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CHAPTER 6
GENETICS, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Determining Genetic Influence on Personality

Twin Study Method
Adoption Research
What Personality Qualities are Genetically Influenced?
Temperaments: Activity, Sociability, and Emotionality
More Recent Views of Temperaments
Inheritance of Traits
Temperaments and the Five-Factor Model
Genetics of Other Qualities: How Distinct Are They?
Environmental Influences
New Approaches to Genetics and Personality
Correlations Between Genetic and Environmental Influences
Gene-by-Environment Interactions
Environmental Effects on Gene Expression
Molecular Genetics
Evolution and Human Behavior
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
Genetic Similarity and Attraction
Mate Selection and Competition for Mates
Mate Retention and Other Issues
Aggression and the Young Male Syndrome
Assessment
Problems in Behavior, and Behavior Change
Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior
Evolution and Problems in Behavior
Behavior Change: How Much Is Possible?
Genetics and Evolution: Problems and Prospects
Summary
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The approach to personality rooted in inheritance and evolution has two facets. One of them emphasizes
that your personality is tied to the biological body you inherit. This idea goes far back in history, but today’s
version of the idea is quite different, emphasizing the role of genes.
Behavior genetics provides ways to find out whether personality differences are inherited. In twin studies,
correlations among identical twins are compared with correlations among fraternal twins; in adoption studies,
children are compared with their biological and adoptive families. Studies of identical twins raised apart provide
yet a different look at the effects of inheritance and environment.
Twin research has been used to look at genetic contributions to a variety of dispositions, starting with
temperaments: broad inherited traits that appear early in life. Evidence supports genetic influences on activity
level, emotionality, and sociability. Other temperaments have been suggested, including temperaments for
approach, avoidance, and effortful control. There also is evidence of genetic influence in the big five supertraits
and other variables. It’s unclear whether the big five derive from (or duplicate) the temperaments studied under
other names. It is also unclear whether hereditary influences on other variables depend on associations between
the other variable and a temperament. Recent developments in molecular genetics provide a new tool in the
75
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
search for genetic influences on personality. Now there is evidence of specific genes playing roles in traits,
including novelty seeking and neuroticism.
The idea that dispositions are genetically influenced can be extended a step further, to the suggestion
that many aspects of human social behavior are products of evolution. This idea is behind an area of work termed
sociobiology or evolutionary psychology. Sociobiologists propose ways to account for various aspects of human
behavior, even behavior that on the face of it seems not to provide an evolutionary advantage. Altruism, for
example, is understood as people acting for the benefit of their family groups, so that the family’s genes are more
likely to be continued (kin selection). This idea has been extended to the notion that people are attracted to other
people who share their genetic makeup.
The evolutionary view also has implications concerning mate selection, including the idea that males and
females use different strategies. The male strategy is to mate whenever possible, and males are drawn to signs of
reproductive capability. The female strategy is to seek the best male available, and females are drawn to signs of
resources. People use the relevant strategies and act in ways that make them seem better candidates as mates.
Mating pressures also may lead to aggression among young men. Theory suggests that violence is most likely
among men of reproductive age who are in poor reproductive circumstances. Evidence seems to bear this out,
along with the idea that much violence concerns conflicts over status.
The genetic approach to personality says little about assessment except to suggest what dispositions are
particularly important to assess—those that have biological links. Assessment directly from genes seems unlikely
soon, due to the probable involvement of many genes in any given trait. With regard to problems in behavior,
there is substantial evidence that schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder are affected by heredity, as are
substance abuse tendencies and antisocial tendencies. As elsewhere, this area is beginning to use the tools of
molecular biology to search for genetic influences.
With regard to therapeutic behavior change, this approach raises a question on the basis of studies of
temperament: How much can people be expected to change, even with therapy, in directions that deviate from
their biological makeup?
76
KEY TERMS
Adoption study: A study of resemblances between children and their adoptive and biological parents.
Allele: Some version of a particular gene.
Approach temperament: Temperamental tendency to approach rewards.
Assortative mating: Mating based on choice of specific characteristics rather than random.
Avoidance temperament: Temperamental tendency to avoid threats.
Behavioral genetics: The study of inheritance of behavioral qualities.
Candidate gene strategy: Testing specific genes because evidence links them to particular biological
processes and theory links those processes to personality.
Concordance: Agreement on some characteristic between a twin and a co-twin.
Directional selection: Evolution in which one extreme of a dimension is more adaptive than the other.
Dizygotic (DZ) twins: Fraternal twins (overlapping genetically 50%, on average).
Ectomorphy: A tendency toward frail thinness.
Effortful control: A tendency to be focused, restrained, and planful.
Endomorphy: A tendency toward obesity.
Epigenetic: An effect that is not on DNA but affects DNA functioning and can be inherited.
Gene expression: Activity in which the gene engages in the processes that create a protein.
Genetic similarity theory: The idea that people work toward reproducing genes similar to their own.
Genome: The sequence of the genes contained in the full complement of chromosomes.
Genomics: See molecular genetics.
Genome-wide association study (GWAS): Study in which all genes are tested at once.
Genotype: The particular version of a gene that a given person or group has.
GxE: Gene by environment interaction, in which the environment produces different outcomes depending on
genetic composition.
Heritability: An estimate of how much variance of some characteristic is accounted for by inheritance.
Inclusive fitness: The passing on of genes through the survival of relatives.
Mesomorphy: A tendency toward muscularity.
Methylation: The attachment of methyl chemical groups to a gene or surrounding material.
Molecular genetics: The study of how alleles of specific genes relate to other observed differences.
Monozygotic (MZ) twins: Identical twins (overlapping genetically 100%).
Nonshared environment effect: Effect of the environment that makes twins differ.
77
Polymorphism: The characteristic of having more than one allele for a given gene.
Reciprocal altruism: Helping others with the expectation the help will be returned.
Siblings: Brothers and sisters.
Sociobiology The study of the evolutionary basis for social behavior.
Stabilizing selection: Evolution in which intermediate values of a dimension are most adaptive.
Temperaments: Inherited traits that appear early in life.
Twin study: A study comparing similarity between MZ twins against similarity between DZ twins.
Quantitative genetics: The study of how much variance in a characteristic is attributable to genetics versus environment.
78
TEST ITEMS
Multiple Choice
(a/112) 1. Hippocrates proposed _________ personality types.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
(d/112) 2. Galen added to Hippocrates' four personality types the idea that:
a. there were two additional types.

b. the personality types could be combined.
c. the personality types could not be combined.
d. each type reflect an excess of some bodily fluid.
(b/112) 3. In the first half of the twentieth century, physical makeup referred to _________,
whereas now it refers to _________.
a. genes, physique
b. physique, genes
c. genes, brain processes
d. brain processes, genes
(c/113 4. Kretschmer examined the relationship between physique and:

Box 6.1)
a. body type.
b. physical sensitivity.
c. psychological disorders.
d. bodily humors.
(b/113 5. Compared to Kretschmer's theory, Sheldon's theory concentrates more on:

Box 6.1)
a. early childhood vulnerabilities.
b. normal qualities of personality.
c. gender differences in body type and personality.
d. skeletal and muscular differences.
(a/113 6. According to Sheldon, each body characteristic reflects:

Box 6.1)
a. an overemphasis on one of the layers of the embryo.
b. the interaction between genetically-determined physiology and environmental
pressure.
c. brain-wave activity.
d. hormone level fluctuations.
79
(c/113) 7. When twins have no more in common than other siblings, they are said to be
_________ twins.
a. monozygotic
b. identical
c. dizygotic
d. congenital
(a/113) 8. Dizygotic twins:
a. share the same amount of genetic material as a pair of brothers/sisters.

