). The net ionic equation includes all species that take part in the chemical reaction. The
OH– and H+ ions form water so they are also included in the net ionic equation. Thus the
complete ionic equation and net ionic equation are the same.

91. a. 2I4O9(s) → 2I2O6(s) + 2I2(s) + 3O2(g)

oxidation–reduction, decomposition
b. Mg(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
oxidation–reduction, single–displacement
c. SiCl4(l) + 2Mg(s) → 2MgCl2(s) + Si(s)
oxidation–reduction, single–displacement
d. CuCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
precipitation, double–displacement
e. 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) → 2AlBr3(s)
oxidation–reduction, synthesis

92. 3Na 2CrO4 (aq) + 2AlBr3 (aq) ® Al2 (CrO4 )3 (s) + 6NaBr(aq)

93. 2Zn(s) + O2(g) → 2ZnO(s)

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
2Fe(s) + O2(g) → 2FeO(s); 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)

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 Chapter 7: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

2Cr(s) + O2(g) → 2CrO(s); 4Cr(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Cr2O3(s)

2Ni(s) + O2(g) → 2NiO(s)

94. PbCl2; PbSO4; Pb3(PO4)2; AgCl; Ag3PO4

95. You have your choice of reactions here as long as they illustrate the correct reaction type. Those
listed below are only examples:
a. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
b. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
c. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
d. H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
e. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
f. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Note that some examples are repeated: a given reaction may sometimes be classified as more than
one type of reaction. The reaction between carbon and oxygen gas, for example, is at the same
time a combustion reaction (burning in oxygen), an oxidation–reduction reaction (the oxidation
numbers of carbon and oxygen both change) and a synthesis reaction (two smaller entities unite
to form a larger, more complex molecule)
96. PbSO4; AgCl; none
97. Sr3(PO4)2; Ag2CO3; none; AgCl; PbCl2

107
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until then, contenting himself by letting drop an occasional opportune
word, being urged to tell us something in his turn, began as follows:
“It is not enough, at the critical hour of one’s existence,” he said,
“to be firmly resolved to do one’s entire duty, it is necessary above all
to know where and what it is. If it is one of those doubtful cases,
embarrassing the intelligence of the full-grown man, how much more
difficult must it be for the unformed mind of a child. That which
agitates the spirit of a little one, at certain trying moments, is a
subject worthy the attention of older people, and it is my opinion that
one of the surest means of knowing the man is to study him in the
child. The child contains all the essential elements of the man.
Though he is bounded by an infantile horizon his soul is none the
less a human one. Two things, although of very different nature, and
although they date back to the earliest years of my existence, have
left me the remembrance of greater perplexities than those which
have assailed my spirit at any other epoch of my life. Never has my
soldier’s conscience been submitted to more cruel tests than those
to which I was twice subjected as a little boy.
“Smoke some of my cigars, make yourselves some grog, and I will
tell you one of these episodes of my childhood. After which we must
try to get some sleep.”

