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Instant download pdf Organic Chemistry 2nd Edition Klein Test Bank full chapter
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Chapter 6
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
1. Estimate the enthalpy change of the following reaction under standard conditions.
Ans: +8 kJ/mol
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Estimate the enthalpy change of the following reaction under standard conditions.
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Estimate the enthalpy change of the following reaction under standard conditions.
Ans: -8 kJ/mol
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Which of the following is the enthalpy change of the following reaction under
standard conditions?
A. -8 kJ/mol
B. +8 kJ/mol
C. +222 kJ/mol
D. +79 kJ/mol
Ans: B
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Which of the following is the enthalpy change of the following reaction under
standard conditions?
A. -8 kJ/mol
B. +8 kJ/mol
C. -506 kJ/mol
D. +63 kJ/mol
Ans: A
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. You are working in a research laboratory and have developed a new reagent that
cleaves C-H bonds homolytically. Unfortunately, this reagent can achieve only one
of the transformations shown below. In light of bond dissociation energies, which
transformation is most likely to be achieved?
Ans: A
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
A. homolytic
B. heterolytic
Ans: A
Topic: Enthalpy
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. What type of bond cleavage does the following reaction involve?
Ans: heterolytic
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
Ans: A
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Easy
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
Ans: B
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
Ans: positive
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Predict the sign of S of the following reaction.
Ans: negative
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Hard
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Hard
17. Which of the following would you expect to have the most negative S?
Ans: D
Topic: Entropy
Section 6.2
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. Of following reactions, which one(s) would you expect to have a negative S?
Ans: A and B
19. Predict the sign of G for an exothermic reaction with an increase in entropy.
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
D. cannot predict without additional information
Ans:B
20. Predict the sign of G for an endothermic reaction with an increase in entropy.
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
D. cannot predict without additional information
Ans:D
21. Predict the sign of G for an exothermic reaction with a decrease in entropy.
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
D. cannot predict without additional information
Ans:D
22. Predict the sign of G for an endothermic reaction with a decrease in entropy.
A. positive
B. negative
C. no change
D. cannot predict without additional information
Ans:A
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
25. Does a reaction with a positive S and a positive H favor reactants or products?
Ans: Cannot determine without additional information
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
26. Does a reaction with a positive S and a negative H favor reactants or products?
Ans: Products
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Easy
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
28. Does a reaction with a H of 14 kJ/mol and a S of 150 J/molK at 298 K favor
reactants or products?
Ans: Products
Topic: Equilibria
Section 6.4
Difficulty Level: Hard
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. Given the following rate law, what is the order of the reaction with respect to
MeI?
Ans: first
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
31. Given the following rate law, what is the order of the reaction with respect to
tert-butyl iodide?
Ans: first
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
32. Given the following rate law, what is the order of the reaction with respect to
sodium cyanide?
Ans: second
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
Ans: 10 kJ/mol
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Hard
Ans: 10 kJ/mol
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
Ans: endothermic
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Hard
Topic: Kinetics
Section 6.5
Difficulty Level: Easy
Ans: B
Ans: B
41. Draw an energy diagram for an endothermic reaction with two steps.
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
44. Which of the following energy diagrams shows a concerted endothermic reaction?
Ans: D
45. Which of the following energy diagrams shows the reaction with the smallest
energy of activation?
Ans: A
48. Which of the following energy diagrams is of a reaction with one transition state?
Ans: A
49. Which of the following energy diagrams is of a reaction with one intermediate?
Ans: B
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
A. P
B. C
C. H
D. Me
Ans: A
Ans:
A. H
B. C of carbonyl
C. C other than carbonyl
D. O of carbonyl
Ans: B
Ans:
A. C
B. O
C. B
D. No electrophilic site
Ans: C
Ans; A
Ans: D
Ans:
Ans: C
65. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: A
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: C
67. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
68. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: B
69. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: A
70. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: D
71. For the following reaction step, indicate which pattern of arrow pushing it
represents.
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: C
73. Melphalan, a drug used in chemotherapy, reacts with itself before binding with its
target in the body, as illustrated below. Draw in the curved arrows that account
for this transformation.
