Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Review Paper on a Comprehensive Approach to
Detecting Tuberculosis, Asthma, and COVID-19
Abhay Ayare ; Pranali Jamadade
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Kolhapur Institute of Technology, College of Engineering
Kolhapur, India
Abstract:- This study delves deeper into the realm of
electronic devices and technologies for the detection of
COVID-19, tuberculosis (TB), and asthma, examining
recent advancements and future prospects. Electronics,
with their versatility and precision, have emerged as a
critical tool in combating infectious diseases and chronic
conditions. Through a comprehensive review, this paper
explores the diverse range of electronic devices used in
detection methods for these diseases, including sensors,
imaging systems, wearable devices, and data analytics
platforms. Moreover, it discusses the integration of
emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence,
machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to
enhance the capabilities of electronic devices for disease
detection and monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is an airborne disease that
spreads from one person to another through coughs, sneezes,
speaks, spits etc. and it predominantly attacks the lungs
(pulmonary TB). However, it can also infect or damage
other organs (extrapulmonary TB), such as glands, bones,
kidneys, and the brain (extrapulmonaryTB). If not treated
properly, TB can be fatal.
Asthma, also known as bronchial asthma, affects
people of all ages and is characterized by inflammation and
constriction of the airways, which causes breathing
difficulties. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Fungal asthma, also
known as the close relationship between fungi and asthma,
is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
characterized by bronchial hyper responsiveness and
intermittent airflow restriction.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has, triggered a, global health
crisis. This viral disease primarily affects the respiratory
system, with transmission occurring through respiratory
droplets and contaminated surfaces. Research efforts have
focused on understanding the virus’s characteristics,
transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and
socioeconomic impacts.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Our study aims to explore the cutting-edge
advancements in electronic devices and technologies for the
detection of COVID-19, TB, and asthma. Through a
comprehensive review of the literature and research
findings, we delve into the intricacies of electronic
diagnostic approaches, shedding light on their efficacy,
limitations, and future prospects. By understanding the
intersection of electronics and healthcare, we can unlock
new avenues for innovation, collaboration, and impact,
ultimately advancing the frontiers of medical science and
improving the lives of individuals worldwide.
II. METHOD
In this study, a comprehensive methodology was
applied to review and analyze recent advances in electronic
devices and technologies for the detection of COVID-19,
tuberculosis, and asthma. The methodology includes several
key steps:
 Literature search: a systematic search of electronic
databases such as PubMed, IEEE EXplore, Google
Scholar, and relevant scientific journals will be
conducted. Keywords such as electronic devices, disease
detection, COVID-19, tuberculosis and asthma are used
to find relevant research articles, reviews, technical
reports, and patents published in the last 10 years.
 Selection criteria: Search results are reviewed using
predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles
dealing with electronic devices and technologies
specifically related to the detection, diagnosis, or
monitoring of COVID-19, TB, or asthma will be
considered. Studies that are not relevant to the scope of
this paper or were not peer-reviewed will be excluded.
 Data extraction: Relevant information will be extracted
from the selected articles, including details of electronic
devices, detection methods, study results, and
technological advances. Data extraction is performed
systematically to ensure consistency and accuracy in
capturing key findings from each source.
 Synthesis and analysis: The gathered data will be
combined and evaluated to find common themes, trends,
and advancements in electronic devices and disease
detection technologies. A comparative analysis will be
conducted to evaluate the strengths, limits, and possible
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ISSN No:-2456-2165
uses of various electronic methods for detecting COVID-
19, tuberculosis, and asthma.
 Critical appraisal: The summarized results will be
critically assessed to determine the quality of evidence,
methodological rigor, and relevance to the review's
objectives. Discrepancies or discrepancies in the
literature are addressed, and an attempt is made to
present a fair view of the state of the art in electronic
illness detection.
 Future directions: Based on the synthesis and analysis of
the literature, possible future directions and research
opportunities in the field of electronic disease detection
are identified and discussed. Considerations are given to
overcoming existing challenges, integrating new
