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Fluid Mechanics
Second Edition
Fluid Mechanics
Second Edition

R. C. Hibbeler

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

Senior Vice President Courseware Portfolio Management: Marcia J. Horton

Director, Portfolio Management: Engineering, Computer Science & Global

Editions: Julian Partridge

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Composition: Cenveo® Publisher Services

Cover Designer: Black Horse Designs

Cover Photo: stocksolutions/Shutterstock

Copyright © 2018, 2015 Russell C. Hibbeler, published by Pearson

Education, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 07030. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the
United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright and
permissions should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise.
For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate
contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions
department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their

products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this
book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations
have been printed in initial caps or all caps. The author and publisher of this
book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include
the development, research, and testing of theories and programs to determine
their effectiveness.

The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or

implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this
book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental
or consequential damages with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance,
or use of these programs.

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Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Hibbeler, R. C., author.

Title: Fluid mechanics / R.C. Hibbeler.

Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson, [2018] |
Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016050652 | ISBN 9780134649290 | ISBN
013464929X
Subjects: LCSH: Fluid mechanics.
Classification: LCC TA357 .H53 2018 | DDC 620.1/06--dc23 LC
record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016050652

1 16

ISBN-10: 013464929X

ISBN-13: 9780134649290

www.pearsonhighered.com
To the Student
With the hope that this work will stimulate an interest in Fluid Mechanics and
provide an acceptable guide to its understanding.
Preface
It is hoped that this book will provide the student with a clear and thorough
presentation of the theory and applications of fluid mechanics. In order to
achieve this objective, I have incorporated many of the suggestions and
comments from the book's reviewers, university colleagues who have e-
mailed me, and from my students. Some of the more important improvements
are listed below.

New to This Edition

Rewriting of Text Material. The purpose here is to achieve a further
clarification of the material throughout the book, either with an
expanded discussion, or by deleting material that seemed not relevant to
a particular topic.

Expanded Topic Coverage. The material in Chapters 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and

11 have enhanced discussion on some topics, including additional data
in the tables in Chapters 10, 11, and 12.

New Example Problems. The addition of new examples to Chapters 7

and 10 to further illustrate the applications of the theory. Many of the
examples throughout the book have been expanded for clarification.

New Fundamental Problems. These problems have been added to

Chapter 10 to enhance the student's understanding of the theory and its
applications, and to provide a review of the material that can be used to
study for exams and the Fundamentals in Engineering Exam.

New Photos and Enhanced Art. Approximately twenty-four new photos

and twenty eight new figures have been added to help the student obtain
a better understanding of the subject matter.

New Equation Summaries. These are found at the end of Chapters 7, 11,
 12, and 13 so that students may use formula sheets when taking exams
that require application of some key equations.

Besides the new features mentioned, other outstanding features that define
the contents of this book include the following.

Organization and Approach

Each chapter is organized into well-defined sections that contain an
explanation of specific topics, illustrative example problems, and at the end
of the chapter, a set of relevant homework problems. The topics within each
section are placed into subgroups defined by boldface titles. The purpose of
this organization is to present a structured method for introducing each new
definition or concept, and to make the book a convenient resource for later
reference and review.

Procedures for Analysis

This unique feature provides the student with a logical and orderly method to
follow when applying the theory that has been discussed in a particular
section. The example problems are then solved using this outlined method in
order to clarify its numerical application. Realize, however, that once the
relevant principles have been mastered, and enough confidence and judgment
has been obtained, the student can then develop his or her own procedures for
solving problems.

Important Points
This feature provides a review or summary of the most important concepts in
a section, and highlights the most significant points that should be
remembered when applying the theory to solve problems. A further review of
the material is given at the end of the chapter.
Photos
The relevance of knowing the subject matter is reflected by the realistic
applications depicted in the many photos placed throughout the book. These
photos are often used to show how the principles of fluid mechanics apply to
real-world situations.

Fundamental Problems
These problem sets are selectively located just after the example problems.
They offer students simple applications of the concepts and therefore provide
them with the chance to develop their problem-solving skills before
attempting to solve any of the standard problems that follow. Students may
consider these problems as extended examples, since they all have complete
solutions and answers given in the back of the book. Additionally, the
fundamental problems offer students an excellent means of preparing for
exams, and they can be used at a later time to prepare for the Fundamentals in
Engineering Exam.

