Index

A Austempered nodular cast iron, 32, 33

Abrasion, 21, 44, 46, 95, 96, 98, 109, 144, 148, Austenitic manganese steels, 149, 167
149, 184, 219, 228 Austenitic stainless steels, 146, 167
Abrasion by hard, granular material, 85, 116 Automotive disk brakes, 252
Abrasion parameter, 99, 144 Average roughness, 11, 49
Abrasion resistance, 144, 145, 227 Average surface temperature, 53, 54, 91, 125,
Abrasive interaction, 44, 45, 95, 96, 98, 99, 253
142, 145, 159, 218, 263
Abrasive wear, 95, 96, 99, 111, 115, 142, 144, B
146, 148, 159, 166, 172, 184, 187, 196, Backscattered electron SEM images, 50
233, 265 Back-transfer, 40
Accelerated tests on single components, 104 Balance ratio, 251
Acetal resins, 67 Ball bearing, 51, 137, 244
Additives, 42, 70, 73, 79, 195 Barus coefficient, 72, 73, 81
Adhesion, 1, 15, 17, 19, 35, 53, 86, 90, 94, Basic bearing life, 245
115, 205, 209, 220, 223, 227, 246 Bearing steel, 100, 118, 132, 139, 141, 165,
Adhesion coefficient, 17 233
Adhesion force, 15, 16, 43, 86, 87 Bench tests, 104
Adhesion-induced brittle contact wear, 90 Beryllium bronzes, 174, 176
Adhesive fracture, 227 Block model, 44
Adhesive theory of friction, 27, 28, 38 Block-on-disc, 155
Adhesive wear, 39, 86–90, 110, 120, 121, 124, Boronizing, 215
174, 176, 177, 187, 260 Boundary absorption layer, 76
Advanced ceramics, 179, 180, 188 Boundary layer, 76, 77, 124
Allowable linear wear rate, 122, 251 Boundary lubrication, 61, 69, 70, 76, 78, 81,
Alumina, 9, 33, 34, 110, 149, 173, 179, 180, 103, 123, 137, 173, 240, 269, 273
183, 217, 264 Braking pad, 92, 252
Aluminium alloys, 13, 121, 177, 217, 269, 273 Brittle contact, 7, 8, 10, 89, 90, 99, 102, 120,
Aluminium bronzes, 173, 176 179, 206, 266
Aluminium matrix composite, 178 Brittleness index, 9
Angularity, 47, 97, 173, 197 Bronze, 9, 31, 39, 96, 110, 126, 174, 176, 248
Anodizing, 148, 178, 215, 217, 218 Built-up edge, 259
Anti-oxidant action, 70
Anti-wear additives, 77 C
Asperity, 14, 31, 76, 87, 91, 103, 104, 137 Caliper disc brakes, 252
Asperity junctions, 14, 31 Cam/follower systems, 79, 243, 244
Asperity melting, 43 Carbon-carbon composites, 188, 196
Attack angle, 46, 97, 98, 263, 265 Carbon-graphite, 251

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 277

G. Straffelini, Friction and Wear, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05894-8
278
Carbonitrided steels, 133
Carbonitriding, 165, 211
Carburized steels, 135, 237, 251
Carburizing, 165, 202, 210, 248
Case crushing, 211
Cast iron, 32, 33, 92, 95, 96, 126, 168, 169,
171, 187, 208, 242, 244, 270
Cavitation, 149, 155, 240
Cavitation erosion, 155, 156, 240
C-cracks, 8, 102
Cemented carbides, 147, 185–187
Centrifugal erosion accelerator, 151, 156
Ceramic-reinforced composites, 44, 95
Ceramics, 9, 13, 16, 30, 33, 42, 86, 120, 181
Cermets, 185
Chemical adsorption, 76
Chemical vapour deposition, 189, 221
Chip, 40, 171, 258, 263
Chromium white cast iron, 146, 149
Coefficient for adhesive wear in lubricated
conditions, 124