technologies, and translating research findings into
clinical practice to encourage future innovation in this
area.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Numerous researchers have worked to identify and
diagnose tuberculosis (TB), asthma, and COVID-19.
Despite the variety of diagnostic modalities available, there
is still a strong dependence on sputum smears and chest X-
rays in automating tuberculosis detection using machine
learning and computer vision. Asthma, a chronic respiratory
disease, impairs lung function, whereas COVID-19, a viral
virus, presents unique obstacles to respiratory health.
Ayaz and his team [3] demonstrated how critical
feature selection has a significant impact on the success of
the TB detection model. They employed a combination of
manual and deep learning methods, and they then tested the
model's performance using several metrics. They also
attempted to classify tuberculosis into several categories
based on the severity of symptoms. Finally, they contrasted
classifiers that could simply tell whether something was
normal or abnormal versus those that could classify into
many categories. Interestingly, simpler classifiers
outperformed those with more categories.
Mithra and Emmanuel [7] conducted a review focusing
on deep learning methods for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis.
They discussed advancements in dataset and algorithm types
over time. The review highlighted efforts to improve
performance and classification accuracy by refining loss and
cost functions. The evaluation of TB diagnosis accuracy
primarily relied on studies using X-ray datasets. Challenges
included dataset quality and model generalization. Future
research directions include integrating multimodal data and
developing AI-powered diagnostic tools for clinical use.
Dava A and Riyanarto S. [2] showed how crucial
feature extraction is to the asthma model's detection success.
This study investigates the use of a group of sensors known
as an electronic nose to detect asthma by analyzing sputum.
It employs a genetic algorithm to determine the ideal mix of
sensors for accurate detection. This step entails preparing
and collecting sputum samples, extracting usable
IJISRT24MAY1521 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1521
information from the data, and determining the most
significant sensors for asthma detection. Finally, it compares
several categorization methods to see how effectively they
predict asthma based on sensor data.
Yong Xu ,Guojun Mao, and Shan Huang [5] explored
the COVID-19 pandemic from a big data perspective,
aiming to uncover hidden insights and research trends in
academic publications. By analyzing over 16,000 articles
from the Web of Science, the authors classified frequently
mentioned keywords into different aspects and used
clustering and strategic diagram methods to identify core
research topics and trends. Their findings reveal key areas of
focus in COVID-19 research, such as vulnerable
populations, diagnostic methods, and research tools. They
also highlighted the importance of respiratory distress and
pulmonary symptoms in the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of this
method in revealing important information and guiding
future research directions.
AkshaySiddhu, Dr.Ashok Kumar, and Dr.Shakti
Kundu[4]explained that this review paper focuses on using
machine learning to detect COVID-19 from medical images
or patient symptoms. This study summarizes existing
research in this area. Machine learning techniques are
becoming increasingly popular for diagnosing COVID-19
based on medical images like X-rays or CT scans and,
patient symptoms.
IV. SEARCH STATEGY
In this study, we detected COVID-19, TB, and asthma
by identifying the relevant keywords for each disease and
using the detection methods. These keywords are then
combined using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to create
comprehensive search strings. Databases such, as PubMed
and Google Scholar are used to conduct searches using these
strings. Search results are subsequently filtered on the basis
of relevance publication date, and study type. Selected
studies undergo a thorough review process to extract
pertinent data related to disease detection methods. Findings
from the selected studies are then evaluated for quality and
synthesized to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of
various detection approaches. Finally, the results of the
search strategy are reported following the preferred
reporting guidelines to ensure transparency and replicability.
This comprehensive approach ensures the identification of
relevant research on COVID-19, TB, and asthma detection
methods.
V. DISCUSSION
In this study we discussed in how can I detect the
Tuberculosis, Asthma and Covid 19 using sputum through
electronic sensors. The main focus of this review paper is
how can we detect the tuberculosis, asthma, and COVID.
However, these are in detect in different ways. Tuberculosis
is often detected through methods such as chest X-rays,
sputum tests, and blood tests. These diagnostic approaches
help identify the presence of tuberculosis bacteria and its
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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1521