“I was a very little fellow, only six years old; it was not more than
two years since I had begun to wear trousers. My father, who was
captain of a ship at that time, being almost always on the sea, I had
been brought up by two women, my mother and my aunt—Aunt
Marie! I loved them equally. I had, in fact, two mothers. Although
they were sensible people, they both spoiled me.”
‘One can only spoil that which is bad,’ said Aunt Marie.
‘And Jacques is good,’ added my mother.
“It appears that at five years of age I was angelic. You see I have
changed,” said the general, interrupting his tale an instant, and
addressing himself to one of us who had smiled a little. “What do you
expect, my dear Robert, life does not leave intact all those whom it
touches.”
“Say rather, General,” replied the young officer who had been
addressed—a good fellow, although a little audacious at times—“if
you have changed, we know well that it is almost always to our
advantage.”
The General shook his head and continued: “If I had never left my
two mothers, it is very probable that I should have been as gentle as
a girl. However this may be, and whether I was good or bad,
between these two charming women, I was the happiest little being
in creation, and curiously enough, I fully realized my happiness. My
aunt, who played more of a part than my mother in this story which I
am telling you, was a tall and remarkably beautiful person. My
mother alone equalled her in beauty, and that for a very simple
reason—they were twins, and resembled one another closely.
Happily, their costumes differed completely, and prevented me from
making a mistake; my mother belonged to the world, and Aunt Marie
did not. Aunt Marie was the Superior of the Sisters of Charity of a
large military hospital in the town of —— where I was born. We lived
in this town during the long absences of my father. Mamma and her
sister, whom I often called “Aunt Sister Marie,” divided between them
my entire affection. It was indeed a great joy when my mother took
me to see Aunt Marie. Although this pleasure was to be found only
between the cold walls of a hospital, it was always greatly desired,
and awaited with the very greatest impatience on my part.
“To run in the vast, long court where the convalescents were
accustomed to walk, or to sit in the sunshine, to wander around that
immense garden, which was my Place du Carrousel and my
Champs de Mars, to be caught in passing, to be stopped in my wild
flight, either by one of the convalescent soldiers who were amused
by my antics, or by one of the sisters of Aunt Marie, or above all by
Aunt Marie herself, who, when seeing me too heated, left her room,
which served her also as a pharmacy, to come and quiet me and
kiss me; to gallop over the sandy grounds of this court, riding horse-
back on a cane, or on the crutch of an aged, infirm sister, who
usually sat knitting on one of the benches—all this was for me the
joy of joys.
“The day of which I speak, a beautiful summer day, I had obtained
permission to play in my dear court for a whole hour. My mother had
to make a visit in the town, which would have been tiresome for me.
She had left me in charge of her sister and Aunt Marie, from her
open window, was not to lose sight of me for a moment. The aged
Sister Rose was asked to watch me as well, and then I had her
crutch, without which she was unable to walk. You see I was well
guarded.
“Aunt Marie, having mounted to her private room, saw from her
window that a door of the large building at the extremity of the court,
a double door, and one which I had always seen shut, was open.
She hailed one of the nurses and asked him to shut it; but from his
answer she probably judged that it was not possible, for it stayed
open, and Aunt Marie having called me to her, said: ‘You see that
large open door, at the end of the court, little Jacques?’ ‘Yes, Aunt
Marie.’ ‘Very well! It is the door of a large room, very dark and very
cold, where even big people are not permitted to enter. It is written
over the door that entrance is forbidden to the public! Promise me,
dear, not to go there.’
“I gave the promise with the intention of keeping it, but I had not
rendered due count of the fascinations of Sister Rose’s crutch.
Having jumped about a great deal, having pranced round and round
the timid Sister Rose, having thoughtlessly knocked against, and
annoyed in a thousand ways the soldiers who were playing at
drogue, (a game which always makes me laugh, as pieces of wood
are placed on the noses of the losers.) I was, as you may imagine,
very much excited; my horse ended by running away with me, and,
instead of stopping on the threshold of the forbidden door, which
more than once I had had the imprudence to approach too closely,
he carried me irresistibly to the extremity of the dark room, which I
ought not to have entered. I was going so rapidly that before I had
time to think I arrived with a shock against the wall at the farther end.
I knocked myself so severely that I raised a big bump upon my
forehead, which brought me effectually to my senses. My steed,