Homework Problems
The majority of problems in the book depict realistic situations encountered
in engineering practice. It is hoped that this realism will both stimulate
interest in the subject, and provide a means for developing the skills to reduce
any problem from its physical description to a model or symbolic
representation to which the principles of fluid mechanics may then be
applied.

Throughout the book, there is an approximate balance of problems using both

SI and FPS units. Furthermore, in any set, an attempt has been made to
arrange the problems in order of increasing difficulty. Except for every fourth
problem, indicated by an asterisk (*), the answers to all the other problems
are given in the back of the book.
Accuracy
Apart from my work, the accuracy of the text and problem solutions have all
been thoroughly checked by other parties. Most importantly, Kai Beng Yap,
Kurt Norlin of the Bittner Development Group, as well as Pavel Kolmakov
and Vadim Semenenko at Competentum.
Contents
The book is divided into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 begins with an introduction
to fluid mechanics, followed by a discussion of units and some important
fluid properties. The concepts of fluid statics, including constant accelerated
translation of a liquid and its constant rotation, are covered in Chapter 2. In
Chapter 3, the basic principles of fluid kinematics are covered. This is
followed by the continuity equation in Chapter 4, the Bernoulli and energy
equations in Chapter 5, and fluid momentum in Chapter 6. In Chapter 7,
differential fluid flow of an ideal fluid is discussed. Chapter 8 covers
dimensional analysis and similitude. Then the viscous flow between parallel
plates and within pipes is treated in Chapter 9. The analysis is extended to
Chapter 10 where the design of pipe systems is discussed. Boundary layer
theory, including topics related to pressure drag and lift, is covered in
Chapter 11. Chapter 12 discusses open channel flow, and Chapter 13 covers a
variety of topics in compressible flow. Finally, turbomachines, such as axial
and radial flow pumps and turbines are treated in Chapter 14.

Alternative Coverage
After covering the basic principles of Chapters 1 through 6, at the discretion
of the instructor, the remaining chapters may be presented in any sequence,
without the loss of continuity. If time permits, sections involving more
advanced topics, may be included in the course. Most of these topics are
placed in the later chapters of the book. In addition, this material also
provides a suitable reference for basic principles when it is discussed in more
advanced courses.

Acknowledgments
I have endeavored to write this book so that it will appeal to both the student
and instructor. Through the years many people have helped in its
development, and I will always be grateful for their valued suggestions and
comments. In particular, along with R. Sultana, California State University,
Long Beach, J. Karl, University of South Florida, and C. Dreyer, Colorado
School of Mines, the following individuals have contributed important
reviewer comments relative to preparing this work:

H. Gallegos, California State University, LA

K. Lamb, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

A. Polebitski, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

N. Lu, Colorado School of Mines

M. Widdowson, Virginia Tech

A. Shalaby, Howard University

L. Grega, The College of New Jersey

R. Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University

S. Kumpaty, Milwaukee School of Engineering

J. Liburdy, Oregon State University

S. K. Venayagamoorthy, Colorado State University

J. Chen, Temple University

K. Anderson, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

T. Olenik, New Jersey Institute of Technology

K. Hodge, Mississippi State University

E. Petersen, Texas A&M

W. Rahmeyer, Utah State University

 D. Corti, Purdue University

N. Moore, North Carolina State University

S. Hilgenfeldt, University of Illinois–Urbana Champaign

There are a few people that I feel deserve particular recognition. A longtime
friend and associate, Kai Beng Yap, was of great help in checking the entire
manuscript, and helping to further check all the problems. And a special note
of thanks also goes to Kurt Norlin, and Viktoria Sirotova and all those at
Competentum, for their diligence and support in this regard. During the
production process I am also thankful for the support of my long time
Production Editor, Rose Kernan, and my Managing Editor, Scott Disanno.
My wife, Conny, has been a big help with the proofreading and typing
needed to prepare the manuscript for publication.

Lastly, many thanks are extended to all my students and colleagues that have
e-mailed me their suggestions and comments. Since this list is too long to
mention, it is hoped that those who have helped in this manner will accept
this anonymous recognition.

I value your judgment as well, and would greatly appreciate hearing from you
if at any time you have any comments or suggestions that may help to
improve the contents of this book.