Coefficient of friction, 22, 27, 42, 104, 109, 189
Coefficient of kinetic friction, 21
Coefficient of static friction, 21, 43, 52, 127
Cohesive fracture, 226, 227
Cold work steels, 163
Compatibility chart, 17, 18
Compatibility parameter, 17
Composite asperity radius, 14
Composite standard deviation of the asperity
height distribution, 14
Composites, 44, 67, 178
Compound layer, 212, 213, 226
Compressive residual stresses, 130, 204, 215,
227
Contact fatigue index, 132
Contact seals, 250
Contact spot, 13, 15
Contaminated layer, 13
Contamination, 29, 65, 137, 251
Conversion coatings, 201, 203, 215
Conveyors, 142, 184, 196
Copper alloys, 141, 169, 173, 248, 258
Corrosion, 61, 77, 150, 215
Coverage degree, 63, 269
Crater wear, 259
Critical flash temperature, 77, 117, 119
Crushing mills, 142
Cutting force, 256, 259
Cutting processes, 256
Cutting tools, 116, 181, 187, 222, 256, 261
Index
Cyclic plasticity, 24, 254
Cyclone separators, 150
Cylinder liners, 169, 241–243
D
Debris, 77, 85, 90, 95, 97, 107, 111, 177, 213
Deep-groove ball bearing, 245
Deformed layer, 13
Depth of cut, 258, 263
Depth of wear, 87, 106, 136, 140, 267
Diamond, 11, 65, 188, 189, 221
Diamond like coatings (DLC), 63
Differential abrading cell model, 144
Diffusion layer, 212, 226
Diffusion treatments, 201, 202, 210
Direct extrusion process, 273
Direct oxidation, 53, 91–93, 129, 152, 162
Disc-on-disc, 105, 108, 131, 220
Drawing force, 271, 272
Dry sand, rubber-wheel wear test (DSRW),
122, 123, 241
Dry sliding, 26, 29, 31, 34, 35, 49, 88, 94, 105,
110, 117, 162, 170, 183, 193
Ductile irons, 169, 171
Ductile machining, 266
Duplex treatments, 226
Dusting wear regime, 189
Dynamic load capacity, 245
Dynamic viscosity, 71, 73
E
Earthmoving machines, 142
Effective modulus of elasticity, 3
Effective thickness, 141, 210, 212, 215
EHD breakdown criteria, 78
Elastic contact, 1, 4, 14, 15, 19, 23, 33
Elastic-plastic contact, 7, 10, 211
Elastic shakedown, 7, 23, 24, 101
Elastic shakedown limit, 23, 24
Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHD), 75,
80
Elastomers, 52, 145, 153, 197
Electroless nickel (EN), 220
Electron beam heating, 207
Emulsions, 259, 263, 269
Endurance limit, 132, 135, 210, 211
Endurance limit profile, 208
Engine valves, 181
Entry velocity, 269
Epoxy resin, 67, 191, 205
Equivalent heat diffusion distance, 54
Index 279

Erosion, 85, 86, 116, 149, 151, 154, 155, 185, Glaze layer, 94, 95
196, 240 Graphite, 38, 63, 65, 73, 92, 188, 194, 267
Erosion rate, 151, 152, 217 Greases, 62, 72, 256
Evaporation, 222 Grey cast iron, 121, 170, 244, 265
Extreme pressure (EP) additives, 70 Grinding mills, 142
Extrusion force, 273 Grinding wheels, 95, 181
Grits, 262, 264, 265
F Gross slip regime, 128
Failure analysis, 85, 106, 110
Fatigue failure, 100–102, 127, 132, 138 H
Fatigue life, 100, 102, 128, 132, 140, 246 Hadfield steels, 149, 159, 167
Fatigue limit, 132 Hamrock and Dawson equation, 75
Fatty acids, 70, 76 Hard anodizing, 203, 217, 233