Sister Rose’s crutch, fatigued by the violence of our course, fell, out
of breath, but not without noise, at my feet. The silence of the room
sent back from its four corners the echo of the fall. Startled by this
strange sound, I turned around quickly. I was already impressed by
the sense of my disobedience. I had done wrong to come there.
“The sudden change from the light to the obscurity which
surrounded me, the cold chill of that room, following quickly the
warm atmosphere of the court which I had left all in sunshine, added
to my uneasiness, and the rest did not reassure me. A lugubrious
row of large white beds, all alike, enclosed by curtains of a most
severe aspect, which I had not seen in the rapidity of my entrance,
occupied the whole length of the room at my left. Not a breath came
from behind these curtains; the beds then were empty. I did not like
to be alone among these shadows. The blinds being shut, the
daylight ended a few steps from the door by which I had come into
this redoubtable place, and did not penetrate to my corner. For an
instant I dared not stir, and yet I well knew that I must leave this spot,
forbidden to grown persons, just as quickly as I could. Intimidated by
my surroundings, and above all by the obscurity and the silence,
which are not the friends of children, even the sound of my breathing
frightened me; I heard, not without fear, the rapid beatings of my
heart. Forgetting at once both Sister Rose and my horse, I resolved
to reach the door, and I walked instinctively on the tips of my toes so
as to make as little disturbance as possible. When I had taken about
twenty steps, hesitating from time to time to regain my courage,
seeing that after all I approached the light, my presence of mind
gradually came back to me and I cast about one of those questioning
regards of a child who wishes, while he has the opportunity, to profit
by the occasion and explore the region into which he has unwittingly
ventured. I found myself particularly attracted toward a large black
bench which was placed along the wall to the left of the entrance,
and which occupied more space than a bed.
“Why was this bench, larger and a little lower than the benches in
the court, two-thirds covered by a white sheet? Was anything hidden
under this sheet? It certainly appeared so to me. While asking myself
these questions, I had already arrived three-quarters of the way; a
little more daylight reached me thereby. Light is a blessing at any
age, but for a child it is sometimes a remedy for all ills. Less anxious
as to what might happen to me in the room itself, I began to be more
uneasy in regard to what would pass when I had left it. What would
Aunt Marie think of my disobedience? Truly I was in no great hurry to
regain the court, and I said to myself that being there, it would not
cost me any more to learn why a white sheet covered that big bench.
In a few steps I drew still nearer to it. The top of the bench was
uneven. Without doubt something was hidden there; but what? My
curiosity carried me on, and without having the least idea of what I
was going to discover, with a bold movement I lifted one entire end
of the sheet.
“That which there appeared to my astonished eyes I shall never
forget. I see it even yet, as I speak to you, as plainly as when I was
six years old in the room of the hospital of ——. Yes, I see it and I
shall see it all my life.
“I saw death! a dead person! for the first time.
“Since then I have seen many dead people, more than I can count;
this one has rested in my memory more clearly than them all.
“That which I had uncovered was the head, white hair, nude
shoulders and chest of a man already old, whose immobility and
extraordinary pallor seemed inexpressibly terrible to me. I felt that I
stood before a great event. Nothing can give an idea of the stupor
which enveloped me. A hundred confusing questions surged in my
brain. Has a man from his earliest years an intuition as to what will
be the end of his life on earth? I firmly believe so. In any case I was
not deceived for a single moment by the thought that I beheld a
sleeping man. I understood that it was not a simple sleep. One is
never so absent, so calm, when one only sleeps. But then what was
it that I saw? What was he doing on the bench—that impassible
being?
“‘Suppose I should call Aunt Marie?’ I said to myself; ‘Aunt Marie,
who knows everything, and can do everything? Suppose, however,
(but the simple thought seemed formidable to me) I should touch him
first!’ And, in contradiction to the idea which I had that his sleep was
not of that kind which could be disturbed. I said to myself again:
‘Perhaps he will get up. Perhaps he does not know that he is there.’
“I dared to place my hand on his shoulder. I drew it away quickly.
That sort of cold was frightful.
“A dreadful thought flashed through my brain. The very truth of
truths penetrated my inmost being. People must become like this
when they are no longer alive. But then—— I had touched a dead
man! I had thereby shown a disrespect toward him. I had troubled
that which ought never to be troubled!
“My heart ceased to beat.”

