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(Download PDF) Personality Puzzle 6th Edition Funder Test Bank Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Personality Puzzle 6th Edition Funder Test Bank Full Chapter
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called ________.
a. afferent nerves c. interneurons
b. efferent nerves d. extraneurons
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.A.4
2. What brain region appears to be important for the abilities to plan ahead, to anticipate consequences,
and to engage in moral reasoning?
a. basal ganglia c. frontal lobes
b. amygdala d. hippocampus
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.B.4
3. The projections from nerves that receive stimulation are called ________.
a. axons c. afferents
b. dendrites d. efferents
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.A.1
4. Nerves that send messages from the body to the brain are called ________, whereas nerves that carry
messages from the brain to the body are called ________.
a. afferent nerves; efferent nerves c. interneurons; extraneurons
b. efferent nerves; afferent nerves d. extraneurons; interneurons
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.A.3
5. Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth?
a. cingulate c. frontal lobes
b. hypothalamus d. hippocampus
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.B.1
7. What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals?
a. hypothalamus c. hippocampus
b. amygdala d. neocortex
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: I.B.4
8. What term refers to brain regions that have been injured, removed, or destroyed?
a. lesions c. tomographs
b. afferent areas d. efferent areas
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Damage
OBJ: Factual MSC: II.A
9. According to the text, surgeons discovered that stimulating the central region of the left ________
produced symptoms of depression.
a. frontal cortex
b. substantia nigra
c. amygdala
d. ascending reticular activating system
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation
OBJ: Factual MSC: II.B
10. What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create
lasting lesions?
a. electroencephalography c. transcranial magnetic stimulation
b. magnetoencephalography d. encephalographic stimulation
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation
OBJ: Factual MSC: II.B.1
11. What neurotransmitter is NOT typically associated with the substantia nigra?
a. dopamine c. serotonin
b. norepinephrine d. oxytocin
ANS: D DIF: Difficult
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Stimulation
OBJ: Factual MSC: II.B
12. What term refers to images of very thin slices of the brain?
a. X-rays c. magnetic images
b. tomographs d. sonographs
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and
Imaging OBJ: Factual MSC: II.C
14. The ________ signal shows differences in brain activity levels in one condition versus another
condition in an fMRI experiment.
a. electroencephalographic (EEG)
b. transcranial differential (TD)
c. blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)
d. perfusion imaging (PI)
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain: Brain Activity and
Imaging OBJ: Factual MSC: II.D.2
15. According to Eysenck, differences between introverts and extraverts are attributable to the functioning
of the ________.
a. limbic system
b. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
c. hormones
d. frontal cortex
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Ascending Reticular Activating System
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.A.1
16. Ricardo likes to drive fast cars and enjoys bungee jumping and going to noisy nightclubs. According to
Eysenck’s theory, it is likely that Ricardo is a(n) ________ whose ARAS causes him to be chronically
________.
a. neurotic; overstimulated c. extravert; overaroused
b. neurotic; understimulated d. extravert; underaroused
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Ascending Reticular Activating System
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.A.1
17. According to Eysenck’s theory, which type of person should exhibit the greatest salivation in the
lemon juice test?
a. an extravert c. a neurotic
b. an introvert d. a psychopath
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Ascending Reticular Activating System
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.A.2
18. Which of these brain structures is thought to play a role in judging whether stimuli offer threats or
rewards?
a. amygdala
b. hippocampus
c. ventromedial cortex
d. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Brain and Personality: The Amygdala
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.B.2
19. In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas
before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed a tumor affecting Whitman’s ________.
a. frontal lobe c. ventromedial cortex
b. amygdala d. cerebellum
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Brain and Personality: The Amygdala
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.B.3
20. Evidence from research and from brain damage case studies suggests that the ________ is/are the
location of cognitive control, serving to anticipate and plan the future and help to regulate emotions in
response to it.
a. frontal lobes
b. amygdala
c. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
d. hippocampus
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.C
21. What part of Phineas Gage’s brain was damaged in his accident?
a. hippocampus c. cerebellum
b. brain stem d. frontal lobes
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.C.3
22. Which of the following would NOT be a pronounced symptom in a patient who suffers frontal lobe
damage?
a. impaired language abilities c. flattened emotional responses
b. problems with decision making d. self-control difficulties
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.C
23. The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that ________.
a. brain injuries affect physical but not psychological functioning
b. injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior
c. the amygdala has important effects on fear and anger
d. the right hemisphere is the province of image-oriented, intuitive thinking
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.C.3
24. Early reports about personality and emotional changes in Phineas Gage after his accident led to
________.
a. an increased appreciation for substantia nigra
b. an increased appreciation for the difficulties with neurosurgeries
c. neurosurgeons performing lobotomies to control maladaptive behavior
d. a better understanding of how oxytocin functions in the brain
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.C.3
25. Before brain surgery, Elliott was a good father and held a responsible job. After removal of portions of
his frontal lobe, what prediction about Elliott’s personality is likely to come true?
a. He will experience visual hallucinations.
b. He will experience auditory hallucinations.
c. His emotional reactions and decision-making abilities will be impaired.
d. He will be even more driven and focused on his work.