Feed rate, 152, 258 Hard chromium plating, 149, 218–220
Field tests, 104 Hard metals, 45, 147, 149, 222, 229, 251, 263,
Filled polymers, 126, 214 272
First yielding, 23, 24 Hard particles, 44, 45, 85, 95, 99, 149
Flame hardening, 203, 207 Hardness, 7, 9, 15, 30, 33, 48, 87, 88, 96,
Flank wear, 260 98, 132, 145, 173, 180, 210, 220,
Flash temperature, 53, 58, 91–93, 181 273
Flat follower, 243 Heat checking, 266
Flat rolling, 268, 270 Heat sink, 53, 56
Fluid film lubrication, 61, 69, 73, 101, 103, Heat-treated steels, 45, 101, 145, 208, 245
135, 248 Heavy braking, 252, 253
Forging dies, 266 Hematite, 32
Four-ball test, 77 Hertzian contact, 51, 52, 128
Fractional film defect, 123 Hertzian pressure, 3, 7, 75, 102, 108, 127, 132,
Fracture toughness, 8, 48, 89, 99, 102, 134, 175, 179, 247, 254
147, 164, 173, 273 High-chromium white cast irons, 172
Fragments, 34, 48, 85, 86, 94, 111, 120, 161, High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 192
226 High nitrogen martensitic steels, 166
Free-cutting steels, 259 High-speed steels, 163, 164, 167, 262
Free rolling, 50, 51, 103, 254 High-strength steels, 121, 141, 166, 233
Fretting, 85, 86, 127, 156 High-stress abrasion, 105, 142, 144, 145, 148,
Fretting fatigue, 127, 130 233
Fretting regimes, 127 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF), 228, 230
Friction brakes, 252 Hot extrusion dies, 230, 273
Friction force, 21, 81, 269 Hot-hardness, 261, 266
Friction layer, 27, 38 Hot work steels, 163
Fully plastic contacts, 7, 207, 260 HSLA steels, 149, 233
Hydrodynamic journal bearing, 239
G Hydrodynamic lubrication, 74, 75, 80, 176
Galeji’s formula, 269 Hydrogen bonds, 15
Galvanic-cell model, 144 Hydrostatic lubrication, 73, 83
Gas-blast rig, 151
Gas nitriding, 125, 212 I
Gears, 2, 53, 105, 137, 176, 247 Ideal surface, 2, 21
Gear teeth, 247 Impact, 116, 149–152, 163, 179, 184, 217, 266
Glass fibers, 47 Impact angle, 150–154, 197
Glass transition temperature, 6, 36, 86, 191 Indefinite-chilled iron, 268, 270
280 Index

Indentation tests, 205 Mean slope of the profile, 12

Internal combustion engine, 237, 238, 243, 244
Intrinsic stresses, 224
Ion implantation, 178, 203, 215
Ion-plating, 223
J 45, 51, 63, 67, 70, 76, 78, 80, 86, 102,
Journal bearings, 75, 237, 238, 241
Junctions’ growth, 27
K Metal-to-metal contacts, 32, 78, 123
Kinetic friction force, 21
Kinetic viscosity, 71
L Microploughing, 96, 98, 150, 264
Lambda factor, 61, 108, 245, 249
Lapping, 12, 218, 266
Large plastic deformations, 62, 80, 81, 100
Laser beam heating, 207
Lawn and Swain mechanism, 8, 99, 153, 265
Life-index, 261
Line contact, 2, 4, 7, 24, 51, 57, 108, 131, 133,
136, 254
Linear wear rate, 122, 251
Lip seals, 250
Liquid droplet erosion, 149, 154
Liquid jets erosion, 149
Liquid lubricants, 61, 62, 69, 129
Loss factor, 36, 41
Low-cycle fatigue, 87, 102, 255
Low-metallic pads, 195
Low-stress abrasion, 105, 142, 144, 147, 148,
187, 214, 219, 233
Lubricant failure, 125
Lubricants, 30, 40, 62–64, 88, 109, 218, 272