Ans.
74. The following reaction has three mechanistic steps. Draw all curved arrows
necessary to complete the mechanism.
Ans.
Ans: B
78. Which of the following mechanistic steps represents the loss of a leaving group?
Ans: C
79. Identify the sequence of curved arrows (electron movement) in the steps of the
following reaction.
80. The following reaction has three mechanistic steps. Identify the pattern of arrow
pushing steps in each step.
81. Identify the sequence of curved arrows (electron movement) in the steps of the
following reaction.
82. Identify the sequence of curved arrows (electron movement) in the steps of the
following reaction.
A. Proton transfer, proton transfer, nucleophilic attack
B. Proton transfer, loss of leaving group, nucleophilic attack, proton transfer
C. Nucleophilic attack, proton transfer, loss of leaving group
D. Proton transfer, loss of leaving group, proton transfer, nucleophilic attack
Ans: B
83. Identify the sequence of curved arrows (electron movement) in the steps of the
following reaction.
84. What pattern of curved arrow pushing is the second step of this reaction?
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: B
85. What pattern of curved arrow pushing is the fourth step of this reaction?
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: A
86. What pattern of curved arrow pushing is the second step of this reaction?
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: C
87. What pattern of curved arrow pushing is the second step of this reaction?
A. Proton transfer
B. Loss of leaving group
C. Nucleophilic attack
D. Rearrangement
Ans: B
88. What pattern of curved arrow pushing is the second step of this reaction?
Ans:
Topic: Drawing Curved Arrows
Section 6.10
Difficulty Level: Hard
90. Draw curved arrows for each step of the following reaction.
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
93. Which of the following is the nucleophilic site in the reactants of the following
reaction?
A. C of the carbonyl
B. O
C. Li
D. Me of Li-Me
Ans: D
94. Which of the following is the electrophilic site in the reactants of the following
reaction?
A. C of the carbonyl
B. O
C. Li
D. Me
Ans: A
95. Identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic sites in the substrate and reagent of the
following reaction.
Ans:
96. Which of the following is the electrophilic site in the reactants of the following
reaction?
A. C of carbonyl
B. O of carbonyl
C. Cl
D. O of alcohol
Ans: A
Ans: B
Ans: Yes
Ans: No
Ans: Yes
Ans: Yes
102. Which of the following is the most likely structure of the following cation
after rearrangement?
Ans: D
Topic: Carbocation Rearrangements
Section 6.11
Difficulty Level: Easy
103. Which of the following is the most likely structure of the following cation
after rearrangement?
Ans: A
104. Which of the following is the most likely structure of the following cation
after rearrangement?
Ans: B
105. Draw the structure of the most likely following cation after it has
rearranged.
Ans:
106. Draw the most likely structure of the following cation after it has
rearranged.
Ans:
Topic: Carbocation Rearrangements
Section 6.11
Difficulty Level: Hard
107. Draw the mechanism and most likely product for the following cation
rearrangement.
Ans:
108. Draw the mechanism and most likely product for the following cation
rearrangement.
Ans:
109. Consider the product of the following mechanism. How many distinct
resonances would appear in the (proton-decoupled) 13C NMR spectrum for the
product?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Ans: C
Topic: Integrated
Section 6.2 and 6.9
Difficulty Level: Medium
110. Consider the following reaction. What patterns of arrow pushing are
likely involved in the formation of the product? Would you expect the S for the
reaction to be positive or negative?
[XVI] Vgl. dazu den Versuch einer Tabelle über die Kerflarven am
Ende dieses Aufsatzes.
Wie der Käfer muss die Larve zum Atmen an die Oberfläche
kommen; die beiden einzigen thätigen Luftlöcher[XVII] liegen am
Ende des letzten Ringes. Die beiden Körperanhänge flach auf dem
Wasser ausbreitend, hängt die Larve beim Atmen in S-förmiger
Krümmung an der Oberfläche.
[XVII] Die sieben anderen Stigmenpaare des Hinterleibes und die
beiden Paare der Brust sind geschlossen und besonders an
jüngeren Tieren schwer wahrzunehmen; eine Bedeutung haben
sie nur noch bei den Häutungen der Larve, indem sie dann als
Anheftepunkte der alten Tracheen dienen, die aus den
neugebildeten herausgezogen werden müssen.