b. are the result of an unusual occurrence shortly after conception.
c. develop from one fertilized egg.
d. all of the above
(d/114) 9. Twin studies are based on the assumption that:
a. fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life experiences.
b. fraternal twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing
physical characteristics.
c. identical twins raised together are treated differently because of their differing
personalities.
d. both identical and fraternal twins raised together are exposed to much the same life
experiences.
(b/114) 10. If dizygotic twins think they are monozygotic twins:
a. they are more resentful of their siblings.

b. they are less resentful of their siblings.
c. they are more like their siblings.
d. they are less like their siblings.
(c/114) 11. If the correlation for a given personality trait in a set of same-sex fraternal twins is
.25 and the correlation for that same personality trait is .75 in a set of identical
twins, we can assume the heritability estimate is approximately:
a. .50
b. .25
c. 1.00
d. none of the above
(d/114) 12. In an adoption study, resemblances are measured between the adopted child and:
a. the biological parent.

b. the biological parent and siblings (if any).
c. the adoptive parent and siblings (if any).
d. both biological parent and adoptive parent.
80
(b/115) 13. If heredity is REALLY important, then:
a. fraternal twins should be more similar than identical twins if they have been raised
apart.
b. identical twins raised apart should be nearly as similar as identical twins raised
together.
c. fraternal twins raised apart should be more similar than identical twins raised together.
d. there should be no differences between identical twins and fraternal twins raised
together.
(d/115) 14. According to Buss and Plomin, temperaments include:
a. activity level.
b. sociability.
c. emotionality.
d. all of the above
(a/115) 15. The two aspects of activity level are:
a. vigor and tempo.

b. vigor and arousal.
c. tempo and arousal.
d. arousal and responsiveness.
(c/115) 16. Emotionality is defined by Buss and Plomin as the:
a. tendency to experience positive emotion.

b. tendency to experience disgust.
c. tendency to become aroused easily.
d. all of the above
(c/115) 17. Parent ratings of Buss’s and Plomin’s temperaments for their twins are:
a. weakly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

b. strongly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
c. strongly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic
twins.
d. weakly correlated for monozygotic twins, but virtually uncorrelated for dizygotic twins.
(d/116) 18. A recent developmental approach to understanding temperaments suggests which of

these?
a. approach
b. avoidance
c. effortful control
d. all of the above
81
(b/116) 19. When researchers examine whether the five basic factors of personality are genetically
influenced, they have found:
a. no evidence for a genetic influence.

b. self-report evidence suggests that they are but observer reports are inconclusive.
c. self-report and observer reports both suggest that they are, but research has not been done
cross-culturally.
d. self-report, observer report, and cross-cultural research all suggest that they are.
(a/116) 20. Neuroticism is highly similar to the temperaments of:
a. emotionality and avoidance.

b. emotionality and need for intimacy.
c. emotionality and dependence.
(c/116) 21. According to Eysenck, the big-five trait of extraversion may be a blend of which of the
following temperaments?
a. emotionality and sociability

b. activity and emotionality
c. activity and sociability
(b/116) 22. The concept of emotionality is most similar to the big five trait of:
a. extraversion.
b. neuroticism.
c. openness.
d. agreeableness.
(b/117) 23. Recent evidence suggests that _________ has all the characteristics Buss and Plomin
use to define temperaments.
a. hostility
b. intelligence
c. conscientiousness
d. greediness
(b/118) 24. The environment tends to affect twins:
a. by making them more similar.

b. by making them more different.
c. by making dizygotic twins more similar.
d. not at all in terms of similarity/difference.
82
(c/119) 25. Which of the following is true about what psychologists have thought about the
interplay between genes and environment?
a. It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has been supported by
the evidence.
b. It was originally assumed these influences are distinct, and that has turned out to be
overly simplified.
c. It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has been
supported by the evidence.
d. It was originally assumed these influences are independent, and that has turned out to
be overly simplified.
(d/120) 26. Methylation:
a. affects gene expression.

b. can be affected by stress.
c. can be affected by diet.
d. all of the above
(c/121) 27. When different patterns of genetic differences can occur at a particular location, they
are called:
a. polymorphisms.
b mutations.
c. alleles.
d. genomes.
(b/121) 28. The attempt to relate differences in gene locations with other differences in persons
is called:
a. quantitative genetics.
b. molecular genetics.
c. bio-behavioral genetics.
(d/122) 29. Single-gene discoveries have found genetic influences for:
a. novelty-seeking.
b. neuroticism.
c. agreeableness.
d. all of the above
83
(d/123 30. There is evidence that higher levels of disease prevalence in a given environment
Box 6.2) is associated with:
a. more neuroticism.
b. less neuroticism.
c. more openness to experience.
d. less openness to experience.
(c/123 31. _________ is a process in which one version of a characteristic (or one end of
Box 6.2) a dimension) is represented in the next generation to either a greater or lesser
degree.
a. Extremity selection
b. Allele selection
c. Directional selection
d. Stabilizing selection
(d/123 32. _________ is a process in which the intermediate value of some characteristic
Box 6.2) is more adaptive than is the value at either end of the distribution.
a. Adaptive selection
b. Allelel selection
c. Directional selection
d. Stabilizing selection
(b/124) 33. Sociobiologists explain altruism by invoking the concept of:
a. docility.
b. inclusive fitness.
c. imprinting.
d. moral exclusivity.
(c/124) 34.There is evidence that _________ explains the effect of genetic relatedness on
altruism.
a. similar upbringing.
b. parental directives.
c. emotional closeness.
d. all of the above
(a/125) 35. Rushton’s genetic similarity theory suggests that:
a. people will be more attracted to those who resemble them genetically.

b. same-sex pairs do not contribute to gene reproduction.
c. altruism toward one's kinship group is maladaptive.
d. opposites attract.
84
(c/125) 36. Recent research on sexually involved couples indicated that genetically similar couples:
a. were less likely to get divorced.

b. were more likely to get married.
c. were more likely to have reproduced.
d. all of the above
(b/126) 37. The idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics is called:
a. directional selection.
b. assortative mating.
c. selective mating.
d. intuitive mating.
(d/127) 38. In the competition for mates, Buss found that women tend to:
a. play hard to get.

b. enhance their physical appearance.
c. are drawn to cues regarding availability of resources.
d. all of the above
(c/128) 39. Both men and women view the following qualities as necessities in a potential mate:
a. attractiveness and status

b. intelligence and status
c. intelligence and kindness
d. attractiveness and kindness
(d/128) 40. Compared to women, men are:
a. less selective in their critieria for one-night stands.

b. more interested in casual sex.
c. more easily excited by visual erotica.
d. all of the above
(a/129) 41. Compared to women, men are:
a. more concerned about thoughts of sexual infidelity.

b. more concerned about thoughts of emotional infidelity.
c. equally concerned about sexual and emotional infidelity.
85
(a/129) 42. According to the evolutionary perspective on sex differences in mating tendencies,
women are most jealous of _________ whereas men are most jealous of _________.
a. emotional infidelity, sexual infidelity

b. sexual infidelity, emotional infidelity
c. emotional infidelity, emotional infidelity
d. sexual infidelity, sexual infidelity
(c/129) 43. Men tend to _________ cues from potential mates in terms of implying sexual
interest; women tend to _________ cues from potential mates in terms of
commitment levels.
a. overinterpret, overinterpret
b. underinterpret, underinterpret
c. underinterpret, overinterpret
d. overinterpret, underinterpret
(c/130) 44. The young male syndrome refers to the fact that:
a. when given a choice most parents would rather adopt a young male.
b. young men often father unwanted children.
c. young males may have evolved to behave violently when confronted with scarce
resources.
(c/130) 45. The current sociobiological view is that aggression:
a. is part of human nature, expressed indiscriminately.