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.C.3
26. According to Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis, damage to the right frontal lobes impairs a
person’s ________, which then impairs his or her ________.
a. emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is
not important
b. primary visual and auditory cortexes; ability to distinguish real sensory stimulation from
hallucinations
c. reptilian brain; ability to perform creative activities as opposed to simple responses and
fixed patterns of behavior
d. ability to experience pain; fear of consequences
ANS: A DIF: Difficult
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.C.4
29. What brain region seems to connect the two halves of the brain?
a. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
b. frontal lobes
c. corpus callosum
d. hippocampus
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality: The Anterior Cingulate
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.D
30. Which brain region is important for detecting a discrepancy between the actual world and expectations
about the world?
a. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
b. amygdala
c. anterior cingulate
d. right frontal lobe
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality: The Anterior Cingulate
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.D.2
31. One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________.
a. different brain structures have different functional roles in different people
b. brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas
c. tools designed to lesion the brain are not very sophisticated.
d. the infections that often accompany these surgeries further damage the brain
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality: Brain Systems
OBJ: Applied MSC: III.E
32. According to Galen, an excess of yellow bile would cause a person to be ________.
a. depressed and melancholic c. cheerful and robust
b. cold and apathetic d. angry and bitter
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV
34. Galen suggested that there were ________ basic types of personality, each linked to an excessive
amount of a different ________.
a. five; hormone c. four; bodily humor
b. three; neurotransmitter d. two; inhibitory neural mechanism
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Biochemistry and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV
35. According to research by modern health psychologists, the choleric, or chronically hostile, person
seems to be at extra risk for ________.
a. a heart attack c. diabetes
b. cancer d. Alzheimer’s disease
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Biochemistry and Personality
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV
36. Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons are called ________.
a. synapses c. neurotransmitters
b. hormones d. inhibitory communicators
ANS: C DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: The Chemistry of the Mind
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A
38. Which of the following chemicals breaks down certain neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin?
a. monoamine oxidase c. interneurons
b. endorphins d. dopamine
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: The Chemistry of the Mind
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A
39. The term ________ refers to the body’s natural painkillers, chemicals that act in an ________ fashion.
a. monoamine oxidase; excitatory c. endorphins; inhibitory
b. dopamine; inhibitory d. serotonin; excitatory
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: The Chemistry of the Mind
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A
41. According to Jeffrey Gray’s theory, dopamine is associated with the reward-seeking ________ system.
a. behavioral activation c. ascending reticular activating
b. behavioral inhibition d. descending reticular activating
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A.1.a
43. What brain structure in conjunction with dopamine works to form the “Go” system in Gray’s model?
a. ascending reticular activating system
b. substantia nigra
c. nucleus accumbens
d. amygdala
ANS: C DIF: Difficult
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A.1.a
44. Wayne tends to suffer from chronic pessimism, is hypersensitive to rejection, worries obsessively, and
is prone to sudden bursts of irrational anger. He is exhibiting the symptoms of ________.
a. high norepinephrine levels c. hormonal imbalance
b. serotonin depletion d. low dopamine levels
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Neurotransmitters: Serotonin
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.A.2
47. The chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex are called
________.
a. synapses c. neurotransmitters
b. hormones d. inhibitory communicators
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.B
50. A study of the associations between testosterone levels and spectator sports demonstrates that
________.
a. testosterone can cause aggressive behavior while viewing a sporting event
b. testosterone can be influenced by the outcome of a sporting event
c. there is no association between aggression and testosterone in people who watch sports
d. those low in testosterone were not able to sit through an entire sporting event
ANS: B DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.2
51. In one study, male U.S. military veterans were asked about their past behaviors. Those with higher
testosterone levels more often reported ________.
a. having assaulted others c. problems with depression
b. having very few sexual partners d. experiencing delusions
ANS: A DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.2.b
52. A general tendency toward excessive behavior and numerous sex partners has been linked to
________.
a. a failure in dopamine reuptake c. high testosterone levels
b. synaptic decay d. an estrogen imbalance
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.2
53. Which hormone has been associated with levels of stable extraversion?
a. dopamine c. oxytocin
b. testosterone d. serotonin
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.2
54. One problem researchers experience when attempting to directly link testosterone to aggression and
sexuality is that ________.
a. the relationships have never been studied in women
b. testosterone seems to affect sexual desire in men but not in women
c. it is difficult to determine the causal direction because aggression and sex can affect
testosterone levels
d. both sex and especially aggression are difficult to study in the lab
ANS: C DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Applied
MSC: IV.B.2
55. What is the best description of the role that testosterone plays in personality?
a. It acts as a direct cause of frustration.
b. It acts as an energizing factor that accentuates existing behavioral tendencies.
c. It acts as a dampening factor that reduces existing behavioral tendencies.
d. It seems to directly influence levels of agreeableness in men but not in women.