3. Kolbenwasserkäfer (Hydrophiliden).
[XXII] Bei Spercheus wurde, wie ich beobachten konnte, bei der
Erzeugung des Tones der Hinterleib nicht in der Mittellinie des
Körpers, sondern seitlich bewegt.
Abgesehen von diesen beiden Punkten stimmen jedoch auch die
übrigen im Wasser lebenden Verwandten mit unserem Vertreter in
fast allen biologischen Punkten ebenfalls überein, so besonders in
Fühler-, Kiefer-, Brustbildung. Sie zeigen auch z. B. unter Wasser
stets nur die Taster, erst an der Luft die Fühler; so nehmen sie ferner
stets auf der Unterseite die Atemluft mit in das Wasser und zwar ist
bei allen ausser der Gattung Hydrophilus die ganze Unterseite mit
Luft bedeckt. Auch sorgen alle in besonderer Weise für die
ausschlüpfenden Larven, wenn auch nicht genau in der Weise wie
Hydrophilus. Für Hydrous wurde das Gespinst für die Eier schon
erwähnt. Ähnliche mit hornartigem Ansatz versehene Gespinste in
freilich viel kleinerem Massstabe werden von Helephorus gefertigt.
Ein Weibchen des Helephorus aquaticus z. B., das ich für sich in
einer kleinen Schale hielt, lieferte Ende Mai solche Gespinste an
Kork angeklebt in Mehrzahl mit ungefähr je zehn Eiern. Hydrobius
und Philhydrus kleben ihre weissen, pantoffelförmigen,
„ungehörnten“ Gespinste im ersten Frühjahr an den Blättern
stehender Pflanzen fest; besonders oft habe ich sie in Mehrzahl an
Grasblättern getroffen. Die Weibchen von Spercheus und
Helochares tragen die verklebten Eierpakete unter dem Hinterleibe
mit sich herum, sie mit den Hinterbeinen und den vorstehenden
Rändern der Flügeldecken haltend. Beide sind im Mai um Berlin
recht häufige Erscheinungen. Die Larven der Mehrzahl dieser Arten
kann man, wie ich vielfach erprobt habe, aus den gekennzeichneten
Gespinsten oder Paketen leicht erhalten. Deswegen glaube ich
darauf verzichten zu sollen, noch die Unterschiede der Larven der
einzelnen Arten anzugeben. Sie besitzen übrigens in den
Mundteilen, der Beinbildung (Fussglied und Klaue nicht gesondert),
Zahl der Fussklauen, Weichhäutigkeit des Hinterleibes alle die oben
geschilderten Merkmale. Hervorgehoben sei nur, dass nach
Schiödte die mir unbekannte Larve von Berosus spinosus mit sieben
Paar fädiger Tracheenkiemen und die von Philhydrus testaceus mit
fünf Paar Afterbeinen ähnlich denen der Raupen, jedoch in anderer
Verteilung, versehen ist.
[XXIII] Die Larve unserer Art ist meines Wissens noch nicht
bekannt, die von Parnus auriculatus fand Hh. Th. Beling in
feuchter Erde. S. Verh. d. Zool.-botan. Vereins in Wien 1882.
b) Cyphon-Larven.
Die Zweiflügler[2].
Durch die Zartheit und Ungeschütztheit der Flügel sind die
Zweiflügler selbst, d. h. die Mücken und Fliegen, von dem Leben im
Wasser[XXV] so gut wie völlig ausgeschlossen; von den Larven und
Puppen derselben aber lebt eine recht erkleckliche Anzahl im
Wasser, und diese Zahl wächst besonders noch an, wenn dabei
auch diejenigen Fliegenlarven mitgerechnet werden, welche sich in
Lachen kleinsten Umfangs aufhalten und halb ein Wasser-, halb ein
Luftleben führen. Von den letzteren soll im folgenden ganz
abgesehen werden; auch dann werden wir noch gezwungen sein,
uns auf die häufigeren und typischen Formen zu beschränken.