b. is both a male and a female phenomenon.
c. results from sexual selection pressures.
d. all of the above
(a/131 46.Which of the following is NOT a valid concern about mapping the human
Box 6.3) genome?
a. It will take many more years to complete.

b. It could lead to discrimination against people with certain genetic profiles.
c. It could lead to so-called "designer babies."
d. All of the above are valid criticisms.
(c/132) 47. In terms of assessment, the biological orientation to personality is most similar to the:
a. psychodynamic perspective.
b. learning perspective.
c. trait perspective.
d. phenomenological perspective.
86
(d/132) 48. Molecular genetics researchers suggest that, in terms of genes contributing to
personality, effects are likely due to:
a. single genes exerting large effects.

b. multiple genes, each exerting large effects.
c. singles genes exerting small effects.
d. singles genes, each exerting small effects.
(b/132) 49. The majority of behavioral genetics research on problem behavior has focused on:
a. alcoholism and schizophrenia.

b. schizophrenia and biplar disorder.
c. depression and alcoholism.
d. bipolar disorder and alcoholism.
(d/133) 50. The interaction between genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia and an environmental
context that touches it off resembles the _________ model.
a. cross-over
b. inclusive fitness
c. heritability
d. diathesis-stress
(c/ 51. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among identical twins is _________; among
132-133) fraternal twins, it is _________.
a. 20%, 12%
b. 35%, 35%
c. 50%, 9%
d. 75%, 20%
(c/133) 52. The long allele on DRD4, a gene related to measures of reward seeking, has been linked
to:
a. alcoholism but not heroin addition.

b. heroin addition but not alcoholoism.
c. both alocholism and heroin addition.
d. none of the above, it is only related to schizophrenia
(c/134) 53. According to Barash, behavior problems reflect the fact that:
a. biological evolution has progressed faster than cultural evolution.

b. there is more biological variability in the present than ever before.
c. cultural evolution has progressed faster than biological evolution.
87
(b/136) 54. Both sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have been criticized because:
a. they are not theoretically grounded.

b. their statements have disturbing political overtones.
c. there are no data to support either of them.
d. all of the above
(a/ 55. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the sociobiology and
135-136) evolutionary psychology approaches?
a. Early arguments were derived from evidence but provided no theoretical interpretation.
b. Some of the ideas are not falsifiable.
c. Some of the ideas are not testable.
d. All of the above are valid criticisms.
True and False
(T/112) 1. In discussing physical makeup, psychologists early in the last century meant physique
whereas now they mean genetics.
(F/112) 2. Hippocrates proposed that there were 12 different personality types.
(T/112) 3. Galen added to Hippocrates’ ideas by arguing that each personality "type" reflects an
excess of some bodily fluid.
(T/112) 4. Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic influences on behavioral expression.
(F/112) 5. Behavioral genetics examines genetic influences on behavior but not personality.
(F/112) 6. Identical twins are the result of two eggs being fertilized at the same time.
(T/112) 7. Monozygotic twins are 100% alike genetically.
(F/113) 8. Identical twins are known as dizygotic twins.
(T/113) 9. Opposite-sex twins are, by definition, dizygotic.
(T/113) 10. Genetically, dizygotic twins are like any other pair of brothers, pair of sisters, or brother and sister.
(F/113) 11. If two eggs are released from the mother’s ovary and both are fertilized and develop
simultaneously, the result is monozygotic twins.
(T/ 12. Kretschmer believed that people with different body types were susceptible to
Box 6.1) different kinds of disorders.
(T/113 13. Sheldon believed that each somatotype reflected an overemphasis, during
Box 6.1) development, of one of the layers of the embryo.
88
(F/113 14. Endomorphy reflects predominance of the skin and nervous system.
Box 6.1)
(F/113 15. Viscerotonia is a temperament characterized by apprehensiveness, avoidance of
Box 6.1) social interaction, and physical and emotional restraint.
(T/114) 16. The basic assumption of twin studies is that both identical and fraternal twins who are
raised together are exposed to essentially the same life experiences.
(F/114) 17. Adoption studies are a means of studying the effects of adoption on a child’s
psychological characteristics such as self-esteem.
(T/115) 18. Activity level consists of two aspects, vigor and tempo.
(T/115) 19. Emotionality is the tendency to become aroused easily.
(F/115) 20. Buss and Plomin proposed the three basic temperaments of neuroticism, sociability,
and emotionality.
(F/115) 21. Research has found that parent ratings of the temperaments were strongly correlated
for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
(T/115) 22. In addition to research using parent ratings, adoption research has also supported the
notion that temperaments are genetically influenced.
(T/116) 23. Mary Rothbart and colleagues proposed three different temperaments: approach,
avoidance, and effortful control.
(T/116) 24. Effortful control involves attentional management in addition to the ability to suppress
behavior when situationally inappropriate.
(F/116) 25. There's not much evidence for the heritability of personality factors in general.
(T/116) 26. There are a number of similarities between the five-factor model of personality and
biologically-based temperaments.
(T/116) 27. Evidence for the heritability of the five personality dimensions is consistent across all
of the traits.
(F/116) 28. Although there is good evidence for the heritability of the five personality dimensions
in the West, there is no evidence that this holds cross-culturally.
(F/116) 29. When researchers tried to videotape behavior and have people who didn’t know
participants code their behavior, they did not find evidence for genetic influences on
traits.
(T/116) 30. Eysenck has suggested that extraversion may be a blend of sociability and activity.
(T/117) 31. Intelligence has the qualities that Buss and Plomin use to define temperaments.
89
(F/117) 32. Heredity does not appear to influence how much social support people have.
(T/117) 33. Risk of divorce is related to heredity.
(T/118) 34. The environment affects twins’ personality primarily by making them different from
one another.
(F/119) 35. According to Dickens and Flynn, researchers have a clear understanding of the
correlations between genetic and environmental influences on the same outcome.
(T/120) 36. Gene expression is the term used to describe the process of genes creating protein.
(F/121) 37. Twin research is referred to as molecular genetics.
(T/122) 38. Researchers have suggested that most genetic influences involve small contributions
from many genes.
(F/123 39. Directional selection occurs when an intermediate value of some characteristic is
Box 6.2) more adaptive than the value at either end of the distribution.
(T/124) 40. According to sociobiologists, inclusive fitness explains why human beings are altruistic.
(T/126) 41. The general idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular
characteristics is called assortative mating.
(F/126) 42. In the competition for mates, Buss reports clear cultural differences in what attracts
males and females.
(T/127) 43. The mere presence of women tends to lead men to flex their muscles, brag about
earning capacity, and display expensive items.
(F/128) 44. Exposure to a dominant man does nothing to affect women’s commitment if they are
already in a relationship.
(F/129) 45. There's little difference between men and women in the circumstances that elicit
jealousy.
(T/129) 46. According to Buss, married men try to retain their wives by spending money on them
and by giving in to their wives’ wishes.
(F/129) 47. Men and women have very similar needs in communication.
(T/130) 48. The young male syndrome is more likely to appear among unmarried, unemployed
men.
(F/131) 49. Genetic competition does not play a role in violence within families.
(T/132) 50. Research has shown that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia.
90
(T/133) 51. Fifty percent of identical twins of people diagnosed with schizophrenia also have
schizophrenia.
(F/133) 52. Researchers have not yet found a genetic component to bipolar disorder.
(T/133) 53. Research has identified a particular gene that is associated with alcohol cravings after
consuming a small amount.
(T/133) 54. Eysenck has found high concordance rates in identical twins for alcoholism.
(T/134) 55. Barash has argued that the speed of cultural evolution relative to biological evolution
has contributed to behavior problems.
(F/135) 56. Sociobiology has been criticized for not having enough theory to explain relevant data.
(T/136) 57. Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for some of its political and social
implications.
Short Essay
(113
Box 6.1) 1. Briefly describe the three temperaments that Sheldon proposed and their
corresponding somatotype.
VISCEROTONIA: relaxation, tolerance, sociability, love of comfort, and easygoingness. Corresponds to