“I imagined that I had done something irreparable. I tried to find a

name for my action, which I judged abominable. The idea of
sacrilege, one of those dreaded words of which a child does not
comprehend the meaning, came into my mind, and I said to myself:
‘That is it, I have committed a sacrilege!’
“Terror took possession of me, and in my fright, instead of
escaping through the door which was now quite near me, I took
refuge, trembling, in the shadowy end of the room which had lately
given me so much trouble to leave. Perhaps I hoped to escape more
surely in the darkness from that vision, from that unexplained
revelation of death which had then for the first time greeted me.
“I stood again with my face pressed against the wall at the end of
the room prohibited to all, hardly breathing, without the power to cry,
and not daring to turn round. I fell on my knees and, with a flood of
tears, I demanded pardon of God for the great sin which I had
committed, and prayed Him to show me the means of effacing it. Did
God pardon me? I believe that he did, for I arose from my knees
having formed a resolution to repair the wrong which I had done. But
it must be done immediately, and all alone. I had uncovered the head
of a dead man, and my duty was, first of all, to go and ask his
pardon, and, secondly, to render him peaceful by recovering him as
before.
 “Such a resolution—the idea that he has a duty to accomplish—
makes a man of even a child, once he has decided to perform it. I
gathered together all my courage and started bravely enough. When
I arrived a few steps from the bench and saw that terribly calm
visage, with those marble lids closed forever, my heart failed me,
and, taking flight, I very soon found myself at the end of the room.
“But strength alone, not will, failed me. Three times I returned,
without being able to approach him closely—and yet, it was
necessary to do so! I invoked the memory of Aunt Marie, of my
mother, who would forgive me if I could repair my fault, of my father
who was said to be so brave, and I made an effort to start again,
repeating to myself when I was about to weaken, that the pardon of
others, of myself as well, and above all, that of the dead man whom I
had offended, could be obtained only at this price.
“I am astonished even now when I think of the amount of energy,
the superhuman efforts to surmount an insurmountable fear,
paralyzing him at each step, that was shown by the unhappy little
boy that I then was. I have been in many a trying situation in my
career as a soldier, but they have all been as nothing when
compared to that one, which preceded them by so many years. What
was I saying? Feeling myself ready to fail, with a supreme effort, I
desperately finished my course. I stood before the dead man and
demanded his pardon, with a voice which probably the dead alone
could hear, because it resembled a dying breath, and my hand at
last succeeded in covering the awful visage with the sheet which I
thought necessary to his repose.
“That done, I arrived with a single bound in the middle of the court;
but I was at the end of my strength, and giving vent to a sharp cry, I
fell, deprived of all feeling, like a mortally wounded bird, at the feet of
poor Sister Rose.”

“My fainting fit lasted, they say, about two hours. I recovered
consciousness in the arms of Aunt Marie, who had heard my cry of
distress. My mother had returned. On her knees before her sister
and me, she bathed my forehead and temples and made me inhale
something which burnt my nostrils a little but which smelt very good.
I burst into tears and my first word, when I was able to speak, was to
ask and re-ask pardon; and when I had to stop for want of breath, it
was only to cry again, ‘Pardon! Pardon!’ for that which was to me an
irredeemable fault.
“‘Pardon for what, my poor child?’ said my mother, when I had
completely recovered consciousness. ‘Is it because you went into
the big room?’ But Aunt Marie has already forgiven you. Do you not
see how she kisses you?’
“The kiss, yes, that was the pardon of Aunt Marie, but it was not
only of that which she knew that I needed forgiveness. All was not
yet known. I felt that I must make a complete confession, and, in an
account, broken by tears and sobs, I told ‘this all’ to Aunt Marie and
my mother. I told them all that it had cost me for having lacked
proper respect for the dead.
“My confession was not only complete, it was public; the surgeon
of the hospital and five or six soldiers were around us.
“‘Ah!’ said one of the latter, addressing the doctor, ‘the child must
have seen the old Marshal who was not able to recover from
yesterday’s amputation.’
“When I had finished my tale, when by kind words they had
established a relative calm in my conscience, when they had told me
many times that the dead man could never again be angry,
especially as I had asked his pardon, when Aunt Marie had made
me understand besides that although one should respect and honor
the dead one should not be afraid of them, a young sergeant who
was there, and whom I had teased oftener than the others because
he most frequently wore the piece of wood on his nose from losing at
‘drogue,’ asked permission of my mother to kiss ‘that little one.’
“When he had availed himself of the permission, which my mother
willingly gave him, he said to her, as he placed me on his knee,
‘Madame, when one shows such courage as that at six years of age,
there is little danger of his becoming cowardly later on. That mite will
some day be a giant.’
 “Whether I have become a giant or not,” said the general,
relighting his cigar,—“I cannot say, but that which I do know is that in
all my military experience I have never striven harder to be brave
than I did that day when I was brought face to face with death for the
first time.”
After listening to this story, we all of us realized that courage also
consists in overcoming fear.
The general was right. This history of a child was at bottom the
history of a man. It interested its hearers, and enabled each one of
them to make use of it as a lesson for himself. It was not at all a bad
preparation for the work of the following morning, which was likely to
demand of each of us a great deal more of perseverance, of
resolution and presence of mind, than of brilliancy and dash.
Adapted from the French by Adele Bacon.
(“The Second Fear,” of the “Four Fears of Our General,” will be published in the
February issue.)
 BOUQUETS