Russell Charles Hibbeler

hibbeler@bellsouth.net
Resources for Instructors
MasteringEngineering. This online Tutorial Homework program allows
you to integrate dynamic homework with automatic grading and
adaptive tutoring. MasteringEngineering allows you to easily track the
performance of your entire class on an assignment-by-assignment basis,
or the detailed work of an individual student.

Instructor's Solutions Manual. An instructor's solutions manual was

prepared by the author. The manual includes homework assignment lists
and was also checked as part of the accuracy checking program. The
Instructor Solutions Manual is available at www.pearsonhighered.com.

Presentation Resource. All art from the text is available in PowerPoint

slide and JPEG format. These files are available for download from the
Instructor Resource Center at www.pearsonhighered.com. If you are in
need of a login and password for this site, please contact your local
Pearson representative.

Video Solutions. Developed by Professor Garret Nicodemus, video

solutions which are located on the Engineering Portal offer step-by-step
solution walkthroughs of homework problems from each section of the
text. Make efficient use of class time and office hours by showing
students the complete and concise problem solving approaches that they
can access anytime and view at their own pace. The videos are designed
to be a flexible resource to be used however each instructor and student
prefers. A valuable tutorial resource, the videos are also helpful for
student self-evaluation as students can pause the videos to check their
understanding and work alongside the video. Access the videos at
www.pearsonhighered.com/hibbeler/ and follow the links for the Fluid
Mechanics text.
Resources for Students
MasteringEngineering. Tutorial homework problems emulate the
instructor's office-hour environment.

Engineering Portal. The Engineering Portal, located at

www.pearsonhighered.com/eng-resources includes opportunities for
practice and review including:

Video Solutions. Complete, step-by-step solution walkthroughs of

representative homework problems from each section. Videos offer step-
by-step solution walkthroughs of representative homework problems
from each section of the text, and display fully worked solutions
showing every step of the problem–this helps students make vital
connections between concepts.
Contents
1. 1 Fundamental Concepts 3

1. Chapter Objectives 3

1. 1.1 Introduction 3

2. 1.2 Characteristics of Matter 5

3. 1.3 Systems of Units 6

4. 1.4 Calculations 9

5. 1.5 Problem Solving 11

6. 1.6 Some Basic Fluid Properties 13

7. 1.7 Viscosity 18

8. 1.8 Viscosity Measurement 23

9. 1.9 Vapor Pressure 27

10. 1.10 Surface Tension and Capillarity 28

2. 2 Fluid Statics 45

1. Chapter Objectives 45

1. 2.1 Pressure 45

2. 2.2 Absolute and Gage Pressure 48

3. 2.3 Static Pressure Variation 50

4. 2.4 Pressure Variation for Incompressible Fluids 51

 5. 2.5 Pressure Variation for Compressible Fluids 53

6. 2.6 Measurement of Static Pressure 56

7. 2.7 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface—Formula Method 64

8. 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface—Geometrical Method 70

9. 2.9 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface—Integration Method 75

10. 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on an Inclined Plane or Curved Surface