endomorphy (plumpness).
SOMATOTONIA: courage, energetic assertiveness, and desire for adventure, risk, and physical activity.
Corresponds to mesomorphy (muscularity).
CEREBRATONIA: mental overintensity, inhibition and avoidance of social interaction, physical and emotional
restraint, and tendency toward privacy. Corresponds to ectomorphy (thinness).
(112-114) 2. Briefly explain the steps involved in conducting twin studies.
(1) Pairs of identical twins are compared with each other on a particular characteristic, as are pairs of (same-sex)
fraternal twins; (2) these two correlations are compared with each other. If identical twins are more similar to
each other than fraternal twins, it must be due to the differences in genetic similarity. (This conclusion could not
be drawn if parents treated fraternal twins differently from identical twins.)
(113-114) 3. Briefly explain what a heritability estimate represents.
The heritability estimate represents the amount of variance in a trait that is accounted for by inheritance. It can be
considered an index of the genetic influence on a personality trait. The higher the heritability estimate, the
stronger the evidence that genes matter.
91
(115) 4. Define and briefly describe Buss and Plomin's concepts of activity level, sociability, and
emotionality.
ACTIVITY LEVEL: Refers to overall output of energy or behavior. It has two intercorrelated aspects: (1) vigor,
i.e., intensity/amplitude of behavior; (2) tempo, i.e., speed of activities.
SOCIABILITY: The tendency to prefer being with others rather than being alone. Involves the desire for other
people's attention, to share activities and for the responsiveness and stimulation that are part of social interaction.
To be sociable is to intrinsically value the interaction process.
EMOTIONALITY: The tendency to become autonomically (physically) aroused in upsetting situations. Only
pertains to three emotions (distress, anger, and fear).
(116-117) 5. Choose two traits from the five-factor model of personality and describe how they
relate to the different temperament categories.
NEUROTICISM: same concept as the temperament of emotionality.

EXTRAVERSION: linked to sociability and activity level.
AGREEABLENESS: has overtones of sociability
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: partly defined by lack of impulsiveness.
OPENNESS or INTELLECT: linked with intelligence.
(124) 6. How would a sociobiologist account for the existence of altruism?
The process of evolution is not really a matter of individual survival. What matters is a gene "pool," distributed
across a population. If one group survives and reproduces at a high rate, its genes move on to subsequent
generations more than other groups' genes do. In addition to individual reproduction, genes are carried forward to
the next generation by anything that helps your part of the gene pool reproduce (inclusive fitness). If you do an
altruistic deed for a relative, it helps the relative survive. If an altruistic act (in which you die) saves a great many
of your relatives, it helps aspects of your genetic makeup to be passed on, because your relatives are genetically
similar to you, i.e., "kin selection." Thus, the tendency to be altruistic may be genetically based.
(128-129) 7. Explain the different circumstances for which men and women experience
jealousy. Why do these differences exist (from an evolutionary psychology
viewpoint)?
Men are more jealous about acts of sexual infidelity because it is evolutionarily important for men to be concerned
about paternity so that they are not supporting someone else's children. Women are more jealous about acts of
emotional infidelity because women are theoretically more concerned with whether the man will be there to
support her and her children.
92
(130) 8. Briefly describe the young male syndrome and its evolutionary pressures/roots.
"When there is competition for scarce resources (females), the result is confrontational behavior and potentially
serious violence." This pattern is known as the young male syndrome. It may partly be the consequence of long-
ago evolutionary pressures and partly a response to situational demands. Although the pattern of behavior may
be coded in every man's makeup, it is likely to appear among men whose present situations predict reproductive
failure, e.g., unmarried and unemployed males.
(131) 9. What are the implications of mapping the human genome for dealing with disease?
Having a map of the human genome will make it easier to locate the genes that cause a specific disorder. People
could be warned if they carry a gene for a disorder they might pass on to a child. Extensive "gene therapy" could
actually alter genetic instructions to eliminate defects. In addition, by permitting identification of a person's genetic
weaknesses, a map of the genome will usher in a new era of preventive medicine, which will dramatically change
the way we deal with disease.
93
TEST YOURSELF 6-1
Source: Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, N.J.:
Erlbaum.
Description of Scale: This book presents items from the EAS Temperament Survey for adults (Buss & Plomin,
1984). The EAS provides scores on five separate dimensions--sociability, activity level, distress, fear, and anger.
These last three dimensions--distress, fear, and anger--are all measures of components of emotionality. Students
respond to each item by using a five-point scale to indicate the extent to which each statement is typical of
themselves (ranging from 1 [not at all typical] to 5 [very typical]). Sample items include "I like to be with people"
(sociability) or "My life is fast-paced" (activity level).
The personality traits measured by this instrument are temperaments--biologically based dispositional tendencies
that are inherited. The three basic qualities measured by these scales--i.e., sociability, activity level, and
emotionality--are characteristics that are very pervasive in their influence. They affect what people do (e.g.,
engaging in solitary versus group activities). They also affect how people do virtually everything they do (e.g.,
quickly and with a lot of vigor, versus slowly and casually). Indeed, these qualities of temperament may be at the
heart of all of personality, in the sense that other personality dispositions may be built on them as a foundation.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459-492.
Buss, D. M. (1994). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. New York: Basic Books.
Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry,
6, 1-30.
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & McClearn, G. E. (1980). Behavioral genetics: A primer. San Francisco: Freeman.
Halverson, C. F., Jr., Kohnstamm, G. A., & Martin, R. P. (Eds.) (1994). The developing structure of
temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books.
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
94
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J’ai tant de gloire, ô roi, que j’aspire au fumier.
Le bon cheval du roi frappait du pied la terre

Comme s’il comprenait; sur le mont solitaire
Les nuages passaient. Gérard de Roussillon
Était à quelques pas avec son bataillon;
Charlemagne en riant vint à lui.
—Vaillant homme,
Vous êtes dur et fort comme un romain de Rome;
Vous empoignez le pieu sans regarder aux clous;
Gentilhomme de bien, cette ville est à vous!—
Gérard de Roussillon regarda d’un air sombre

Son vieux gilet de fer rouillé, le petit nombre
De ses soldats marchant tristement devant eux,
Sa bannière trouée et son cheval boiteux.
—Tu rêves, dit le roi, comme un clerc en Sorbonne.

Faut-il donc tant songer pour accepter Narbonne?
—Roi, dit Gérard, merci, j’ai des terres ailleurs.—
Voilà comme parlaient tous ces fiers batailleurs

Pendant que les torrents mugissaient sous les chênes.
L’empereur fit le tour de tous ses capitaines;

