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Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What accounted for most of the population growth in the North between 1815 and
1860?
A) Migration from the South
B) Growth in the numbers of slaves and free blacks
C) Immigration from Europe
D) Natural reproduction
2. Why did few people immigrate to the southern states in the middle of the nineteenth
century?
A) Drought devastated the region's cash crops.
B) Whites had fewer job opportunities because of slavery.
C) Most immigrants were morally opposed to slavery.
D) European immigrants were unfamiliar with cotton cultivation.
3. Why did southern planters prefer to use slave labor rather than free white workers?
A) Planters relied on slaves' knowledge and experience.
B) European immigrants were unfamiliar with cotton cultivation.
C) White laborers formed unions to press for higher wages.
D) Slaves were a profitable investment and could be forced to do any kind of work.
4. What percentage of the world's cotton was grown by southern slaves by 1850?
A) 75 percent
B) 55 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 25 percent
5. By 1850, 55 percent of the slaves in the South were being forced to grow which cash
crop?
A) Cotton
B) Rice
C) Sugar
D) Tobacco
Page 1
6. During the middle of the nineteenth century, most U.S. sugar came from
A) Virginia.
B) Maryland.
C) Louisiana.
D) South Carolina.
7. Why did the North just barely hold a majority of congressional seats by 1818 even
though more than 60 percent of white Americans lived there?
A) The region's free blacks were not allowed to vote in most states.
B) The Three-Fifths Compromise gave southerners additional political representation.
C) Some free blacks were permitted to vote in the South.
D) White northerners who opposed slavery were discouraged from voting.
8. What sectional conflict between the North and the South did a group led by Kentucky
senator Henry Clay seek to resolve in 1820 with a bill known as the Missouri
Compromise?
A) Alabama's admission as a slave state
B) Disagreement over protective tariffs on manufactured goods
C) Debate over the expansion of slavery
D) Removal of Native Americans to Indian Territory
9. What law forced Indians living east of the Mississippi River to relocate to Indian
Territory, located in present-day Oklahoma?
A) Indian Removal Act
B) Missouri Compromise
C) Five Civilized Tribes Act
D) Naturalization Act
10. How were most slaves transported from the Upper to the Lower South between 1820
and 1860?
A) In steamships down the Mississippi River to New Orleans
B) By rail in a locomotive called a "nigger car"
C) By ship in a journey that became known as the new Middle Passage
D) In coffles that contained as many as three hundred men, women, and children
11. Slaves dreaded being "sold down the river" to the Lower South because they
A) feared being permanently separated from their families.
B) knew it would be harder to escape from there.
C) knew of the brutal work regimes on cotton and rice plantations.
D) associated all boats with the Middle Passage.
Page 2
12. Whose plan for a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, was leaked by two
slaves to their masters, leading to the hanging of the leader?
A) David Walker
B) Nat Turner
C) Denmark Vesey
D) William Lloyd Garrison
13. In the wake of several unsuccessful slave rebellions in the early nineteenth century, laws
were passed throughout the South that were designed to
A) ease the workload for slaves on southern plantations.
B) abolish slavery gradually.
C) increase the domestic slave trade.
D) restrict the lives of slaves and free blacks.
14. Why did South Carolina officials adopt new legislation forbidding free black education?
A) White southerners did not want blacks to read the Bible.
B) Officials feared that educated free blacks would help slaves plan rebellions.
C) It was considered a waste of time that distracted from work.
D) Lack of education backed up white arguments of natural black inferiority.
15. What was the name of David Walker's 1829 pamphlet that advocated emancipation
instead of emigration for enslaved African Americans?
A) Walker's Appeal . . . to the Coloured Citizens of the World
B) The Souls of Black Folk
C) Freedom's Journal
D) The North Star
16. Why did most blacks oppose the American Colonization Society's plans?
A) The ACS worked closely with those who supported slavery.
B) The ACS focused only on free blacks and did not address slavery.
C) They believed the ACS's propaganda hurt black prospects for freedom in America.