Determined by Projection 78

11. 2.11 Buoyancy 85

12. 2.12 Stability 88

13. 2.13 Constant Translational Acceleration of a Liquid 91

14. 2.14 Steady Rotation of a Liquid 96

3. 3 Kinematics of Fluid Motion 137

1. Chapter Objectives 137

1. 3.1 Types of Fluid Flow 137

2. 3.2 Graphical Descriptions of Fluid Flow 141

3. 3.3 Fluid Flow Descriptions 145

4. 3.4 Fluid Acceleration 152

5. 3.5 Streamline Coordinates 159

4. 4 Conservation of Mass 173

1. Chapter Objectives 173

1. 4.1 Volumetric Flow, Mass Flow, and Average Velocity 173

 2. 4.2 Finite Control Volumes 178

3. 4.3 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 180

4. 4.4 Conservation of Mass 184

5. 5 Work and Energy of Moving Fluids 215

1. Chapter Objectives 215

1. 5.1 Euler's Equations of Motion 215

2. 5.2 The Bernoulli Equation 219

3. 5.3 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 222

4. 5.4 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines 235

5. 5.5 The Energy Equation 244

6. 6 Fluid Momentum 285

1. Chapter Objectives 285

1. 6.1 The Linear Momentum Equation 285

2. 6.2 Applications to Bodies at Rest 288

3. 6.3 Applications to Bodies Having Constant Velocity 297

4. 6.4 The Angular Momentum Equation 302

5. 6.5 Propellers and Wind Turbines 310

6. 6.6 Applications for Control Volumes Having Accelerated Motion

315

7. 6.7 Turbojets and Turbofans 316

8. 6.8 Rockets 317

7. 7 Differential Fluid Flow 343

1. Chapter Objectives 343

1. 7.1 Differential Analysis 343

2. 7.2 Kinematics of Differential Fluid Elements 344

3. 7.3 Circulation and Vorticity 348

4. 7.4 Conservation of Mass 353

5. 7.5 Equations of Motion for a Fluid Particle 355

6. 7.6 The Euler and Bernoulli Equations 357

7. 7.7 Potential Flow Hydrodynamics 361

8. 7.8 The Stream Function 361

9. 7.9 The Potential Function 367

10. 7.10 Basic Two-Dimensional Flows 371

11. 7.11 Superposition of Flows 380

12. 7.12 The Navier-Stokes Equations 393

13. 7.13 Computational Fluid Dynamics 398

8. 8 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 419

1. Chapter Objectives 419

1. 8.1 Dimensional Analysis 419

2. 8.2 Important Dimensionless Numbers 422

3. 8.3 The Buckingham Pi Theorem 425

 4. 8.4 Some General Considerations Related to Dimensional Analysis
434

5. 8.5 Similitude 435

9. 9 Viscous Flow within Enclosed Conduits 459

1. Chapter Objectives 459

1. 9.1 Steady Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates 459

2. 9.2 Navier-Stokes Solution for Steady Laminar Flow between

Parallel Plates 465

3. 9.3 Steady Laminar Flow within a Smooth Pipe 470

4. 9.4 Navier-Stokes Solution for Steady Laminar Flow within a

Smooth Pipe 474

5. 9.5 The Reynolds Number 476

6. 9.6 Fully Developed Flow from an Entrance 481

7. 9.7 Laminar and Turbulent Shear Stress within a Smooth Pipe 483

8. 9.8 Steady Turbulent Flow within a Smooth Pipe 486

10. 10 Analysis and Design for Pipe Flow 505

1. Chapter Objectives 505

1. 10.1 Resistance to Flow in Rough Pipes 505

2. 10.2 Losses Occurring from Pipe Fittings and Transitions 519

3. 10.3 Single-Pipeline Flow 525

4. 10.4 Pipe Systems 532

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 Rovasti seisoi ikkunan luona ja katseli kesäiseen luontoon. Hän ei
saanut vastauksia kysymyksiin, joita syntyi hänen sydämessään.
Mutta vihdoin nousi kuin lohdutuksena se, että oli aina parasta ja
onnellisinta, minkä uskoi Kaikkivaltiaan työksi.

Eikä hän kuullut itkevien naisten valituksia, katseli vain sammunut

piippu riippuvassa kädessään etelän taivaanrannalle, missä
poutainen auer vilisti pitkin avaruutta.

14.

Annan päiväkirjasta.

Minun kesäyöni on loppunut, syksy tulee, talvi saapuu…

Hänen »Kesäyönsä» jäi keskeneräiseksi samoinkuin elämänsäkin,

joka sammui kirkkaan aamun syleilyyn…

Jaksanko ajatella? Jaksanko muistaa ollutta onnen aikaa?

Jaksanko uskoa todeksi, että olen elänyt ihanana kesäyönä?

Voi minua orpoa, isätöntä, äiditöntä! Voi minua, jolle kesäyö kaikki
antoi ja kaikki otti! Murheen, tuskan ja kuoleman kesäyö!

Ilon, onnen ja valon kesäyö!

*****

Kuinka hiljaista ja yksinäistä!

 Kaikki on ohi. Hänen hautansa on tänään luotu umpeen, ja koko
pitäjä on ollut saattamassa häntä kalmistoon.