Il appela les plus hardis, les plus fougueux,
Eudes, roi de Bourgogne, Albert de Périgueux,
Samo, que la légende aujourd’hui divinise,
Garin, qui, se trouvant un beau jour à Venise,
Emporta sur son dos le lion de Saint-Marc,
Ernaut de Bauléande, Ogier de Danemark,
Roger, enfin, grande âme au péril toujours prête.
Ils refusèrent tous.
Alors, levant la tête,
Se dressant tout debout sur ses grands étriers,
Tirant sa large épée aux éclairs meurtriers,
Avec un âpre accent plein de sourdes huées,
Pâle, effrayant, pareil à l’aigle des nuées,
Terrassant du regard son camp épouvanté,
L’invincible empereur s’écria:—Lâcheté!
O comtes palatins tombés dans ces vallées,
O géants qu’on voyait debout dans les mêlées,
Devant qui Satan même aurait crié merci,
Olivier et Roland, que n’êtes-vous ici!
Si vous étiez vivants, vous prendriez Narbonne,
Paladins! vous, du moins votre épée était bonne,
Votre cœur était haut, vous ne marchandiez pas!
Vous alliez en avant sans compter tous vos pas!
O compagnons couchés dans la tombe profonde,
Si vous étiez vivants, nous prendrions le monde!
Grand Dieu! que voulez-vous que je fasse à présent?
Mes yeux cherchent en vain un brave au cœur puissant
Et vont, tout effrayés de nos immenses tâches,
De ceux-là qui sont morts à ceux-ci qui sont lâches!
Je ne sais point comment on porte des affronts!
Je les jette à mes pieds, je n’en veux pas! Barons,
Vous qui m’avez suivi jusqu’à cette montagne,
Normands, lorrains, marquis des marches d’Allemagne,
Poitevins, bourguignons, gens du pays Pisan,
Bretons, picards, flamands, français, allez-vous-en!
Guerriers, allez-vous-en d’auprès de ma personne,
Des camps où l’on entend mon noir clairon qui sonne;
Rentrez dans vos logis, allez-vous-en chez vous,
Allez-vous-en d’ici, car je vous chasse tous!
Je ne veux plus de vous! Retournez chez vos femmes!
Allez vivre cachés, prudents, contents, infâmes!
C’est ainsi qu’on arrive à l’âge d’un aïeul.
Pour moi, j’assiégerai Narbonne à moi tout seul.
Je reste ici rempli de joie et d’espérance!
Et quand vous serez tous dans notre douce France
Et, quand vous serez tous dans notre douce France,
O vainqueurs des saxons et des aragonais!
Quand vous vous chaufferez les pieds à vos chenets,
Tournant le dos aux jours de guerres et d’alarmes,
Si l’on vous dit, songeant à tous vos grands faits d’armes
Qui remplirent longtemps la terre de terreur:
—Mais où donc avez-vous quitté votre empereur?
Vous répondrez, baissant les yeux vers la muraille:
—Nous nous sommes enfuis le jour d’une bataille,
Si vite et si tremblants et d’un pas si pressé
Que nous ne savons plus où nous l’avons laissé!—
Ainsi Charles de France appelé Charlemagne,

Exarque de Ravenne, empereur d’Allemagne,
Parlait dans la montagne avec sa grande voix;
Et les pâtres lointains, épars au fond des bois,
Croyaient en l’entendant que c’était le tonnerre.
Les barons consternés fixaient leurs yeux à terre.

Soudain, comme chacun demeurait interdit,
Un jeune homme bien fait sortit des rangs et dit:
—Que monsieur saint Denis garde le roi de France!
L’empereur fut surpris de ce ton d’assurance.
Il regarda celui qui s’avançait, et vit,

Comme le roi Saül lorsque apparut David,
Une espèce d’enfant au teint rose, aux mains blanches,
Que d’abord les soudards dont l’estoc bat les hanches
Prirent pour une fille habillée en garçon,
Doux, frêle, confiant, serein, sans écusson
Et sans panache, ayant, sous ses habits de serge,
L’air grave d’un gendarme et l’air froid d’une vierge.
—Toi, que veux-tu, dit Charle, et qu’est-ce qui t’émeut?

J i d d d t t
—Je viens vous demander ce dont pas un ne veut,
L’honneur d’être, ô mon roi, si Dieu ne m’abandonne,
L’homme dont on dira: C’est lui qui prit Narbonne.
L’enfant parlait ainsi d’un air de loyauté,

Regardant tout le monde avec simplicité.
Le gantois, dont le front se relevait très vite,

Se mit à rire, et dit aux reîtres de sa suite:
—Hé! c’est Aymerillot, le petit compagnon!
—Aymerillot, reprit le roi, dis-nous ton nom.
—Aymery. Je suis pauvre autant qu’un pauvre moine.

J’ai vingt ans, je n’ai point de paille et point d’avoine,
Je sais lire en latin, et je suis bachelier.
Voilà tout, sire. Il plut au sort de m’oublier
Lorsqu’il distribua les fiefs héréditaires.
Deux liards couvriraient fort bien toutes mes terres,
Mais tout le grand ciel bleu n’emplirait pas mon cœur.
J’entrerai dans Narbonne et je serai vainqueur.
Après, je châtierai les railleurs, s’il en reste.
Charles, plus rayonnant que l’archange céleste,

S’écria:
—Tu seras, pour ce propos hautain,

Aymery de Narbonne et comte palatin,
Et l’on te parlera d’une façon civile,
Va, fils!
Le lendemain Aymery prit la ville.

B I VA R
Bivar était, au fond d’un bois sombre, un manoir

Carré, flanqué de tours, fort vieux, et d’aspect noir.
La cour était petite et la porte était laide.
Quand le scheik Jabias, depuis roi de Tolède,
Vint visiter le Cid au retour de Cintra,
Dans l’étroit patio le prince maure entra;
Un homme, qui tenait à la main une étrille,
Pansait une jument attachée à la grille;
Cet homme, dont le scheik ne voyait que le dos,
Venait de déposer à terre des fardeaux,
Un sac d’avoine, une auge, un harnais, une selle;
La bannière arborée au donjon était celle
De don Diègue, ce père étant encor vivant;
L’homme, sans voir le scheik, frottant, brossant, lavant,
Travaillait, tête nue et bras nus, et sa veste
Était d’un cuir farouche, et d’une mode agreste;
Le scheik, sans ébaucher même un buenos dias,
Dit:—Manant, je viens voir le seigneur Ruy Diaz,
Le grand campéador des Castilles.—Et l’homme,
Se retournant, lui dit:—C’est moi.
—Quoi! vous qu’on nomme

Le héros, le vaillant, le seigneur des pavois,
S’écria Jabias, c’est vous qu’ainsi je vois!
Quoi! c’est vous qui n’avez qu’à vous mettre en campagne,
Et qu’à dire: Partons! pour donner à l’Espagne,
D’Avis à Gibraltar, d’Algarve à Cadafal,
O grand Cid, le frisson du clairon triomphal,
Et pour faire accourir au-dessus de vos tentes
Et pour faire accourir au dessus de vos tentes,
Ailes au vent, l’essaim des victoires chantantes!
Lorsque je vous ai vu, seigneur, moi prisonnier,
Vous vainqueur, au palais du roi, l’été dernier,
Vous aviez l’air royal du conquérant de l’Èbre;
Vous teniez à la main la Tizona célèbre;
Votre magnificence emplissait cette cour,
Comme il sied quand on est celui d’où vient le jour;
Cid, vous étiez vraiment un Bivar très superbe;
On eût dans un brasier cueilli des touffes d’herbe,
Seigneur, plus aisément, certes, qu’on n’eût trouvé
Quelqu’un qui devant vous prît le haut du pavé;
Plus d’un richomme avait pour orgueil d’être membre
De votre servidumbre et de votre antichambre;
Le Cid dans sa grandeur allait, venait, parlait,
La faisant boire à tous, comme aux enfants le lait;
D’altiers ducs, tout enflés de faste et de tempête,
Qui, depuis qu’ils avaient le chapeau sur la tête,
D’aucun homme vivant ne s’étaient souciés,
Se levaient, sans savoir pourquoi, quand vous passiez;
Vous vous faisiez servir par tous les gentilshommes;
Le Cid comme une altesse avait ses majordomes;
Lerme était votre archer; Gusman, votre frondeur;
Vos habits étaient faits avec de la splendeur;
Vous si bon, vous aviez la pompe de l’armure;
Votre miel semblait or comme l’orange mûre;
Sans cesse autour de vous vingt coureurs étaient prêts;
Nul n’était au-dessus du Cid, et nul auprès;
Personne, eût-il été de la royale estrade,
Prince, infant, n’eût osé vous dire: Camarade!
Vous éclatiez, avec des rayons jusqu’aux cieux,
Dans une préséance éblouissante aux yeux;
Vous marchiez entouré d’un ordre de bataille;
Aucun sommet n’était trop haut pour votre taille,
Et vous étiez un fils d’une telle fierté
Que les aigles volaient tous de votre côté.
Vous regardiez ainsi que néants et fumées
Tout ce qui n’était pas commandement d’armées,
E i ’ d é é l
Et vous ne consentiez qu’au nom de général;
Cid était le baron suprême et magistral;
Vous dominiez tout, grand, sans chef, sans joug, sans digue,
Absolu, lance au poing, panache au front.
Rodrigue
Répondit:—Je n’étais alors que chez le roi.
Et le scheik s’écria:—Mais, Cid, aujourd’hui, quoi,
Que s’est-il donc passé? quel est cet équipage?
J’arrive, et je vous trouve en veste, comme un page,
Dehors, bras nus, nu-tête, et si petit garçon
Que vous avez en main l’auge et le caveçon!
Et faisant ce qu’il sied aux écuyers de faire!
—Scheik, dit le Cid, je suis maintenant chez mon père.