That we reserve for ourselves the compliment of the first bouquet

we trust will not be regarded as an impropriety. The necessity of
making a formal bow on entering for the first time the presence of the
great Public is well recognized, and in the performance of this duty,
which holds for us a rare pleasure, a little well meant selfishness is
perhaps pardonable.
Dixie is introduced to your notice as the result of the latest attempt
to establish a Southern magazine. Despite the precedents of failure
that are ours, we believe success to be possible for such a venture
under existing conditions. It is difficult to accept as truth what has
been said so often of the Southern people, that they are in general
unappreciative of good literature and good art. That we do not
concur in the belief the appearance of Dixie is conclusive evidence.
We confidently expect the most liberal support from the cultivated
class of every state of the South, believing a periodical of this order
—a native production having at heart the interests of the Southern
people—will meet with an eager and a sincere welcome.
We have thought it best to make a modest beginning rather than
to herald our undertaking with a brilliant first number at the cost of
strength that might better be reserved for exigencies of the struggle
yet to come. We have chosen to build, and would have our success
—if success await us—be the result of growth. Having obtained the
services of a number of the well known writers and artists of the
country, we are in the position to promise a continual improvement
both in the contents and the appearance of the magazine.
It was found necessary to make the first number somewhat local in
tone, but this is only a passing condition. We have secured for future
issues contributions of more general interest.
With this brief introductory note, Dixie is offered to your
consideration.

The greatest praise is due Mr. Philip de Boilleau for his beautiful
and distinguished painting entitled “Hydrangias,” which we reproduce
on the opposite page. This picture,—an harmonious arrangement in
soft grays,—was painted in Milan during the past summer, and has
only recently been brought to Baltimore. We consider it one of Mr.
Boilleau’s best works, and pin this modest little boutonniere on the
lapel of his coat in recognition of his resourceful and extremely
personal talent.
 “Hydrangias”

Painted by Philip de Boilleau.

 The presence of the Boston Symphony organization in Baltimore
this fall was thoroughly enjoyed, but it would not have been
financially possible had not ten of our wealthy and very liberal
citizens formed a guarantee fund and contributed enough money to
insure the entire success of the venture. We have not yet seen any
public commendation of this very public spirited action, and therefore
feel that it would not be amiss to assure these gentlemen (whose
names are withheld at their own request) that the professional
musicians as a class, and the real music-loving Baltimoreans as
well, are deeply appreciative and grateful for the signal liberality they
have shown and the example they have set for others to follow. Such
things should not be taken as a matter of course, or be passed over
in complete silence.

Mr. George N. Mackenzie’s suggestion, made public in the Sun of

Dec. 13th, of placing tablets on houses that have sheltered famous
persons should commend itself to all those interested in historical
work or the improvement of the city. Southern towns are particularly
rich in this class of historic objects, as the result of a pronounced
reverence for old things and a reluctance to tear down and rebuild.
However strongly present methods of progress may demand the
destruction of these ancient piles, we cannot altogether condemn the
unprogressiveness that leaves them standing. They are a means of
important instruction to the public; and their presence in a town
cannot but add to its attractiveness and prosperity, if attention is
properly directed to their existence. It may safely be said that the
solidarity of the English nation is in great part maintained by the
constant inspiration afforded by the innumerable monuments, of all
kinds, that cover English soil. They are material evidence of past
greatness. Is there a more powerful agent than precedent? We step
from the past to the present, and in proportion to the firmness of the
position of the rear foot we advance. Preserve the monuments at
any cost! The houses of great men are as sacred as their graves;
and it should be a shame to that city that negligently or wilfully
suffers them to be destroyed.
 THE BOGIE MAN.