D) They were suspicious of the ACS's all-white membership.
17. How did the publication of Walker's Appeal . . . to the Coloured Citizens of the World
shift the focus of the antislavery movement in America?
A) African Americans were appointed to more leadership positions in the movement.
B) Activists began to work more closely with the American Colonization Society.
C) The goals shifted from gradual to immediate emancipation.
D) The objectives changed from colonization in Africa to emancipation.
Page 3
18. Who led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831 after experiencing
powerful religious visions?
A) Prosser's Gabriel
B) Nat Turner
C) Denmark Vesey
D) David Walker
19. What was the fate of Nat Turner's supporters after his rebellion was crushed by a
Virginia militia?
A) They were hunted down and killed without trial.
B) Most were tried and executed.
C) Some escaped to maroon communities in Florida.
D) Very few were executed due to the compensation paid by the state.
20. Why did the U.S. Supreme Court free the slaves who led an insurrection aboard the
Spanish slave ship Amistad?
A) The United States was at war with Spain at the time of the revolt.
B) The rebels' enslavement violated treaties prohibiting the international slave trade.
C) The U.S. Constitution prevented participation in the slave trade after 1808.
D) The justices on the Supreme Court were opposed to slavery.
21. Why did the Creole insurrection make slaveholders in the South feel insecure?
A) Many believed Great Britain would blockade southern ports.
B) They feared it would inspire slave revolts throughout the region.
C) It showed that slavery could be successfully challenged in court.
D) It demonstrated that slavery had limited support outside the South.
22. Why did slaves not view stealing from their owners as a crime?
A) They were given meager rations and were avoiding starvation.
B) West African customs viewed property as belonging to the community.
C) It was a way of demonstrating their objection to enslavement.
D) Most blacks did not adopt Christian beliefs until after the Civil War.
23. Why did slaves often become truant, escaping slavery temporarily for a matter of days,
weeks, or months?
A) To avoid punishment and abuse
B) To seek a religious awakening
C) To look for a future spouse
D) To find work to purchase their freedom
Page 4
24. How did other slaves warn escaping slaves that fugitive patrols were nearby?
A) They placed candles on the roofs of their quarters.
B) They hung white ribbons from tree branches.
C) They mimicked the sounds of animals.
D) They sang songs with cautionary lyrics.
25. In addition to the likelihood of being permanently separated from their families, what
else made it difficult for slaves to escape from bondage in the South?
A) Plantations were surrounded by large walls and fences.
B) The army patrolled the borders between slave states and free states.
C) Slave catchers patrolled roads looking for runaways.
D) Other slaves frequently turned in escaping slaves to white authorities.
26. Who wrote the autobiography Twelve Years a Slave, which detailed his experience of
being kidnapped and sold to a cotton plantation in Louisiana?
A) Frederick Douglass
B) Solomon Northup
C) John Mann
D) David Walker
27. Despite enormous risks, how did some African Americans escape slavery in the South
for freedom in the North?
A) Slaves paid enormous bribes to local officials for train tickets to northern cities.
B) They were aided by a network of white and black abolitionists called the
underground railroad.
C) Slaves were given free passage on steamships traveling north along the Mississippi
River.
D) African Americans rode a locomotive called the underground railroad that secretly
ferried slaves to northern cities.
28. In 1854, what Georgia court ruling declared that a slave who killed a white person could
not be charged with manslaughter, even if he or she acted in self-defense, concluding
that "every such killing is a murder"?
A) Plessy v. Ferguson
B) State v. Mann
C) The Amistad case
D) John v. State
Page 5
29. What was the underground railroad?
A) An antislavery newspaper
B) A network of antislavery activists that helped slaves escape to the North
C) A nickname for the domestic slave trade
D) A locomotive that secretly ferried slaves to free states
31. Why was it more difficult for women to escape slavery than it was for men?
A) Women accompanied by children could not travel as fast as unaccompanied men.
B) Women were more valuable, so slave catchers worked harder to capture them.
C) It was more common for enslaved men to be outside plantations.