ANS: B DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Testosterone OBJ: Applied
MSC: IV.B.2
56. Which glucocorticoid hormone involved with the fight-or-flight response generates increased heart
rate and blood pressure?
a. serotonin c. progesterone
b. estrogen d. cortisol
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Cortisol
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.B.3.a
57. High levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________, and low levels of cortisol appear to be
associated with ________.
a. stress, anxiety, and depression; impulsivity and sensation seeking
b. extraversion; introversion
c. extraversion; neuroticism
d. the left frontal lobe; the right frontal lobe
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Cortisol
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.B.3.a
59. Low levels of cortisol are associated with which psychological disorder?
a. Type A personality c. post-traumatic stress syndrome
b. social phobias d. antisocial personality disorder
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Cortisol
OBJ: Factual MSC: IV.B.3.b
60. Which hormone seems to play an important role in bonding and romantic attachment?
a. norepinephrine c. cortisol
b. serotonin d. oxytocin
ANS: D DIF: Easy
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Oxytocin OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.4.a
61. According to one theory proposed by Australian psychologists, oxytocin is more than just a “love”
hormone because it seems to ________.
a. facilitate approach behavior
b. accentuate all behavioral tendencies
c. facilitate sex as well as bonding
d. places individuals at risk for social phobias
ANS: A DIF: Medium
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Oxytocin OBJ: Factual
MSC: IV.B.4.b
62. Which piece of evidence is least relevant to Anne Campbell’s theory concerning the function of
oxytocin?
a. Oxytocin increases during childbirth.
b. Oxytocin is related to fight-or-flight behaviors.
c. Oxytocin is related to sexual activity and orgasm.
d. Oxytocin is related to breast feeding.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult
REF: Biochemistry and Personality: Hormones: Oxytocin OBJ: Applied
MSC: IV.B.4
63. According to the textbook, which of the following is the best description of the causal link between
biological processes and social behavior?
a. Biological processes cause social behavior, but not vice versa.
b. Social behavior causes biological processes, but not vice versa.
c. Biological processes and social behavior are both causes and effects of each other.
d. There is no evidence of a causal link between biological processes and social behavior.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: Biology: Cause and Effect
OBJ: Factual MSC: V
TRUE/FALSE
4. Damasio’s patient named Elliott had brain damage to the same region that was injured in Phineas
Gage.
5. According to the somatic marker hypothesis, specific regions of the brain store specific life memories.
6. The person who performed the first psychosurgery on the frontal lobes of humans won a Nobel Prize.
7. The importance of integrated systems in the functioning of the brain suggests why the results of
psychosurgery are often erratic.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: The Brain and Personality: Brain Systems
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.E
8. The ancient Romans believed that someone with an excess of blood tended to be cheerful, ruddy, and
robust.
9. A low level of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the blood seems to correlate with sensation seeking and
criminal behavior.
11. Norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the body.
12. The neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with the reward deficiency hypothesis.
13. Drugs like Prozac and Paxil primarily work on the dopamine system.
14. Some researchers argue that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) might be better classified
as antineurotics rather than antidepressants.
16. One theory about oxytocin is that the hormone is especially relevant for helping men bond with
offspring given that men do not become pregnant.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Explain why it is so difficult to study links between personality and the brain. What methods have
been proposed and what are the difficulties associated with each of these methods?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain and Personality: Research Methods for Studying the Brain
OBJ: Conceptual MSC: II
2. Describe Eysenck’s original theory for the biological basis of extraversion. How much empirical
support is there for this theory?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Medium REF: The Brain and Personality: The Ascending Reticular Activating System
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.A
3. How did researchers first learn about the functions of the frontal lobes? What are those functions?
Describe the consequences of severe frontal lobe damage. What does this tell us about personality?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Medium
REF: The Brain and Personality: The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex: The Frontal Lobes, Social
Understanding, and Self-Control OBJ: Factual MSC: III.C
4. Describe the evolution of psychosurgery. What important principles about the brain are illustrated by
the limited successes of psychosurgeries?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Difficult REF: The Brain and Personality: The Lessons of Psychosurgery
OBJ: Factual MSC: III.E
5. Describe the functions of neurotransmitters. How do they seem to work in the body? Pick two
neurotransmitters and describe why each is relevant to understanding personality.
ANS:
Answers will vary
6. DeYoung has identified two metatraits of personality (stability and plasticity) and linked those
domains to the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. Please describe these metatraits and explain
their links with biology. How might this approach to understanding the biology of personality help to
organize this area of study? What are some of the advantages of this approach? What are some
limitations of this model?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Difficult REF: Putting It All Together: The Big Five and the Brain
OBJ: Conceptual MSC: IV.A | IV.B
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luo, joka jo muutenkin on kauan odottanut sinua pyhän Ignatiuksen
rotkossa.
MIES.