LE JOUR DES ROIS
L’aube sur les grands monts se leva frémissante

Le six janvier de l’an du Christ huit cent soixante,
Comme si dans les cieux cette clarté savait
Pourquoi l’homme de fer et d’acier se revêt
Et quelle ombre il prépare aux livides journées.
Une blême blancheur baigne les Pyrénées;

Le louche point du jour de la morne saison,
Par places, dans le large et confus horizon,
Brille, aiguise un clocher, ébauche un monticule;
Et la plaine est obscure, et dans le crépuscule
L’Egba, l’Arga, le Cil, tous ces cours d’eau rampants,
Font des fourmillements d’éclairs et de serpents;
Le bourg Chagres est là près de sa forteresse.
II
Le mendiant du pont de Crassus, où se dresse

L’autel d’Hercule offert aux Jeux aragonaux,
Est, comme à l’ordinaire, entre deux noirs créneaux
Venu s’asseoir, tranquille et muet, dès l’aurore.
La larve qui n’est plus ou qui n’est pas encore
Ressemble à ce vieillard, spectre aux funèbres yeux,
Grelottant dans l’horreur d’un haillon monstrueux;
C’est le squelette ayant faim et soif dans la tombe.
Dans ce siècle où sur tous l’esclavage surplombe,
Dans ce siècle où sur tous l esclavage surplombe,
Où tout être, perdu dans la nuit, quel qu’il soit,
Même le plus petit, même le plus étroit,
Offre toujours assez de place pour un maître,
Où c’est un tort de vivre, où c’est un crime d’être,
Ce pauvre homme est chétif au point qu’il est absous;
Il habite le coin du néant, au-dessous
Du dernier échelon de la souffrance humaine,
Si bas, que les heureux ne prennent pas la peine
D’ajouter sa misère à leur joyeux orgueil,
Ni les infortunés d’y confronter leur deuil;
Penché sur le tombeau plein de l’ombre mortelle,
Il est comme un cheval attendant qu’on dételle;
Abject au point que l’homme et la femme, les pas,
Les bruits, l’enterrement, la noce, les trépas,
Les fêtes, sans l’atteindre autour de lui s’écoulent,
Et le bien et le mal sans le voir sur lui roulent;
Tout au plus raille-t-on ce gueux sur son fumier;
Tout le tumulte humain, soldats au fier cimier,
Moines tondus, l’amour, le meurtre, la bataille,
Ignore cette cendre ou rit de cette paille;
Qu’est-il? Rien, ver de terre, ombre; et même l’ennui
N’a pas le temps de perdre un coup de pied sur lui;
Il rampe entre la chose et la bête de somme;
Tibère, sans marcher dessus, verrait cet homme,
Cet être obscur, infect, pétrifié, dormant,
Ne valant pas l’effort de son écrasement;
Celui qui le voit, dit: C’est l’idiot! et passe;
Son regard fixe semble effaré par l’espace;
Infirme, il ne pouvait manier des outils;
C’est un de ces vivants lugubres, engloutis
Dans cette extrémité de l’ombre où se termine
La maladie en lèpre et l’ordure en vermine;
C’est à lui que les maux en bas sont limités;
Du rendez-vous des deuils et des calamités
Sa loque, au vent flottante, est l’effroyable enseigne;
Sous ses ongles crispés sa peau s’empourpre et saigne;
Il regarde, voit-il? il écoute, entend-il?
Si t êt it l’h ’ td fil
Si cet être aperçoit l’homme, c’est de profil,
Nul visage n’étant tourné vers ses ténèbres;
La famine et la fièvre ont ployé ses vertèbres;
On voudrait balayer son ombre du pavé;
Au passant qui lui donne, il bégaie un ave;
Sa parole ébauchée en murmure s’achève;
Et si, dans sa stupeur et du fond de son rêve,
Parfois à quelque chose ici-bas il répond,
C’est à ce que dit l’eau sous les arches du pont;
Sa maigreur est hideuse aux trous de sa guenille;
Et le seul point par où ce fantôme chenille
Touche aux hommes courbés le soir et le matin,
C’est, à l’aube, au couchant, sa prière en latin,
Dans l’ombre, d’une voix lente, psalmodiée.
III
Flamme au septentrion. C’est Vich incendiée.

Don Pancho s’est rué sur Vich au point du jour.
Sancho, roi d’Oloron, commande au carrefour
Des trois pertuis profonds qui vont d’Espagne en France
Voulant piller, il a donné la préférence
A Vich, qui fait commerce avec Tarbe et Cahors;
Pancho, fauve au dedans, est difforme au dehors;
Il est camard, son nez étant sans cartilages,
Et si méchant, qu’on dit que les gens des villages
Ramassent du poil d’ours où cet homme a passé.
Il a brisé la porte, enjambé le fossé,
Est entré dans l’église, et sous les sombres porches
S’est dressé, rouge spectre, ayant aux poings deux torches;
Et maintenant maisons, tours, palais spacieux,
Toute la ville monte en lueur dans les cieux.
Flamboiement au midi. C’est Girone qui brûle.

Le roi Blas a jadis eu d’Inez la matrulle
Deux bâtards, ce qui fait qu’à cette heure l’on a
Gil, roi de Luz, avec Jean, duc de Cardona;
L’un règne à Roncevaux et l’autre au col d’Andorre.
Quiconque voit des dieux dans les loups, les adore.
Ils ont, la veille au soir, quitté leurs deux donjons,
Ensemble, avec leur bande, en disant: Partageons.
N’étant pas trop de deux pour ce qu’ils ont à faire.
En route, le plus jeune a crié:—Bah! mon frère,
Rions; et renonçons à la chose, veux-tu?
Revenons sur nos pas; je ne suis point têtu;
Si tu veux t’en ôter, c’est dit, je me retire.
—Ma règle, a dit l’aîné, c’est de ne jamais rire
Ni reculer, ayant derrière moi l’enfer.—
Et c’est ainsi qu’ils ont, ces deux princes de fer,
Après avoir rompu le mur qui la couronne,
Brûlé la belle ville heureuse de Girone,
Et fait noir l’horizon que le Seigneur fait bleu.
Rougeur à l’orient. C’est Lumbier en feu.