Lubricant selection, 82
Lubrication, 11, 38, 61, 72, 75, 79, 81, 97, 103,
124, 137
Lubrication regime, 61, 69, 77, 80, 100, 131,
135, 139, 141, 239, 240, 244, 247, 249,
273
M Non-metallic inclusions, 101
Magnetite, 32, 118
Manganese phosphate layers, 216
Manufacturing dies, 181
Martensitic steels, 126, 146, 149, 164–167, 253
Martensitic transformation, 160, 167, 207, 208,
210
Material removal rate, 100, 263, 264
Mating ring, 251
Maximum PV limit, 193, 195
Maximum shear stress, 4, 23, 101, 133
Mean junction radius, 58
Mechanical face seals, 250, 251
Mechanically-mixed layer, 88
Melting wear, 162
Metallic platings, 68, 125, 218, 220, 233
Metals, 9, 13–19, 25, 29–32, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43,
118, 119, 133, 135, 138, 145, 147, 151,
152, 190, 192, 196, 207, 218, 223, 225,
230–232, 241, 265
Micro arc-oxidation (MAO), 218
Micro-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, 80
Microcutting, 96, 97, 150, 151, 228, 263
Microstructural modifications, 13
Mild wear, 118, 120–122, 129, 160, 162, 192,
231
Mixed lubrication, 61, 62, 78–80, 124, 131,
137, 139–141, 179, 208, 240, 248, 249,
251, 269
Molybdenum disulphide, 66
Multilayer coatings, 225
N
NAO pads, 196
Natural ceramics, 179
Natural rubber, 196, 197
Negative sliding, 247, 248
Ni-B coatings, 220, 221
Ni-P coatings, 220
Nickel-chromium martensitic white cast iron,
172
Nickel bronzes, 174
Nitriding, 125, 178, 202, 210, 212, 213, 215,
226, 227, 248, 267, 273
Nodular iron, 242
Nominal (apparent) area of contact, 2, 3, 5, 6,
8, 13, 21, 51, 56, 57, 80, 252
Nominal pressure, 4, 7, 15, 35, 42, 81, 118,
120, 122, 161, 170, 171, 176, 178, 240,
241
Normal braking, 253
Normal force, 3, 5, 15, 21, 27, 260
Normalized pressure, 161, 162, 213
Nylon 66, 192, 194
O
Oil reservoirs, 125, 242
Organic friction materials, 195, 196, 253
Orthogonal cutting, 256, 257, 260
Ottawa sand, 110, 143, 144
Oxidation-assisted thermal fatigue, 266
Index
Oxidation-scrape-reoxidation, 93, 267
Oxidation, 31, 38, 40, 42, 53, 70, 91, 93, 129,
171, 232
Oxide layer, 13, 17, 31, 41, 92, 117, 128, 129,
160–162, 174, 178, 179, 217, 232, 269
P
Paraffinic, 69
Partial slip regime, 127, 129
Particle feed rate, 152
Pearlitic cast iron, 32, 33, 92, 195
Pearlitic steels, 165, 272
Peclet number, 55
Phenolics, 193
Phosphating, 216
Physical absorption, 76
Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), 221
Pin abrasion wear test (PAT), 110, 145
Pin-on-disc, 56, 94, 105, 106, 117, 124, 155,
161, 174, 182, 219, 231
Piston ring, 79, 169, 188, 191, 219, 241, 242
Pitch line, 53, 137, 247
Pitting, 104, 131, 210, 211, 215, 248
Plasma assisted CVD, 222
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PAO), 218
Plasma nitriding, 212, 227
Plastic shakedown, 24
Plasticity index, 10, 14
Plasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, 81
Ploughing action, 37, 49
Pneumatic tires, 52
Point contact, 2, 4, 7, 36, 51, 56, 76, 77, 102,
109, 131, 136, 182, 227
Polishing, 38, 125, 134, 189, 214, 215, 265