Olen valinnut hänelle oman erikoisen hautakumpunsa. Minä

tiedän, että hän rakastaa sitä kumpua, minä tiedän, että hänen on
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Voi, se helpottaa niin, kuin voin näin istua ja kirjoittaa — kirjoittaa

koko yön, päiviä, viikkoja — koko elinaikani. Aina riittäisi, ei koskaan
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suuri… Kesäyöt, te, jotka valon ja lämmön Pohjolaani tuotte, te
minulle näytitte elämän suuren onnen, joka on sukua
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te tiedätte suuresta onnestani, te näitte syvälle sydämeeni… etten
omaa onnea ajatellut — hänen onnensa vuoksi olin onnellinen.
Erämaa, ystäväni ja kotoni! Minä riennän helmaasi surujani
itkemään, sinun suuri sydämesi tuntee tuskani ja ymmärtää orvon
valituksen….

*****

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Voi, kaivanneeko kukaan niinkuin minä…

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Minkätähden?

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*****

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*****

Kuinka olenkaan voinut elää nämät viimeiset päivät? En tiedä.

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Nyt kun hautasi on peitetty ja seppeleet kattavat kellertävän

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Miksen saanut minä kuolla kanssasi niinkuin Salla uljaan Juho-

metsästäjän syliin? Olisi osunut minuunkin saman kovan kohtalon
rautakoura… olisi pusertanut meidät molemmat…

»Anna, rakas lapseni, ylpeyteni vuoksi minua näin rangaistaan.»

Niin sanoi ruustinna, äitini, kun seisoimme kuolleen vieressä. Hän

sulki minut syliinsä, hellästi sydämelleen painoi ja vielä valitti:
 »Minun vuokseni erotettiin teidätkin, ja Jumala on tämän
koettelemuksen minun syntisyyteni tähden lähettänyt… Anna
lapseni! ainoiseni, hoivaa minua, voimatonta…»

Minä olen nyt paljon likempänä häntä. Hän on äiti, olen hänen
lapsensa, molempien vanhojen lapsi, sanovat he kumpainenkin.

*****

»Suomi on köyhä, polo Pohjola vielä köyhempi. Polo Pohjola,

kylmän ja kuoleman maa. Niinkö? Ei. Köyhä on Suomemme, köyhä
on Pohjolamme. Mutta rikkaat sittenkin köyhyydessään… Suomi on
rikas, Pohjola on rikas. Se on köyhä ja rikas yhtaikaa. Se on rikas
silloin kun se lähettää maailmaan henkensä parhaat hedelmät. Se
on köyhä sillon kun armoton kuolema tempaa pois sen parhaat pojat,
jotka ovat sen kallein omaisuus. Köyhän Pohjolan rikas poika makaa
tässä edessämme, kovan kohtalon murtamana… Rikas oli maa, joka
sinut synnytti, köyhä on se nyt sinut menetettyään juuri silloin, kun
Pohjolan loistot syvintä sieluasi liikuttivat…»

Se oli joku hänen ystävistään, joka hautakummulla puhui… puhui

paljon muutakin… muistaakseni »Kesäyöstäkin».

Eräs toveri oli lähettänyt runon. Se on minulla tallella. Se on

jonkun hänen parhaan toverinsa sepittämä.

»Tuntureilla tuiskuu tie, alas laaksoon vihuri vie: Tuntureilta

kuljit, mies, — minne päättyikään nyt ties?

Liian varhain vaivuit pois,

taitoasi tarvis ois!
 Ken nyt loistot Pohjolan
loitsii maille maailman?

Ken nyt kirjaa kimmel-yöt?

Pohjan päiväin kultavyöt?
Ken nyt peurat laukkaamaan
taikoo meille tauluissaan?

Paljon loit, mut parhaimmat

luomattas jäi haavelmat:
Unta Lapin aarteista
öin ja päivin näit sa!

Kaihomielin hautasi
umpeen luomme, toveri,
surren koko Pohjanmaa
kohtaloas huokajaa.

Niin. Koko Pohjola kaipaa häntä. Eikä kukaan kuitenkaan niinkuin

minä.
No, ehkä kuitenkin isänmaa, Pohjola, jonka povessa nyt makaat…

Vielä olivat tervehdykset Elliltä.

Elliltä?

Kirjoitanko mitään? Sanonko mitään siitä, minkä tiedän? En sano.