Ariscat l’est venu piller pour se distraire.
Ariscat est le roi d’Aguas; ce téméraire,
Car, en basque, Ariscat veut dire le Hardi,
A son donjon debout près du pic du Midi,
Comme s’il s’égalait à la montagne immense.
Il brûle Lumbier comme on brûla Numance;
L’histoire est quelquefois l’infidèle espion,
Elle oublie Ariscat et vante Scipion;
N’importe! le roi basque est invincible, infâme,
Superbe, comme un autre, et fait sa grande flamme;
Cette ville n’est plus qu’un bûcher; il est fier;
Et le tas de tisons d’Ariscat, Lumbier,
Vaut bien Tyr, le monceau de braises d’Alexandre.
Fumée à l’occident. C’est Teruel en cendre.

Le roi du mont Jaxa, Gesufal le Cruel,
Pour son baiser terrible a choisi Teruel;
Il vient d’en approcher ses deux lèvres funèbres,
Et Teruel se tord dans un flot de ténèbres.
Le fort que sur un pic Gesufal éleva
q p
Est si haut, que du faîte on voit tout l’Alava,
Tout l’Èbre, les deux mers, et le merveilleux golfe
Où tombe Phaéton et d’où s’envole Astolphe.
Gesufal est ce roi, gai comme les démons,
Qui disait aux pays gisant au pied des monts,
Sol inquiet, tremblant comme une solfatare:
—Je suis ménétrier; je mets à ma guitare
La corde des gibets dressés sur le chemin;
Dansez, peuples! j’ai deux royaumes dans ma main;
Aragon et Léon sont mes deux castagnettes.—
C’est lui qui dit encor:—Je fais les places nettes.
Et Teruel, hier une ville, aujourd’hui
Est de l’ombre. O désastre, ô peuple sans appui!
Des tourbillons de nuit et d’étincelles passent,
Les façades au fond des fournaises s’effacent,
L’enfant cherche la femme et la femme l’enfant,
Un râle horrible sort du foyer étouffant;
Les flammèches au vent semblent d’affreux moustiques;
On voit dans le brasier le comptoir des boutiques
Où le marchand vendait la veille, et les tiroirs
Sont là béants, montrant de l’or dans leurs coins noirs.
Le feu poursuit la foule et sur les toits s’allonge;
On crie, on tombe, on fuit, tant la vie est un songe!
IV
Qu’est-ce que ce torrent de rois? Pourquoi ce choix,

Quatre villes? Pourquoi toutes quatre à la fois?
Sont-ce des châtiments, ou n’est-ce qu’un carnage
Pas de choix. Le hasard, ou bien le voisinage,
Voilà tout; le butin pour but et pour raison;
Quant aux quatre cités brûlant à l’horizon,
Regardez, vous verrez bien d’autres rougeurs sombres.
Toute la perspective est un tas de décombres.
La montagne a jeté sur la plaine ses rois,
Rien de plus. Quant au fait, le voici. Navarrois,
Basques, aragonais, catalans, ont des terres;
q , g , , ;
Pourquoi? Pour enrichir les princes. Monastères
Et seigneurs sont le but du paysan. Le droit
Est l’envers du pouvoir dont la force est l’endroit;
Depuis que le puissant sur le faible se rue,
Entre l’homme d’épée et l’homme de charrue
Il existe une loi dont l’article premier
C’est que l’un est le maître et l’autre le fermier;
Les enfants sont manants, les femmes sont servantes.
A quoi bon discuter? Sans cessions ni ventes,
La maison appartient au fort, source des lois,
Et le bourg est à qui peut pendre le bourgeois;
Toute chose est à l’homme armé; les cimeterres
Font les meilleurs contrats et sont les bons notaires;
Qui peut prendre doit prendre, et le tabellion
Qui sait le mieux signer un bail, c’est le lion.
Cela posé, qu’ont fait ces peuples? Leur délire

Fut triste. L’autre mois, les rois leur ont fait dire
D’alimenter les monts d’où l’eau vers eux descend,
Et d’y mener vingt bœufs et vingt moutons sur cent,
Plus, une fanéga d’orge et de blé par homme.
La plaine est ouvrière et partant économe;
Les pays plats se sont humblement excusés,
Criant grâce, alléguant qu’ils n’ont de rien assez,
Que maigre est l’Aragon et pauvre la Navarre.
Peuple pauvre, les rois prononcent peuple avare;
De là, frémissement et colère là-haut.
Ordre aux arrière-bans d’accourir au plus tôt;
Et Gesufal, celui d’où tombent les sentences,
A fait venir devant un monceau de potences,
Les alcades des champs et les anciens des bourgs,
Affirmant qu’il irait, au son de ses tambours,
Pardieu! chercher leurs bœufs chez eux sous des arcades
Faites de pieds d’anciens et de jambes d’alcades.
Le refus persistant, les rois sont descendus.
V
Et c’est pourquoi, s’étant par message entendus,
En bons cousins, étant convenus en famille
De sortir à la fois, vers l’heure où l’aube brille,
Chacun de sa montagne et chacun de sa tour,
Ils vont fêtant le jour des rois, car c’est leur jour,
Par un grand brûlement de villes dans la plaine.
Déroute; enfants, vieillards, bœufs, moutons; clameur vaine,

Trompettes, cris de guerre: exterminons! frappons!
Chariots s’accrochant aux passages des ponts;
Les champs hagards sont pleins de sombres débandades,
La même flamme court sur les cinq Mérindades;
Olite tend les bras à Tudela qui fuit
Vers la pâle Estrella sur qui le brandon luit;
Et Sanguesa frémit, et toutes quatre ensemble
Appellent au secours Pampelune qui tremble.
Comme on sait tous les noms de ces rois, Gilimer,
Torismondo, Garci, grand maître de la mer,
Harizetta, Wermond, Barbo, l’homme égrégore,
Juan, prince de Héas, Guy, comte de Bigorre,
Blas-el-Matador, Gil, Francavel, Favilla,
Et qu’enfin c’est un flot terrible qui vient là,
Devant toutes ces mains dans tant d’horreurs trempées,
On n’a pas songé même à courir aux épées;
On sent qu’en cet essaim que la rage assembla,
Chaque monstre est un grain de cendre d’Attila,
Qu’ils sont fléaux, qu’ils ont en eux l’esprit de guerre;
Qu’ouverts comme Oyarzun, fermés comme Figuère,
Tous les bourgs sont égaux devant l’effrayant vol
De ces chauves-souris du noir ciel espagnol,
Et que tours et créneaux croulent comme des rêves
Au tourbillonnement farouche de leurs glaives;
Nul ne résiste; on meurt. Tant d’hommes poursuivis!
Pas une ville n’a dressé son pont-levis,
Croyant fléchir les rois écumants de victoire
Par l’acceptation tremblante de leur gloire.
Par l acceptation tremblante de leur gloire.
On se cache, on s’enfuit, chacun avec les siens.
Ils ont vers Gesufal envoyé leurs anciens,
Pieds nus, la corde au cou, criant miséricorde;
Fidèle à sa promesse, il a serré la corde.
On n’a pas même à Reuss, ô fureur de ces rois!

Épargné le couvent des Filles de la Croix;
Comme on force un fermoir pour feuilleter un livre,
Ils en ont fait briser la porte au soldat ivre.
Hélas! Christ abritait sous un mur élevé
Ces anges où Marie est lisible, où l’ave
Est écrit, mot divin, sur des pages fidèles,
Vierges pures ayant la Vierge sainte en elles,
Reliure d’ivoire à l’exemplaire d’or!
La grille ouverte, ils ont franchi le corridor;
Les nonnes frémissaient au fond du sanctuaire;
En vain le couvent sombre agitait son suaire,
En vain grondait au seuil le vieux foudre romain,
En vain l’abbesse, blanche, en deuil, la crosse en main,
Sinistre, protégeait son tremblant troupeau d’âmes;
Devant des mécréants, des saintes sont des femmes;
L’homme parfois à Dieu jette d’affreux défis;
L’autel, l’horreur du lieu, le sanglant crucifix,
Le cloître avec sa nuit, l’abbesse avec sa crosse,
Tout s’est évanoui dans un rire féroce.
Et ceci fut l’exploit de Blas-el-Matador.
Partout on voit l’alcade et le corrégidor

Pendus, leurs noms au dos, à la potence vile,
L’un devant son hameau, l’autre devant sa ville.
Tous les bourgs ont tendu leurs gorges au couteau.