D) Women often returned to slavery rather than stay separated from their families.
32. What was a reason that most successful fugitive slaves were young men from the Upper
South and border states?
A) They were more motivated than other slaves to escape.
B) They could more easily blend in with free blacks.
C) Planters typically employed young male slaves to run errands.
D) There were fewer slave catchers in the Upper South.
33. How many children on average did enslaved women bear in the antebellum South?
A) Three
B) Five
C) Seven
D) Nine
34. How did slaves who could not escape permanently bear slavery's hardships?
A) They performed traditional ceremonies learned from African-born slaves.
B) They sang songs while they worked, which made the time pass more quickly.
C) They embraced evangelical Christianity.
D) Some started ceremonies that lampooned white culture.
Page 6
35. By 1850, how many slaves belonged to planters who owned more than twenty slaves?
A) Less than 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 35 percent
D) More than half
36. Why did most black Christians prefer not to worship alongside whites during the
antebellum period?
A) White preachers stressed obedience and humility in their sermons.
B) African Americans sought less emotional services than occurred in white churches.
C) Blacks were forbidden to enter white churches.
D) Most did not truly embrace Christianity until after the Civil War.
37. Why have some historians described slave religion as the "invisible church"?
A) African Americans rejected Christianity because it was practiced by whites.
B) Slaves were not able to attend church services.
C) Enslaved African Americans did not practice any religion.
D) Slaves were forced to worship in secret, out of the sight of distrusting whites.
38. The spiritual ceremonies performed by slaves whose West African–based music, dance
traditions, and rhythmic styles influenced musical genres like the blues and gospel were
called
A) spirit circles.
B) powwows.
C) ring shouts.
D) abroad marriages.
39. What musical genre originated from West African musical traditions and Protestant
religious services?
A) Polka
B) Gospel
C) Bluegrass
D) Calypso
40. How was knowledge passed from one generation to the next among slaves?
A) Messages were communicated through song and dance.
B) Secret books were given to a family's eldest son.
C) African-born slaves brought artifacts with them to America.
D) Elderly slaves passed on lessons to younger slaves.
Page 7
41. How was labor divided among slaves on plantations?
A) Field hands were divided into sex-segregated work gangs.
B) Men worked outside, and women worked inside.
C) Men worked in the day while women worked at night.
D) Owners appointed elderly slaves as overseers of the other slaves.
42. Why did many enslaved women often have difficulty bringing their pregnancies to term
and raising healthy infants?
A) African American women were more susceptible than white women to the stresses
of pregnancy.
B) Enslaved women worked long hours and had poor nutrition.
C) Slave owners did not care whether black infants survived.
D) Lack of education made them unfit mothers.
43. Why did gender norms in slave quarters tend to recognize black men and women as
equal partners?
A) Slave men were not breadwinners and performed the same duties as women.
B) Laws required that male and female slaves receive the same food and housing.
C) West African customs viewed men and women as equal domestic partners.
D) Slaves viewed gender equality as part of Christian teachings.
44. Despite slave marriages not being legally recognized in southern courts, why did slave
owners encourage slaves to marry?
A) Married slaves tended to work harder than those without spouses.
B) They felt guilty about preventing slaves from marrying.
C) Married men were less likely to escape because of family loyalties.
D) Their faith taught them it was a sin to prevent any loving couple from being wed.
Page 8
45. "My mother was cook in the house for about twenty-two years. She cooked for from
twenty-five to thirty-five, taking the family and the slaves together. The slaves ate in the
kitchen. After my mistress's death, my mother was the only woman kept in the house.
She took care of my master's children, some of whom were then quite small, and
brought them up. One of the most trying scenes I ever passed through, when I would
have laid down my life to protect her if I had dared, was this: after she had raised my
master's children, one of his daughters, a young girl, came into the kitchen one day, and
for some trifle about the dinner, she struck my mother, who pushed her away, and she
fell on the floor. Her father was not at home. When he came, which was while the slaves
were eating in the kitchen, she told him about it. He came down, called my mother out,
and, with a hickory rod, he beat her fifteen or twenty strokes, and then called his
daughter and told her to take her satisfaction of her, and she did beat her until she was
satisfied. Oh! it was dreadful, to see the girl whom my poor mother had taken care of
from her childhood, thus beating her, and I must stand there, and did not dare to crook
my finger in her defence."