En tahdo muistaa Elliä ja häntä yhtaikaa. Se haavoittaisi häntä
rauhallisessa haudassaan ja himmentäisi minun ihanat, valoisat
muistoni. Antakoon Jumala anteeksi Ellille! Ja suokoon minun
rakastavan häntä, vaikka hän oli vihamielinen! Suuri Jumala, kuinka
hirveän paha saattaa ihmissydän olla! — ajattelen, kun muistan Elliä.
 Kas, kuinka yö on kulunut. On jo aamu. Tänään jo ehkä aloitetaan
heinänteko.

Kun päivä nousee korkeammalle, jotta sen säteet sattuvat

hautakummulle, lähden minä viemään kukkia kummulle…

Sitä kumpua hän rakasti.

Muistan syys-illan, jona hänen piti lähteä pitkälle

ulkomaanmatkalleen… Me kävimme kirkkomaalle illan suussa, kun
päivä juuri alkoi laskea lännen kukkuloiden taakse… Se on
hiekkakumpu, mäntyjen ja koivujen reunustama.

»Tässä tahtoisin levätä», sanoi hän. »Tähän kuuluu kosken

kohina, tähän näkyy kevättulva ja lientelevä lännen taivas, ja tästä
juoksee mäntyinen harju kivisen aidan poikki ja yhtyy suureen saloon
ja siitä kiveliöön…»

Siinä on nyt hänen hautakumpunsa. Sinun on nyt hyvä olla,

ystäväni!
Ystäväni! Sulhoni!

*****

Olen luvannut olla heidän, kasvatusvanhempieni, lapsenaan.

Rovasti sanoi:

»Nyt ei meillä enää ole muita kuin Anna… Maailmalla ovat muut
poikamme, ja rakas Marttimme makaa nurmen alla… Anna
lapsemme, ole meidän vanhuutemme ilo… yhteinen suru yhdistää
meitä…»
 Niin tahdonkin olla.

Mutta minulla on oma haaveeni, jonka toivoisin toteutuvan, jos

elän vanhaksi. Tuskin sentään elänkään. Olisi hauska kuolla.

Näin olen ajatellut:

Kun Jäkälärovan vanhukset kuolevat, muutan minä yksinäni

pieneen pirttiin Kyläharjun metsäiselle kupeelle, Haltiain kiven
naapuriin. Siinä on kaikkea, mitä pienessä, yksinäisessä elämässäni
tarvitsen. On sauna kylpeäkseni, on lampaalle läävä. Kirkasvetinen
lähde on pirtin takana, peltoja pirtin ympärillä. Vieressä on Haltiain
kivi, joka näkyy pirtin portaille. Kaikkialla ympäristössä ovat
ihanimmat muistoni elämäni päiväpaisteiselta aamuhetkeltä…

Kesät kuljen saloilla, entisiä polkuja samoilen, laulan lintujen

kanssa ja itken ikäväni erämaan sylissä… Kesäöinä kuuntelen
käkien kukuntaa Haltiain kivellä. Siihen kuulen kosken pauhunkin ja
siihen näen suvannon välkkyvän veden ja luhdikkosaaret…

Talvi-illoin kehrään ja sepitän runoja omaksi ilokseni. Entisistä

ajoista runoilen, kahden nuoren lemmestä laulan ja siitä ikävästä,
joka kalvaa aina.

Hänen »Kesäyönsä» on minulla perintönä. Siihen katson vain

kerran vuodessa… hänen kuolinaamunaan…

Mutta ehkäpä minun ei tarvitse kauan yksin ikävässäni olla.

Jumala, joka ajatukseni tietää, kyllä armahtaa minua…

*****
 Päivä en jo korkealla. Kuulen jo liikettä väen puolelta ja pihalta.
Mutta ylhäällä ullakkokamarissa on niin hiljaista…

Ihmeellisen loistava heinäkuun aamu. Ilma tuoksuu, niityn kukat

tuoksuvat. Puutarhastakin jo saan kukkia.

Nyt lopetan ja jatkan toiste, huomenna illalla.

Väet menevät jo niityn laitaan, joka kimmeltää aamukasteesta.

Kirkkaat, vasta teroitetut viikatteet välkkyvät auringon kiillossa…

Elämä siis jatkuu, jatkuu… Onko se ehkä voimakkaampi kuin

kuolema…
Minä luulin kuolemaa voimakkaammaksi…

Nyt lähden ja vien ensimmäiset kukat rakastettuni

hautakummulle…
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