effects on the body. Asthma diagnosis typically involves C. Asthma Detection:

assessing symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and
shortness of breath, along with lung function tests like
spirometry. Additionally, imaging tests like chest X-rays
may be used to evaluate lung function and rule out other
conditions.
COVID-19 detection methods primarily include
molecular tests like RT-PCR, which detect the genetic
material of the virus in respiratory samples. In Addition,
antigen and antibody tests are used to identify current
infection or past exposure to the virus.
 Intelligent inhalers with integrated sensors: Smart
inhalers are equipped with electronic sensors that
monitor the use of the inhaler and assess respiratory
function. This facilitates personalized asthma
management and early detection of exacerbations.
 Portable spirometers with electronic display: Portable
spirometry devices with electronic display enable
accurate measurement of lung function parameters,
helping diagnose and monitor asthma.

The discussion may also touch upon the challenges and
limitations associated with each detection method, such as
false positives/negatives, availability of testing facilities,
and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, it could highlight the
importance of early detection in preventing disease spread
and improving patient outcomes.
 Electronic health records for long-term symptom
monitoring: Electronic health records capture and
analyze longitudinal data on asthma symptoms, triggers,
and medication use to support personalized treatment
plans and proactive disease management.

Overall, the review paper emphasizes the importance

of understanding and using various detection methods
tailored to each disease to effectively manage and control
tuberculosis, asthma, and COVID-19.

A. COVID-19 Detection:

 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machines: These

electronic devices enable amplification and detection of
viral RNA and facilitate diagnosis of COVID-19 with
high sensitivity and specificity.
Fig 1 :Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Machines
 Rapid antigen tests with electronic readout: Electronic
readout systems improve the speed and accuracy of rapid
antigen tests and enable the point-of-care diagnosis of
COVID-19 within minutes.

 Wearable devices for continuous monitoring of

symptoms: Electronic wearable devices equipped, with
biosensors can continuously monitor vital signs and
symptoms associated with COVID-19, providing real-
time data for early detection and intervention.

B. TB Detection:
Fig 2 :Rapid Antigen Test
 Electronic nasal technology for volatile biomarkers:
Electronic nasal devices use sensor arrays to detect
volatile organic compounds associated with TB
infection, providing a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic
approach.

 Point-of-care molecular testing devices: Portable

molecular testing devices equipped with electronic
components enable rapid detection of TB DNA or RNA
at the point of care, facilitating timely diagnosis and
treatment initiation.
Fig 3 :Point-of-Care Molecular Testing Device
 Portable biosensors for TB biomarker detection: Portable
biosensor platforms can detect specific TB biomarkers in
body fluids, providing a convenient and minimally
invasive method for TB diagnosis and monitoring.

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Volume 9, Issue 5, May – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1521

Electronic devices, ranging from molecular testing

platforms to wearable sensors and smart health technologies,
offer customized solutions for the detection and monitoring
of COVID-19, TB, and asthma. These innovations enable
early diagnosis, personalized treatment regimens, and
proactive disease management, ultimately improving patient
outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.

Although electronic advancements offer exciting

opportunities, several challenges and considerations must be
addressed to realize their full potential. Technical challenges
Fig 4 : Wearable Biosensor such as sensor accuracy, privacy concerns, and
interoperability issues require further attention and research.
In addition, inequities in access to eHealth solutions,
particularly in underserved communities and resource-poor
areas, need to be addressed to ensure equitable healthcare.

In the future, continued collaboration among electronic

health professionals, medical professionals, researchers, and
policy makers is essential to address these challenges and
translate electronic innovations into tangible clinical
benefits. Future research efforts should focus on integrating
new technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to further enhance
Fig 5 : Smart Inhalers the capabilities of electronic platforms for disease detection

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