There is a very laudable scheme on foot just now to erect a

monument, or statue, to the memory of Maryland’s contingent of
Confederate and Federal soldiers who lost their lives on the battle-
field of Antietam. The idea of such a memorial does great credit to
the magnanimity of the American people, and offers another
convincing proof to the world at large that we are again a truly united
and broadminded nation. The lofty patriotism that suggests and
makes practicable the erection of a monument of this description is
beyond all praise and cannot be commended too highly: There is,
however,—if a recent experience teaches us anything—an
unfortunate element of danger that, no matter what noble-minded
motives may have originally inspired this projected tribute to our
brave dead, its artistic side may actually leave much to be desired;
and that in the next century, when we shall have at length become a
truly artistic people, we may turn our heads aside and blush for it, as
we do now for the hideous Firemen’s Tablet and the Lord Baltimore
of Cathedral street.
There is no reason but ignorance for the existence of such a state
of things. Nothing is easier than to get expert judgment on those
architectural and sculptural plans that may be submitted to the
committee in charge of the erection of this monument. There is a
very common, and most erroneous, idea that trained technical and
artistic knowledge is unnecessary in such cases, whereas no task is
in reality more difficult. To be able to choose correctly, from the many
rough little wax and clay suggestions huddled momentarily together,
the project which will produce, when it is thrown up on a large scale
and carefully finished, the most beautiful and inspiring work of art,
requires an experience that is almost invariably lacking in the
persons so thoughtlessly given the power to say which theme is to
be adjudged the best.
In the recent case to which we have referred, a committee of
laymen apparently judged the sketches submitted to them solely
from the point of view of finish,—a most immaterial matter in a
sketch, as every artist knows,—and consequently one of our great
national heroes, instead of being eternally honored as was intended
by many of his admirers, is compelled to rest under a mediocre pile
of stone and bronze that, while far from being as good as it ought to
be, is just good enough to insure its remaining where it is for many
years to come. Is this sort of thing fair to the art-loving people who
contribute to the building of our public monuments, or to posterity
that must receive and preserve them, or to those heroes themselves
in whose memory and to whose glory we would like to erect enduring
proofs of our love and admiration?
The Theatrical Trust has at last met with a well merited rebuke for
its peculiar methods of business. The Baltimore News took it in
hand the other day and told it some very plain truths. It seems that
the local representative of the Trust went to the News office with a
proposition to publish a half-page “ad” every Saturday providing a
local “ad-writer”, who thinks himself an authority on things theatrical,
was allowed to polish up the swell front advance notices. The News
not only declined the proposition but exposed the whole affair. The
Academy took its “ad” out immediately, and published for a few days,
“We do not advertise in the News.” Foolish mistake! What is the use
of flinging mud at a man who owns a mud-machine?
We heartily commend the News for the action it has taken in this
matter. It is an outrage that a few men should attempt to control this
business. They made every effort to close the doors of the very
popular Lyceum, and leave Mr. Albaugh to starve if he saw fit, but
the energy and perseverance of his son Jack were entirely
successful in defeating their purpose, and the good people of
Baltimore have fully shown their appreciation of his pluck. Now the
Trust is measuring steel with the Fords, but in spite of giving them
the worst of it in the way of attractions, the Fords are making more
money than the Academy. Ford and Albaugh are the names that
represent everything theatrical in Baltimore. Years and years ago
these two men had firmly established themselves with Baltimoreans,
and it will take more than a theatrical trust to inspire hostility where
there has always existed confidence and good-will.

There can be no doubt as to the precarious condition of music in

Baltimore at the beginning of the year eighteen hundred and ninety-
nine; but there is much that can be done to improve its really sad
plight. In other words, its state, while deplorable in the extreme, is
not altogether hopeless. It is deeply to be regretted that the recent
manager of the Peabody Institute, a man of great and acknowledged
musical ability, having had the chance to make Baltimore the
recognized musical centre of America, should have failed so utterly
to add that distinction to the metropolis of the South.
His successor, a young man of education, of refinement, and of
apparent ambition, although undoubtedly handicapped by the legacy
of sterile contentions and discouragements left him by his
predecessor, has still a very brilliant opportunity before him. Will he
succeed ultimately where his master has so conspicuously failed?
We sincerely hope so, and trust that some few of our misgivings,
arising from what we fear is a tendency to cultivate the noisy and
pretentious few at the expense of the more modest, but by far the
more musical, majority may prove after all to be groundless.

Nothing so forcibly illustrates the inability of even educated

persons to distinguish between the good and the bad as the family
portrait. How seldom one sees in houses otherwise marked by
refinement and good taste this really necessary and, to future
generations, valuable object characterized by sufficient artistic merit
to insure to it one’s attention for five minutes. And how often it is a
mere caricature of the person whose portrayal has been attempted.
What man dare call himself educated who has not sufficiently
acquainted himself with the elements of drawing and color to know
when he, or some member of his family, is being transferred to
canvas for no better purpose than to afford amusement for persons
of greater knowledge and judgment. It is true all of us cannot spare
the time to acquire even the elements of an art education, but then it
is equally true that the upper class of Americans is not truly a
cultivated class, is not possessed of the culture of the same class in
Europe. This is lamentable; but sadder still is the knowledge that the
egotism (widely known as the American spirit) of the average man of
refinement will preclude for a long time to come a betterment of the
situation.
Baltimore, among other cities noted for their educated class, has
been, and still is, an easy victim to the artist of the solar-print.
Nothing more thoroughly delights the heart of a Baltimorean of
average development than to come into possession of one of those
family portraits that exhibit all the rotundity of objects turned on a
lathe, the burnish (in the high lights) of excessively polished metal-
ware, and the finish of a miniature done under the glass of a
microscope. In such work the ideal of portrait painting is reached—
for the Baltimorean of average development. The revered canvas is
given the place of honor in the most prominent room of the house
and there left for the adoration of all who enter—no one daring to call
down upon his head, for adverse criticism, the pitying scorn of the
deluded family. “It is a speaking likeness rendered with unusual
technical skill.” One often wishes, as a relief for tortured eyes, that
painters could do without technique altogether, and might be allowed
to indulge the wildest flights of imagination conceivable in depicting
the features of beloved relatives and friends.
But little can be said in defense of the “artist” who produces this
class of work. It is the result of either a base commercial spirit or of
untalented affrontery that trades on the ignorance of those who
should blush for their little knowledge. In many instances these
painters have had every opportunity for study at home and abroad,
and yet seek to degrade a profession they can in no wise benefit.
Have the patrons of these men concluded that honesty has lost its
worth, and that a bad painter is more useful that a good
photographer? An almost hopeless ignorance of art is, in these
cases, the true explanation of why this phase of brush-work has not
long since disappeared from among intelligent people. As long as
men are found willing to pay for a bad thing the parodists of art will
continue to flourish. That it is not the ignorant, or unscrupulous,
painter who needs to be educated is easily seen.
Baltimore, with its unusually large number of thinking people, is
not altogether hopeless of improvement in its ideas of art.
Fortunately there are here a few families that have true judgment in
such matters, and whose influence, although at present but little felt,
has a tendency to create a future favorable to good work. May that
happy epoch not be synchronous with the Millennium.
 BOOK REVIEWS

MR. JAMES TURNS THE SCREW.

Mr. Henry James is perhaps the one anomaly of American art.
True, we have Howells at his heels, some people may say at his
head, but Howells is by no means an inexplicable product, and he is
as far from being like James as James is far from being the
counterpart of Turgeneff, the master inspiration of them both. One
may not like Mr. James—and there are many who will simply not
face his difficulties—but one must concede that he is literature. He is
indeed so emphatically literature that he is not always life as well. It
is not a little to say of an author on the shady side of his prime that
he still reserves for his public the quality of continual surprise. Long
ere this, one is minded to assert, judging on general principles, Mr.
James must have declared his reach. Such utterances are, however,
always contradicted by his latest book. And his latest books,
especially in the last few years, have been a succession of surprises
—shocks would be a better word, it may be—that uproot
presumptions. “What Maizie Knew,” for example, was a glance of Mr.
James’ brilliancy from quite a new angle. It was such an
extraordinary ray of his art that it has not yet ceased to leave a green
spot of bewilderment on the vision of the critic. With the cry caused
by “In a Cage” still in the air, comes his very newest volume, “The