How does James Curry's recollection of the institution of slavery portray the interaction
between the slave family and the master's family?
A) Curry recalls that house slaves were treated better due to their proximity to the
master.
B) Curry explains how difficult it was for slave children to witness their parents being
punished by the slave owner and his family.
C) The slave masters' children privileged house slaves because they played a role in
their upbringing.
D) Due to the proximity of the living quarters of house slaves, slave owners levied
more lenient punishment on house slaves than on field slaves.
Page 9
46. What does the image "Slave Punishment" reveal about the range of punishments
inflicted on slaves?
Page 10
47. "The following questions are often asked me, when I meet the people in public, and I
have thought it would be well to put down the answers here.
"How many holidays in a year do the slaves in Kentucky have? — They usually have six
days at Christmas, and two or three others in the course of the year. Public opinion
generally seems to require this much of slaveholders; a few give more, some less; some
none, not a day nor an hour.
"How do slaves spend the Sabbath? — Every way the master pleases. There are certain
kinds of work which are respectable for Sabbath day. Slaves are often sent out to salt the
cattle, collect and count the pigs and sheep, mend fences, drive the stock from one
pasture to another. Breaking young horses and mules, to send them to market, yoking
young oxen, and training them, is proper Sabbath work; piling and burning brush, on the
back part of the lot, grubbing brier patches that are out of the way, and where they will
not be seen. Sometimes corn must be shelled in the corn-crib; hemp is baled in the
hemp-house. The still-house must be attended on the Sabbath. In these, and various
other such like employments, the more avaricious slaveholders keep their slaves busy a
good part of every Sabbath. It is a great day for visiting and eating, and the house
servants often have more to do on that than on any other day.
". . . What proportion of slaves attend church on the Sabbath? — In the country, not
more than one in ten on an average.
"How many slaves have you ever known that could read? — I never saw more than
three or four that could properly read at all."
Based on this excerpt, what is the overall sentiment of Lewis Clarke's description of his
experience as a slave?
A) Regardless of who the slave owner was, slaves were constantly kept busy.
B) Depending on the slave owner, slaves could receive several days off per year.
C) Slaves were provided an extended amount of time off on the Sabbath to worship.
D) To protect against slave uprisings, all slaves were forced to attend church on the
Sabbath.
Page 11
48. "Massa Kilpatrick wasn't no piddlin' man. He was a man of plenty. He had a big house
with no more style to it than a crib, but it could room plenty people. He was a medicine
doctor and they was rooms in the second story for sick folks what come to lay in. It
would take two days to go all over the land he owned. He had cattle and stock and sheep
and more'n a hundred slaves and more besides. He bought the bes' of niggers near every
time the spec'lators come that way. He'd make a swap of the old ones and give money
for young ones what could work."
How does Mary Reynolds describe her slave owner, "Massa Kilpatrick"?
A) Kilpatrick was a poor drunk who was very harsh to his slaves.
B) Her slave owner was so busy that he was hardly ever on the plantation.
C) Since Kilpatrick had a very large plantation, Mary never met him.
D) Mary Reynolds recalls her slave owner as being a very affluent man.
49. "In the cabins it was nice and warm. They was built of pine boardin' and they was one
long rom [room] of them up the hill back of the big house. Near one side of the cabins
was a fireplace. They'd bring in two, three big logs and put on the fire and they'd last
near a week. The beds was made out of puncheons [wooden posts] fitted in holes bored
in the wall, and planks laid 'cross them poles. We had tickin' mattresses filled with corn
shucks. Sometimes the men build chairs at night. We didn't know much 'bout havin'
nothin', though. . . .
"Once in a while they'd give us a li'l piece of Sat'day evenin' to wash out clothes. . . .
When they'd git through with the clothes . . . the niggers which sold they goobers and
'taters brung fiddles and guitars and come out and play. The others clap they hands and
stomp they feet. . . .
"We was scart of Solomon and his whip, though, and he didn't like frolickin'. He didn't
like for us niggers to pray, either. We never heared of no church, but us have prayin' in
the cabins. We'd set on the floor and pray with our heads down low and sing low, but if
Solomon heared he'd come and beat on the wall with the stock of his whip. He'd say,
"I'll come in there and tear the hide off you backs." But some [of] the old niggers tell us
we got to pray to Gawd that he don't think different of the blacks and the whites. I know
that Solomon is burnin' in hell today, and it pleasures me to know it."
How does Mary Reynolds describe her life as a slave on the Kilpatrick plantation?
A) Reynolds reveals how lenient the slave owner and overseer were on the Kilpatrick
plantation.
B) She recalls that the slaves made due with the meager accommodations they were
provided.
C) Life on the Kilpatrick plantation was extremely harsh, as the slaves were left to
fend for themselves in terms of shelter and food.
D) She remembers the communal bond all of the slaves had with each other.
Page 12
Answer Key
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. A
20. B
21. D
22. A
23. A
24. D
25. C
26. B
27. B
28. D
29. B
30. A
31. A
32. C
33. C
34. C
35. D
36. A
37. D
38. C
39. B
40. D
41. A
42. B
43. A
44. C
Page 13
45. B
46. B
47. A
48. D
49. B
Page 14
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better informed and more industrious, did for themselves a larger
portion of the transcribing required and were, therefore, freed from
the necessity of hiring their hefts.
The statutes of the universities of Prague and of Vienna permitted
the masters and the baccalaureates to secure from the university
archives, under certain pledges, the loan of the books authorised as
text-books or of works of reference, for the purpose of making
trustworthy copies of the same. The copyists were enjoined as
follows:
Fideliter et correcte, tractim et distincte, assignando paragraphos,
capitales literas, virgulas et puncta, prout sententia requirit.[305] The
practice also obtained in these universities of having texts dictated to
the students by the magisters or the Bachelors of Arts. This was
described as librum pronuntiare, and also as ad pennam dare.
In this phrase, Karoch sent word to Erfurt that ad pennam dabit his
treatise Arenga.[306]
The text-books utilised in the German universities in the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries were as limited in range and in number as
those of Bologna and of Padua. The instruction in the medical
departments of Prague and Vienna was based in the main on the
works of Hippocrates and Galen, with some of the later
commentaries, principally from Arabian writers. In philosophy the
chief authority was Aristotle, in mathematics Euclid, and in
astronomy Ptolemy. A few works of later date were utilised, such as
the Summula of Petrus Hispanus and the De Sphæra Mundi of
Johannes de Sacro Bosco. Bosco is otherwise known as John
Holywood or Halifax. He held the chair of mathematics in the
University of Paris about the middle of the thirteenth century. The
use of his treatise for classes in Prague is evidence of a certain
interchange between the universities of books in manuscript.
An important reason for the very large membership of the
universities of the Middle Ages as compared with their successors of
to-day, is to be found in the fact that they undertook to supply not
only the higher education which belongs to the present university
curriculum, but also the training now furnished by the gymnasia or
High Schools, which were at that time not in existence. We find,
therefore, in their membership, thousands of students who were little
more than boys either in their years or in their mental development.
The universities also, on the other hand, attracted to their
membership very many students of mature age, who came
sometimes for special purposes, but more frequently because it was
only in the university towns that circles of scholars could be found,
that books were available, and that any large measure of intellectual
activity was to be experienced. As Savigny puts it: “The universities
were, during the Middle Ages, practically the only places where men
could study or could exercise their minds with any degree of
freedom.” It was inevitable therefore, that, with the generations
succeeding the discovery of printing, there should be a decrease in
the influence and in the relative importance for the community of the
universities. With the establishment of secondary schools, the
training of the boys was cared for to better purpose elsewhere; and
with the increasing circulation of printed books, it became possible
for men to come into relations with literature in other places than in
the lecture room. The universities were no longer the sole
depositories of learning or the sole sources of intellectual activity.
This lessening of the influence of the universities represented, or
was at least coincident with, a wider development of intellectual
activity and of interest in literature on the part of the masses of the
people. The universities alone would never have been in a position
so to direct the thought of the community as to render the masses of
citizens competent to arrive at conclusions for themselves and
sufficiently assured in such conclusions to be prepared to make
them the basis of action. This was, of course, partly because,
notwithstanding the large membership and the fact that this
membership represented nearly all the classes in the community, the
universities could at best come into direct relations but with a small
proportion of the people. A more important cause for such lack of
intellectual leadership is to be found in the fact that the standard of
thought and of instruction in the universities concerned itself very
little with the intellectual life or issues of the immediate time. As Biot
puts it (speaking, to be sure, of a later century): “The universities
were several centuries in arrears with all that concerned the
sciences and the arts. Peripatetics, when all the world had
renounced with Descartes the philosophy of Aristotle, they became
Cartesians when the rest were Newtonians. That is the way with
learned bodies which do not make discoveries.”
It was the dissemination of literature through the new art of printing
rather than the diffusion of education through the university lecture
rooms, which brought to the masses of the people the
consciousness of mental existence and of individual responsibility for
arriving at sound conclusions. Prior to the printing-press, this
responsibility had been left by the people with their “spiritual
advisers,” who were charged with the duty of doing the thinking for
their flocks. It was this change in the mental status of the people
which was the precursor (although at a considerable space of years)
of the Reformation.
With the beginning in Germany of the movement known as
Humanism, the representatives of the new thought of the time were
not to be found in the university circles, and had not received their
inspiration from the lecture rooms. Says Paulsen: “The entire
traditional conduct of the universities, and in particular of the
instruction in arts and theology, was rejected with the utmost scorn
by the new culture through its representatives, the poets and orators,
to whom form and substance alike of this teaching seemed the most
outrageous barbarism, which they never wearied of denouncing.” In
the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, which were issued about 1516
from the band of youthful poets gathered about Mutianus at Erfurt,
the hatred and detestation felt by the Humanists for the ancient
university system raised to itself a lasting monument.
Within a few years from the publication of the Epistolæ, the
influence of the Humanists had so far extended itself as to have
effected a large modification in the systems of study in all the larger
universities. “The old ecclesiastical Latin was replaced by classical
Latin; Roman authors, particularly the poets, were made the subject
of lectures, and the old translations of Aristotelian texts were driven
out by new translations on principles advocated by the Humanists.
Greek was taken up in the Faculty of arts and courses in the
language and literature were established in all universities.”[307]
An immediate result of these changes and extensions was an
active demand for printed texts. The Humanistic movement, itself in
a measure the result of the printing-press, was a most important fact
in providing business for the German printers during the earlier years
of the sixteenth century. The strifes and contentions of the
Reformation checked the development in the universities of the
studies connected with the intellectual movement of the
Renaissance and lessened the demand for the literature of these
studies. The active-minded were absorbed in theological
controversies, and those who could not understand the questions at
issue could still shout the shibboleths of the leaders. As Erasmus put
it, rather bitterly, ubi regnat Lutheranismus, ibi interitus litterarum.
The literature of the Reformation, however, itself did much to make
good for the printing-presses the lessened demand for the classics,
while a few years later, the organisation of the Protestant schools
and universities aroused intellectual activities in new regions, and
created fresh requirements for printed books. Within half a century,
in fact, of the Diet of Worms, the centre of the book-absorbing
population of Germany had been transferred from the Catholic states
of the south to the Protestant territories of the north, and the literary
preponderance of the latter has continued to increase during the
succeeding generations.
CHAPTER IV.
THE BOOK-TRADE IN THE MANUSCRIPT PERIOD.