Chagres, comme le reste, est mort sur son coteau.
O deuil! ce fut pendant une journée entière,
Entre les parapets de l’étroit pont de pierre
Que bâtit là Crassus, lieutenant de César,
Comme l’écrasement d’un peuple sous un char
Comme l écrasement d un peuple sous un char.
Ils voulaient s’évader, les manants misérables;
Mais les pointes d’épée, âpres, inexorables,
Comme des becs de flamme, accouraient derrière eux;
Les bras levés, les cris, les pleurs étaient affreux;
On n’avait jamais vu peut-être une contrée
D’un tel rayonnement de meurtre pénétrée;
Le pont, d’un bout à l’autre, était un cliquetis;
Les soldats arrachaient aux mères leurs petits;
Et l’on voyait tomber morts et vivants dans l’Èbre,
Pêle-mêle; et pour tous, hélas! ce pont funèbre
Qui sortait de la ville, entrait dans le tombeau.
VI
Le couchant empourpra le mont Tibidabo;

Le soir vint; tirant l’âne obstiné qui recule,
Le soldat se remit en route au crépuscule,
Heure trouble assortie au cri du chat-huant;
Lourds de butin, le long des chemins saluant
Les images des saints que les passants vénèrent,
Vainqueurs, sanglants, joyeux, les rois s’en retournèrent
Chacun avec ses gens, chacun vers son état;
Et, reflet du couchant, ou bien de l’attentat,
La chaîne des vieux monts, funeste et vaste bouge,
Apparaissait, dans l’ombre horrible, toute rouge;
On eût dit que, tandis qu’en bas on triomphait,
Quelque archange, vengeur de la plaine, avait fait
Remonter tout ce sang au front de la montagne.
Chaque bande, à travers la brumeuse campagne,
Dans des directions diverses s’enfonça,
Ceux-là vers Roncevaux, ceux-ci vers Tolosa;
Et les pillards tâtaient leurs sacs, de peur que l’ombre
N’en fît tomber l’enflure ou décroître le nombre,
La crainte du voleur étant d’être volé.
Meurtre du laboureur et pillage du blé,
La journée était bonne, et les files de lances
Serpentaient dans les champs pleins de sombres silences;
Serpentaient dans les champs pleins de sombres silences;
Les montagnards disaient: Quel beau coup de filet!
Après avoir tué la plaine qui râlait,
Ils rentraient dans leurs monts, comme une flotte au havre,
Et, riant et chantant, s’éloignaient du cadavre.
On vit leurs dos confus reluire quelque temps,
Et leurs rangs se grouper sous les drapeaux flottants,
Ainsi que des chaînons ténébreux se resserrent;
Puis ces farouches voix dans la nuit s’effacèrent.
VII
Le pont de Crassus, morne et tout mouillé de sang,

Resta désert.
Alors, tragique et se dressant,

Le mendiant, tendant ses deux mains décharnées,
Montra sa souquenille immonde aux Pyrénées,
Et cria dans l’abîme et dans l’immensité:
—Confrontez-vous. Sentez votre fraternité,
O mont superbe, ô loque infâme! neige, boue!
Comparez, sous le vent des cieux qui les secoue,
Toi, tes nuages noirs, toi, tes haillons hideux,
O guenille, ô montagne; et cachez toutes deux,
Pendant que les vivants se traînent sur leurs ventres,
Toi, les poux dans tes trous, toi, les rois dans tes antres!
XI
LE CID EXILÉ
LE CID EXILÉ
Le Cid est exilé. Qui se souvient du Cid?

Le roi veut qu’on l’oublie; et Reuss, Almonacid,
Graos, tous ses exploits ressemblent à des songes;
Les rois maures chassés ou pris sont des mensonges;
Et quant à ces combats puissants qu’il a livrés,
Pancorbo, la bataille illustre de Givrez
Qui semble une volée effrayante d’épées,
Coca, dont il dompta les roches escarpées,
Gor où le Cid pleurait de voir le jour finir,
C’est offenser le roi que de s’en souvenir.
Même il est malséant de parler de Chimène.
Un homme étant allé visiter un domaine

Dans les pays qui sont entre l’Èbre et le Cil,
Du côté que le Cid habite en son exil,
A passé par hasard devant son écurie;
Le duc Juan, dont cet homme est serf en Asturie,
Bon courtisan, l’a fait à son retour punir
Pour avoir entendu Babieça hennir.
Donc, chacun l’a pour dit, n’est pas sujet fidèle

Qui parle de Tortose et de la citadelle
Où le glorieux Cid arbora son drapeau;
Dire ces mots: Baxa, Médina del Campo,
Vergara, Salinas, Mondragon-les-Tours-Noires,
Avec l’intention de nommer des victoires,
Ce n’est point d’un loyal espagnol; qu’autrefois

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GENETICS, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY

Determining Genetic Influence on Personality

Allele: Some version of a particular gene.

Approach temperament: Temperamental tendency to approach rewards.

Avoidance temperament: Temperamental tendency to avoid threats.

Behavioral genetics: The study of inheritance of behavioral qualities.

Concordance: Agreement on some characteristic between a twin and a co-twin.

Dizygotic (DZ) twins: Fraternal twins (overlapping genetically 50%, on average).

Ectomorphy: A tendency toward frail thinness.

Effortful control: A tendency to be focused, restrained, and planful.

Endomorphy: A tendency toward obesity.

Genomics: See molecular genetics.

Inclusive fitness: The passing on of genes through the survival of relatives.

Mesomorphy: A tendency toward muscularity.

Methylation: The attachment of methyl chemical groups to a gene or surrounding material.

Monozygotic (MZ) twins: Identical twins (overlapping genetically 100%).

Siblings: Brothers and sisters.

Sociobiology The study of the evolutionary basis for social behavior.

Temperaments: Inherited traits that appear early in life.

(a/112) 1. Hippocrates proposed _________ personality types.

a. there were two additional types.

(c/113 4. Kretschmer examined the relationship between physique and:

(b/113 5. Compared to Kretschmer's theory, Sheldon's theory concentrates more on:

(a/113 6. According to Sheldon, each body characteristic reflects:

(a/113) 8. Dizygotic twins:

a. share the same amount of genetic material as a pair of brothers/sisters.

(d/114) 9. Twin studies are based on the assumption that:

(b/114) 10. If dizygotic twins think they are monozygotic twins:

a. they are more resentful of their siblings.

a. the biological parent.

(d/115) 14. According to Buss and Plomin, temperaments include:

(a/115) 15. The two aspects of activity level are:

a. vigor and tempo.

(c/115) 16. Emotionality is defined by Buss and Plomin as the:

a. tendency to experience positive emotion.

a. weakly correlated for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

(d/116) 18. A recent developmental approach to understanding temperaments suggests which of

a. no evidence for a genetic influence.

(a/116) 20. Neuroticism is highly similar to the temperaments of:

a. emotionality and avoidance.

a. emotionality and sociability

(b/118) 24. The environment tends to affect twins:

a. by making them more similar.

(d/120) 26. Methylation:

a. affects gene expression.

(d/122) 29. Single-gene discoveries have found genetic influences for:

(b/124) 33. Sociobiologists explain altruism by invoking the concept of:

(a/125) 35. Rushton’s genetic similarity theory suggests that: