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7–1. As the top plate is pulled to the right with a constant U

velocity U, the fluid between the plates has a linear velocity
distribution as shown. Determine the rate of rotation of a fluid
element and the shear-strain rate of the element located at y. u h
y
Solution U
We consider steady flow of an ideal fluid.

Referring to the velocity profile shown in Fig. a, u
h
u U U
= ; u = y y
y h h
And
(a)
v = 0
The rate of rotation or average angular velocity of the fluid element is
1 0v 0u 1 u U U
vz = a - b = a0 - b = - = b Ans.
2 0x 0y 2 h 2h 2h
The rate of shear strain is
#
gxy =
0v
+
0u
=
U
Ans.
0x 0y h
Ans:
U
vz =
2h
#
gxy =
U
h
723
7–2. A flow is defined by its velocity components y

u = 1 4x2 + 4y2 2 m>s and v = ( -8xy) m>s, where x and y
are in meters. Determine if the flow is irrotational. What is
C B
the circulation around the rectangular region?
0.4 m
x
O A
0.3 m
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow.
0v 0
= ( -8xy) = - 8y
0x 0x
0u 0
= ( 4x2 + 4y2 ) = 8y
0y 0y
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = ( - 8y - 8y) = -8y
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Along edge OA, y = 0. Then

u OA = 4x2 + 4 ( 02 ) = ( 4x2 ) m>s
Along edge AB, x = 0.3 m. Then

vAB = - 8(0.3)y = ( - 2.4y) m>s
Along edge BC, y = 0.4 m. Then

u BC = 4x2 + 4 ( 0.42 ) = ( 4x2 + 0.64 ) m>s
Along edge CO, x = 0. Then
vCO = - 8(0)y = 0
Here, uOA and vAB are directed in the positive sense of dx and dy, respectively.
uOA # dx and vAB # dy, are positive. However, uBC # dx and vCO # dy
C C C C
Thus,
are negative since uBC and vCO are directed in the negative sense of dx and dy,
respectively.
V # ds = uOA # dx + vAB # dy - uBC # dx - vCO # dy

C C C C C
Γ =
0.3 m 0.4 m 0.3 m
L0 L0 L0
= 4x2dx + ( -2.4y)dy - ( 4x2 + 0.64 ) dx - 0
4 3 0.3 m 0.4 m
4 0.3 m
= x ` - 1.2y2 ` - a x3 + 0.64xb `
3 0 0 3 0
= -0.384 m2 >s Ans.
Ans:
-0.384 m2 >s
724
7–3. A uniform flow V is directed at an angle u to the

horizontal as shown. Determine the circulation around the 0.3 m
C B
rectangular region.
0.5 m
V
A
O
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow. 30˚
The component of V along edges OA and BC is
u = V cos u
30˚
and the component of U along edges AB and CO is
30˚
v = V sin u
30˚
Here, u and v are directed in the same sense as dsOA and d AB , respectively. Thus,
u # ds BC and v # ds CO are negative since u and v are directed in the opposite

C C
sense to that of ds BC and ds CO, respectively. Thus, the circulation can be determined as
V # ds = u # ds OA + v # ds AB - u # ds BC - v # ds CO
C C C C C
Γ =
0.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m 0.5 m
L0 L0 L0 L0
= V cos udsOA + V sin udsAB - V cos udsBC - V sin udsCO
= 0 Ans.
Note: The irrotational flow always produces Γ = 0. In this case, this result is to be
expected since the flow is irrotational.
Ans:
Γ = 0
725
*7–4. The velocity within the eye of a tornado is defined

by vr = 0, vu = (0.2r) m>s, where r is in meters. Determine
the circulation at r = 60 m and at r = 80 m.
60 m
80 m
Solution
Since vu is always tangent to the circle, v # ds = vu ds. For r = 60 m,
vu = 0.2(60) m>s = 12 m>s and ds = rdu = 60du.
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γr = 60 m = vuds = 12(60du) = 720u 2p 2
0 = 1440p m >s Ans.
For r = 80 m, vu = 0.2(80) m>s = 16 m>s, and ds = rdu = 80du.

2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γr = 80 m = vuds = 16(80du) = 1280u 2p 2
0 = 2560p m >s Ans.
726
7–5. Consider the fluid element that has dimensions in polar D C

coordinates as shown and whose boundaries are defined by v dv
the streamlines with velocities v and v + dv. Show that the dr
vorticity for the flow is given by z = - 1 v>r + dv>dr 2 .
v
A B
r
u
Solution
The circulation of the flow around element ABCD can be determined from
V # ds
C
Γ =
= vSAB + (v + dv)( - SCD)
= v(r∆u) + (v + dv) 3 -(r + dr)∆u 4
= - vdr∆u - rdv∆u - dvdr∆u

Neglect the second order terms
Γ = - vdr∆u - rdv∆u = - ∆u(vdr + rdv)
The area of the element, again, neglecting higher-order terms, is
A = (r∆u)dr
Thus, the vorticity is
Γ - ∆u(vdr + rdv)
z = =
A (r∆u)dr
v dv
= -a + b (Q.E.D)
r dr
727
7–6. Determine the stream and potential functions for the y

two-dimensional flow field if V0 and u are known.
V0
x
Solution
The velocity components are
u = V0 cos u0 v = V0 sin u0
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, the establishment
0x 0y
of a stream function is possible using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = V0 cos u0
0y 0y
Integrating this equation with respect to y,
c = (V0 cos u0)y + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 3 ( V0 cos u0 ) y + f(x) 4 = V0 sin u0
0x 0x
0
3f(x) 4 = -V0 sin u0
0x
Integrating this equation with respect to x,
f(x) = ( - V0 sin u0)x + C
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. (1),
c = ( V0 cos u0 ) y - ( V0 sin u0 ) x
c = V0 3 ( cos u0 ) y - ( sin u0 ) x 4 Ans.
1 0v 0u 1
Since, vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Thus, the
2 0x 0y 2
potential function exists.
Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = V0 cos u0
0x 0x
f = ( V0 cos u0 ) x + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; 3 V0 cos u0x + f(y) 4 = V0 sin u0
0y 0y
0
3f(y) 4 = V0 sin u0
0y
f(y) = ( V0 sin u0 ) y + C
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. 1,
Ans:
f = ( V0 cos u0 ) x + ( V0 sin u0 ) y c = V0 3(cos u0)y - (sin u0)x4
f = V0 3 ( cos u0 ) x + ( sin u0 ) y 4 Ans. f = V0 3(cos u0)x + (sin u0)y4
728
7–7. A two-dimensional flow is described by the stream

function c = 1 xy3 - x3y 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the continuity condition is satisfied and
determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational.
Solution
0c 0
u = = ( xy3 - x3y ) = ( 3xy2 - x3 ) m>s
0y 0y
0c 0
v = - = ( xy3 - x3y ) = - ( y3 - 3x2y ) m>s = ( 3x2y - y3 ) m>s
0x 0x
Then,
0u 0
= ( 3xy2 - x3 ) = ( 3y2 - 3x2 ) s-1
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( 3x2y - y3 ) = ( 3x2 - 3y2 ) s-1
0y 0y
0u 0
= ( 3xy2 - x3 ) = 6xy s-1
0y 0y
0v 0
= ( 3x2y - y3 ) = 6xy s-1
0x 0x
This gives,
0u 0v
+ = 3y2 - 3x2 + 3x2 - 3y2 = 0
0x 0y
Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition,
1 0v 0u
vz = a - b
2 0x 0y
1
= ( 6xy - 6xy ) = 0
2
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. Ans.
Ans:
irrotational
729
*7–8. If the stream function for a flow is c = (3x + 2y),

where x and y are in meters, determine the potential
function and the magnitude of the velocity of a fluid particle
at point (1 m, 2 m).
Solution
0c 0
u = = (3x + 2y) = 2 m>s
0y 0y
0c 0
v = - = - (3x + 2y) = - 3 m>s
0x 0x
Since u and v are constant, the magnitude of the flow velocity at any point in the
flow field is the same and is given by
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2(2 m>s)2 + ( -3 m>s)2
= 3.606 m>s = 3.61 m>s Ans.
Applying,
0f 0f
u = ; 2 =
0x 0x
Integrating with respect to x,
f = 2x + f(y)
Substituting this result into,

0f 0
v = ; - 3 = [2x + f(y)]
0y 0y
0
-3 = 0 + [f(y)]
0y
Integrating with respect to y,

f(y) = - 3y + C
Setting C = 0, thus
f = 2x - 3y Ans.
730
7–9. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

along the channel of constant width is approximated as u (3y2) mm/s
u = 13y2 2 mm>s, where y is in millimeters. Determine the
stream function for the flow and plot the streamlines for
c0 = 0, c1 = 1 mm2 >s, and c2 = 2 mm2 >s. 10 mm
Solution
The x and y components of the constant flow velocity are
u = ( 3y2 ) mm>s v = 0
0c 0c
u = ; 3y2 =
0y 0y
c = y3 + f(x)
0c 0
v = - ; 0 = - 3 y3 + f(x) 4
0x 0x
0
0 = [f(x)]
0x
Integrating with respect to x
f(x) = C
Thus,
c = y3 + C
Setting C = 0,
c = y3 Ans.
c0 = 0, y = 0
c1 = 1, y = 1
c2 = 2, y = 1.26
1.26 c2 = 2
1 c1 = 1
x
0 c0 = 0
Ans:
c = y3
731
7–10. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

along the channel of constant width is approximated as u (3y2) mm/s
u = 13y2 2 mm>s, where y is in millimeters. Is it possible to
determine the potential function for the flow? If so, what is it?
10 mm
Solution
The x and y components of flow velocity are
u = ( 3y2 ) mm>s v = 0
Here,
0v
= 0
0x
0u 0
= ( 3y2 ) = (6y) rad>s
0y 0y
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 6y) = - 3y
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the potential function cannot be established
since it requires the flow to be irrotational.
Ans:
f cannot be established.
732
7–11. The liquid confined between two plates is assumed A 1.2 m/s
to have a linear velocity distribution as shown. Determine
the stream function. Does the potential function exist?
10 mm
B
0.2 m/s
Solution 1.2 m s

u
From the geometry of Fig. a, the x component of velocity is
u - 0.2 1.2 - 0.2
= ; u = (100y + 0.2) m>s 0.01 m
y 0.01
y
Also, since the velocity distribution is directed along the x axis, v = 0.
0c 0c
u = ; 100y + 0.2 =
0y 0y 0.2 m s
Integrating with respect to y, (a)
c = 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x)

0c 0
v = - ; 0 = - 3 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x) 4
0x 0x
0
[f(x)] = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Setting this constant equal to zero,
c = 50y2 + 0.2y Ans.
Here
0v 0u 0
= 0; = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s
0x 0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 100) = -50 rad>s
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Therefore, it is not possible to establish the
potential function.
Ans:
c = 50y2 + 0.2y, f cannot be established.
733
*7–12. The liquid confined between two plates is assumed A 1.2 m/s
to have a linear velocity distribution as shown. If the
pressure at the top surface of the bottom plate is 600 N>m2,
detemine the pressure at the bottom surface of the top 10 mm
plate. Take r = 1.2 Mg>m3.
B
0.2 m/s
Solution 1.2 m s

u
From the geometry of Fig. a, the x component of velocity is
u - 0.2 1.2 - 0.2
= ; u = (100y + 0.2) m>s 0.01 m
y 0.01
y
Also, since the velocity distribution is directed along the x axis, v = 0. Here,
0v 0u 0
= 0; = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s
0x 0y 0y 0.2 m s
(a)
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 100) = -50 rad>s
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation can not be applied
at points A and B. Instead, we will first apply the Euler equation along the x axis,
0u 0 0u 0
with = 100y + 0.2 = 0 and = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s,
0x 0x 0y 0y
1 0p 0u 0u
- = u + v
r 0x 0x 0y
1 0
- 3 - rgy + f(x) 4 = 0 + 0 = 0
r 0x
0
[f(x)] = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Thus,
p = - rgy + C
At point B, y = 0 and p = 600 N>m2. Then,

N
600 = - 1.2 ( 103 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0) + C
m2
N
C = 600
m2
Thus,
N
p = ( - rgy + 600)
m2
At point A, y = 0.01 m. Then,
N
pA = 3 - 1.2 ( 103 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.01 m) + 600 4
m2
N
= 482.28 = 482 Pa Ans.
m2
734
7–13. A two-dimensional flow has a y component of

velocity of v = (4y) ft>s, where y is in feet. If the flow is
ideal, determine the x component of velocity and find the
magnitude of the velocity at the point x = 4 ft, y = 3 ft.
The velocity of the flow at the origin is zero.
Solution
In order to satisfy the continuity condition,
0u 0v
+ = 0
0x 0y
Here,
0v 0
= (4y) = 4 s-1
0y 0y
Then,
0u
+ 4 = 0
0x
0u
= -4
0x
u = - 4x + f(y)
Since ideal flow is irrotational,

0v 0u
- = 0
0x 0y
0v 0(4y)
and since = = 0,
0x 0x
0u
= 0
0y
u = g(x)
Thus,
u = ( - 4x) ft>s Ans.
At x = 4 ft and y = 3 ft,
u = - 4(4) = - 16 ft>s v = 4(3) = 12 ft>s
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 16 ft>s ) 2 + ( 12 ft>s ) 2 = 20 ft>s Ans.
Ans:
u = ( - 4x) ft>s
V = 20 ft>s
735
7–14. A two-dimensional flow field is defined by its

components u = (3y) m>s and v = (9x) m>s, where x and
y are in meters. Determine if the flow is rotational or
irrotational, and show that the continuity condition for the
flow is satisfied. Also, find the stream function and the
equation of the streamline that passes through point
(4 m, 3 m). Plot this streamline.
Solution y
We consider ideal fluid flow. 3

0v 0
= (9x) = 9 rad>s
0x 0x
0u 0
= (3y) = 3 rad>s x
0y 0y
3.61 4
0u 0
= (3y) = 0
0x 0x
0v 0
= (9x) = 0
0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (9 - 3) = 3 rad>s
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Also, Ans.

0u 0v
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
0x 0y
The flow satisfies the continuity condition. Thus,
0c 0c
u = ; 3y =
0y 0y
3 2
c = y + f(x)
2
Substituting this result into
0c 0 3 2
v = - ; 9x = - c y + f(x) d
0x 0x 2
0
- 9x = 0 + 3f(x) 4
0x
9
f(x) = - x2 + C
2
Thus, setting C = 0,
3 9 1
c = y2 + a - x2 + C b = ( 3y2 - 9x2 ) Ans.
2 2 2
From the slope of the stream function,
dy v 9x 3x
= = =
dx u 3y y
y x
L3 m L4 m
ydy = 3xdx
y2 y 3 x Ans:
` = x2 ` rotational
2 3m 2 4m
1
c = 1 3y2 - 9x2 2
y2 = 3x2 - 39 2
y = 23x2 - 39 Ans. y = 23x2 - 39
736
7–15. Water flow through the horizontal channel is y

defined by the stream function c = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m2 >s. If the B
pressure at B is atmospheric, determine the pressure at
point (0.5 m, 0) and the flow per unit depth in m2 >s.
c0
1.5 m
c 0.5 m2/s
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow. x
The velocity components are A
0c 0c 1.5 m
u = = ( - 4y) m>s v = - = ( -4x) m>s
0y 0x
0u 0v
The continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is indeed satisfied.
0x 0y
At point A (0.5 m, 0),
uA = 0 vA = - 4(0.5) = - 2 m>s
Thus,
VA = vA = - 2 m>s
At point B (1.5 m, 1.5 m),

u B = - 4(1.5) = - 6 m>s vB = - 4(1.5) = - 6 m>s
Thus,
VB = 2uB2 + vB2 = 2 ( - 6 m>s ) 2 + ( - 6 m>s ) 2 = 272 m>s = 8.485 m>s

1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 4 - ( -4) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Thus,
2 0x 0y 2
Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points on the different streamlines
such as points A and B.
pA VA2 pB VB2
= + gzA = = + gzB
rw 2 rw 2
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, zA = zB. Also, pB = patm = 0.
pA ( 2 m>s ) 2 ( 8.485 m>s ) 2

+ = 0 +
1000 kg>m3 2 2
pA = 34 ( 103 ) Pa = 34 kPa Ans.
The flow per unit depth is
c2 - c1 = 0.5 m2 >s - 0 = 0.5 m2 >s Ans.
Ans:
pA = 34 kPa
c2 - c1 = 0.5 m2 >s
737
*7–16. A flow field is defined by the stream function y

c = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the flow per unit depth in m2 >s that occurs
through AB, CB, and AC as shown.
C B
3m
A x
4m
Solution
At point A, x = 0, y = 0. Thus,
cA = 2 ( 02 - 02 ) = 0
At point B, x = 4 m, y = 3 m. Thus
cB = 2 ( 42 - 32 ) = 14 m2 >s
At point C, x = 0, y = 3 m
cC = 2 ( 02 - 32 ) = - 18 m2 >s
The flow rates per unit depth through AB, BC, and AC are
qAB = cB - cA = 14 m2 >s - 0 = 14 m2 >s Ans.
qBC = cB - cC = 14 m >s - 2
( - 18 m >s ) = 32 m >s
2 2
Ans.
qAC = cA - cC = 0 - ( - 18 m2 >s ) = 18 m2 >s Ans.
Note that the flow satisfies the continuity condition through ABC since
ΣV # A = 0 - qBC + qAB + qAC = - 32 m2 >s + 14 m2 >s + 18 m2 >s = 0
738
7–17. A fluid has the velocity components shown. y

Determine the stream and potential functions. Plot the
streamline for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 m2 >s, and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
4 m/s
3 m/s
Solution x

Here, the flow velocity has constant x and y components. ψ2 = 2 m2 s
y ψ1 = 1 m2 s
u = 4 m>s v = 3 m>s ψ0 = 0
Applying
0c 0c
u = ; 4 = 0.5
0y 0y
Integrating with respect to y, 0.25
x
c = 4y + f(x)
0c 0
v = - ; 3 = 34y + f(x) 4
0x 0x
0
3 = -0 - 3f(x) 4
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = - 3
0x
f(x) = - 3x + C
Setting C = 0, we get
c = 4y + ( - 3x)
c = 4y - 3x Ans.
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; 4 =
0x 0x
f = 4x + f(y)
0f 0
v = ; 3 = 34x + f(y) 4
0y 0y
0
3 = 0 + 3f(y) 4
0y
f(y) = 3y + C
Setting C = 0, we get
f = 4x + 3y Ans.
Ans:
c = 4y - 3x
f = 4x + 3y
739
7–18. A two-dimensional flow field is defined by its

components u = 1 2x2 2 ft>s and v = 1 - 4xy + x2 2 ft>s,
where x and y are in feet. Determine the stream function,
and plot the streamline that passes through point (3 ft, 1 ft).
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 4x + ( - 4x) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of stream function is possible.
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to the stream function,
0c 0c
= u; = 2x2
0y 0y
c = 2x2y + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 3 2x2y + f(x) 4 = - 4xy + x2
0x 0x
0
- 4xy - 3f(x) 4 = -4xy + x2
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = - x2
0x
1
f(x) = - x3 + C
3
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),
1 3
c = 2x2y - x + C
3
Here, C is an arbitary constant that we will set equal to zero. The stream function
can be expressed as
1 3
c = 2x2y - x Ans.
3
For the streamline passing through point (3 ft, 1 ft),

1 3
c = 2(3)2(1) - (3)
3
Thus,
1 3
2x2y - x = 9
3
x3 + 27
y =
6x2
740
7–18. Continued
The plot of stream function is shown in Fig. a.

x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y(m) ∞ 4.67 1.46 1 0.948 1.01 1.125 1.26 1.40
dy 6x2 ( 3x2 ) - ( x3 + 27 ) (12x)

= = 0
dx ( 6x2 ) 2
6x4 - 324x = 0
6x ( x3 - 54 ) = 0
x = 3.780 ft
The corresponding
3.7803 + 27
y = = 0.945
6 ( 3.7802 )
y (m)
2
(3.78, 0.945)
x (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a)
Ans:
1
c = 2x2y - x3
3
741
7–19. The stream function for a flow field is defined by

c = 1 4>r 2 2 sin 2u. Show that continuity of the flow is
satisfied, and determine the r and u velocity components of
fluid particles at point r = 2 m, u = (p>4) rad. Plot the
streamline that passes through this point.
Solution
Using the r and u velocity components with respect to stream function
1 0c 1 4 8
vr = = a 2 b(2 cos 2u) = 3 cos 2u
r 0u r r r
0c 8 8
vu = - = - a - 3 sin 2u b = 3 sin 2u
0r r r
vr 0vr 1 0vu 8 24
The continuity equation + + = 4 cos 2u + a - 4 cos 2u b
r 0r r 0u r r
16
+ cos 2u = 0 is indeed satisfied.
r4
p
At point r = 2 m and u = ,
4
8 p
vr = 3 cos c 2 a b d = 0 Ans.
2 4
8 p
vu = 3
sin c 2 a b d = 1 m>s Ans.
2 4
4 p
c = sin c 2 a b d = 1
22 4
Therefore, the stream function that passes through this point is

4
1 = sin 2u
r2
r 2 = 4 sin 2u
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a.
y
π
θ =
4
r=2m
x
π
θ =
4
Ans:
vr = 0
(a) vu = 1 m>s
742
*7–20. A flow field has velocity components

u = (x - y) ft>s and v = -(x + y) ft>s, where x and y are
in feet. Determine the stream function, and plot the
streamline that passes through the origin.
Solution
0c 0c
u = ; x - y =
0y 0y
y2
c = xy - + f(x)
2
0c 0 y2
v = - ; - (x + y) = - c xy - + f(x) d
0x 0x 2
0
x + y = y - 0 + 3f(x) 4
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = x
0x
x2
f(x) = + C
2
Thus, setting C = 0,
y2 x2
c = xy - + Ans.
2 2
Evaluate c(x, y) at the origin, x = y = 0. This equation gives c = 0 - 0 + 0 = 0
Then, for c = 0,
x2 y2
- + xy = 0
2 2
x2 - y2 + 2xy = 0
The plot of this equation is shown in Fig. a.
y c= 0
c= 0
(a)
743
7–21. A flow is described by the stream function

c = (8x - 4y) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters. Determine
the potential function, and show that the continuity
condition is satisfied and that the flow is irrotational.
Solution
0c 0
u = = (8x - 4y) = -4 m>s
0y 0y
0c 0
v = = - (8x - 4y) = - 8 m>s
0x 0x
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; -4 =
0x 0x
f = - 4x + f(y)

0f 0
v = ; - 8 = [ - 4x + f(y)]
0y 0y
0
-8 = 0 + f(y)
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 8
0y
f(y) = - 8y + C
Thus,
f = - 4x + ( - 8y + C)
Omitting the integration constant,
f = - 4x - 8y Ans.
Here,
0u 0
= ( -4) = 0
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( - 8) = 0
0y 0y
0u 0
= ( - 4) = 0
0y 0y
0v 0
= ( - 8) = 0
0x 0x
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Also,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0
2 0x 0y 2
Ans:
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. f = -4x - 8y
744
7–22. The stream function for a flow field is defined by

c = 2r 3 sin 2u. Determine the magnitude of the velocity of
fluid particles at point r = 1 m, u = (p>3) rad, and plot the
streamlines for c1 = 1 m2 >s and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
Solution y (m)

1 0c 1 c = 2 m2 s
vr = ; vr = 3 2r 3(2 cos 2u) 4 = ( 4r 2 cos 2u ) m>s
r 0u r
0c
vu = - ; vu = ( - 6r 2 sin 2u ) m>s
0r
vr 0vr 1 0vu
The continuity equation + + = 4r cos 2u + 8r cos 2u
r 0r r 0u
c = 1 m2 s
+ ( - 12r cos 2u) = 0 is indeed satisfied.
At point r = 1 m, u = p>3 rad, x (m)
p (a)
vr = 4 ( 12 ) cos c 2 a b d = -2 m>s
3
p
vu = - 6 ( 12 ) sin c 2 a b d = -5.196 m>s
3
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity is
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 2 m>s ) 2 + ( - 5.196 m>s ) 2 = 5.57 m>s Ans.
For c = 1 m2 >s,
1
1 = 2r 3 sin 2u r3 =
2 sin 2u
p p p p 5p p
u(rad) 0 12 6 4 3 2
12
r(m) ∞ 1.00 0.833 0.794 0.833 1.00 ∞
For c = 2 m2 >s
1
2 = 2r 3 sin 2u r3 =
2 sin 2u
p p p p 5p p
u(rad) 0 12 6 4 3 2
12
r(m) ∞ 1.260 1.049 1.00 1.049 1.260 ∞
Ans:
5.57 m>s
745
7–23. An ideal fluid flows into the corner formed by the y

two walls. If the stream function for this flow is defined by
c = 1 5 r 4 sin 4u 2 m2 >s, show that continuity for the flow is
satisfied. Also, plot the streamline that passes through point
r = 2 m, u = (p>6) rad, and find the magnitude of the
velocity at this point.
45
x
Solution
p
For the stream f unction passing through point r = 2 m, u = rad,
6
p
c = 5 ( 24 ) sin c 4 a b d = 4023 m2 >s
6
y (m)
Thus, the stream function passing through this point is
4023 = 5r 4 sin 4u
r 4 sin 4u = 823
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a
p p p p 5p p
u(rad) 0 24 12 8 6 4
24
r(m) ∞ {2.29 {2.0 {1.93 {2.0 {2.29 ∞
45°
x (m)
The radial and transverse components of velocity are
1 0c 1
vr = = 3 5r 4(4 cos 4u) 4 = 20r 3 cos 4u (a)
r 0u r
0c
vu = - = - 20r 3 sin 4u
0r
The continuity equation
vr 0vr 1 0vu
+ +
r 0r r 0u
= 20r 2 cos 4u + 60r 2 cos 4u + ( - 80r 2 cos 4u)
= 0 is indeed satisfied
At the point r = 2 m, u = p>6 rad,
p
vr = 20 ( 23 ) cos c 4 a b d = - 80 m>s
6
p
vu = - 20 ( 23 ) sin c 4 a b d = - 138.56 m>s
6
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 80 m>s ) 2 + ( - 138.56 m>s ) 2 = 160 m>s Ans.
Ans:
160 m>s
746
*7–24. The horizontal flow confined by the walls is defined

4
by the stream function c = c 4r 4>3 sin a u b d m2 >s, where r
3 B
A
is in meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity at
r
point r = 2 m, u = 45°. Is the flow rotational or irrotational?
45 u
Can the Bernoulli equation be used to determine the
difference in pressure between the two points A and B? O
Solution
1 0c 1 0 4 4 1 4 4 4 16 1 4
vr = = a4r 3 sin u b = c 4r 3 a cos u b d = r 3 cos u
r 0u r 0u 3 r 3 3 3 3
0c 0 4 4 16 1 4
vu = - = - a4r 3 sin u b = - r 3 sin u
0r 0r 3 3 3
At the point r = 2 m, u = 45°.
16 1 4
vr = ( 23 ) cos c (45°) d = 3.360 m>s
3 3
16 1 4
vu = - ( 23 ) sin c (45°) d = - 5.819 m>s
3 3
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 3.360 m>s ) 2 + ( -5.819 m>s ) 2

= 6.72 m>s Ans.
0f 16 1 4 0f
vr = ; r 3 cos u =
0r 3 3 0r
Integrating with respect to r,
4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u + f(u)
3
1 0f 16 1 4 1 0 4 4
vu = ; - r 3 sin u = c 4r 3 cos u + f(u) d
r 0u 3 3 r 0u 3
16 1 4 1 4 4 1 0
- r 3 sin u = ( 4r 3 ) c - sin u d + 3f(0) 4
3 3 3 3 r 0u
0
3f(u) 4 = 0
0u
Integrating with respect to u,
f(u) = C
Setting the constant equal to zero,

4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u
3
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow, including
points A and B.
747
7–25. The horizontal flow between the walls is defined by

4
the stream function c = c 4r 4>3 sin a u b d m2 >s, where r is
3 B
A
in meters. If the pressure at the origin O is 20 kPa, determine
r
the pressure at r = 2 m, u = 45°. Take r = 950 kg>m3.
45 u
O
Solution
1 0c 1 0 4 4 1 4 4 4 16 1 4
vr = = a4r 3 sin u b = c 4r 3 a cos u b d = r 3 cos u
r 0u r 0u 3 r 3 3 3 3
0c 0 4 4 16 1 4
vu = - = - a4r 3 sin u b = - r 3 sin u
0r 0r 3 3 3
At point A, where r = 2 m u = 45°,
16 1 4
vr = ( 23 ) cos c (45°) d = 3.360 m>s
3 3
16 1 4
vu = - ( 23 ) sin c (45°) d = -5.819 m>s
3 3
At the origin O, where r = 0,
vr = v u = 0
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at these two points is
Vo = VA = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 3.360 m>s ) 2 + ( -5.819 m>s ) 2

= 6.720 m>s
0f 16 1 4 0f
vr = ; r 3 cos u =
0r 3 3 0r
4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u + f(u),
3
1 0f 16 1 4 1 0 4 4
vu = ; - r 3 sin u = c 4r 3 cos u + f(u) d
r 0u 3 3 r 0u 3
16 1 4 1 4 4 1 0
- r 3 sin u = ( 4r 3 ) c - sin u d + 3f(u) 4
3 3 3 3 r 0u
0
3f(u) 4 = 0
0u
f(u) = C
Setting this constant equal to zero,
4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u
3
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow, including
points A and O.
p V2 pO VO2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N
20 ( 103 )
p (6.720 m>s)2 m2
+ = + 0
950 kg>m3 2 950 kg>m3 Ans:
p = - 1.448 ( 103 ) Pa = - 1.45 kPa Ans. - 1.45 kPa
748
7–26. The flat plate is subjected to the flow defined by the

stream function c = 3 8r 1>2 sin (u>2) 4 m2 >s. Sketch the
streamline that passes through point r = 4 m, u = p rad,
and determine the magnitude of the velocity at this point.
u
r
Solution
For the stream function passing point r = 4 m and u = p rad,
1 p
c = 8 ( 42 ) sin = 16
2
1 u
16 = 8r 2 sin
2
1 u
r sin = 2
2
2
The plot of this function is shown in Fig. a
u(rad) 0 p p 2pp 5p p 7p 4p 3p 5p 11p

6 3 32 6 6 3 2 3 6
r(m) ∞ 59.71 16.0 8.00 5.33 4.29 4.00 4.29 5.33 8.00 16.0 59.71
2p
∞
x (m)
ψ = 16
y (m)
(a)
749
7–26. Continued

u
4 cos
1 0c 1 1 1 u 2
vr = = c 8r 2 a cos b d =
r 0u r 2 2 1
r2
u
4 sin
0c 1 1 u 2
vu = - = - a8r - 2 sin b = -
0r 2 2 r2
1
u u u
4 cos -2 cos 2 cos
vr 0vr 1 0vu 2 2 2
The continuity equation + + = + ± ≤ + ±- ≤ = 0
r 0r r 0u r2
3 3
r2 r2
3
is indeed satisfied.
At point r = 4 m, u = p rad,
p
4 cos
2
vr = 1
= 0
42
p
4 sin
2
vu = - 1
= - 2 m>s
42
V = vu = 2 m>s Ans.
Ans:
2 m>s
750
7–27. An A-frame house has a window A on its right side.

If the stream function that models the flow as this side is
defined as c = (2r 1.5sin 1.5 u) ft 2 >s, show that continuity of
the flow is satisfied, and then determine the wind speed past
the window located at r = 10 ft, u = (p>3) rad. Sketch the
streamline that passes through this point. A
r 10 ft
u 120
Solution
For the stream function passing through point r = 10 ft, u = p>3 rad,
c = 2 ( 101.5 ) sin 31.5 ( p>3 ) 4 = 2 ( 101.5 )
2(101.5) = 2r 1.5 sin 1.5u
r 1.5 sin 1.5u = 101.5
The plot of this stream function is shown in Fig. a
u(rad) 0 p p p p 5p p 7p 2p
12 6 4 3 12 2 12 3
r(ft) ∞ 18.97 12.60 10.54 10 10.54 12.60 18.97 ∞
y (ft)
ψ = 2 (101.5)
x (ft)
2π
120° = rad
3
(a)
751
7–27. Continued

1 0c 1
= 3 2r 1.5(1.5 cos 1.5u) 4 = 3r 2 cos 1.5u
1
vr =
r 0u r
0c 1
vu = - = - 3r 2 sin 1.5u
0r
vr 0vr 1 0vu 3 cos 1.5u 1.5 cos 1.5u
The continuity equation + + = +
r 0r r 0u r
1
2
1
r2
4.5 cos 1.5u
+ a- 1
b = 0 is indeed satisfied.
r2
2
At the window, where r = 10 ft, u = 120° = p rad,
3
1 2p
vr = 3 ( 10 2 ) cos c1.5 a b d = - 9.4868 ft>s
3
1 2p
v u = - 3 ( 10 2 ) sin c 1.5a bd = 0
3
Thus, the magnitude of the wind velocity is
V = vr = 9.49 ft>s Ans.
Ans:
9.49 ft>s
752
*7–28. The stream function for a horizontal flow near y

the corner is c = (8xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the x and y components of the velocity and the
acceleration of fluid particles passing through point (1 m,
2 m). Show that it is possible to establish the potential
function. Plot the streamlines and equipotential lines that
pass through point (1 m, 2 m).
B
A
Solution
For the stream function passing through point (1 m, 2 m),
c = 8(1)(2) = 16
Thus,
2
16 = 8xy y =
x
0c 0c
u = = (8x) m>s v = - = ( -8y) m>s
0y 0x
0u 0v
The continuity equation + = 8 + ( -8) = 0 is indeed satisfied.
0x 0y
The acceleration components are
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + 8x(8) + ( - 8y)(0) = (64x) m>s2

0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + 8x(0) + ( -8y)( -8) = (64y) m>s2

At point (1 m, 2 m),
u = 8(1) = 8 m>s S v = -8(2) = -16 m>s = 16 m>s T Ans.
ax = 64(1) = 64 m>s2 S ay = 64(2) = 128 m>s2 c Ans.
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore, it is
2 0x 0y 2
possible to establish potential function. Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = 8x
0x 0x
Integrating this equation with respect to x
f = 4x2 + f(y) (1)
753
7–28. Continued
Also
0f 0
= v; 3 4x2 + f(y) 4 = -8y
0y 0y
0
3 f(y) 4 = - 8y
0y
Integrating this equation with respect to y
f(y) = - 4y2 + c
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. 1
f = 4x2 - 4y2
f = 4(x2 - y2) Ans.
The potential function passing through point (1 m, 2 m),
Then
f = 4 ( 12 - 22 ) = - 12
Thus
- 12 = 4 ( x2 - y2 ) y2 = x2 + 3
The plots of the stream and potential functions are shown in Fig. a.
For the stream function y (m)
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y(m) ∞ 2 1 0.667 0.5 0.4 0.333
6
For the potential function
y2 = x2 + 3
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 (Potential function)
y(m) 1.73 2 2.65 3.46 4.36 5.29 6.24
4
2
y = 2x (Stream function)
1
x (m)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
754
7–29. The stream function for horizontal flow near the y

corner is defined by c = (8xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the flow is irrotational. If the pressure at
point A (1 m, 2 m) is 150 kPa, determine the pressure at
point B (2 m, 3 m). Take r = 980 kg>m3.
B
A
Solution
0c 0c
u = = (8x) m>s v = - = -( -8y) m>s
0y 0x
0u 0v
The continuity equation + = 8 + ( -8) = 0 is indeed satisfied
0x 0y
At point A(1 m, 2 m),

u A = 8(1) = 8 m>s vA = - 8(2) = -16 m>s
Thus,
VA2 = uA2 + vA2 = ( 8 m>s ) 2 + ( - 16 m>s ) 2 = 320 m2 >s2
At point B(2 m, 3 m)
u B = 8(2) = 16 m>s vB = - 8(3) = -24 m>s
Thus,
V B2 = u B2 + vB2 = ( 16 m>s ) 2 + ( - 24 m>s ) 2 = 832 m2 >s2
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a + b = (0 + 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
2 0x 0y 2
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to two points located on the different streamlines
such as points A and B.
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gzA = + + gzB
r 2 r 2
Since the flow is in the horizontal plane, zA = zB = z.
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gz = + + gz
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
980 kg>m3
pB = 150 ( 103 ) N>m2 + ( 320 m2 >s2 - 832 m2 >s2 )
2
= - 100.88 ( 103 ) N>m2
= - 101 kPa Ans.
Ans:
- 101 kPa
755
7–30. A flow has velocity components u = 1 2x2 2 ft>s and

v = ( -4xy + 8) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle located at
point (3 ft, 2 ft). Is the flow rotational or irrotational? Also,
show that continuity of flow is satisfied.
Solution
0v 0
= ( -4xy + 8) = -4y
0x 0x
0u 0
= ( 2x2 ) = 0
0y 0y
0u 0
= ( 2x2 ) = 4x
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( -4xy + 8) = -4x
0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = ( -4y - 0) = -2y
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Also
0u 0v
+ = 4x + ( - 4x) = 0
0x 0y
The flow satisfies the continuity condition.
0u 0v
Since = = 0 (steady flow)
0t 0t
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 )( 4x ) + ( -4xy + 8)(0) = 8x3
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + 2x2( - 4y) + ( - 4xy + 8)( -4x) = - 8x2y + 16x2y - 32x = 8x2y - 32x
Thus, at x = 3 ft, y = 2 ft
ax = 8 ( 33 ) = 216 ft>s2
ay = 8(32)(2) - 32(3) = 48 ft>s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 216 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 48 ft>s2 ) 2
= 221.27 ft>s2 = 221 ft>s2 Ans.
Ans:
rotational
a = 221 ft>s2
756
7–31. The potential function for a flow is

f = 1 x2 - y2 2 ft 2 >s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the velocity of fluid particles at point A
(3 ft, 1 ft). Show that continuity is satisfied, and find the
streamline that passes through point A.
Solution
From the velocity components
0f 0f
u = = 2x v = = -2y
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational.
2 0x 0y 2
At point (3 ft, 1 ft),
u = 2(3) = 6 ft>s v = - 2(1) = - 2 ft>s
Then the magnitude of the velocity is
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 6 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 2 ft>s ) 2 = 6.32 ft>s Ans.

0u 0v 0u 0y
Here = 2 and = - 2. Since + = 2 + ( -2) = 0, the potential function
0x 0y 0x 0y
satisfies the continuity condition. Using the velocity components.
0c 0c
= u; = 2x
0y 0y
c = 2xy + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 32xy + f(x) 4 = -2y
0x 0x
0
2y + 3f(x) 4 = 2y
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result into Eq. 1
c = 2xy
For the streamline passing through point (3 ft, 1 ft),
c = 2(3)(1) = 6
Thus,
6 = 2xy
xy = 3 Ans.
Ans:
V = 6.32 ft>s
xy = 3
757
*7–32. The flow around the bend in the horizontal channel A

can be described as a free vortex for which
vr = 0, vu = (8>r) m>s, where r is in meters. Show that the B
flow is irrotational. If the pressure at point A is 4 kPa, C
determine the pressure at point B. Take r = 1100 kg>m3. r
2m
u
0.5 m
Solution
0f 0f
vr = ; 0 =
0r 0r
f = f(u)
1 0f 8 1 0
vu = ; = 3f(u)4
r 0u r r 0u
0
3f(u)4 = 8
0u
f = f(u) = 8u + C
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational and Bernoulli’s
equation can be applied between points A and B. The magnitude of velocity at A
and B is
8 8
VA = (vu)A = = = 3.2 m>s
rA 2.5
8 8
VB = (vu)B = = = 4 m>s
rB 2
Applying the Bernoulli equation,
pB VB2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N
4 ( 103 )
pB ( 4 m>s ) 2 m2 ( 3.2 m>s ) 2
+ = +
1100 kg>m3 2 1100 kg>m3 2
pB = 832 Pa Ans.
758
7–33. The velocity components for a two-dimensional

flow are u = (8y) ft>s and v = (8x) ft>s, where x and y are
in feet. Determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational,
and show that continuity of flow is satisfied.
Solution
0v 0
= (8x) = 8 rad>s
0x 0x
0u 0
= (8y) = 8 rad>s
0y 0y
0u 0
= (8y) = 0
0x 0x
0v 0
= (8x) = 0
0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (8 - 8) = 0
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz = 0, the flow is irrotational. Also, Ans.

0u 0v
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
0x 0y
The flow satisfies the continuity condition. Ans.
Ans:
irrotational
759
7–34. The velocity components for a two-dimensional

flow are a u = (8y) ft>s and v = (8x) ft>s where x and y are
in feet. Find the stream function and the equation of the
streamline that passes through point (4 ft, 3 ft). Plot this
streamline.
Solution y
We consider ideal fluid flow. 3

0c 0c
u = ; 8y =
0y 0y
x
c = 4y2 + f(x) 4
Then,
2.65
0c 0
v = - ; 8x = - 3 4y2 + f(x)4
0x 0x
0
- 8x = 0 + 3f(x)4
0x
f(x) = - 4x2 + C
Thus,
c = 4y2 + ( - 4x2 + C ) = 4 ( y2 - x2 ) + C
Omitting the constant, C,
c = 4 ( y2 - x2 ) Ans.
From the slope of the stream function,
dy v 8x x
= = =
dx u 8y y
y x
L3 ft L4 ft
ydy = xdx
y2 y x2 2 x
2 =
2 3 ft 2 4 ft
y2 = x2 - 7
y = { 2x2 - 7 Ans.
Also, at (4 ft, 3 ft),

c = 4 ( (3)2 - (4)2 ) = - 28
Then,
4 ( y2 - x2 ) = - 28
y = { 2x2 - 7 Ans:
c = 4 1y2 - x22
y = { 2x2 - 7
760
7–35. The stream function for the flow field around the y
90° corner is c = 8r 2 sin 2u. Show that the continuity of
flow is satisfied. Determine the r and u velocity components
of a fluid particle located at r = 0.5 m, u = 30°, and plot the
streamline that passes through this point. Also, determine
the potential function for the flow.
Solution
From the r and u velocity components to,
1 0c 1
vr = = ( 8r 2 ) (2 cos 2u) = 16r cos 2u
r 0u r
0c
vu = = - (16r sin 2u) = -16r sin 2u
0r
vr 0vr 1 0vu
The continuity equation + + = 16 cos 2u + 16 cos 2u +
r 0r r 0u
( - 32 cos 2u) = 0 is indeed satisfied.
At point r = 0.5 m, u = 30°,

vr = 16(0.5) cos 32(30°) 4 = 4 m>s Ans.
vu = - 16(0.5) sin 32(30°) 4 = -6.93 m>s Ans.
y x y x 2xy
Since sin u = , cos u = , then sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 a ba b = 2 .
r r r r r
Therefore,
2xy
c = 8r 2 a b = 16xy
r2
At point r = 0.5 m, u = 30°,
23
x = r cos u = (0.5 m) cos 30° = m
4
1
y = r sin u = (0.5 m) sin 30° = m
4
Then
23 1
c = 16° ¢ a b = 23
4 4
Thus, the streamline passing through this point is
23 = 16xy
23
y =
16x
761
7–35. Continued
y (m)
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
x (m)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.4333
(a)
x(m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
y(m) ∞ 1.08 0.541 0.361 0.271 0.217 0.180 0.155 0.135 0.120 0.108
The velocity components with respect to stream function are

0c 0c
u = = 16x v = - - 16y
0y 0x
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore, it is
2 0x 0y 2
possible to established the potential function using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = 16x
0x 0x
f = 8x2 + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; 3 8x2 + f(y)4 = - 16y
0y 0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 16y
0y
f(y) = - 8y2 + C
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result in Eq. 1

f = 8x2 - 8y2 + C Ans:
vr = 4 m>s
f = 8 ( x2 - y2 ) Ans. vu = - 6.93 m>s
f = 8 1x2 - y 2 2
762
*7–36. The stream function for a concentric flow is defined y

by c = -4r 2. Determine the velocity components vr and vu,
and vx and vy. Can the potential function be established? If
so, what is it?
u
x
Solution
Using the r, u velocity components
1 0c 1
vr = = (0) = 0 Ans.
r 0u r
0c
vu = - = - 3 - 4(2r) 4 = 8r Ans.
0r
Since r 2 = x2 + y2, then c = - 4 ( x2 + y2 ) . Using the velocity components,
0c
vx = u = = - 4(2y) = - 8y Ans.
0y
0c
vy = v = - = - 3 - 4(2x) 4 = 8x Ans.
0x
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 38 - ( - 8) 4 = 16 ≠ 0, the flow is rotational.
2 0x 0y 2
Therefore, the potential function cannot be established.
763
7–37. A fluid has velocity components u = (x - y) ft>s

and v = - (x + y) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the stream and potential functions. Show that the flow is
irrotational.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 1 + ( - 1) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of a stream function is possible. Using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = x - y
0y 0x
1 2
c = xy - y + f(x) (1)
2
Also,
0c 0 1
- = v; - = c xy - y2 + f(x) d = -(x + y)
0x 0x 2
0
y - 0 + 3f(x) 4 = x + y
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = x
0x
1 2
f(x) = x + C
2

1 2 1
c = xy - y + x2
2 2
1 2
c = ( x - y2 + 2xy ) Ans.
2
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to the potential function,
0f 0f
= u; = x - y
0x 0x
1 2
f = x - xy + f(y) (2)
2
Also,
0f 0 1 2
= v; c x - xy + f(y) d = - (x + y)
0y 0y 2
0
-x + 3f(y) 4 = - x - y
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - y
0y
764
7–37. Continued

1 2
f(y) = y + C
2
1 2 1
f = x - xy - y2
2 2
1 2
f = ( x - y2 - 2xy ) Ans.
2
Here
0v 0u
= - 1 and = -1
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 1 - ( - 1) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational.
2 0x 0y 2
Ans:
1 2
c = ( x - y2 + 2xy )
2
1 2
f = ( x - y2 - 2xy )
2
765
7–38. A fluid has velocity components u = (2y) ft>s and

v = (2x - 10) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the stream and potential functions.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of stream function is possible.
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to stream function,

0c 0c
= u; = 2y
0y 0y
c = y2 + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - = 3 y2 + f(x) 4 = 2x - 10
0x 0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 10 - 2x
0x
f(x) = 10x - x2 + C
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result into Eq. 1,
c = y2 + 10x - x2
c = y2 - x2 + 10x Ans.
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (2 - 2) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore the
2 0x 0y 2
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to potential function,

0f 0f
= u; = 2y
0x 0x
f = 2xy + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; = 32xy + f(y) 4 = 2x - 10
0y 0y
0
2x + 3f(y) 4 = 2x - 10
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 10
0y
f(y) = - 10y + C
f = 2xy - 10y
f = 2y(x - 5) Ans.
Ans:
c = y2 - x2 + 10x
f = 2y(x - 5)
766
7–39. A fluid has velocity components u = (x - 2y) ft>s

and v = - (y + 2x) ft>s, where x and y are in feet.
Determine the stream and potential functions.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 1 + ( - 1) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of the stream function is possible using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = x - 2y
0y 0y
c = xy - y2 + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 3 xy - y2 + f(x) 4 = -y - 2x
0x 0x
0
-y - 3f(x) 4 = - y - 2x
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 2x
0x
f(x) = x2 + C
c = x2 - y2 + xy Ans.
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 2 - ( - 2) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
2 0x 0y 2
the potential function exists.
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to potential function,
0f 0f
= u; = x - 2y
0x 0x
1 2
f = x - 2xy + f(y) (1)
2
Also,
0f 0 1
= v; = c x2 - 2xy + f(y) d = -y - 2x
0y 0y 2
0
- 2x + 3f(y) 4 = - y - 2x
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - y
0y
1
f(y) = - y2 + C
2
1 2 1
f = x - 2xy - y2 Ans:
2 2
c = x2 - y2 + xy
1 2
f = ( x - y2 ) - 2xy Ans. 1 2
2 f = ( x - y2 ) - 2xy
2
767
*7–40. A fluid has velocity components

u = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s and v = ( -4xy) m>s, where x and y
are in meters. Determine the stream function. Also show
that the potential function exists, and find this function. Plot
the streamlines and equipotential lines that pass through
point (1 m, 2 m).
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 4x + ( -4x) = 0 is satisfied, the stream
0x 0y
function can be established.
Using the velocity components

0c 0c
= u; = 2x2 - 2y2
0y 0y
2 3
c = 2x2y - y + f(x) (1)
3
Also,
0c 0 2
- = v; - 3 2x2y - y3 + f(x) 4 = -4xy
0x 0x 3
0
4xy + 3f(x) 4 = 4xy
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C

2 3
c = 2x2y - y
3
2
c = y ( 3x2 - y2 ) Ans.
3
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 4y - ( - 4y) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Thus, the
2 0x 0y 2
potential function exists. Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = 2x2 - 2y2
0x 0x

2 3
f = x - 2xy2 + f(y) (2)
3
768
*7–40. Continued
Also,
0f 0 2 3
= v; c x - 2xy2 + f(y) d = -4xy
0y 0y 3
0
-4xy + 3f(y) 4 = -4xy
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = 0
0y

f(y) = C

2 3
f = x - 2xy2
3
2
x ( x2 - 3y2 )
f = Ans.
3
For stream function and potential functions passing through point (1 m, 2 m),
2 4 y(m)
c = (2) 3 3(1)2 - 22 4 = -
3 3
7
2 22
f = (1) 3 12 - 3 ( 22 ) 4 = -
3 3 6
Thus, the streamline is
4 2 5
- = y ( 3x2 - y2 )
3 3 4
3
y - 2
x2 = 3
3y
and the equipotential line is 2
22 2
- = x ( x2 - 3y2 ) 1
3 3
x(m)
x3 + 11
y2 = –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3x
For the streamline
y(m) 1.26 2 3 4 5 6
x(m) 0 {1 {1.67 {2.27 {2.86 {3.45
For the equipotential line

x(m) 0 1 1.77 3 4 5 6 0.25 0.50
y(m) ∞ {2 {1.77 {2.05 {2.50 {3.01 {3.55 {3.83 {2.72
The plot of these two functions is shown in Fig. a
769
7–41. If the potential function for a two-dimensional flow

is f = (xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters, determine
the stream function and plot the streamline that passes
through the point (1 m, 2 m). What are the velocity and
acceleration of fluid particles that pass through this point?
Solution
0f 0
u = = (xy) = y
0x 0x
0f 0
v = = (xy) = x
0y 0y
0c 0c
u = ; y =
0y 0y
Integrating with respect to y, y (m)
y2
c = + f(x)
2
ψ = 1.5
0c 0 y2
v = - ; x = - c + f(x) d
0x 0x 2
0
x = -0 - 3f(x) 4
0x
3
0 x (m)
3f(x) 4 = - x
0x
(a)
x2
f(x) = - + C
2
Setting C = 0,
y2 x2
c = + a- b
2 2
1 2
c = ( y - x2 ) Ans.
2
When x = 1 m, and y = 2 m. Then,
1 2
c = ( 2 - 12 ) = 1.5
2
For the streamline defined by c = 1.5, its equation is

1 2
( y - x2 ) = 1.5
2
y2 = x2 + 3
y = 2x2 + 3
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a.
770
7–41. Continued
At x = 1 m, y = 2 m
u = y = 2 m>s
v = x = 1 m>s
V = 2 1 2 m>s 2 2 + 1 1 m>s 2 2 = 2.24 m>s Ans.
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v = 0 + (2)(0) + 1(1) = 1 m>s2
0t 0x 0y
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v = 0 + 2(1) + 1(0) = 2 m>s2
0t 0x 0y
a = 2 1 1 m>s2 2 2 + 1 2 m>s2 2 2 = 2.24 m>s2 Ans.
Ans:
1 2
c = ( y - x2 )
2
V = 2.24 m>s
a = 2.24 m>s2
771
7–42. Determine the potential function for the two- y

dimensional flow field if V0 and u are known.
V0
Solution
u = V0 sin u0 v = -V0 cos u0
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Thus, the
2 0x 0y 2
0f 0f
= u; = V0 sin u0
0x 0x
f = V0 sin u0 x + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; 3 ( V0 sin u0 ) x + f(y) 4 = -V0 cos u0
0y 0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - V0 cos u0
0y

f(y) = - ( V0 cos u0 ) y + C
f = ( V0 sin u0 ) x - ( V0 cos u0 ) y
f = V0 3 ( sin u0 ) x - ( cos u0 ) y 4 Ans.
Ans:
f = V0 3 ( sin u0 ) x - ( cos u0 ) y 4
772
7–43. The potential function for a flow is

f = 1 x2 - y2 2 ft 2 >s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the velocity of fluid particles at point (3 ft,
1 ft). Show that continuity is satisfied, and find the
streamline that passes through this point.
Solution
0f 0
u = = ( x2 - y2 ) = (2x) ft>s
0x 0x
0f 0
v = = ( x2 - y2 ) = ( - 2y) ft>s
0y 0y
Thus, at x = 3 ft, y = 1 ft,
u = 2(3) = 6 ft>s
v = - 2(1) = - 2 ft>s
Then, the magnitude of the flow velocity is
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 6 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 2 ft>s ) 2 = 6.32 ft>s Ans.
Applying
0c 0c
u = ; 2x =
0y 0y
c = 2xy + f(x)
Substituting this result into the second of Eq. (8–8),

0c 0
v = - ; - 2y = - 32xy + f(x) 4
0x 0x
0
2y = 2y + 3f(x) 4
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Setting C = 0, then
c = 2xy
At x = 3 ft, y = 1 ft,
c = 2(3)(1) = 6
So the streamline through (3 ft, 1 ft) is
6 = 2xy
3
y = Ans.
x
773
7–43. Continued
Here,
0u 0
= (2x) = 2 ft>s
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( -2y) = - 2 ft>s
0y 0y
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 2 + ( - 2) = 0
0x 0y
Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition as required.
Ans:
V = 6.32 ft>s
3
y = x
774
*7–44. A fluid has velocity components of u = (10xy) m>s

and v = 5 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the stream function, and show that the continuity
condition is satisfied and that the flow is irrotational. Plot
the streamlines for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 m2 >s, and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
Solution
0c 0c
u = ; 10xy =
0y 0y
c = 5xy2 + f(x)

0c 0
v = - ; 5 ( x2 - y2 ) = - 3 5xy2 + f(x)4
0x 0x
0
5x2 - 5y2 = - 5y2 - 3f(x)4
0x
0
3f(x)4 = - 5x2
0x
5
f(x) = - x3 + C
3
Setting C = 0, then
5
c = 5xy2 + a - x3 b
3
5
= x ( 3y - x2 )
2
Ans.
3
Here,
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10y) s-1
0x 0x
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = ( -10y) s-1
0y 0y
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = (10x) s-1
0x 0x
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10x) s-1
0y 0y
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 10y + ( - 10y) = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Applying,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (10x - 10x) = 0
2 0x 0y 2
775
7–44. Continued
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0.
When c = 0,
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 0
3
1
y = { x
23
or
x = 0
When c = 1,
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 1
3
1 x2
y= { +
A 5x 3
When c = 2,
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 2
3
2 x2
y= { +
A 5x 3
Ç=2
y
Ç=1
Ç=0
30
x
776
7–45. A fluid has velocity components of u = 1y2 - x22 m>s

and v = (2xy) m>s, where x and y are in meters. If the
pressure at point A (3 m, 2 m) is 600 kPa, determine the
pressure at point B (1 m, 3 m). Also what is the potential
function for the flow? Take g = 8 kN>m3.
Solution
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; y2 - x2 =
0x 0x
x3
f = xy2 - + f(y)
3

0f 0 x3
v = ; 2xy = c xy2 - + f(y) d
0y 0y 3
0
2xy = 2xy - 0 + 3f(y)4
0y
0
3f(y)4 = 0
0y
f(y) = C
Setting C = 0, we have
x3
f = xy2 - Ans.
3
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Thus, the
Bernoulli equation can be applied from point A to B. The x and y components of
the velocity at these points are
u A = ( 22 - 32 ) m>s = - 5 m>s vA = 32(3)(2) 4 m>s = 12 m>s
u B = ( 32 - 12 ) m>s = 8 m>s vB = 32(1)(3) 4 m>s = 6 m>s
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at these two points is
VA = 2uA2 + vA2 = 2 ( - 5 m>s ) 2 + ( 12 m>s ) 2 = 13 m>s
VB = 2uB2 + vB2 = 2 ( 8 m>s2 ) + ( 6 m>s2 ) = 10 m>s
Applying the Bernoulli equation for ideal fluid from A to B,

pB VB2 pA VA2
+ = +
g 2g g 2g
N
600 ( 103 )
pB (10 m>s)2 m2 (13 m>s)2
+ = +
8(103) N>m3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 8 ( 103 ) N>m3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) Ans:
x3
N f = xy2 -
pB = 628.13 ( 10 ) 2 = 628 kPa
3
Ans. 3
m
pB = 628 kPa
777
7–46. The potential function for a horizontal flow is

f = 1 x3 - 5xy2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the magnitude of the velocity at point A (5 m,
2 m). What is the difference in pressure between this point
and the origin? Take r = 925 kg>m3.
Solution
Since the flow is described by the potential function, the flow is definitely irrotational.
Therefore, the Bernoulli equation can be applied between any two points.
0f 0
u = = ( x3 - 5xy2 ) = 3x2 - 5y2
0x 0x
0f 0
v = = ( x3 - 5xy2 ) = - 10xy
0y 0y
At point A, x = 5 m, y = 2 m. Thus,
u A = 3 ( 52 ) - 5 ( 22 ) = 55 m>s vA = -10(5)(2) = -100 m>s
At the origin O, x = 0 and y = 0. Thus,
u 0 = 3 ( 02 ) - 5 ( 02 ) = 0 v0 = -10(0)(0) = 0
The magnitude of the velocity at A and O is
VA = 2u A2 + vA2 = 2 ( 55 m>s ) 2 + ( - 100 m>s ) 2 = 114.13 m>s = 114 m>s Ans.

V0 = 0
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, no change in elevation takes place.
Thus, the elevation term can be excluded. Applying the Bernoulli equation for an
ideal fluid from O to A,
pA VA2 pO VO2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
r
pO - pA = ( VA2 - VO2 )
2
925 kg>m3
= ° ¢ 3 ( 114.13 m>s ) 2 - 02 4
2
= 6.024 ( 106 ) Pa = 6.02 MPa Ans.
Ans:
VA = 114 m>s
pO - pA = 6.02 MPa
778
7–47. A fluid has velocity components of u = (10xy) m>s

and v = 5 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the potential function, and show that the
continuity condition is satisfied and that the flow is
irrotational.
Solution
0f 0f
u = ; 10xy =
0x 0x
f = 5x2y + f(y)
Substituting this result into the second of Eq. (8–12),

0f 0
v = ; 5 ( x2 - y2 ) = 3 5x2y + f(y) 4
0y 0y
0
5x2 - 5y2 = 5x2 + 3f(y) 4
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 5y2
0y

5
f(y) = - y3 + C
3
Setting C = 0, then
5
f = 5x2y + a - y3 b
3
5
= y ( 3x2 - y2 ) Ans.
3
Here,
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10y) s-1
0x 0x
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = ( -10y) s-1
0y 0y
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = (10x) s-1
0x 0x
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10x) s-1
0y 0y
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 10y + ( - 10y) = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Applying,

Ans:
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (10x - 10x) = 0 5
2 0x 0y 2 f = y ( 3x2 - y2 )
3
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. 1
c = ( y2 - x2 )
2
779
*7–48. A velocity field is defined as u = 2 1 x2 + y2 2 ft>s, y

v = (- 4xy) ft>s. Determine the stream function and the
circulation around the rectangle shown. Plot the streamlines
for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 ft 2 >s, and c2 = 2 ft 2 >s.
0.6 ft
0.5 ft
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation = = 4x + ( - 4x) = 0 is satisfied, the stream
0x 0y
function can be established. Using the definition of the velocity components, with
respect to stream function,
0c 0c
= u; = 2 ( x2 + y2 )
0y 0y
1 3
c = 2 ax2y + y b + f(x) (1)
3
Also,
0c 0c
-
= v; - = - 4xy
0x 0x
0 1
- c 2 ax2y + y3 b + f(x) d = -4xy
0x 3
0
4xy + 3f(x) 4 = 4xy
0x
0
3 f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),
1 3
c = 2 ax2y + y b + C
3
C is an arbitary constant. If we set it equal to zero then the stream function can be
expressed as
1 2
c = 2y ax2 + y b Ans.
3
780
*7–48. Continued
y2 y2
For c = 0, 0 = 2y°x2 + ¢ since x2 + ≠ 0, then
3 3
y = 0
For c = 1 ft 2 >s,
y2
1 = 2y °x2 + ¢
3
3 - 2y3
x2 = 0 6 y 6 1.145
6y
For c = 2 ft 2 >s,
y2
2 = 2y°x2 + ¢
3
6 - 2y3
x2 = 0 6 y 6 1.442
6y
The plot of these streamlines are shown in Fig. a.
For c = 1 ft 2 >s For c = 2 ft 2 >s

y(ft) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 y(ft) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
x(ft) {∞ { 1.407 { 0.957 { 0.692 { 0.408 x(ft) {∞ { 1.995 { 1.384 { 1.070 { 0.816 { 0.528
y(ft) 1.145 y(ft) 1.442
x(ft) 0 x(ft) 0
y(ft)
1.50
ψ = 2 ft2/s
1.25
1.0
0.75
ψ = 1 ft2/s
0.5
0.25
ψ =0
x(ft)
–2.0 –1.75 –1.5 –1.25 –1.0 –0.75 –0.5 –0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
(a)
781
*7–48. Continued
The circulation can be determined using
V # ds
C
Γ =
0.5 ft 0.6 ft 0.5 ft 0.5 ft
L0 L0 L0 L0
= udx + vdy + u( - dx) + v( -dy)
0.5 ft 0.6 ft 0.5 ft
L0 L0 L0
= 2 ( x2 + 0 ) dx + - 4(0.5)ydy + 2 ( x2 + 0.62 ) ( - dx)
0.6 ft
L0
+ - 4(0)y( - dy)
2 3 0.5 ft 0.6 ft
2 0.5 ft
= x ` - y2 ` - a x3 + 0.72xb ` + 0
3 0 0 3 0
= - 0.72 ft 2 >s Ans.
782
7–49. If the potential function for a two-dimensional flow

is f = (xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters, determine
the stream function, and plot the streamline that passes
through the point (1 m, 2 m). What are the x and y
components of the velocity and acceleration of fluid
particles that pass through this point?
Solution
0f 0f
u = = y v = = x
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (1 - 1) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Also,
2 0x 0y 2
0u 0v
since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, the establishment
0x 0y
of a stream function is possible,
0c 0c
= u; = y
0y 0y
1 2
c = y + f(x) (1)
2
Also,
0c 0 1
- = v; - c y2 + f(x) d = x
0x 0x 2
0
3f(x) 4 = - x
0x

1
f(x) = - x2 + C
2

1 2 1
c = y - x2
2 2
1 2
c = ( y - x2 ) Ans.
2
For the streamline passing through point (1 m, 2 m)

1 2 3
c = ( 2 - 12 ) =
2 2
Thus,
3 1
= ( y2 - x2 )
2 2
y2 = x2 + 3
783
7–49. Continued
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y(m) 1.73 2 2.65 3.46 4.36 5.29 6.24
y(m)
x(m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
At point (1 m, 2 m), the velocity components are

u = 2 m>s v = 1 m>s Ans.
The acceleration components are

0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + y(0) + x(1) = x = 1 m>s2 Ans.
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + y(1) + x(0) = y = 2 m>s2 Ans.
Ans:
u = 2 m>s, v = 1 m>s
ax = 1 m>s2
ay = 2 m>s2
784
7–50. A two-dimensional flow is described by the potential

function f = 1 8x2 - 8y2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the continuity condition is satisfied, and
determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational. Also,
establish the stream function for this flow, and plot the
streamline that passes through point (1 m, 0.5 m).
Solution
Here
0f 02f
= 16x 2 = 16
0x 0x
0f 02f
= - 16y = -16
0y 0y2
02f 02f
Since 2
+ = 16+ ( -16) = 0, the potential function f satisfies the continuity
0x 0y2
condition.
The velocity components can be determined using
0f
u = ; u = (16x) m>s
0x
0f
v = ; v = ( - 16y) m>s
0y
Then
0v 0u
= 0 = 0
0x 0y
Thus
1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
2 0x 0x
Since vz = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational since all flows that can be described by
a potential function are irrotational. Using the definition of velocity components
with respect to the stream function,
0c 0c
= u; = 16x
0y 0y
c = 16xy + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 316xy + f(x) 4 = -16y
0x 0x
0
- 16y - 3f(x) 4 = -16y
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
785
7–50. Continued

f(x) = C
c = 16xy Ans.
For the streamline passing through point (1 m, 0.5 m),
c = 16(1)(0.5) = 8
Thus,
1
8 = 16xy; y =
2x
x(m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y(m) ∞ 1 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.2 0.167
y(m)
1.5
0.5
x(m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(a)
Ans:
c = 16xy
786
7–51. The y component of velocity of a two-dimensional

irrotational flow that satisfies the continuity condition is
v = 1 4x + x2 - y2 2 ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Find
the x component of velocity if u = 0 at x = y = 0.
Solution
In order for the flow to be irrotational, vz = 0.
1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
2 0x 0y
Here,
0v 0
= ( 4x + x2 - y2 ) = (4 + 2x) rad>s
0x 0x
Thus,
1 0u
c (4 + 2x) - d = 0
2 0y
0u
= 4 + 2x
0y
u = 4y + 2xy + f(x)
In order to satisfy the continuity condition
0u 0v
+ = 0
0x 0y
Here,
0u 0 0
= 34y + 2xy + f(x) 4 = 2y + 3f(x) 4
0x 0x 0x
0v 0
+ ( 4x + x2 - y2 ) = -2y
0y 0y
Then,
0
2y + 3f(x) 4 - 2y = 0
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Thus,
u = 4y + 2xy + C
= 2y(2 + x) + C
At y = x = 0, u = 0. Then C = 0, and so
u = 2y(2 + x) Ans.
Ans:
u = 2y(2 + x)
787
*7–52. The flow has a velocity of V = {(3y + 8)i} ft>s, y

where y is vertical and is in feet. Determine if the flow is
rotational or irrotational. If the pressure at point A is 6 lb>ft2, A
determine the pressure at the origin. Take g = 70 lb>ft3.
3 ft
x
O
Solution
The x and y components of velocity are
u = (3y + 8) ft>s v = 0
Here,
0u 0u 0
= 0; = (3y + 8) = 3 rad>s
0x 0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 3) = - 1.5
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation can not be applied
from O to A. Instead, we will first apply Euler’s equation along the y axis. Here,
0v 0v
= = 0.
0x 0y
Then,
1 0p 0v 0v
- - g = u + v = 0
r 0y 0x 0y
0p
= - rg = - g
0y
p = - gy + f(x)
Substituting this result into the Euler equation along the x axis, with
0u 0 0u 0
= (3y + 8) = 0 and = (3y + 8) = 3 rad>s,
0x 0x 0y 0y
1 0p 0u 0u
- = u + v
r 0x 0x 0y
1 0
- 3 - gy + f(x) 4 = 0 + 0
r 0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
788
7–52. Continued

f(x) = C
Thus,
p = - gy + C
lb
At point A, y = 3 ft and p = 6 . Then,
ft 2
lb lb
6 = a - 70 2 b(3ft) + C
ft 2 ft
C = 216 lb>ft 2
Thus,
p = ( - gy + 216) lb>ft 2
At point O, y = 0 Thus,
lb
pO = 3 - (70)(0) + 2164
ft 2
lb
= 216 Ans.
ft 2
789
7–53. A tornado has a measured wind speed of 12 m>s a

distance of 50 m from its center. If a building has a flat roof
and is located 10 m from the center, determine the uplift
pressure on the roof. The building is within the free vortex
of the tornado. The density of the air is ra = 1.20 kg>m3.
Solution
Since the tornado is a free vortex flow, its velocity components are
k
vr = 0 vu =
r
Thus
k
V = vu =
r
It is required that at r = 50 m, V = 12 m>s. Therefore
k
12 m>s = ; k = 600 m2 >s
50 m
Then
600
V = a b m>s
r
At r = 10 m,
600
V = = 60 m>s
10
Since free vortex flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between
two points on the different streamlines such as two points on two circular streamlines
of radius r = ∞ and r = 10 m. At r = ∞ , V∞ = 0 and pB = 0. Since the flow occurs
in the horizontal plane, the gravity term can be excluded.
p∞ V 2 p V2
+ ∞ = +
ra 2 ra 2
p ( 60 m>s ) 2
0 + 0 = +
1.20 kg>m3 2
p = 2160 Pa = - 2.16 kPa Ans.
The negative sign indicates that suction develops.
Ans:
- 2.16 kPa
790
7–54. Show that the equation that defines a sink will

satisfy continuity, which in polar coordinates is written as
0(vr r) 0(vu)
+ = 0.
0r 0u
Solution
q
For sink flow, vr = - and vu = 0. Then,
2pr
0 ( vrr ) 0 q 0 q
= ca- b(r) d = a- b = 0
0r 0r 2pr 0r 2p
0vu
= 0
0u
Thus,
0(vr r) 0vu
+ = 0 + 0 = 0 (Q.E.D)
0r 0u
791
7–55. A source at O creates a flow from point O that is

described by the potential function f = (8 ln r) m2 >s,
where r is in meters. Determine the stream function, and 30
specify the velocity at point r = 5 m, u = 15°. O
u
Solution
The r and u components of velocity are
0f 0 8
vr = = (8 ln r) = a b m>s
0r 0r r
1 0f 1 0
vu = = (8 ln r) = 0
r 0u r 0u
Applying,
1 0c 8 1 0c
vr = ; =
r 0u r r 0u
Integrating this equation with respect to u,
c = 8u + f(r)
Substituting this result,
0c 0
vu = - ; 0 = - 38u + f(r) 4
0r 0r
0
0 = 0- 3f(r) 4
0r
Integrating this equation with respect to r,
f(r) = C
Thus,
c = 8u + C
Setting C = 0,
c = 8u Ans.
At r = 5 m, u = 15°,
8
vr = = 1.6 m>s
5
vu = 0
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 1.6 m>s ) 2 + (0)2 = 1.60 m>s2 Ans.
Ans:
c = 8u
V = 1.60 m>s2
792
*7–56. Combine a source of strength q with a free

counterclockwise vortex, and sketch the resultant
streamline for c = 0.
Solution
Superimposing the streamlines of a source and a free vortex,
q
c = u - k ln r
2p
For c = 0,
q
0 = u - k ln r
2p
q
ln r = u
2pk
q
e ln r = e 2pku
q
r = e 2pku
This equation represents a logarithmic spiral from the source and its plot is shown
in Fig. a.
source
(a)
793
7–57. A free vortex is defined by its stream function

c = ( -240 ln r) m2 >s, where r is in meters. Determine the
velocity of a particle at r = 4 m and the pressure at points
on this streamline. Take r = 1.20 kg>m3.
r4m
Solution
1 0c
vr = ; vr = 0
r 0u
0c 240
vu = - ; vu = a b m>s
0r r
Thus, the velocity is
240
V = vu = a b m>s
r
At r = 4 m,
240
V = a b m>s = 60.0 m>s Ans.
4
Since a free vortex flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied
between two points on the different streamlines. In this case, the two points are
on the circular streamlines r = ∞ where V0 = 0 and p0 = 0 and r = 4 m where
V = 60.0 m>s. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, z0 = z.
p0 V0 2 p V2
+ + gz0 = + + gz
r 2 r 2
p ( 60.0 m>s ) 2
0 + 0 + gz = 3
+ + gz
1.20 kg>m 2
p = - 2160 Pa = - 2.16 kPa Ans.
Ans:
V = 60.0 m>s
p = - 2.16 kPa
794
7–58. Determine the location of the stagnation point for a y

combined uniform flow of 8 m>s and a source having a
strength of 3 m2 >s. Plot the streamline passing through the
stagnation point.
8 m/s
Solution
This is a case of flow past a half body. The location of the stagnation point P is at
u = p Ans.
Using
q 3 m2 >s 3
r = r0 = = = m Ans.
2pU 2p(8 m>s) 16p
The equation of the streamline (boundary of a half body) that passes through the
stagnation point P can be determined by applying.
r0(p - u)
r =
sin u
3
(p - u)
16p
r =
sin u
3(p - u) y
r =
16p sin u
asymptote
This equation can be written in the form
3
r sin u = (p - u) 3
16p m
16 r
P
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes ¨
3 x
y = (p - u) source
16p
3
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches m
16
0 or 2p. Thus, 3
m
16
3 3
h = (p - u) = m asymptote
16p 16
The plot of the half body is shown in Fig. a. (a)
Ans:
u = p
3
r = m
16p
795
7–59. As water drains from the large cylindrical tank, its z

surface forms a free vortex having a circulation of Γ.
Assuming water to be an ideal fluid, determine the equation
z = f(r) that defines the free surface of the vortex.
Hint: Use the Bernoulli equation applied to two points on
the surface. r
Solution
For a free vortex, the radial and transverse components of velocity are
k
vr = 0 and vu =
r
Then
k A
V = vu = r
r
For a circulation Γ,
2p z
V # ds =
C L0 r
k r
Γ = (rdu) = 2p k
Γ B
k =
2p
Thus,
Γ
V =
2pr
Since a free vortex is irrotational flow, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between
z
two points on different streamlines, such as point A and B shown in Fig. a. Point A
(a)
is located at (r = ∞ , 0) where pA = patm = 0 and VA = 0, and point B is located
Γ
at (r, z) where pB = patm = 0 and VB = . Establish the datum through point A,
2pr
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gzA = + + gzB
rw 2 rw 2
Γ 2
a b
2pr
0 + 0 + g(0) = 0 + + g( -z)
2
Γ2
gz =
8p2r 2
Γ2
z = Ans.
8p2gr 2
Ans:
Γ2
z =
8p2gr 2
796
*7–60. Pipe A provides a source flow of 5 m2 >s, whereas y

the drain, or sink, at B removes 5 m2 >s. Determine the
stream function between AB, and show the streamline for
c = 0.
5 m/s2 5 m/s2
A B
x
2m 2m
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q 5 m2 >s
c = u2 - u1 = (u2 - u1) = (u2 - u1) Ans.
2p 2p 2p 2p
u1 and u2 are as shown. Staying in polar coordinates, c = 0 implies u2 - u1 = 0 or

u2 = u1, which is true for points on the x-axis to the right of B and to the left of A.
The graph of the corresponding points is shown in Fig. a, with the direction of flow
indicated. Note that “the” streamline has two distinct segments. This method does
not generate the third segment, between A and B.
2 1
x
A B
(a)
Ans:
5 m2 >s
c = (u2 - u1)
2p
The streamline consists of two segments along the x axis.
797
7–61. Pipe A provides a source flow of 5 m2 >s, whereas y

the drain at B removes 5 m2 >s. Determine the potential
function between AB, and show the equipotential line for
f = 0.
5 m/s2 5 m/s2
A B
x
2m 2m
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, the resultant potential function is
q q q r2 5 m2 >s r2
f = ln r2 - ln r1 = ln = ln Ans.
2p 2p 2p r1 2p r1
r1 is measured from B and r2 from A. Staying in polar coordinates, f = 0 implies
r2
ln = 0
r1
r2
= 1
r1
r1 = r2
Thus, the equipotential line for f = 0 is along the y axis as shown in Fig. a.
f=0
(a)
Ans:
5 m2 >sr2
f = ln
2p r1
The equipotential line for f = 0 is along the y axis.
798
7–62. A source having a strength of q = 80 ft2 >s is y

located at point A (4 ft, 2 ft). Determine the magnitudes of
the velocity and acceleration of fluid particles at point
B (8 ft, 1 ft).
A
2 ft
x
1 ft
4 ft 4 ft B
Solution
The radial and transverse components of the velocity are
q
vr = vu = 0
2pr
q
V = vr =
2pr
Here, r = 2(8 ft - 4 ft)2 + ( - 1 ft - 2 ft)2 = 5 ft. Then

80 ft 2 >s
V = = 2.546 ft>s = 2.55 ft>s Ans.
2p (5 ft)
x any y components of the velocity are

u = vr cos u v = vr sin u
x y
Here cos u = and sin u = ,
r r
q x q x q y q y
u = a b = a b v = a b = a b
2pr r 2p r 2 2pr r 2p r 2
However, r 2 = x2 + y2. Then

q x q y
u = a 2 b v = a 2 b
2p x + y2 2p x + y2
x any y components of the acceleration are
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
q x q y2 - x2 q y q -2xy
= 0 + a 2 b • £ § ¶ + a 2 b• £ 2 § ¶
2p x + y 2 2p ( x + y )
2 2 2 2p x + y 2 2p ( x + y2 ) 2
q2 x3 + xy2
= - c d
4p 2
( x2 + y2 ) 3
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
q x q - 2xy q y q x2 - y2
= 0 + a 2 b • £ § ¶ + a b • £ § ¶
2p x + y2 2p ( x2 + y2 ) 2 2p x2 + y2 2p ( x2 + y2 ) 2
q2 y3 + x2y
= - c d
4p 2
( x2 + y2 ) 3
799
7–62. Continued
With respect to point A, the coordinates of point B are B[(8 - 4) ft, ( - 1 -2) ft]
= B ( 4 ft, -3 ft ) . Then
( 80 ft2 >s ) 2 (4 ft)3 + (4 ft)( - 3 ft)2

ax = - c s = -1.038 ft>s2
4p2 3 (4 ft)2 + ( - 3 ft)2 4 3
( 80 ft2 >s ) 2 ( -3 ft)3 + (4 ft)2( -3 ft)

ay = - c s = 0.7781 ft>s2
4p2 3 (4 ft)2 + ( - 3 ft)2 4 3
Thus, the magnitude of the acceleration is
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( - 1.038 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 0.7781 ft>s2 ) 2 = 1.297 ft>s2 = 1.30 ft>s2 Ans.
As an alternative solution,
0vr 0vr
a = + vr
0t 0r
q q 1
= 0 + a a- 2b b
2pr 2p r
q2 (80 ft 2 >s)2
= 2 2 = = 1.30 ft>s2 Ans.
(2p)2r 3
(2p)2(5 ft)3
Ans:
V = 2.55 ft>s
a = 1.30 ft>s2
800
7–63. Two sources, each having a strength of 2 m2 >s, are y

located as shown. Determine the x and y components of
the velocity of fluid particles that pass point (x, y). What is
the equation of the streamline that passes through point
(0, 8 m) in Cartesian coordinates? Is the flow irrotational?
4m 4m
Solution
When sources (1) and (2) are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
c = u + u = ( u + u2 )
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
From the geometry shown in Fig. a,
y y
u1 = tan-1a b u2 = tan-1a b
x - 4 x + 4
Then,
q y y
c = c tan-1a b + tan-1a bd (1)
2p x - 4 x + 4
The x and y components of velocity are
0c q 1 1 1 1
u = = ≥ a
2 x - 4
b + a
2 x + 4
b¥
0y 2p y y
1 + a b 1 + a b
x - 4 x + 4
q x - 4 x + 4
= £ + § Ans.
2p (x - 4)2 + y2 (x + 4)2 + y2
0c q 1 y 1 y
v = - = - ≥ £- § + c- d¥
0y 2p y 2
(x - 4) 2 y 2
(x + 4)2
1 + a b 1 + a b
x - 4 x + 4
q y y
= £ + § Ans.
2p (x - 4)2 + y2 (x + 4)2 + y2
Here,
dv q 2y(x - 4) 2y(x + 4)
= £ + §
dx 2p 3 (x - 4)2 + y2 4 2 3(x + 4)2 + y24 2
du q 2y(x - 4) 2y(x + 4)
= £ + §
dy 2p 3 (x - 4)2 + y2 4 2 3 (x + 4)2 + y2 4 2
Substituting these results into

1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
2 0x 0y
801
7–63. Continued
Since vz = 0, the flow is irrotational. For q = 2 m2 >s, the streamline that passes
through point x = 0 and y = 8 m can be determined using Eq. 1,
2 8 8
c = c tan-1a b + tan-1a bd = 0
2p 0 - 4 0 + 4
Thus, the equation of this streamline is
y y
tan-1a b + tan-1a b = 0
x - 4 x + 4
y y
tan-1a b = - tan-1a b
x - 4 x + 4
y y
= -
x - 4 x + 4
x = 0 Ans.
r2
r1 y
r
2 1
x
2 1
4m 4m
Ans:
q x - 4 x + 4
u = £ + §
2p 1 x - 42 2 + y2 1x + 42 2 + y2
q y y
v = £ + §
2p 1 x - 42 2 + y2 1x + 42 2 + y2
The flow is irrotational.

x = 0
802
*7–64. The source and sink of equal strength q are located y

a distance d from the origin as indicated. Determine the
stream function for the flow, and draw the streamline that
passes through the origin.
d d
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
c = u - u = ( u - u2 ) Ans.
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
Staying in polar coordinates, at the origin u1 = p and u2 = 0.
q q
c = (p - 0) =
2p 2
So the streamline satisfies
q q
= ( u - u2 )
2 2p 1
u1 = u2 + p
Thus, the streamline passing through the origin is the straight segment between the
source and the sink, as shown in Fig. a.
y
q
=
2
x
(a)
803
7–65. Two sources, each having a strength q, are located y

as shown. Determine the stream function, and show that
this is the same as having a single source with a wall along
the y axis.
y
d d
Solution
When sources (1) and (2) are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
c = u + u = ( u + u2 ) Ans.
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
In order for the stream function to be the same as that of a single source and a wall
along the y axis, a streamline must exist along the y axis. However, by geometry,
along the y axis it is always true that u1 + u2 = {p, so that the value of the stream
q q q q
function is c = ( {p) { , where + corresponds to the +y axis and -
2p 2 2 2
corresponds to the ‑y axis.
y
r2
r1 y
r
2 1
x
1
2
d d
(a)
Ans:
q
c = ( u + u2 )
2p 1
804
7–66. A source q is emitted from the wall while a flow

y
occurs towards the wall. If the stream function is described
as c = (4xy + 8u) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters,
determine the distance d from the wall where the stagnation
point occurs along the y axis. Plot the streamline that passes
through this point.
d
x
Solution
Here, x = r cos u and y = r sin u. Then in terms of r and u coordinates,
c = 4(r cos u)(r sin u) + 8u
c = 2r 2 sin 2u + 8u (1)
1 0c 1 1
vr = = 3 2r 2(2 cos 2u) + 8 4 = ( 4r 2 cos 2u + 8 )
r 0u r r
0c
vu = - = - (4r sin 2u)
0r
At stagnation point p, it is required that these velocity components are equal to zero.
vu = - 4r sin 2u = 0
sin 2u = 0 (since r ≠ 0)
2u = 0, p rad
p
u = 0, rad
2
p
u = rad is chosen and it gives the direction r of the stagnation point.
2
1
vr = ( 4r 2 cos 2u + 8 ) = 0
r
1
Since ≠ 0, then
r
4r 2 cos 2u + 8 = 0
p
Substituting u = rad and r = d into this equation,
2
p
4d 2 cos c 2 a b d + 8 = 0
2
d = 22 m Ans.
p
Substituting u = rad and r = 22 m into Eq 1,
2
p p
c = 2 ( 22 ) 2 sin c 2 a b d + 8 a b = 4p
2 2
805
7–66. Continued
Therefore, the streamline passing through the stagnation point is given by

4p - 8u
4p = 2r 2 sin 2u + 8u r 2 =
2 sin 2u
u(rad) p p p p 5p p
12 6 4 3 12 2
r(m) 3.236 2.199 1.772 1.555 1.447 undef.
y (m)
5
12
3
4
12
x (m)
(a)
Ans:
22 m
806
7–67. Determine the equation of the boundary of the half y

body formed by placing a source of 0.5 m2 >s in the uniform
flow of 8 m>s. Express the result in Cartesian coordinates. 8 m/s
x
A
Solution
For the flow past a half body,
q 0.5 m2 >s 0.03125
r0 = = = m
2pU 2p(8 m>s) p
The equation of the boundary of a half body is given by

0.03125
(p - u)
r0(p - u) p
r = =
sin u sin u
0.03125
r sin u = (p - u)
p
y
Here, y = r sin u and u = tan-1 . Then, this equation becomes
x
y
32py = p - tan-1
x
y
tan-1 = p(1 - 32y)
x
y
= tan [p(1 - 32y)] Ans.
x
Ans:
y = x tan 3 p ( 1 - 32y ) 4
807
*7–68. The leading edge of a wing is approximated by the 300 ft/s

half body. It is formed from the superposition of A
the uniform air flow of 300 ft>s and a source. Determine the r 0.3 ft
required strength of the source so that the width of the half u 90
body is 0.4 ft.
O
Solution
q q q
r0 = = = ft
2pU 2p(300 ft>s) 600p
r0(p - u)
r =
sin u
q
(p - u)
600p q(p - u)
r = =
sin u 600p sin u
q(p - u)
r sin u =
600p
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes
q(p - u)
y =
600p
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches
0 or 2p. Thus,
q(p - u) q
h = =
600p 600
0.4 ft
Here, h = = 0.2 ft. Then
2
q
0.2 ft =
600
q = 120 ft 2 >s Ans.
808
7–69. The leading edge of a wing is approximated by the half 300 ft/s
body. It is formed from the superposition of the uniform air A
flow of 300 ft>s and a source having a strength of 100 ft2 >s. r 0.3 ft
Determine the width of the half body and the difference in u 90
pressure between the stagnation point O and point A, where
r = 0.3 ft, u = 90. Take r = 2.35(103) slug>ft3. O
Solution
q 100 ft 2 >s 1
r0 = = = ft
2pU 2p(300 ft>s) 6p
r0(p - u)
r =
sin u
1
(p - u)
6p
r =
sin u
1
r sin u = (p - u)
6p
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes
1
y = (p - u)
6p
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches
0 or 2p. Thus,
1 1
h = (p - u) = ft
6p 6
1
Here, 2h = 2 a ft b = 0.333 ft Ans.
6
At the stagnation point O, VO = 0. The r and u components of velocity at point A
can be determined using
q 100 ft 2 >s
vr = + U cos u = + ( 300 ft>s ) cos 90° = 53.05 ft>s
2pr 2p(0.3 ft)
vu = - U sin u = - ( 300 ft>s ) sin 90° = -300 ft>s

V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 53.05 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 300 ft>s ) 2 = 304.65 ft>s

The flow past a half body is irrotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation for an ideal
fluid is applicable from point O at A. Neglecting the elevation term,
pO VO2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
pO pA ( 304.65 ft>s ) 2
+ 0 = +
2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 2
lb 1 ft 2
∆p = pO - pA = 109.06 a b = 0.757 psi Ans. Ans:
ft 2 12 in.
0.333 ft
∆p = 0.757 psi
809
7–70. The half body is defined by a combined uniform y

flow having a velocity of U and a point source of strength q.
Determine the pressure distribution along the top boundary
of the half body as a function of u, if the pressure within the
uniform flow is p0. Neglect the effect of gravity. The density
U
of the fluid is r.
r
u
x
Solution
q
r0 =
2pU
q
(p - u)
r0(p - u) 2pU q(p - u)
r = = =
sin u sin u 2pU sin u
The r and u components of velocity at any point on the boundary can be determined
using
q q U sin u
vr = + U cos u = + U cos u = + U cos u
2pr q(p - u) p - u
2pc d
2pU sin u
vu = -U sin u
2
U sin u
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2
A a p - u + U cos u b + ( -U sin u)
U
= 2 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2
p - u
Since the potential function exists, the flow past a half body is irrotational. The
Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow. If point A is an
arbitrary point on the boundary where VA = V and pA = p, and point O is a point
remote from the body where VO = U, then
p0 VO2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
U2
3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2 4
p0 U2 p (p - u)2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
2
rU
p = p0 - 3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u 4 Ans.
2(p - u)2
Ans:
rU 2
p = p0 - 3 sin2u + (p - u) sin2u 4
2(p - u)2
810
7–71. A fluid flows over a half body for which U = 0.4 m>s y
and q = 1.0 m2 >s. Plot the half body, and determine the
magnitudes of the velocity and pressure in the fluid at the
point r = 0.8 m and u = 90o. The pressure within the uniform
flow is 300 Pa. Take r = 850 kg>m3.
U 0.4 m/s
r
u
x
q 1.0 m/s2
Solution
The location of the stagnation point p can be determined from
q 1.0 m2 >s
r0 = = = 0.3979 m = 0.398 m
2pU 2p ( 0.4 m>s )
The half width of the half body is
h = pr0 = p(0.3979 m) = 1.25 m
The resulting half body is shown in Fig. a. The velocity components of the flow passing
a half body at point B where r = 0.8 m and u = 90° are
q 1.0 m2 >s
(vr)B = + U cos u = + ( 0.4 m>s ) cos 90° = 0.1989 m>s
2pr 2p(0.8 m)
(vu)B = - U sin u = - ( 0.4 m>s ) sin 90° = -0.4 m>s

V = 2(vr)B2 + (vu)B2 = 2 ( 0.1989 m>s ) 2 + ( - 0.4 m>s ) 2 = 0.4467 m>s = 0.447 m>s Ans.
Since the flow passing a half body is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied
between two points on the different streamlines such as point A within the uniform
flow and point B. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity term can be
excluded. Here VA = U = 0.4 m>s.
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
850 kg>m3
= 300 Pa + ° ¢ 3 ( 0.4 m>s ) 2 - ( 0.4467 m>s ) 2 4
2
= 283 Pa Ans.
y (m)
1.25 m
p
x (m)
Ans:
1.25 m r0 = 0.398 m
0.398 m h = 1.25 m
V = 0.447 m>s
(a) p = 283 Pa
811
*7–72. The half body is defined by a combined uniform y

flow having a velocity of U and a point source of strength q.
Determine the location u on the boundary of the half body U
where the pressure p is equal to the pressure p0 within the
uniform flow. Neglect the effect of gravity.
r u
x
Solution
q
r0 =
2pU
q
(p - u)
r0(p - u) 2pU q(p - u)
r = = =
sin u sin u 2pU sin u
The r and u components of velocity at any point on the boundary can be determined
using
q q U sin u
vr = + U cos u = + U cos u = + U cos u
2pr q(p - u) p - u
2pc d
2pU sin u
vu = - U sin u
2
U sin u
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2
A a p - u + U cos u b + ( -U sin u)
U
= 2sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2
p - u
Since the potential function exists, the flow past a half body is irrotational. The
Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow. If point A is an
arbitrary point on the boundary where VA = V and pA = pO, and point O is a point
remote from the body where VO = U, then
pO VO2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
U2
3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2 4
pO U pA2 (p - u)2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
rU 2
pO - pA = 3 sin2 u + (p - u) sin 2u 4 = 0
2(p - u)2
rU 2
Since ≠ 0, then
2(p - u)2
sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u = 0
sin2u + 2(p - u) sin u cos u = 0
sin u[sin u + 2(p - u) cos u] = 0
Since sin u ≠ 0, then
sin u + 2(p - u) cos u = 0
tan u + 2(p - u) = 0
Solving by trial and error,
180°
u = 1.9760 rad a b = 113.22° = 113° Ans.
p rad
or
180°
u = 4.3072 rad a b = 246.8° = 247° Ans.
p rad
812
7–73. The Rankine body is defined by the source and sink,

4 m/s y
each having a strength of 0.2 m2 >s. If the velocity of the
uniform flow is 4 m>s, determine the longest and shortest
dimensions of the body.
x
0.5 m 0.5 m
Solution
The half length of the Rankine oval is
1
q 2
b = a a + a2 b
Up
1
0.2 m2 >s 2
b = ca b(0.5 m) + ( 0.5 m ) 2 d = 0.5079 m
(4 m>s)p
Thus, the length of the Rankine oval is

L = 2b = 2(0.5079 m) = 1.02 m Ans.
The half width of the Rankine oval can be determined using
h2 - a2 2pUh
h = tan a b
2a q
h2 - ( 0.5 m ) 2 2p(4 m>s)h
h = tanc d
2(0.5 m) 0.2 m2 >s
h = ( h2 - 0.25 ) tan (40ph)
Solving numerically, and noting that q>2U = 0.2>[2(4)] = 0.025, we start with
h = 0.024 and adjust this until we find that
h = 0.02423 m
Thus, the width of the Rankine oval is
W = 2h = 2(0.02423) = 0.0485 m Ans.
Ans:
L = 1.02 m
0.0485 m
813
7–74. The Rankine body is defined by the source and sink,

4 m/s y
each having a strength of 0.2 m2 >s. If the velocity of the
uniform flow is 4 m>s, determine the equation in Cartesian
coordinates that defines the boundary of the body.
x
0.5 m 0.5 m
Solution
The stream function of the flow around the Rankine oval is given by
q 2ay
c = Uy - tan-1a 2 b
2p x + y2 - a2
Since the boundary of the Rankine oval contains the stagnation point where y = 0,
then this equation gives
q 2(a)(0)
c = U(0) - tan-1a 2 b = 0
2p x + 02 - a2
Thus, the equation that describes the boundary of the Rankine oval is
q 2ay
Uy - tan-1a 2 b = 0
2p x + y2 - a2
Here, U = 4 m>s, q = 0.2 m2 >s and a = 0.5 m.
0.2 2(0.5)y
4y - tan-1 c 2 d = 0
2p x + y2 - 0.52
1 y
4y - tan-1 c 2 2
d = 0
10p x + y - 0.25
y
2 2
= tan 40py Ans.
x + y - 0.25
Ans:
y
2 2
= tan 40py
x + y - 0.25
814
7–75. A fluid has a uniform velocity of U = 10 m>s. A

source q = 15 m2 >s is at x = 2 m, and a sink q = 15 m2 >s is
at x = 2 m. Graph the Rankine body that is formed, and
determine the magnitudes of the velocity and the pressure
at point (0, 2 m). The pressure within the uniform flow is
40 kPa. Take r = 850 kg>m3.
Solution
The major and minor axes of the Rankine oval can be determined from
1
q 2
b = a a + a2 b
Up
1
15 m2 >s 2
= ec d (2 m) + (2 m)2 f
(10 m>s)p
= 2.23 m
h2 - a2 2pUh
h = tan a b
2a q
h2 - (2 m)2 2p ( 10 m>s ) h
h = tan c d
2(2 m) 15 m2 >s
h2 - 4 4p
h = tan a hb
4 3
Solving numerically, and noting that q>2U = 15> 32(10) 4 = 0.75, we start with
h = 0.74 and adjust this until we find that
h = 0.609 m
The resulting Rankine oval is shown in Fig. a
Since the flow around a Rankine oval is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be
applied between two points on different streamlines where these two points are
point A, within the uniform flow and point B (0, 2 m). Since the flow occurs in the
horizontal plane, the gravity term can be excluded.
Here, VA = U = 10 m>s and the velocity components at B are
q x + a x - a
uB = U + £ - §
2p (x + a)2 + y2 (x - a)2 + y2
15 m2 >s 0 + 2m 0 - 2m
= 10 m>s + a b£ - §
2p (0 + 2 m)2 + (2 m)2 (0 - 2 m)2 + (2 m)2
= 11.19 m>s
q y y
vB = £ 2 2
- §
2p (x + a) + y (x - a)2 + y2
15 m2 >s 2m 2m
= £ 2 2
- §
2p (0 + 2 m) + (2 m) (0 - 2 m)2 + (2 m)2
= 0
815
7–75. Continued
Thus,
VB = u B = 11.19 m>s = 11.2 m>s Ans.
Bernoulli’s equation written between points A and B is
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
850 kg>m3
= 40 ( 103 ) Pa + ° ¢ c ( 10 m>s ) 2 - ( 11.19 m>s ) 2 d
2
= 29.24 ( 103 ) Pa = 29.2 kPa Ans.
y (m)
0.609 m
x (m)
0.609 m
2.23 m 2.23 m
(a)
Ans:
h = 0.609 m
V = 11.2 m>s
p = 29.2 kPa
816
*7–76. Integrate the pressure distribution, Eq. 7–67, over

the surface of the cylinder in Fig. 7–33b, and show that the
resultant force is equal to zero.
Solution
The pressure distribution around a cylinder is given by
1 2
p = p0 + rU ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
The force that the pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (adu)L = aLdu is
1 1
dF = pdA = c p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) d (aLdu) = p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
2 2
Equating the resultant forces along the x and y axes shown in Fig. a,
2p
L0
+
S ( FR ) x = ΣFx;
( FR ) x = - dF cos u
2p
L0
1
= - c p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du d cos u
2
2p 2p
L0 L0 2
1
= - p0aL cos udu - raLU 2 ( cos u - 4 sin2 u cos u ) du
1 4 sin3 u 2p
= - p0aL(sin u) 2p
0 - raLU 2 asin u - b`
2 3 0
= 0
2p
L0
+ c ( FR ) y = ΣFy; ( FR ) y = - dF sin u
2p
L0
1
= - c p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du d sin u
2
2p 2p
L0 L0 2
1
= - p0aL sin udu - raLU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du
2p
1 4
= - p0aL ( cos u ) 2p
0 - raLU 2 c -cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d `
2 3 0
= 0
Therefore,
FR = 2 ( FR ) x2 + ( FR ) y2 = 0 (Q.E.D.)
(FR)y
ds = ad
dF
a
d
(FR)x
(a)
817
7–77. The tall rotating cylinder is subjected to a uniform

horizontal airflow of 3 ft>s. If the radius of the cylinder is
4 ft, determine the location of the stagnation points and the
lift per unit length. The circulation around the cylinder is 3 ft/s
18 ft 2 >s. Take r = 2.35 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3.
4 ft
Solution
The lift can be determined by using
Fy = rUΓ = 3 2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 3 ft>s )( 18 ft2 >s )

= 0.127 lb>ft Ans.
For this case,
Γ 18 ft 2 >s
sin u = = = 0.1194
4pUa 4p ( 3 ft>s ) (4 ft)
u = 6.86° and 173° Ans.
Since the solution has two roots, there are two stagnation points on the surface of
the cylinder.
Ans:
Fy = 0.127 lb>ft
u = 6.86° and 173°
818
7–78. The 0.5-m-diameter bridge pier is subjected to the

uniform flow of water at 4 m>s. Determine the maximum
and minimum pressures exerted on the pier at a depth of 2 m.
Solution
For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure at any point on the boundary can be
determined by using
1
p = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
At the depth of h = 2 m,
p0 = rgh = ( 1000 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m) = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa
dp
The pressure extremes occur when = 0. Thus,
du
dp 1
= 0 + rU 2(0 - 8 sin u cos u) = 0
du 2
8 sin u cos u = 0
4 sin 2u = 0
Solving,
u = 0, 90°, 180°...
The maximum pressure occurs when u = 0° or 180°. Thus,
1
pmax = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa + ( 1000 kg>m3 )( 4 m>s ) 2 3 1 - 4 sin2 0° 4
2
= 27.62 ( 103 ) Pa = 27.6 kPa Ans.
The minimum pressure occurs when u = 90°. Thus,

1
pmin = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa + ( 1000 kg>m3 ) (4 m>s)2 31 - 4 sin2 90°4
2
= - 4.38 ( 103 ) Pa = - 4.38 kPa Ans.
The negative sign indicates that suction occurs.
Ans:
pmax = 27.6 kPa
pmin = - 4.38 kPa
819
7–79. Air flows around the cylinder such that the pressure,
measured at A, is pA = - 4 kPa. Determine the velocity U
of the flow if r = 1.22 kg>m3. Can this velocity be A
determined if instead the pressure at B is measured? 45
U B
0.2 m
Solution
The pressure at a point removed from the cylinder is atmospheric. Thus, p0 = 0.
At point A, u = 45°
1
pA = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
1
-4 ( 103 ) N>m2 = 0 + ( 1.22 kg>m2 )( U 2 )( 1 - 4 sin2 45°)
2
U = 80.98 m>s = 81.0 m>s Ans.
If the pressure is measured at B, the velocity of the uniform flow can be determined
using the same equation with u = 180°.
Ans:
81.0 m>s; yes
820
*7–80. The 200-mm-diameter cylinder is subjected to a

uniform horizontal flow having a velocity of 6 m>s. At a 6 m/s
distance far away from the cylinder, the pressure is 150 kPa.
Plot the variations of the velocity and pressure along the
r
radial line r, at u = 90°, and specify their values at r = 0.1 m,
u
0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m. Take r = 1.5 Mg>m3.
0.1 m
Solution
The r and u components of velocity of the uniform flow around a cylinder can be r(m)
determined using
0.5
a2 (0.1 m)2 0.06 0.4
vr = U a1 - b cos u = ( 6 m>s ) £ 1 - § cos u = c a6 - b cos u d m>s
r2 r2 r2
0.3
2
a2 (0.1 m) 0.06 0.2
vu = - U a1 + 2
b sin u = -(6 m>s) c 1 + d sin u = c - a6 + 2 b sin u d m>s
r r2 r 0.1
When u = 90°, v(m s)
0 6.24 12
0.06 7.5
vr = 0 vu = - a6 + b m>s 6.375 6.67
r2
(a)
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity when u = 90° is
r(m)
0.06 2 0.06
V = 2vr2 + vu2 2
= 0 + c - a6 + 2 b = a6 + 2 b m>s (1)
B r r 0.5
Flow around a cylinder is irrotational since the potential function exists. Therefore, 0.4
the Bernoulli equation is applicable. Neglecting the elevation terms,
0.3
pO VO2 p V2 0.2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N 0.06 2 0.1
150 ( 103 ) a6 + b
m2 ( 6 m>s ) 2
p r2
+ = + p(kPa)
1500 kg>m3 2 1500 kg>m3 2 0 69 135
144 148
0.06 2 147
p = c 177 ( 103 ) - 750 a6 + b d Pa (2) (b)
r2
The values of V and P at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m can be evaluated
using Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively, and are tabulated below.
r(m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V ( m>s )
12 7.5 6.67 6.375 6.24 Ans.
Eq. (1)
p(kPa)
69 135 144 147 148
Eq. (2)
The plot of V vs. r and p vs. r are shown in Figs. a and b.
821
7–81. The 200-mm-diameter cylinder is subjected to a

uniform flow having a velocity of 6 m>s. At a distance far 6 m/s
away from the cylinder, the pressure is 150 kPa. Plot the
variation of the velocity and pressure along the radial line r,
r
at u = 0°, and specify their values at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m,
u
0.4 m, and 0.5 m. Take r = 1.5 Mg>m3.
0.1 m
Solution
The r and u components of velocity of the uniform flow around a cylinder can be v(m s)
determined using 5.76
5.625
a2 (0.1 m)2 0.06
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u = ( 6 m>s ) c 1 - d cos u = c a6 - 2 b cos u d m>s 5.33
r r2 r 4.50
a2 (0.1 m)2 0.06

vu = - U a1 + 2
bsin u = - ( 6 m>s ) c 1 + 2
d sin u = c - a6 + 2 b sin u d m>s
r r r
When u = 0°,
0.06
vr = a6 - b m>s vu = 0
r2 r(m)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity when u = 0° is (a)
0.06 2 0.06
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = a6 - b + 02 = a6 - 2 b m>s (1)
B r2 r
P(kPa)
The flow around a cylinder is irrotational since the potential function exists. Therefore, 162 177
the Bernoulli equation is applicable. Neglecting the elevation terms, 156
153
pO VO2 p V2 152
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N 0.06 2
150 ( 103 ) a6 - b
m2 ( 6 m>s ) 2
p r2
+ = +
1500 kg>m3 2 1500 kg>m3 2
0.06 2
p = c 177 ( 103 ) - 750 a6 - b d Pa (2) r(m)
r2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(b)
The values of V and P at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m can be evaluated
using Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively, and are tabulated below.
r(m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V(m>s) 0 4.50 5.33 5.625 5.76 Ans.
p(kPa) 177 162 156 153 152

The plot of V vs. r and p vs. r are shown in Figs. a and b.
Ans:
r (m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V (m>s) 0 4.50 5.33 5.625 5.76
p (kPa) 177 162 156 153 152
822
7–82. Air is flowing at U = 30 m>s past the Quonset hut y

of radius R = 3 m. Find the velocity and absolute pressure
distribution along the y axis for 3 m … y … ∞ . The U
absolute pressure within the uniform flow is p0 = 100 kPa.
A
Take ra = 1.23 kg>m3.
R
u
x
Solution
The velocity components of the flow around the building are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - bcos u v u = -U a1 + bsin u
r2 r2
Here U = 30 m>s and a = 3 m. Along the y axis u = 90°. Then
(3 m)2
vr = ( 30 m>s ) c 1 - d cos 90° = 0
r2
(3 m)2
vu = - ( 30 m>s ) c 1 + d sin 90°
r2
9
= -30 a1 + bm>s
r2
Thus, the velocity distribution along the y axis is
9
V = vu = 30 a1 + b m>s Ans.
r2
Since the flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two
points on different streamlines. Here they are point O within the uniform flow and
a point along the y axis,
p0 VO2 p V2
+ + gz0 = + + gz
ra 2 ra 2
Since the density of air is small, the gravitational terms can be neglected. Here,
V0 = U = 30 m>s. Then
9 2
c 30 a1 + bd
100 ( 103
) N>m2
( 30 m>s ) 2
p r2
+ + 0 = + + 0
1.23 kg>m3 2 1.23 kg>m3 2
9 2
p = c 100 553.5 - 553.5 a1 + b d Pa Ans.
r2
Notice that at r = ∞ ,
p = 100 553.5 - 553.5(1 + 0)2

= 100 ( 103 ) Pa = p0
Ans:
9
V = 30 a1 + b m>s
r2
9 2
p = c 100 553.5 - 553.5 a1 + b d Pa
r2
823
7–83. The Quonset hut of radius R is subjected to a y

uniform wind having a velocity U. Determine the resultant
vertical force caused by the pressure that acts on the hut if U
it has a length L. The density of air is r.
A
R
u
x
Solution
For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure distribution on the boundary is
described by
1
rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
p = p0 +
2
Here, p0 is atmospheric pressure. Thus, the net pressure on the boundary is gauge
pressure, which is
1
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
The force that the gauge pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (Rd u)L
= RLd u is
1 1
dF = pgdA = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) (RLdu) = rRLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
2 2
Equating the forces along the y axis shown in Fig. a,
p
L0
+ c (FR)y = ΣFy; (FR)y = - dFd sin u
L 2
1
= - rRLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) sin u du
0
L0
1
= - rRLU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du
2
1 4 p
= - rRLU 2 c - cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d
2 3 0
5
= rRLU 2 Ans.
3
(FR(y
ds = Rd¨
dF
(FR(x R R
= ¨
d¨
(a)
Ans:
5
(FR)y = rRLU 2
3
824
*7–84. The Quonset hut of radius R is subjected to a y

uniform wind having a velocity U. Determine the speed of
the wind and the gage pressure at point A. The density of U
air is r.
A
R
u
x
Solution
p
At point A, r = R and u = rad. Thus,
2
a2 R2 p
vr = U a1 - bcos u = U a1 - bcos = 0
r2 R2 2
a2 R2 p
vu = - U a1 + bsin u = - U a1 + bsin = -2U
r2 R2 2
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at point A is
VA = 2vr2 + vu2 = 202 + ( - 2U)2 = 2U Ans.
Here, VA is directed towards the positive x axis.

For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure distribution on the boundary is
described by
1
p = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
Here, p0 is atmospheric pressure. Thus, the net pressure on the boundary is gauge
pressure, which is
1
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
p
At point A, u = rad. Then,
2
1 p 3
( pg ) A = rU 2 c 1 - 4 sin2 a b d = - rU 2 Ans.
2 2 2
The negative sign indicates that suction occurs at A.
825
7–85. Water flows toward the circular column with a

uniform speed of 3 ft>s. If the outer radius of the column is A
4 ft, and the pressure within the uniform flow is 6 lb>in2, 6 ft
determine the pressure at point A. Take rw = 1.94 slug>ft 3. 3 ft/s
4 ft
Solution
The velocity components of the flow around the structure are
a2 a2
vr = Ua1 - 2
bcos u vu = - U a1 + 2 bsin u
r r
Here U = 3 ft>s, and a = 4 ft. For point A, r = 6 ft and u = 90°. Then

(4 ft)2
vr = ( 3 ft>s ) c 1 - d cos 90° = 0
(6 ft)2
(4 ft)2
vu = - ( 3 ft>s ) c 1 + d sin 90° = -4.333 ft>s
(6 ft)2
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at A is

VA = vu = 4.333 ft>s
Since the flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points
on different streamlines. Here, they are point O in the uniform flow and point A.
p0 VO2 pA VA2
+ + gz0 = + + gzA
r 2 r 2
Since the flow is in the horizontal plane, zD = zA = z. Here, V0 = U = 3 ft>s. Then
p0 V0 2 pA VA2
+ + gz = + + gz
r 2 r 2
r
pA = p0 + ( V0 2 - VA2 )
2
lb 12 in 2 1.94 slug>ft 3
= a6 2
ba b + 3 ( 3 ft>s ) 2 - ( 4.333 ft>s ) 2 4
in 1 ft 2
lb 1 ft 2
= a854.52 2
ba b
ft 12 in
= 5.93 psi Ans.
Ans:
5.93 psi
826
7–86. The tall circular building is subjected to a uniform

wind having a velocity of 150 ft>s. Determine the location u
of the window that is subjected to the smallest pressure.
What is this pressure? Take ra = 0.00237 slug>ft 3.
u
85 ft
Solution
This is a case of flow around a cylinder where the velocity components are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u vu = -U a1 + 2 b sin u
r r
On the surface of the building where r = a = 85 ft,
vr = 0 vu = - 2U sin u
Thus, the velocity of the wind on the surface of the building is
V = vu = - 2U sin u
The minimum pressure occurs at the point where the magnitude of velocity is
maximum, that is when
sin u = 1 or sin u = - 1
Then u = 90° or 270° Ans.
Therefore
Vmax = 2U = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) = 300 ft>s
points on different streamlines, such as between a point within the uniform flow
and a point on the building. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity
term can be excluded.
p0 V0 2 pmin 2
Vmax
+ = +
r 2 r 2
Here p0 = 0 and V0 = U = 150 ft>s. Then
( 150 ft>s ) 2 pmin ( 300 ft>s ) 2

0 + = 3
+
2 0.00237 slug>ft 2
lb 1 ft 2
pmin = a - 79.99 2
ba b = -0.555 psi Ans.
ft 12 in
Ans:
u = 90° or 270°
pmin = -0.555 psi
827
7–87. The tall circular building is subjected to a uniform

wind having a velocity of 150 ft>s. Determine the pressure
and the velocity of the wind on its walls at u = 0°, 90°, and
150°. Take ra = 0.00237 slug>ft 3.
u
85 ft
Solution
This is a case of flow around a cylinder where the velocity components are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - b cos u v u = - U a1 + b sin u
r2 r2
On the surface of the building where r = a = 85 ft,
vr = 0 vu = - 2U sin u
Thus, the velocity of the wind on the surface of the building is
V = vu = - 2U sin u
At u = 0°, 90° and 150°,

V u = 0° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 0° = 0 Ans.
V u = 90° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 90° = 300 ft>s Ans.
V u = 150° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 150° = 150 ft>s Ans.
points on different streamlines, such as between a point within the uniform flow
and a point on the building. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity
term can be excluded.
p0 V0 2 p V2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
p 2
p = p0 + ( V0 - V 2 )
2
Here p0 = 0 and V0 = 150 ft>s. Then
0.00237 slug>ft 3
P u=0° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - 0 4
2
lb 1ft 2
= a26.66 2
ba b = 0.185 psi Ans.
ft 12 in
0.00237 slug>ft 3
P u=90° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - ( 300 ft>s ) 2 4
2
lb 1ft 2
= a - 79.99 2
ba b = - 0.555 psi Ans. Ans:
ft 12 in
V u = 0° = 0
V u = 90° = 300 ft>s
0.00237 slug>ft 3 V u = 150° = 150 ft>s
Pu = 150° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - ( 150 ft>s ) 2 4 = 0 Ans. p u = 0° = 0.185
2
p u = 90° = - 0.555 psi
p u = 150° = 0
828
*7–88. The pipe is built from four quarter segments that

8 m/s
are glued together. If it is exposed to a uniform air flow
having a velocity of 8 m>s, determine the resultant force the B
90
pressure exerts on the quarter segment AB per unit length
of the pipe. Take r = 1.22 kg>m3. A
0.1 m
Solution
Here, the pressure at point O removed from the cylinder is atmospheric. Thus, the
net pressure on the surface of the cylinder is the gauge pressure given by
1
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
(FR)y
The force that the gauge pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (adu)(1) = adu is ds = ad¨
1 1 dF
dF = pgdA = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )( adu ) = raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
2 2 a
(FR)x
=
Equating the forces along the x and y axes shown in Fig. a,
d¨
p (a) ¨
Lp>2
+ ( FR ) x = ΣFx; ( FR ) x =
d dF cos u
Lp>2 2
1
= raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) cos udu
Lp>2 2
1
= raU 2 ( cos u - 4 sin2 u cos u ) du
1 4 p
= raU 2 asin u - sin3 u b `
2 3 p>2
1
= raU 2
6
p
Lp>2
+ c ( FR ) y = ΣFy; ( FR ) y = - dF sinu
Lp>2
1
= - raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) sinudu
2
p
Lp>2 2
1
= - raU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du
1 4 p
= - raU 2 c - cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d `
2 3 p>2
5
= raU 2
6
Here, U = 8 m>s, r = 1.22 kg>m3, and a = 0.1 m,

1
( FR ) x = ( 1.22 kg>m3 )( 0.1 m )( 8 m>s ) 2 = 1.3013 N>m
6
5
( FR ) y = ( 1.22 kg>m3 )( 0.1m )( 8 m>s ) 2 = 6.507 N>m
6
Thus, per unit length the magnitude of the resultant force on the quarter-segments is
FR = 2 ( FR ) x2 + ( FR ) y2 = 2 ( 1.3013 N ) 2 + ( 6.507 N ) 2
= 6.64 N>m outward (suction) Ans.
829
7–89. The 1-ft-diameter cylinder is rotating at v = 5 rad>s

4 ft/s A
while it is subjected to a uniform flow having a velocity of
4 ft>s. Determine the lift force on the cylinder per unit 1 ft B
length. Take r = 2.38 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3.
v u 90
0.5 ft
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex, at r = 0.5 ft,
vu = vr = ( 5 rad>s )( 0.5 ft ) = 2.5 ft>s
vr = 0
Thus, the circulation around the cylinder can be determined using

2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = vur du = ( 2.5 ft>s )( 0.5 ft ) du = 1.25u 2p 2
0 = 2.5p ft >s
The uplift force on the cylinder can be determined using
Fy = rUΓ = 3 2.38 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 4 ft>s )( 2.5p ft2 >s )

= 0.0748 lb>ft Ans.
Ans:
0.0748 lb>ft
830
7–90. The 1-ft-diameter cylinder is rotating at v = 8 rad>s

4 ft/s A
while it is subjected to a flow having a uniform horizontal
velocity of 4 ft>s. If the pressure within the uniform flow is 1 ft B
80 lb>ft 2, determine the pressure on the surface B of the
cylinder at u = 90°, and at A, where r = 1 ft, u = 90°. Also v u 90
find the resultant force acting per unit length of the cylinder.
0.5 ft
Take r = 1.94 slug>ft 3.
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex, at r = 0.5 ft, vu = vr = ( 8 rad>s ) (0.5 ft) = 4 ft>s.
Thus, the circulation is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = v0 ( rdu ) = 4 ( 0.5 du ) = 2 ( 2p ) = 4p ft 2 >s.
The velocity components of the flow around the cylinder are

a2 a2 Γ
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u v u = - U a1 + 2
b sin u +
r r 2pr
Here, U = 4 ft>s, a = 0.5 ft and u = 90°. For point A, rA = 1 ft. Then
( 0.5 ft ) 2
( vr ) A = ( 4 ft>s ) £ 1 - § cos 90° = 0
( 1 ft ) 2
( 0.5 ft ) 2 4p ft 2 >s
( vu ) A = - ( 4 ft>s ) £ 1 + § sin 90° + = -3 ft>s
( 1 ft ) 2 2p ( 1 ft )
Thus, VA = ( vu ) A = 3 ft>s.
For point B, on the surface, (vr)B = 0
( 0.5 ft ) 2 4p ft 2 >s
( vu ) B = - ( 4ft>s ) £ 1 + § sin 90° + = -4ft>s
( 0.5 ft ) 2 2p (0.5 ft)
Thus, VB = ( vu ) B = 4 ft>s.
points located on the different streamlines. Here these two points are one within the
uniform flow and the other one is point A (or B)
p0 v02 p v2
+ + gz0 = + + gz
r 2 r 2
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, z0 = z
Here, V0 = U, Thus
r
p = p0 + (U 2 - V2)
2
Here, U = 4 ft>s; p0 = 80 lb>ft 2. At point A,
1.94 slug>ft 3
pA = 80 lb>ft 2 + 3 ( 4 ft>s ) 2 - ( 3 ft>s ) 2 4
2
= 86.8 lb>ft 2 Ans.
At point B,
1.94 slug>ft 3
pB = 80 lb>ft 2 + 3 ( 4ft>s ) 2 - ( 4ft>s ) 2 4
2
= 80 lb>ft 2 Ans.
The resultant force acting on the cylinder is
Fy = - rUΓ = - ( 1.94 slug>ft 3 )( 4 ft>s )( 4p ft 2 >s ) Ans:
= -97.5 lb>ft pA = 86.8 lb>ft 2
pB = 80 lb>ft 2
= 97.5 lb>ft T Fy = 97.5 lb>ft
831
7–91. The cylinder rotates counterclockwise at 40 rad>s. If

the uniform velocity of the air is 10 m>s, and the pressure
within the uniform flow is 300 Pa, determine the maximum
and minimum pressure on the surface of the cylinder. Also, 0.6 m
what is the lift force on the cylinder? Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3. 10 m/s
40 rad/s
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.6 m, vu = vr = ( 40 rad>s ) (0.6 m)
= 24 m>s. Thus, the circulation is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = vu(rdu) = 24(0.6du) = 28.8p m2 >s
Since Γ 7 4pUa = 4p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m) = 24p m2 >s, the stagnation point will not
be on the surface of the wheel. The pressure at a point on the surface is
2
1 2 Γ
p = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 sin u + b d
2 2pUa
Γ
Since Γ 7 4pUa, the term - 2 sin u + is the smallest when u = 90°, which
2p va
yields the maximum pressure. Thus,
2
1 2 Γ
p max = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 + b d
2 2pUa
1 28.8p m2 >s 2
= 300 Pa + ( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 e 1 - c -2 + d f
2 2p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m)
= 350 Pa Ans.
Also, we notice that the minimum pressure occurs at a point where u = 90°. Then
2
1 2 Γ
p min = p0 + rU c 1 - a2 + b d
2 2pUa
1 28.8p m2 >s 2
= 300 Pa + ( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 e 1 - c 2 + d f
2 2p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m)
= -802 Pa Ans.
Ans:
pmax = 350 Pa
pmin = - 802 Pa
832
*7–92. A torque T is applied to the cylinder, causing it to

rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular velocity of 120 rev/min
120 rev>min. If the wind is blowing at a constant speed of
15 m>s, determine the location of the stagnation points on 200 mm
the surface of the cylinder, and find the maximum pressure.
The pressure within the uniform flow is 400 Pa. Take 15 m/s
ra = 1.20 kg>m3. T
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.2 m, vu = vr
rev 2p rad 1 m
= c a120 ba ba b d (0.2 m) = 0.8p m>s . Thus, the circulation of this
min 1 rev 60 s
free vortex is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = vu(rdu) = (0.8 p)(0.2 du) = 0.32p2 m2 >s
Since Γ 6 4pUa = 4p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m) = 12p m2 >s, there exist two stagnation
points on the surface. The location of these two points can be found using
Γ 0.32p2 m2 >s
sin u = = = 0.08378
4pUa 4p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m)
u = 4.806° = 4.81° or u = 175.19° = 176° Ans.
The maximum pressure occurs at the stagnation point where V = 0. Since the flow
is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points on different
streamlines, such as one within the uniform flow and the other one at the stagnation
point. Here, the gravity term can be neglected since the flow involves air which has
a low density.
p0 V0 2 p V2
+ = +
ra 2 ra 2
Here V0 = U = 15 m>s, p0 = 400 Pa, p = p max and V = 0. Then
400 N>m2 ( 15 m>s ) 2 p max

3
+ = + 0
1.20 kg>m 2 1.20 kg>m3
p max = 535 Pa Ans.
833
7–93. A torque T is applied to the cylinder, causing it to

rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular velocity of
120 rev>min. If the wind is blowing at a constant speed of 120 rev/min
15 m>s, determine the lift per unit length on the cylinder 200 mm
and the minimum pressure on the cylinder. The pressure
within the uniform flow is 400 Pa. Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3.
15 m/s
T
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.2 m, vu = vr
rev 2p rad 1 min
= c a120 ba ba b d (0.2 m) = 0.8p m>s . Thus, the circulation of
min 1 rev 60 s
this free vortex is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = vu(r du) = (0.8p)(0.2 du) = 0.32p2 m2 >s
The “lift” exerted on the cylinder can be determined from

F = rUΓ = ( 1.20 kg>m3 ) (15 m>s) ( 0.32p2 m2 >s )
= 56.8 kN>m Ans.
The pressure at a point on the surface is
2
1 2 Γ
p = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 sin u + b d
2 2pUa
We notice from this equation that p will be minimum at a point where u = -90°.
Then
2
1 Γ
p = p0 + ra U 2 c 1 - a - 2 sin ( -90°) + b d
2 2pUa
2
1 Γ
= p0 + raU 2 c 1 - a2 + b d
2 2pUa
1 0.32p2 m2 >s 2
( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 15 m>s ) e 1 - c 2 +
2
= 400 Pa + d f
2 2p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m)
= - 99.3 Pa Ans.
Ans:
F = 56.8 kN>m
p = - 99.3 Pa
834
7–94. Liquid is confined between a top plate having an area y

U
A and a fixed surface. A force F is applied to the plate and
gives the plate a velocity U. If this causes laminar flow, and F
the pressure does not vary, show that the Navier–Stokes and
h u
continuity equations indicate that the velocity distribution for
this flow is defined by u = U(y>h), and that the shear stress x
within the liquid is txy = F>A.
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is only along the x axis then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation reduces to
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
0x
0u
= 0
0x
u = u(y)
Using this result, when the pressure p remains constant along x axis, then Navier-Stokes
equation along x axis gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
02u
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 - 0 + ma0 + + 0b
0y2
02u
m = 0
0y2
02u d 2u
Since u is a function of y only, = . Integrating this equation with respect to
0y2 dy2
y twice.
du
= C1 (1)
dy
And,
u = C1y + C2 (2)
Applying the boundary condition, u = 0 at y = 0
0 = C1(0) + C2 C2 = 0
and u = U at y = h,
U
U = C1(h) C1 =
h
Substituting these results into Eq. 1
U
u = a by (Q.E.D)
h
835
7–94. Continued
Applying
0u 0v
txy = ma + b
0y 0x
0v 0u U
Here, = 0 and from Eq. 1 = . Then
0x 0y h
U U
txy = ma + 0b = ma b
h h
This shows that txy is a constant between the liquid layers. Therefore, its value is
equal to that at the bottom surface of the top plate which is
F
txy = (Q.E.D)
A
Although not necessary, the Navier-Stokes equation along the y axis gives
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v
ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r ( 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ) = r( - g) - + m(0 + 0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0r
= - rg
0y
Integrating this equation with respect to y by realizing the pressure variation is
along y axis only,
p = - rgy + C3
Applying the boundary condition p = 0 at y = h,

0 = - rgh + C3 C3 = rgh
Then
p = rg(h - y)
836
7–95. The channel for a liquid is formed by two fixed y

plates. If laminar flow occurs between the plates, show that
the Navier–Strokes and continuity equations reduce to
02u>0y2 = (1>m) 0p>0x and 0p>0y = 0. Integrate these d/2
x
equations to show that the velocity profile for the flow is
d/2
u = (1>(2m)) (dp>dx) 3 y2 - (d>2)2 4 . Neglect the effect of
gravity.
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the x axis only, then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation becomes
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
0x
0u
= 0
0x
u = u(y)
Using this result, the Navier-Stokes equation along the x and y axes gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
0p 02u
r( 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ) = 0 - + m( 0 + 2 + 0 )
0x 0y
02u 1 0p
= (Q.E.D) (1)
0y2 m 0x
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = 0 - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0p
= 0 (Q.E.D) (2)
0y
Integrating Eq. 2 with respect to y,
p = p(x)
02u d 2u
Since u is a function of y only and p is a function of x only, then 2 = and
0r dr 0y dy2
= . Eq. 1 becomes
0x dx
d 2u 1 dp
2
=
dy m dx
837
*7–95. Continued
Integrating this equation twice with respect to y,
du 1 dr
= a by + C1 (3)
dy m dx
1 dr 2
u = a by + C1y + C2 (4)
2m dx
du
Since u is maximum at y = 0. Then = 0 at y = 0. Using Eq. 3
dy
1 dr
0 = a b(0) + C1 C1 = 0
m dx
d
Also, u = 0 at y = . Using Eq. 4 with C1 = 0,
2
1 dr d 2 1 dr d 2
0 = a ba b + 0 + C2 C2 = - a ba b
2m dx 2 2m dx 2
Substituting these results into Eq. 4,
1 dr 2 1 dr d 2
u = a by - a ba b
2m dx 2m dx 2
1 dr d 2
= a b c y2 - a b d (Q.E.D)
2m dx 2
838
*7–96. Fluid having a density r and viscosity m fills the

space between the two cylinders. If the outer cylinder is
fixed, and the inner one is rotating at v, apply the v
Navier–Stokes equations to determine the velocity profile ri
assuming laminar flow.
ro r
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the transverse direction (u axis) only, then
vr = vz = 0. Also, the liquid is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation
reduces to
0r 1 0 ( rrvr ) 1 0 ( rvu ) 0 ( rvz )

+ + + = 0
0t r 0r r 0u 0z
r 0vu
0 + 0 + + 0 = 0
r 0u
0vu
= 0
0u
Integrating this equation with respect to u,
vu = vu(r)
Using this result, the Navier-Stokes equations along the u axis gives
0vu 0vu vu 0vu vrvu 0vu
ra + vr + + + vz b
0t 0r r 0u r 0z
1 0p 1 0 0vu vu 1 02vu 2 0vr 02vu

= - + rgu + mc ar b - 2 + 2 2 + 2 + d
r 0u r 0r 0r r r 0u r 0u 0z2
1 0 0vu vu
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = - 0 + 0 + mc ar b - 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 d
r 0r 0r r
1 0 0vu vu
ar b - 2 = 0
r 0r 0r r
However, it can be shown that
0 1 0 1 0 0vu vu
c ( rv ) d = ar b - 2
0r r 0r u r 0r 0r r
Thus,
0 1 0
c ( rv ) d = 0
0r r 0r u
839
7–96. Continued
Since vu = vu(r), then the above equation can be written in the form of
d 1 d
c (rv ) d = 0
dr r dr u
Integrating this equation with respect to r,
1 d
( rv ) = C1
r dr u
d
( rv ) = C1r
dr u
Integrating again,
r2
rvu = C1a b + C2
2
C1 C2
vu = r + (1)
2 r
At r = ru, vu = 0. Then Eq. 1 gives

C1 C
0 = (r ) + 2 (2)
2 0 r0
At r = ri, vu = vri. Then Eq. 1 gives
C1 C2
vri = r + (3)
2 i ri
Solving Eq. 2 and 3,
2vr i2 vr i2r 02
C1 = - C2 =
r 02 - ri 2
r 02 - r i2
Substituting these results into Eq. 1,
vr i2 vr i2r 02 1
vu = - a br + a ba b
r 02 - ri 2
r 02 - r i2 r
vr i2 r 02 - r 2
vu = a b Ans.
r 02 - r i 2 r
840
7–97. A horizontal velocity field is defined by

u = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 ft>s and v = (- 4xy) ft>s. Show that these
expressions satisfy the continuity equation. Using the
Navier–Stokes equations, show that the pressure distribution
is defined by p = C -rV 2 >2 - rgz.
Solution
For the continuity equation,
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + +
0t 0x 0y 0z
= 0 + 4rx + ( -4rx) + 0
= 0 (satisfied)
The Navier-Stokes equations along the x, y and z axes are
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
0p
r 3 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 )( 4x ) + ( - 4xy )( - 4y ) + 0 4 = 0 - + m(4 - 4 + 0)
0x
0p
= - 8r ( x3 + xy2 ) (1)
0x
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r 3 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 ) ( -4y) + ( - 4xy)( -4x) + 0 4 = 0 - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0r
= - 8r ( y3 + x2y ) (2)
0y
0w 0w 0w 0w 0p 02w 02w 02w

ra + u + v + w b = rgz - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0z 0x 0y 0z
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = r( - g) - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0z
0p
= - rg (3)
0z
Integrating Eqs. 1 with respect to x,
x4 x2y2
p = - 8r° + ¢ + f(y) + g(z) (4)
4 2
Differentiate Eq. 4 with respect to y and equate to Eq. 2

0p
= - 8r ( x2y ) + f 1(y) = - 8r ( y3 + x2y )
0y
f 1(y) = - 8ry3
841
7–97. Continued
Integrate this equation with respect to y,
f(y) = - 2ry4 + C1 (5)
Differentiate Eq. 4 with respect to z and equal to Eq. 3

0p
= g1(z) = - rg
0z
Integrate this equation with respect to z,
g(z) = - rgz + C2 (6)
Substitute Eq. 5 and 6 into 4,
x4 x2y2
p = - 8ra + b - 2ry4 - rgz + C
4 2
p = - 2r ( x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 ) - rgz + C
1 1 1
Since V 2 = ( u2 + v2 ) = 3 ( 2x2 - 2y2 ) 2 + ( - 4xy)2 4 = 2 ( x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 ) ,
2 2 2
then the above equation becomes
1 2
p = C - rV - rgz (Q.E.D)
2
842
7–98. The sloped open channel has steady laminar flow at y

a depth h. Show that the Navier–Stokes equations reduce to
02u>0y2 = -(r g sin u)>m and 0p>0y = - r g cos u. Integrate h
these equations to show that the velocity profile is
u = [(r g sin u)>2m] 1 2hy - y2 2 and the shear-stress
distribution is txy = r g sin u (h - y).
u
x
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the x axis only, then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation reduces to
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
0x
0u
= 0
0x
u = u(y)
The Navier-Stokes equations along the x and y axes give

0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
02u
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = rg sin u - 0 + m a0 + + 0b
0y2
02u rg sin u
= - (Q.E.D) (1)
0y2 m
0v 0v 0v 0v 0r 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = r( -g cos u) - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0p
= - rg cos u (Q.E.D) (2)
0y
02u 02u
Since u = u(y), then 2
= 2 . Thus Eq. (1) becomes
0y 0y
d 2u rg sin u
= -
dy2 m
Integrating this equation with respect to y twice yields

du rg sin u
= - y + C1 (3)
dy m
rg sin u 2
u = - y + C1y + C2 (4)
2m
843
7–98. Continued
At y = 0, u = 0. Then, Eq. 4 gives
0 = - 0 + 0 + C2 C2 = 0
du
At y = h, txy = m a b = 0. Then Eq. 3 gives
dy
rg sin u rgh sin u
0 = - (h) + C1 C1 =
m m
Substituting these results into Eq 3 and 4
du rg sin u rgh sin u

= - y +
dy m m
du rg sin u
= (h - y)
dy m
rg sin u 2 rgh sin u
u = - y + y
2m m
rg sin u
u = ( 2hy - y2 ) (Q.E.D)
2m
The shear stress distribution is
du
txy = m = rg sin u(h - y) (Q.E.D)
dy
844
7–99. The laminar flow of a fluid has velocity y

components u = 6x and v = -6y, where y is vertical.
Use the Navier–Stokes equations to determine the pressure
in the fluid, p = p(x, y), if at point (0, 0), p = 0. The density
of the fluid is r.
A B
x
2m 0.5 m
Solution
Since the flow is steady and the fluid is incompressible, the continuity equation is
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0 + 6r + ( -6r) + 0 = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
is indeed satisfied. Writing the Navier-Stokes equation along the x and y axes gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0r 02u 02u 02u

ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
0r
r30 + 6x(6) + 0 + 04 = 0 - + 0
0x
0r
= - 36rx (1)
0x
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r30 + 0 + ( -6y)( - 6) + 04 = r( - g) -
0y
0p
= - rg - 36ry (2)
0y
Integrating Eq. 1 with respect to x
r = -18rx2 + f(y) (3)
Takes the partial derivative of Eq. 2 with respect to y and equate it to Eq. 2
0p
= f 1(y) = - rg - 36ry
0y
Integrate this equation with respect to y,
f(y) = - rgy - 18ry2 + C
Substitute this result into Eq. 3
p = - 18rx2 - pgy - 18ry2 + C
p = - r ( 18x2 + 18y2 + gy ) + C (4)
At point (0, 0), p = 0. Then Eq. 4 gives
0 = r(0 + 0 + 0) + C C = 0
Thus, the pressure distribution is
p(x, y) = - r ( 18x2 + 18y2 + gy ) Ans.
Ans:
p = -r (18x2 + 18y2 + gy )
845
*7–100. The steady laminar flow of an ideal fluid y

towards the fixed surface has a velocity of
u = 3 10 1 1 + 1> 1 8x3 2 4 m>s along the horizontal
streamline AB. Use the Navier–Stokes equations and
determine the variation of the pressure along this streamline,
and plot it for - 2.5 m … x … -0.5 m. The pressure at A is A B
x
5 kPa, and the density of the fluid is r = 1000 kg>m3.
2m 0.5 m
Solution
Since streamline AB is along the x axis, the velocity of the flow along this streamline
will not have components along the y and z axes; i.e., v = w = 0. Also, the fluid is
ideal and the flow is steady. Writing the Navier-Stoke equation along x axis gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
1 30 0p 02u
rc 0 + 10a1 + 3
ba - 4 b d = 0 - + 0 a 2 + 0 + 0b
8x 8x 0x 0x
0p 75r 1 75r 75r
= a1 + b = +
0x 2x 4
8x 3
2x 4
16x7
25r 25r
p(x) = - 3
- + C
2x 32x6
25r
p(x) = - ( 16x3 + 1 ) + C
32x6
Let x = - 2.5 m, p = 5 kPa and r = 1000 kg>m3. Then,
25
5 = - 3 16 ( - 2.5 ) 3 + 14 + C
32 ( - 2.5 ) 6
C = 4.2032r p (kPa)
Thus, since r = 1000 kg>m3,
25
p(x) = c - ( 16x3 + 1 ) + 4.2032 d kPa Ans. 60
32x6
The plot of this pressure distribution is shown in Fig. a 50
x (m) - 2.5 - 2.0 - 1.5 - 1.0 - 0.5

40
p (kPa) 5.0 5.75 7.84 15.92 54.20
30
20
10
x (m)
–2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5
(a)
846
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Guy Hollys' spirit was moved within him, for he was reminded of that day of sorrow many
years ago, when he had seen his young love laid to rest in the bosom of the earth. Not
many yards from where they stood, rose the marble cross which marked the place where
she slept. He led the children to the spot ere they left the churchyard.
Beryl knew it well, for Lucy had thought it right, when she was but a tiny child, to bring
her frequently to see her mother's grave. She could have repeated without looking the
words inscribed on the marble cross:—
Sacred to the Memory of

MARGARETTA HOLLYS,
the beloved wife of Guy Hollys, Esq.,
of Egloshayle House,
who died June 14, 18—, in the 20th year of her age.
"I believe in the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting."
Often as Beryl had read these last words, she had never before desired to know their
meaning; but now, as she glanced at them, there came an eager, almost painful longing to
understand what they signified.
"Papa," she startled him by asking, "what is the resurrection; what does it mean?"
The question seemed to embarrass him. His eyes fell beneath his child's open glance; he
coloured, and his foot uneasily tapped the gravel.
"I can hardly explain it to you, child," he said. "When you are older you will understand."
"But I want to know now," said Beryl.
Her father made no reply, but turned to lead the way home. Yet he inwardly reproached
himself for having thus evaded his child's question. Could it be that Beryl knew nothing of
the truths of religion? Surely his sister might have seen that the child learned her
Catechism, and had some religious instruction.
Had her mother lived, he was certain that long ere this, Beryl would have known
something of the mysteries of life and death, as far as it was possible that they could be
explained to a child. He could fancy in what simple, tender language Margaretta would
have talked to the child, of the Lord in whom she so surely believed.
Ah! It was a great loss for poor little Beryl, the loss of a mother's love and training.
He felt himself quite unable to answer her question in a way that would be comprehensible
to her. The doctrines of Christianity, if grasped by his intellect, were not loved by his heart.
He scarcely knew how the words which had suggested her question came to be upon the
tombstone. Perhaps the rector had thought it proper that they should be added as a fitting
expression of the faith of the deceased.
"The resurrection of the body and the life everlasting." Were they verities to him? He
supposed so; he repeated the words as part of his creed whenever he went to church,
which was not every Sunday, however. But he could give no precise form to his belief.
Beryl's question had made him uncomfortably aware that he too was ignorant, and needed
teaching.
Well, he must see to it that the child had a teacher; he would enquire about a governess
when he next went to town. He blamed himself now that he had not done so before, for
was he not wronging the memory of his gentle wife, if he allowed her child to grow up
ignorant and irreligious? Had not some one said that women without religious faith were
angels who had lost their wings?
It was a true saying. Not for the world would he have his little Beryl grow up a soulless,
selfish woman, like many whom he knew. He would like her to be such a gentle, loving,
trustful woman as his dear young wife had been.
Ah, had she been spared to him, he might have been a different sort of man this day.
Beryl made no further attempt to get her question answered. She took little Coral's hand
with a protecting tenderness that was almost motherly, as they turned away from the
grave, and sadly and quietly walked home together. When they reached the house, the
children lingered for a while in the garden, for this was the first spring day, with a glorious
warmth in the sunshine and a balmy softness in the air. Primroses and crocuses decked the
garden borders; violets nestling in the shade gave their exquisite perfume to the breeze; a
few of the hardier ferns were unfurling their delicate fronds, and the fruit-trees against the
walls were bursting into blossom. The garden looked a symbol of the joyful resurrection
about which Beryl was wondering.
"Shall we go to the end of the garden," said Beryl, "and gather some violets for your
mother?"
Coral assented readily, and they were soon busy plucking the fragrant flowers.
When they had gathered all they could find, they went into the garden-house, and Beryl
showed Coral the exact spot where she had stood to watch the vessel drifting on to
Sheldon Point. So much had happened since that night that it seemed to Beryl a long way
off now, and she felt herself a much older and wiser being than the Beryl who had awaited
her father's return home with such impatient eagerness.
Presently Lucy joined them in the garden.
"Your mother is better, and would like to see you, little missy," said she to Coral; "and you
too, Miss Beryl, she would like to see," she added, looking at Beryl.
Beryl was pleased to hear this, for she had a great wish to see little Coral's mother.
They hastened back to the house, and the children would have gone at once to the sick-
room, had Lucy not checked them, and insisted on the necessity of their removing their
outdoor clothes and changing their shoes before they saw the invalid.
As they went downstairs together, hand in hand, Beryl was conscious of a strange tremor.
She had never before seen any one who was very, very ill, and she was half afraid lest
there should be anything dreadful in the sight. She stood still for a few moments at the
door of the room, and almost wished that she could go back.
But Coral opened the door, and led her in, and as they drew near the bed, Beryl's fear
vanished, for the white, worn face she saw upon the pillow had once been beautiful, and
was still pleasant to see, and the large, dark eyes, so like Coral's save for the deep sorrow
they mirrored forth, looked upon her with a tender motherly glance.
"You are my little Coral's friend," she murmured. "I have heard how good you are to her. I
thank you, my dear child, a thousand times."
Beryl could not speak; for once her usual self-possession failed her. Tears came into her
eyes at the sight of that pale, sad face; she looked down, and said nothing.
"Mamma," cried Coral, pressing forward with her flowers, "look what lovely violets we have
picked for you! Just smell how sweet they are! They all grew in the garden, every one of
them."
"My little Coral, my poor, poor Coral!" said her mother, clasping her close, and looking on
her with the glance of hungering love. "You have no father to care for you now, and I too
must soon leave you. Oh, how can I? But I must, I must."
"Oh, mamma! What do you mean! You must not go away and leave me. I cannot let you
go!" cried Coral, in great distress. "Oh, mamma! You will not go; say you will not leave
me."
"Alas, my child! I cannot help it," said her mother, in agitated tones. "The doctor has told
me he cannot save me. I am dying, I feel it. And oh, I do not want to die yet! Sad and
lonely as my life is, I would like to live a little longer for your sake, my sweet child.
Besides, death is so dark and terrible, I am afraid of it."
Here Lucy interposed, and drew the children away. "You must not distress yourself so,
madam. You must not, indeed; you will make yourself worse," she said.
As Beryl kissed Coral, and tried to soothe her grief, she felt as if she too must mourn a
mother; for with the sight of that pale, loving face, there had dawned on her mind a
sudden revelation of all that she had lost in losing her mother.
Presently Mrs. Despard asked to speak with Beryl again, and Beryl went back to the
bedside.
"What is your name, dear?" asked the invalid, looking with admiration at the tall, strong
girl.
"Beryl," she answered.
"Beryl," repeated Mrs. Despard, "a pretty name. Coral and Beryl, how well they go
together! How old are you, Beryl?"
"Ten," answered Beryl; "but I shall be eleven in June."
"Not eleven yet, and so tall and strong," said Mrs. Despard, in surprise. "Why, you are
scarcely two years older than my Coralie. And you too have lost your mother, they tell me,
my dear?"
"Yes," said Beryl, sadly; "she died when I was a baby; I never saw her."
"It was a great loss for you!" said Mrs. Despard, with a sigh, as her thoughts reverted to
her own child. "And my poor little Coral too! She must soon lose her mother. Ah, who will
care for her when I am gone?"
"I will take care of her," said Beryl boldly, for she seldom doubted her power to perform
anything that she willed. "I mean to ask papa to let her live with us, and be my little sister.
She is a dear little thing; I will always be good to her."
The pale, wasted face of the invalid flushed as she heard these words, which brought her a
sudden gleam of hope.
"Would you indeed wish that?" she asked eagerly. "But no, it could not be; your father
could not think of it."
"He would if I asked him," persisted Beryl, heedless of the fact that Lucy was frowning and
putting her finger to her lips, as a sign that she considered Miss Beryl to be talking too
fast. "At least, I am almost sure that he would; he generally does whatever I ask him."
Mrs. Despard said no more; but she seemed to be thinking of Beryl's words, for the flush
lingered on her cheeks, and her eyes had a more hopeful look as she watched the two
children.
When Lucy at last sent them from the room, Beryl left Coral to her own devices for a time,
and went in search of her father.
Greatly to her satisfaction, she found him sitting alone in the library.
"Well, Beryl, what do you want?" he said as she entered. "Where is your little playfellow?
Have you grown tired of her already?"
"Oh no, papa; she is the dearest little thing; but I am so glad to find you here alone, for I
want to have a very particular talk with you."
"What is it now, I wonder?" said her father, as he lifted her on to his knee, and began to
play with her hair.
"Papa, I have just been seeing Coral's mamma," said Beryl.
"Ah, have you?" said her father. "And how does she seem now, poor woman?"
"She looks very ill, so white and thin," said Beryl; "but I like her so much, and she spoke
to me very kindly. Do you think she is so very ill? She spoke as if she were going to die.
Do you think that can be true, papa?"
"I am afraid so," he answered. "The doctor thinks she had disease of the lungs before, and
her being so long in the water, and the fright and all her trouble, have made it develop
rapidly."
"But will it really come to that? Oh, I hope not," said Beryl, large tears gathering in her
eyes; "but if it should, papa, how sad it would be for little Coral! Her mamma cried when
she spoke of it, and so did Coral. It was so sad."
"Yes, it is very sad, my darling, very sad," said Mr. Hollys, in a low voice.
"Papa, if it should be, what would become of poor little Coral, without father or mother to
take care of her?" asked Beryl, looking straight into her father's eyes.
"I scarcely know, my dear," he answered. "I suppose we should have to send her to some
orphan asylum."
"But would she be happy there, papa?" asked Beryl.
"I suppose so," he said. "I believe the children are well cared for in those places."
"I don't believe they are happy! I should think they must feel as if they were at school,"
said Beryl, to whom school-life seemed an experience to be dreaded. "Oh, papa, cannot
you guess what I want you to do? I want you to promise that Coral shall never go away,
unless her mother should get better, and wish to take her away. I want you to say that she
may live with us always, and be my little sister."
"Well, upon my word, a slight request, truly," said Mr. Hollys. "Do you think I am such a
rich man, Beryl, that I can afford to adopt daughters upon a moment's notice?"
"You are rich, are you not, papa? And it would not cost much, I should think," said Beryl.
"Oh, papa, do not say no! I never wished for anything so much as I do for this."
"That was what you said, Beryl, when you asked me to give you a pony. You always know
how to get round me. But this is a serious matter, and I must take time to think it over. I
will do the best I can for poor little Coral, but I cannot at once promise to adopt the child."
And Beryl could get no more from her father that night. She was not without good hope of
getting her wish, however, for when her father promised to "think over" any request of
hers, he usually ended by complying with it.
CHAPTER V
BERYL HAS PERPLEXING THOUGHTS
THE next day was Sunday, and at breakfast Mr. Hollys told Beryl that he was going to
church, and would take her with him if she could be ready in time.
"May Coral go too, papa?" asked Beryl eagerly.
"Yes, I suppose so, if the child likes to go," he said, shrugging his shoulders at the idea of
his taking charge of two children; "but perhaps she would rather stay with her mother?"
And upon Lucy's being consulted, it was thought better that Coral should stay at home, so
that Mrs. Despard might have her child's company, if she wished for it.
Miss Hollys had decided that she was "not equal" to church that morning, so Beryl set out
alone with her father.
They walked through the village and up the steep road to the church. The day was bright,
and though a boisterous breeze blew from the sea, neither Beryl nor Mr. Hollys thought it
too rough. Despite the fineness of the weather, there was but a small congregation
gathered in the church, for the clergyman very old man and a dull preacher, so that most
of the fisher-folk preferred to worship in the Methodist chapel at the foot of the hill.
Beryl seldom paid much attention to the service when she was at church. She liked the
singing well enough, though it was often trying to cultivated ears, but the rest of the
service was wearisome to her. She had devised a number of little diversions for her
entertainment whilst the lessons were being read, or the sermon, which Mr. Trevor did not
attempt to deliver with expression, but read in a hurried, indistinct monotone, with the
manuscript held close to his failing eyes. Sometimes Beryl would occupy herself in
counting the tiny diamond panes in the large window opposite to her father's pew, or she
would endeavour to count the congregation, with a view to ascertaining whether there
were more men than women, or more women than men in the church. This question
decided, she would perhaps have recourse to studying the mural tablets about her, and
trying to gather from the descriptions they gave some idea of what the deceased were like
when they walked this earth. Or she would take some long word, such as remembrance or
commandment and try how many little words she could make out of the letters.
But to-day, as she sat by her father's side in the large square pew, Beryl used none of
these devices for passing away the time. Her mind was full of thoughts of Coral and her
mother, and of the sad burial in the churchyard which she had seen yesterday. Somehow
these thoughts led her to pay more attention to the service than she generally did. She
bent her head over her Prayer-book, and tried to follow the clergyman and to join with the
congregation in the responses. When the Apostles' Creed was repeated, Beryl became
aware of what she had not before observed,—the fact that the words with which the
confession of faith ended were the same as those inscribed on her mother's tombstone.
She looked up eagerly at her father as she made this discovery, and he caught the
meaning of her glance, for his thoughts too had flown to that marble cross as he repeated
the familiar words.
This incident sent Beryl wondering again about the resurrection. How she longed to know
what it meant! Was it anything very hard and difficult, she wondered?
When the text of the sermon was announced, Mr. Hollys found the place, and handed Beryl
his Bible, that she might read the words. Now Beryl often refused to read the text when
Lucy wished her to do so, but she could not behave in that way to her father; so she took
the book and slowly read the words, without in the least grasping their meaning, however.
She kept the Bible on her lap, and began carelessly turning over the leaves. Suddenly her
eye lighted on the word the meaning of which so perplexed her. What was said about it
here? The leaves had opened at the eleventh chapter of St. John's Gospel, and the words
which met her eager glance were the ever-memorable ones,—
"Jesus said unto her, 'I am the resurrection and the life.'"
Beryl was so surprised to meet with the word thus; so full of the sense that she had made
a great discovery, though a mysterious one to her, that she felt obliged to draw her
father's attention to the verse. Moving nearer to him, she touched his sleeve to attract his
attention, and then pointed to the place in the Bible. Mr. Hollys bent towards the child, and
read the words which had so surprised her. His face changed for a moment, then he
nodded and smiled, as if to intimate that he understood what, in fact, he was very far from
understanding, and turning away, looked steadfastly at the preacher, as though he were
much interested in his discourse. But, in truth, he heard scarce a word of the brief sermon,
for his mind was wholly occupied by a strange train of thought to which Beryl's action had
given rise.
Beryl was very quiet as they walked home from church. On reaching home she hastily
threw off her hat and jacket, and then went to the sick-room, where Coral was keeping her
mother company. The invalid welcomed her with a smile. The milder weather had helped
her to rally a little, though no permanent recovery was possible.
"So you have been to church, my dear," she said, looking at Beryl. "I wish you would tell
me about it. It is long since I entered a church; though I can well remember how I use to
go every Sunday with my mother when I was a girl. Did you have a nice sermon this
morning? What was the text?"
"'Jesus said, "I am the resurrection and the life,"'" repeated Beryl.
"Why, Miss Beryl, it was nothing of the kind; how can you say such a thing!" exclaimed
Lucy, who had just come in, having also attended church that morning. "The sermon was
about being subject unto the higher powers."
"Oh, was it!" said Beryl. "Well, I thought that was the text; but I remember now that papa
showed me another first, and I found that one for myself."
"'I am the resurrection and the life,'" repeated Mrs. Despard slowly. "What made you think
of those words child?"
"They are like what is written on the cross at mamma's grave," said Beryl softly. "'I believe
in the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting.' I wish I could understand them.
What is the resurrection?"
"I think it means that the dead will be raised; that they will live again at some future
time," said Mrs. Despard; "but I do not rightly understand these things. I wish I did; for
then, perhaps, I should not be so afraid of death." She shivered as she spoke. Alas, she
knew that death was drawing near to her, and dark and terrible was the thought of
meeting that "last enemy."
"But Jesus said that He was the resurrection," said Beryl; "and Jesus was a man, was He
not?"
"Oh, Miss Beryl!" exclaimed Lucy, shocked at the irreverence of which the child in her
ignorance seemed to her to be guilty. "Surely you know better than that! Jesus was the
Son of God, 'who for us men and our salvation came down from heaven.'"
"But what does it mean about the resurrection?" persisted Beryl. "Will dead people, will my
mamma live again? Shall I see her? Do tell me, Lucy!"
"Oh, hush! Miss Beryl; you are talking too fast," said Lucy, giving a warning glance at the
bed, as she felt herself unable to answer the child's questions.
"You should ask your clergyman those questions, my dear," said Mrs. Despard, gently.
"Oh, I could not ask him anything," said Beryl emphatically.
No one spoke for some minutes after this. Beryl was disturbed by an irritating sense of
mystification. Lucy was uncomfortably conscious that she, as a good Church-woman and
regular communicant, ought to be able to give a satisfactory explanation of the truth she
professed to believe. As for the sick woman, she was as anxious as Beryl to know all that
was meant by the words the child had repeated. Coral was the only one at ease; and as
she sat on the bed close to her mother's pillow, her large dark eyes were turned on the
others with the open gaze of childish wonder.
Thus Mr. Hollys found them when he came to enquire how Mrs. Despard was.
"You are looking rather better to-day," he said to her; "do you feel so?"
"Yes, I am a little stronger," she replied; "if only my mind were at peace. I have been
thinking a great deal about my brother this morning. Do you think there is any possibility
of finding him? Although he could not forgive me, he might be kind to little Coral for my
sake."
"I do not know; but we can make enquiries," said Mr. Hollys. "I will do what I can to find
him. But make your mind easy about the child; if he does not claim her, I will be her
friend. She shall have a home here as long as she needs one."
"Oh, thank you; how good you are!" cried the poor woman, bursting into tears in her
sudden sense of relief from anxiety. "I cannot thank you as I should; but God will bless
you for your goodness to the stranger."
"No thanks are needed," he returned hastily; and without saying more, he quitted the
room, for the sight of the dying woman's emotion affected him painfully. Beryl slipped after
her father. Though he had lowered his voice in speaking to Mrs. Despard, she had heard
enough to enable her to guess what it was that he had said which gave Coral's mother
such comfort.
"Oh, papa!" she cried, as she hastened after him, "How good you are! Thank you so much
for saying that Coral may stay with us. You cannot think how glad I am."
"Not so fast, little woman," he said, smiling fondly on her; "you are taking things too much
for granted. It is by no means certain that Coral will remain here. If we find her uncle, he
will probably take charge of her."
"Then I hope he will not be found," said Beryl. "I want to keep Coral."
"Now, I wonder if I have done a very foolish thing," said Mr. Hollys to himself as he walked
away. "I fancy most people would say that I have. Well, I have committed myself now, and
must take the consequences."
But as yet he appeared to have little dread of unpleasant results, and his face did not wear
the look of a man who regretted an act of folly.
CHAPTER VI
A TALK ABOUT THE KINGDOM
IN the afternoon, when Mrs. Despard was sleeping, Lucy took the children for a walk. They
went through part of the village, and then ascended a steep hill, which led them to a
narrow winding path high above the waves, and commanding a splendid prospect of sea
and sky. Ferns and mosses grew plenteously on the landward side of this path, but its
outer edge overhung the cliff, and was unguarded, so Lucy held little Coral's hand, lest the
child should unwarily venture too near the dangerous brink. The path led to some barren
fields shelving down to the beach. Near the gate of the first field a stone bench had been
erected, which seemed to invite the passer-by to halt and admire the grand sea-view
spread before it.
When Beryl was much younger, her nurse had often brought her to this spot, and allowed
her to play at will amongst the thin grass, whilst she sat on the bench and knitted, an
occupation of which Lucy never tired. Lucy now sat down and gazed silently at the sea for
a few moments. She saw, without knowing how beautiful it was, the constant play of light
and shadow on the shimmering water, and the glorious stretch of blue sky with its snowy
clouds drifting slowly to the west.
Yet, though unconscious of the beauty about her, some of the gladness of the hour stole
into Lucy's spirit. She thought, not with shuddering horror, but with deep thankfulness for
his safety, of how nearly her brother had found his death beneath the blue waves now
dancing so joyously in the sunlight.
But Lucy could not long indulge in such musings, for Beryl was impatient to pass on
through the fields to the little pebbly cove beyond. When they reached the stile, from
which a steep, narrow path ran down to the beach, they saw, to their surprise, a little
crowd of persons standing below within the shelter of the cliff.
It was not unusual for there to be a number of boys and girls playing on the beach on a
Sunday afternoon; but though the majority were children, there were several grown-up
persons in the little company standing so quietly below.
"What are they doing, Lucy? Why do they stand there?" asked Beryl.
"Don't you see there is a gentleman talking to them, Miss Beryl?" said Lucy. "I remember
now that Joe told me there was a gentleman from London, an artist, he said he was, had
taken to preaching to the folks down here on a Sunday afternoon; but I forgot all about it
when I said we would walk this way."
"I am very glad we came," said Beryl; "let us go down and hear what he is saying."
And she started at a run down the steep path. Lucy and Coral followed more cautiously;
Lucy feeling rather doubtful of the propriety of her allowing Miss Beryl to attend "the
preaching."
But Beryl, very curious as to this unusual proceeding, pushed her way into the little crowd
gathered about the speaker. Seeing her approach, the people respectfully made place for
her, and so it happened that Beryl soon found herself close beside the gentleman, who
stood leaning against the cliff, as he spoke in simple words to his untaught, childish
audience.
Beryl liked the look of the speaker, and did not doubt his right to be called a gentleman,
though he had not the well-to-do, easy air her father always wore, and his clothes were of
poor material, and well worn. Even to the child's glance there was something beyond the
ordinary in his appearance and bearing. His face was thin, and he had the pallid
complexion which betokens delicate health. He wore his black hair rather long, and a thick,
dark beard covered his chest. His eyes were of a deep, clear grey, and had the open,
steadfast look those only have which can look beyond self, having escaped the thraldom of
personal desires and ambitions. There was a winning gentleness in the man's expression,
and though his voice was not strong, its tones went home to every heart.
"Last Sunday, my friends," he said, "we were talking together about the first petition in
that prayer which you say so often at church or chapel: 'Our Father, which art in heaven,
hallowed be Thy name.' Now, to-day I want to speak to you about the second petition of
that prayer: 'Thy kingdom come.' And first let us ask what is meant by a kingdom? What
do you understand now that a kingdom is?"
He paused and awaited an answer; but the question was a difficult one to his hearers, and
though several of the rough, honest faces before him looked thoughtful, as if they were
considering the matter, no one ventured a reply.
"We often use the word kingdom, do we not," he went on, "in speaking of the country or
countries over which a king or queen rules? We speak, for instance, of 'the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland.' But the word is sometimes used to represent the power and
sovereignty of a king, and sometimes, too, it means the living beings, the human hearts
over which he reigns. Now, I think there is somewhat of all three meanings included in this
petition. 'Thy kingdom come;' whose kingdom do we mean when we say this?"
"God's," answered a young girl standing near Beryl.
"Yes, it is the kingdom of God; and what is the relation God bears to us? What were we
talking about last Sunday?"
"'Our Father, which art in heaven,'" said a sad-faced woman with a baby in her arms.
"Yes, you have given us the answer, my friend," said the speaker, looking kindly at her.
"Jesus taught us that God is our Father; so you see it is our Father's kingdom that we pray
may come. God is at once our Father and our King. Think for a moment what it is to have
a King who is our Father. I remember that when I was a boy, and had lessons to do, I was
constantly finding in my books this sentence: 'A good king is the father of his people.' Now,
that is a grand description of what a king should be, because it is founded on the Divine
idea of kingship."
"But how imperfectly can this be realised by any earthly monarch. We are proud of our
Queen Victoria, are we not? We think her one of the best of sovereigns. But it is not
possible that she can take a parent's interest in all our homely needs and daily anxieties. I
dare say that if any of the great men of her court should tell her that you fisher-folk of
Egloshayle were in sore distress from famine or fever, and needed her succour and
sympathy, her kind heart would prompt her to send immediately to your relief; but you
might suffer a thousand ills of which she would never hear."
"Not so is it with our Father-King. He is with you in your homes, and knows the weight of
each burden of care which lies so heavily on your hearts. Nothing escapes His knowledge.
He knows how you are tried when the weather makes fishing impossible, or when your
nets are lost and your boats wrecked, and the gaunt wolf of want comes nearer and nearer
to your door. Then He knows and pities, and He will send you help, if only you will trust
Him as a Father should be trusted."
"Well, it is our Father's kingdom, then, that we pray for; and if we are good and loving
children, we shall take a great interest, shall we not, in our Father's kingdom? The Prince
of Wales, your Duke of Cornwall, of whom you are proud, and all the other children of the
Queen, take a great interest in their mother's kingdom. And why? Is it not because in
being her kingdom it is also theirs? They belong to the kingdom and the kingdom belongs
to them. And so it is with us. We are not merely the subjects of God's kingdom, but the
children of that kingdom."
"That expression, 'children of the kingdom,' occurs twice in the Bible. In the first instance,
Jesus (for in both cases it is our Lord who uses this word) says, referring, it is supposed, to
the Jewish nation, 'The children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness; there
shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.' God forbid that you or I should, like those Jews,
be cast out of the kingdom as unworthy to belong to it!"
"Again, our Lord, in explaining His parable of the sower and the seed, says: 'The field is
the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of
the wicked one.'"
"How I wish I could persuade you, my friends, to aim at being like the good seed in this
great field in which God has placed you. Who is willing to be a child of the kingdom?"
"I am," murmured Beryl, who had been listening with intense interest to the speaker's
words. "I am willing."
The gentleman heard the child's low response. He was silent for a few minutes, and then
went on with growing earnestness:—
"I heard some one say, 'I am willing,'" he said, not looking at Beryl, but so far beyond her
that she fancied he could not know that she had said the words. "God be praised for one
willing heart! But I trust there are others amongst you ready to become children of the
kingdom; and in order that we may understand what this means, let us try to form some
idea of what the nature of this kingdom really is."
"First, let me say that it is not a kingdom of the future, but a kingdom existing now. Some
people mean heaven, the world of joy and rest, which they believe death will open to
them, when they speak of the kingdom of God."
"But God has a kingdom now, in this world, a kingdom into which we may enter if we will.
The kingdom is not yet perfected, it is true; but it is daily growing and increasing. We
cannot describe its form, for it is an invisible kingdom. Jesus said, 'The kingdom of God
cometh not with observation; neither shall they say, "Lo here!" or, "Lo there!" for behold
the kingdom of God is within you.' And St. Paul, taught of the Spirit, said, 'The kingdom of
God is not meat and drink; but righteousness and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.'"
"Now do you begin to see something of what the kingdom is? The realm over which our
Father would reign is the hearts of men. It is His by right; He is its lawful ruler; but He
desires to win its loving submission. Wherever there is a heart bowing to the will of its
Father, striving to do His will, struggling to live worthy of its Divine birth, there is the
kingdom of heaven. The Lord Jesus Christ is the door into that kingdom. The man who,
loving Christ, tries to follow His example, living a true, pure, honest life, working his
hardest when work is to hand, and trusting his Father without grumbling when times are
bad, is a child of the kingdom."
"The woman who does her lowly household work as to the Lord, loving her husband, caring
for her children, keeping her home clean and bright, and living peaceably with her
neighbours, is a child of the kingdom. The boy or girl who tries to be like the child Jesus,
obedient, gentle, loving, making the sunshine of glad smiles and the music of happy voices
in this sad earth, is a child of the kingdom."
The gentleman ceased speaking, and looked with searching, though kindly glances at the
people standing about him. Many had listened only with idle wonder; but on some few his
words had made a deep impression.
These now moved forward to shake hands with him and utter their rough but hearty
thanks. Beryl remained beside the gentleman, although she was aware that Lucy, who had
lingered on the outskirts of the crowd, was beckoning to her to come away.
Beryl was determined that she would not move till she had spoken to the stranger, and
perhaps asked him the question she was so anxious to have answered.
CHAPTER VII
BERYL GAINS A FRIEND
BERYL had to wait for some minutes before she could speak to the stranger, whose words
had so interested her.
The gentleman was not unaware of the little figure waiting patiently beside him; but many
persons were just then claiming his attention, and he thought it best not to speak to the
child till he was at leisure to hear all that she might have to say. One by one the strange
congregation dispersed, and, having said the last good-bye, he turned to meet Beryl's
upturned glance.
"Well, my dear," he said, noting with pleasure the pretty flushed face and soft blue eyes of
the child; "I saw you listening to me just now. What is your name, if you do not mind
telling me?"
"Beryl Hollys. We live at Egloshayle House. I dare say you know my papa," said Beryl,
displaying some consciousness of her own importance.
"Yes, I have heard of your father since I have been at Egloshayle," the stranger replied.
"So your name is Beryl—a precious stone. Well, my child, you must make your name good.
You must be a precious stone in the living temple. I heard you say you were willing to be a
child of the kingdom."
"Yes, if I can be; but I do not know how," said Beryl.
"No one can more easily enter the kingdom, my child. The kingdom is yours. Don't you
remember that Jesus said, 'Suffer little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not, for
of such is the kingdom of heaven'? You have only to come to Jesus."
Beryl knew the words well. Lucy had taught them to her when she was a little girl; but now
they seemed to her quite new, as their meaning suddenly flashed upon her mind.
"But how can I come?" she said.
"My child, you can come to Jesus at any moment. He is ever near you. He loves you even
better than your father does. You can lift your heart to Him, and tell Him you will be His."
"But," said Beryl, with a touch of impatience in her tone, "there are so many things I want
to know, and I have no one to tell me. I want to know what the resurrection means. I
asked papa, but he only said I should understand when I was older. But I want to
understand now."
The gentleman looked at her in surprise.
"What set you thinking about the resurrection, my dear?" he asked.
"It is on mamma's grave," said Beryl, "'I believe in the resurrection of the body, and the
life everlasting.'"
"Ah, to be sure," he replied, "I remember seeing those words in the churchyard. And that
was your mother's grave, my little friend? You want to know what that long word
resurrection means?"
"Yes; will you tell me?" asked Beryl eagerly, sure that he could tell her, if only he would.
The gentleman was silent for a minute, thinking how he could put in simplest words what
he knew of the great mystery of the resurrection.
"Beryl," he said gently, "do you know that Jesus said, 'I am the resurrection and the life;
he that believeth in Me, though he were dead, yet shall he live; and whosoever liveth and
believeth in Me shall never die'?"
"Yes," said Beryl, "I know; I found those words in the Bible."
"Well, my child, that word resurrection means life from the dead, a returning from the
grave, as it were."
"But no one ever does return from the grave," said Beryl, her face full of wonder and awe.
"Jesus returned from the grave," said her new friend. "Do you not remember? You know
that Jesus died?"
"Yes," said Beryl softly; "He was God's Son, and He died on the cross."
"And after He was dead they laid Him in the grave, a grave made in the rock, and a great
stone was rolled to the mouth of the grave to make it secure. But Jesus could not be the
prisoner of death. The Lord of Life rose from the dead, and when the women who loved
Him came to weep beside the grave, they found the stone rolled away, and the place
where He had lain empty. Then Jesus appeared to Mary and the other disciples, the very
same Jesus whom they had known and loved and mourned as dead. And the disciples were
glad when they saw the Lord, and knew that He had conquered death. And so Jesus is the
Resurrection, the Life from the Dead, because having conquered Death Himself, He can
promise the same victory to all who trust in Him. He has the keys of Death. Our dead are
in His keeping, and He will raise them up at the last day. Can you understand me, my
child?"
"Yes, I think so," said Beryl, but still looking puzzled. "But where do people go when they
die? Where is my mamma? Where is Coral's papa?"
"Many have asked such questions as those, my child, but they cannot yet be answered; we
must wait for fuller knowledge. All we know is that our dead have passed into a region
which is under the control of Christ. They are safe in His keeping. His voice it was which
called them from earth, and His voice it is which will call them forth on the morning of the
resurrection. 'Them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him.'"
"But when will that be?" asked Beryl.
"We know not. The Lord has not revealed the time of His appearing; only we must seek to
be ready for His coming," said the stranger. "But I am afraid I am keeping you too long,
my child. Is that your nurse who is beckoning to you so energetically?"
"Yes, that is Lucy," said Beryl; "and Coral is with her. Won't you come and speak to Coral?"
"Who is Coral?" asked the gentleman. "Your little sister?"
"Oh no," said Beryl quickly; "but she is going to live with me, and be like my little sister."
And then, in hurried words, she told the story of the shipwreck—of Coral's and her
mother's rescue—and of her father's sad fate.
The gentleman listened with interest to the child's account, though he had already heard
all particulars of the shipwreck. Then, pitying the impatience which Lucy manifested, he
crossed the beach to where she and Coral stood, and proposed that as he was about to
return to the village, they should all walk back together.
The children were very pleased with their new companion, and chattered fast to him as
they passed through the fields. When they reached the stone bench at the top of the hill,
the gentleman paused and looked round.
"Look, children," he said, and they all turned to look.
The sight was indeed worth a long gaze. The sun was sinking in the west, and its crimson
light flushed the water. A bank of purple clouds lay on the horizon, and where they parted
the ruddy rays broke forth in glorious beauty. The whole sky caught the illumination, and
the tiny clouds which floated overhead were of a delicate rose-colour.
"How pretty the sky is!" said little Coral. "It was often like that when we were in the ship.
Papa used to take me on deck to look at it."
"It will be a fine day to-morrow," said Lucy; "it always is when the sun goes down red."
Beryl said nothing, but gazed in silence on the beauty of the sky. She could not have
explained what she thought of it, but somehow, in the child's mind, the glory of that
sunset was entwined with her idea of the kingdom of heaven. It was indeed a symbol of
the happy death unto sin and new birth unto righteousness by which we enter into the
kingdom of God.
They watched till the sun sank into his grave, which yet was no grave, and the pink clouds
grew grey in the fading light. Then Lucy and Coral went on, and Beryl and her new friend
followed. When they reached the village street, he said he must bid her good-bye.
"But I shall see you again some day, shall I not?" asked Beryl wistfully.
"Yes, my child, I hope so. I shall be at Egloshayle a few weeks longer; and, Beryl, if your
father should wish to know my name, you can tell him I am David Gilbank, and I am
staying at the Blue Anchor for a while, in order to do some sketching."
"David Gilbank," said Beryl. "Yes, I shall not forget. Good-bye."
And she bounded away to overtake Lucy, eager to tell her father, or any one who would
listen to her, of the new friend she had gained. But her father was not to be found when
she reached home, and she learned, to her vexation, that he had gone out.
Miss Hollys, as usual at that hour, was reclining on the sofa in the drawing-room; but when
Beryl burst in, eager to tell all that had happened, her aunt, annoyed at her intrusion,
showed no sympathy for the enthusiasm with which Beryl spoke of her new friend.
She chose to consider it an occasion for fault-finding, and scolded Beryl for being so ready
to make acquaintance with an utter stranger, who was not likely to prove a desirable
person to know.
Beryl received her aunt's rebukes more patiently than was her wont. The recollection of
her resolve to be a child of the kingdom helped her to refrain from a rude and angry retort.
Later in the evening, when the children went to Mrs. Despard's room to bid her good-night,
Beryl found the sympathy for which she longed.
Mrs. Despard was sitting up, and looking much better, Beryl thought, because a bright
crimson spot burnt in each cheek, and her eyes were large and brilliant. She began to
question the children about their walk, and soon heard all that Beryl could tell her of the
stranger whose name was David Gilbank.
"I wish you could have heard what he said," the child cried eagerly; "he was speaking
about the kingdom of God, and oh! He made it all so plain—how God is our Father and our
King, and we must all be children of the kingdom. And I am going to be a child of the
kingdom; I said that I would!"
"Ah, it is easy for the young," sighed Mrs. Despard; "but I have never thought much of
religion, and now I fear the door of that kingdom is closed against me."
"But Jesus is the door," said Beryl. "David Gilbank said so; he told me to come to Jesus,
who said,—'Suffer little children to come unto Me.' But then you are not a little child; I
forgot that. I don't know what you must do."
"No, I do not know what I can do," was the sad response.
"But the kingdom is for men and women too. He said that; so I do not see why you should
not come, although you are not a little child," observed Beryl. "If I were you, I should ask
Jesus to let me in."
"Should you?" said the poor woman, wistfully.
"Yes; and oh, I asked him the meaning of the resurrection!" exclaimed Beryl eagerly. "And
he explained it all so nicely. But I am afraid I cannot tell you properly what he said.
Resurrection means rising from the dead; and as Jesus rose from the dead, so all those
who trust in Him shall be raised up at last, although they are dead. But it is very difficult to
understand, only it is plain that when we die we shall go to Jesus, and He will take care of
us; so you see that there is nothing really to be afraid of in dying."
"Ah, child, it is easy to say so," said Mrs. Despard mournfully; "but I have been such a
sinner. I cannot expect that the Lord would receive me."
"But I thought Jesus died for every one, whether they were sinners or not," said Beryl,
looking puzzled; "and if any one can go into the kingdom, you can. You've only got to ask
Jesus."
How straight to the point went the childish words! Long after Beryl had left her, the sick
woman lay pondering them, and adding to them all that she could recollect of what she
had learned in her childhood about the Saviour of the world, who by His death upon the
cross and His glorious resurrection has redeemed us from the power of sin and death.
When Lucy came in, Mrs. Despard asked her for a Bible, and from that time, as her
strength permitted, she daily studied the sacred Book, and by the power of the Holy Spirit,
its words brought her life and peace. As she read of Him who is the Way, the Truth, and
the Life, and who died to save His people from their sins, and deliver them from the fear of
death, her spirit grew calm and restful. She looked no longer on her sins, but on the Lamb
of God, who had taken them away. She could trust in God her Saviour, and trusting in Him
with childlike faith, death was robbed of its sting and the grave of its terrors.
Some days passed ere Beryl again saw her friend David Gilbank, for a sudden change in
the weather made it unpleasant to saunter on the beach, and quite impossible to sketch in
the open air. The advance of spring was checked by biting east winds, which brought
showers of sleet and even a slight snowstorm in their train. In place of the bright and
joyous Easter which every one had expected, came a cold, inclement season, which would
have seemed like Christmas but for the opening buds, and the primroses and violets,
which smiled in the face of the cold wind, as if confident that its triumph would be of short
duration, and sunshine and beauty would conquer in the end.
To the invalid's failing strength, the cold, raw weather struck a fatal blow. There was a
rapid change for the worse, and she sank so low that the doctor gave warning that death
might come at any hour.
On Easter Sunday, Beryl went with her father to church, but Coral was left at home in
Lucy's care. The day was cold and showery, but every now and then the sun broke through
the clouds, and smiled an assurance of better things to come. Beryl watched with pleasure
the gleams of sunlight which from time to time lit up the diamond-paned windows, and
sent bright shafts of light athwart the dusky old church. She was pleased to see Mr.
Gilbank at church. He was looking pale and ill, and was much wrapped up, for the east
winds had their perils for him.
Beryl drew her father's attention to the artist, and looked forward to speaking to him when
the service ended.
Beryl was able heartily to enjoy that Sunday morning service. The solemn, sweet anthem,
the bright, exultant hymns stirred the child's heart. She knew now the significance of
Easter Day, with its joyful recognition of a risen Lord. She had learned the meaning of the
long word which had puzzled her, and, however faint and imperfect the child's ideas of the
resurrection may have been, doubtless she, in her childish simplicity, came nearer to the
truth than many of the wise and prudent.
David Gilbank was in the porch as they went out of church, and Beryl addressed him
eagerly, and hastened to make her father acquainted with her new friend. Mr. Hollys spoke
cordially to the artist, and invited him to come some day to Egloshayle House to see some
pictures of which their owner was rather proud.
Beryl was not allowed to go into the sick-room when she returned from church. Mrs.
Despard was too ill to see her, Lucy said. But when bed-time came, she as well as Coral
was allowed to go into the room to say good-night to the weary sufferer. Even to Beryl's
eyes it was clear that a strange, indescribable change had come over the colourless,
wasted face. And it was not good-night but good-bye she said to the children, clinging to
her poor little Coral with a passionate tenderness which brought tears to the eyes of all
who witnessed the farewell.
Some hours later Beryl awoke from her first sleep' to find a candle burning in the room,
and Lucy standing by Coral's bed with red eyes and tear-stained cheeks.
"What is the matter, Lucy?" she asked, springing up. "Is Coral's mamma worse?"
"She is gone, poor lady," said Lucy, wiping her eyes; "she passed away in her sleep as
gently as possible, and now she looks so peaceful and happy."
"Oh, Lucy, do you mean that she is dead?" said Beryl, in a tone of awe and sorrow.
"Yes, Miss Beryl, it is true; her troubles are over now; but don't make a noise and wake
Miss Coral; she will know soon enough, poor dear."
Beryl covered her face with the bed-clothes, and cried bitterly at the thought of little
Coral's loss. It seemed so sad and dark and terrible. But even as she cried, and thought of
the dark grave and the lonely, motherless life, there came to her mind, with some sense of
comfort, the words they had sung that morning in church—
"Jesus lives! Henceforth is death

But the gate of life immortal;
This shall calm our trembling breath,
When we pass its gloomy portal."
CHAPTER VIII
THE FIRST QUARREL
A FORTNIGHT after Mrs. Despard's death, Mr. Hollys went to London. The children seemed
already to have forgotten their experience of earth's darkest shadow. May dawned so fresh
and beautiful, that it was impossible for thoughts of sorrow to dwell in their childish hearts.
It was delightful to pass the sunny mornings on the beach, hunting for shells and seaweed,
or raising with their spades castles or embankments, which the incoming tide always swept
away. It was warm enough now for Beryl to commence the bathing which she so
thoroughly enjoyed. Beryl's swimming seemed to Coral a wonderful performance. She did
not soon forget the fright Beryl gave her on the morning on which they first ventured into
the water.
"Look, Coral; see what I am going to do!" exclaimed Beryl, as she waded through the
shallow waves towards a rock, which rose high out of the water.
On the other side of the rock, the waves were running high. Coral watched Beryl
wonderingly as she scrambled up the great rocks, and stood on the top, looking a strange
little figure in her pretty scarlet bathing-dress. Coral laughed and clapped her hands to see
her perched there; but her laugh changed to a cry of horror, as she saw Beryl suddenly
raise her hands high above her head, and, springing forward, plunge headlong into the
waves surging around the rock.
Coral screamed with fear, as her friend disappeared from view. She felt certain that Beryl
would be drowned.
"Don't be frightened, my dear," cried Lucy's voice from the shore; "that's only one of Miss
Beryl's venturesome tricks. She's safe enough, for she can swim like a fish. Master had her
taught when she was quite a little girl. Look! There she is again."
And Coral's fears were allayed by seeing Beryl's head appear above the water, and hearing
her laugh merrily as she shook the water from her eyes and head.
"You little goose! Did you think I was drowned?" she cried. "Look how well I can swim.
Come, Coral, I will teach you to swim."
But Coral was cold and nervous, and felt no desire for a swimming lesson.
"I don't want to learn," she said. "I am tired of being in the water; I shall go in."
"Oh, you can't think of going in yet," cried Beryl, who was warmed and exhilarated by her
exercise; "you have been in the water no time. Come, let me dip you."
But Coral screamed and drew back as Beryl laid rather rough hands on her. Beryl, little
used to having her will opposed, lost her temper at this, and the children, who up to this
time had agreed most charmingly, now began to quarrel.
"You silly little thing," said Beryl, in a tone of contempt, "I do believe you are frightened. I
would not be such a coward for something. There, go along with you; I don't want your
company."
Coral ran sobbing to Lucy, and Beryl swam leisurely round the rock, and tried to believe
that she was enjoying herself very much. But in truth she was feeling too angry with Coral
to be very happy.
"Coral was a silly, cross, disagreeable little thing," she said to herself again and again, not
being at all willing to acknowledge that she too had been cross and disagreeable.
"How could you be so unkind to Miss Coral?" said Lucy, when Beryl at length came out of
the water, and went into the garden-house to be dressed. "The poor child has been
sobbing like to break her heart. I wonder at you, Miss Beryl, treating a poor little
motherless girl like that!"
Now, Beryl was already beginning to feel ashamed of herself, but she was not willing to
acknowledge this to Lucy. At her nurse's words her heart grew hard again.
"I don't care," she said defiantly. "Coral was much more cross than I was. She is a horrid
little thing."
"Well, I never! Miss Beryl!" exclaimed Lucy, lifting up her hands in astonishment. "And to
think how anxious you were to have her for a little sister. No one would have thought, to
hear you talk of her then, that you would so soon behave badly to her."
Beryl made no reply; her face wore a sullen, proud look, which it was not pleasant to see.
When she was dressed, she went down to the beach again. Coral had ceased to cry, and
was playing there very contentedly.
Beryl passed her without vouchsafing her even a look, and went to some rocks at a little
distance, where she sat down and stared sulkily at the sea. Beryl was quite conscious of
her own naughtiness, but felt disposed to encourage it and prolong it as much as possible.
Presently Coral, finding it dull to play alone, came timidly to the place where Beryl sat.
"Beryl," she said, trying to appear oblivious of past occurrences, "won't you come and play
with me?"
For a moment Beryl felt inclined to dismiss her vexation and yield to Coral's wish, but pride
and ill-temper reasserted themselves.
"No," she said crossly; "I don't care to play with a stupid little thing like you. You can go
away."
"You ought not to call me stupid," replied Coral, her dark eyes flashing angrily; "you are a
bad girl."
And she raised her hand and struck Beryl.
The blow did not hurt Beryl in the least, but in her present mood it was more than her
pride could endure.
"How dare you!" she cried, turning upon Coral, with her face aglow with passion, and
giving the child such a violent push as made her fall with her face on the rough stones.
Beryl did not wait to see if Coral were hurt, but ran off at full speed along the beach, as if
anxious to get as far away as possible. But run as fast as she might, Beryl could not
escape from the evil self which was the source of her unhappiness. She came to a sudden
halt as she caught sight of a distant figure seated in a quiet nook amongst the rocks, with
easel and paint-box at hand. She had no inclination now to bound forward to greet the
artist. She fancied that Mr. Gilbank would be able to read in her face the secret of her
naughtiness. The very sight of him had the force of a silent reproach.
Hoping that he had not seen her, Beryl turned back, and began slowly to climb one of the
many zigzag paths leading to the top of the cliff. Half-way up, she paused, and stood
looking down on the beach. She was anxious to see Coral, but the child was not in sight.
It was lovely to watch the blue, foam-crested waves breaking on the stones, to gaze
across the beautiful bay, or at the pure white clouds sailing slowly overhead; but these
things were lost upon Beryl. Conscience was awake now, and her unhappiness had taken a
new and better shape.
The sight of Mr. Gilbank had reminded her of her resolve to be a child of the kingdom, and
she felt that she had miserably failed. She saw her conduct in its true light, and wondered
to think how easily she had given way to bad temper. How could she behave so crossly to
poor little Coral, who had lost both her father and mother, and had no one else to love her!
She had meant to be so tender and loving, and to act the part of a good, wise, elder sister
to the child. Beryl really loved Coral, and she now felt heartily sorry and ashamed to think
how she had treated her. She began to fear that Coral must have been very much hurt by
that fall on the sharp stones.
She longed to go in search of her and ask her forgiveness, yet she shrank from doing so.
How could she bear it if she found Coral suffering greatly from the effects of her violence?
The more Beryl thought of all that had happened, the more uneasy she became. At last
she turned to the best source of comfort for our troubles, whether they spring from sin or
not. There is but one voice that can absolve from sin, and one Friend whose sympathy can
reach every sorrow. When Beryl had told her sin and sorrow in the ear of that Friend, she
felt calmer, and started off, determined to lose no time in finding Coral and telling her how
sorry she was that she had been so cross.
She ran down to the beach, and hastened in the direction of home, looking everywhere for
Coral; but the child was not to be seen. Once or twice Beryl called her name, thinking that
Coral might be hiding amongst the rocks; but no answer came, and she hurried on with a
vague sense of fear. Coral was not at the end of the beach, where she had left her, and
Beryl ran up the steps into the garden, hoping to find her there. But no; the garden paths
were quiet and deserted; and, feeling more and more frightened, Beryl hastened into the
house, and ran upstairs to the nursery, meeting no one by the way.
The nursery was empty, but the door of the adjoining room, in which the children slept,
stood ajar, and something prompted Beryl to peep inside. She started and trembled greatly
to see Coral lying on her little bed, looking very pale, with closed eyes, and a white
bandage on her forehead. For a few moments Beryl scarcely dared to move, so alarmed
was she. Then she ventured to creep nearer; but as she did so, Beryl saw to her horror
that there was blood upon the handkerchief which bound Coral's forehead. The sight was
too much for Beryl's self-control, and she uttered a sharp cry of distress. At the sound
Coral's eyes opened, and she looked up at Beryl with a dazed, bewildered glance.
"Oh, Coral, Coral!" sobbed Beryl, quite overcome by emotion. "I thought I had killed you!
What is the matter with your forehead? Is it very bad?"
"The stones cut it," said Coral, "and it bled so, and I was frightened, and cried, so Lucy
carried me in and put me to bed. She said I had better try and go to sleep, and I think I
have been asleep."
"Oh, I am so sorry, Coral," said Beryl; "I can't think how I could be so horrid to you. I can
never forgive myself for knocking you down and hurting you so."
"Don't cry, Beryl; it is better now," said the child; "it only smarts a little."
"I was a cross, bad thing," said Beryl; "can you forgive me, Coral?"
"Oh yes, of course I forgive you," said Coral readily; "please do not cry any more."
But Beryl's tears burst forth anew as she stooped to kiss Coral. She hardly left Coral's side
for the rest of the day, and tried by loving words and actions to atone for her previous
unkindness.
Beryl did not soon forget the lesson she had learned. Though the cut on Coral's forehead
soon began to heal, its scar lingered for many a day to remind Beryl of her ill-temper and
its consequences. This, their first quarrel, was also the last serious disagreement which the
children had.
When Beryl was tempted to give way to passion and pride, she remembered the misery
she had endured that day on the beach, and tried to check her anger, and show the loving,
forgiving spirit of a true child of the kingdom.
After this, the days passed very pleasantly with the two little people. As spring grew into
summer they took long walks and rides along the shore, or they explored the beautiful
woods lying beyond the village.
Andrew was very pleased when he could find leisure to accompany the young ladies, and
lead the pony whilst they rode by turns. In this way, they were able to go a good distance,
and they generally came back from these excursions laden with ferns and wild flowers.
Sometimes Lucy would get her brother to take them for a row in his boat, a treat which
the children thoroughly enjoyed. Beryl planned how, when she was a little older, she would
get her father to give her a boat of her own, which she would learn to row her very self.
Once Mr. Gilbank joined them in one of their boating excursions, and his presence added
greatly to the children's pleasure, for he talked to them and told them stories as they
sailed over the bright rippling water.
The children saw a good deal of the artist in those days; they often sat by his side on the
beach whilst he painted. Their presence did not disturb him, and he was never too busy to
answer the questions they asked.

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7–1. As the top plate is pulled to the right with a constant U

We consider steady flow of an ideal fluid.

The rate of rotation or average angular velocity of the fluid element is

The rate of shear strain is

7–2. A flow is defined by its velocity components y

Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Along edge OA, y = 0. Then

Along edge AB, x = 0.3 m. Then

Along edge BC, y = 0.4 m. Then

Along edge CO, x = 0. Then

V # ds = uOA # dx + vAB # dy - uBC # dx - vCO # dy

0.3 m 0.4 m 0.3 m

= -0.384 m2 >s Ans.

7–3. A uniform flow V is directed at an angle u to the

u # ds BC and v # ds CO are negative since u and v are directed in the opposite

0.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m 0.5 m

*7–4. The velocity within the eye of a tornado is defined

For r = 80 m, vu = 0.2(80) m>s = 16 m>s, and ds = rdu = 80du.

7–5. Consider the fluid element that has dimensions in polar D C

= vSAB + (v + dv)( - SCD)

= v(r∆u) + (v + dv) 3 -(r + dr)∆u 4

= - vdr∆u - rdv∆u - dvdr∆u

Γ = - vdr∆u - rdv∆u = - ∆u(vdr + rdv)

The area of the element, again, neglecting higher-order terms, is

Thus, the vorticity is

7–6. Determine the stream and potential functions for the y

c = V0 3 ( cos u0 ) y - ( sin u0 ) x 4 Ans.

7–7. A two-dimensional flow is described by the stream

Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition,

The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. Ans.

*7–8. If the stream function for a flow is c = (3x + 2y),

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2(2 m>s)2 + ( -3 m>s)2

= 3.606 m>s = 3.61 m>s Ans.

Substituting this result into,

Integrating with respect to y,

7–9. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

Integrating with respect to y,

7–10. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

We consider ideal fluid flow.

Integrating with respect to y, (a)

c = 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x)

Substituting this result into,

We consider ideal fluid flow.

At point B, y = 0 and p = 600 N>m2. Then,

7–13. A two-dimensional flow has a y component of

Since ideal flow is irrotational,

u = - 4(4) = - 16 ft>s v = 4(3) = 12 ft>s

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 16 ft>s ) 2 + ( 12 ft>s ) 2 = 20 ft>s Ans.

7–14. A two-dimensional flow field is defined by its

We consider ideal fluid flow. 3

Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Also, Ans.

y = 23x2 - 39 Ans. y = 23x2 - 39

7–15. Water flow through the horizontal channel is y

At point B (1.5 m, 1.5 m),

VB = 2uB2 + vB2 = 2 ( - 6 m>s ) 2 + ( - 6 m>s ) 2 = 272 m>s = 8.485 m>s

V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 80 m>s ) 2 + ( - 138.56 m>s ) 2 = 160 m>s Ans.

Since vz = 0, the flow is irrotational. Also, Ans.

a = 2 1 1 m>s2 2 2 + 1 2 m>s2 2 2 = 2.24 m>s2 Ans.