Polyamides, 67, 192
Polycrystalline diamond, 58, 189, 221, 222
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), 41
Polyethilene with ultra-high molecular weight
(UHMW-PE), 50
Polyimide, 191, 192, 194
Polymers, 6, 9, 10, 13–18, 30, 35–38, 42, 46,
52, 67, 86, 120, 135, 190, 192, 196, 250
Polymethilmethacrylate (PMMA), 36, 37
Polyoximethylene (POM), 192
Polypropylene, 6, 42
Polypropylene (PP), 6
Polytertrafluoroethilene (PTFE), 35, 37, 67,
122, 192, 193, 195, 218, 221
Polyurethanes, 145, 196
Poor lubrication, 138, 244
Positive sliding, 247
Powder metallurgy, 142, 146, 176, 186, 207,
244
Precipitates, 101, 135, 174, 176, 220
281
Primary ring, 251
Pull-off force, 19, 29
Pull-off test, 205, 229
Pump impellers, 150, 230
Pumping effect, 101–103, 137, 249
PV limit, 122, 193, 194
R
Rail head, 254, 256
Raimondi and Boyd design chart, 238
Rake angle, 258, 260
Rake face, 258, 259
Ratcheting, 24, 26, 87, 88, 103, 255
Reacted layer, 13
Real area of contact, 13, 17, 26, 28–30, 34, 43,
63, 68, 76, 80, 123, 259, 266, 269
Reciprocating pin on a plate test, 155
Recrystallization, 54, 266
Reduced radius of curvature, 3
Repeated sliding, 23, 93
Residual stresses, 9, 23, 100, 133, 184, 204,
208–211, 213, 224, 225, 227, 232
Retained austenite, 101, 164, 169, 171, 211
Reynolds’ equation, 74
Robert’s formula, 268
Roll surface velocity, 269
Roller follower, 243
Rolling bearings, 2, 73, 131, 184, 244, 245
Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), 100, 116, 135
Rolling friction, 21, 50, 244
Rolling friction coefficient, 50, 51
Rolling rolls, 93, 268
Rolling sliding, 131, 134
Rolling-sliding wear, 85, 105, 130, 135, 140,
141, 268
Rolling velocity, 76
Root-mean-square roughness, 11, 61, 75
Rule of mixtures, 39
Running in, 30, 38, 124, 125, 189, 213, 215,
250
S
Sand, 45, 66, 95, 109, 137, 142, 144, 150, 225,
229, 256
Scratch tests, 46, 47
Scuffing, 62, 76–80, 107, 109, 124, 125, 138,
171, 175, 179, 216, 242, 248
Scuffing load, 77, 78
Sealing rings, 181
Secondary boundary layer, 77, 124
Secondary hardening, 164, 166
Seizure, 77, 118, 162, 178
Self-lubricating bearings, 176
Self-lubricating materials, 126
282
Severe oxidation, 92, 93, 120, 161
Severe wear, 77, 117–120, 123, 170, 181–183,
192, 196, 213, 225
Shape factor, 143
Shot peening, 130, 150, 207, 211
Sialon, 179
Silicon carbide, 45, 110, 179, 181, 183, 184,
188
Silicon nitride, 42, 43, 79, 134, 179, 183, 184,
262
Simplified tests, 104, 105
Sliding, 2, 21–23, 25–37, 39, 43, 49, 53, 65,
77, 85–88, 93, 115, 130, 137, 141, 159,
160, 162, 169, 178, 181, 183, 186, 192,
195, 207, 209, 213, 219, 225, 240, 241,
249, 273
Sliding bearings, 57, 122, 177, 186, 237, 245
Sliding speed, 21, 26, 32, 36, 42, 43, 55, 79,
90, 94, 107, 117, 118, 162, 192, 213,
238
Soft metal, 19, 38, 67, 79, 246
Solid lubricants, 30, 35, 40, 61–63, 67, 78, 88,
141, 184, 216, 218, 262, 267
Solid particle erosion (SPE), 149–152, 156,
196, 217
Sommerfeld number, 238
Spalling, 8, 102, 104, 131, 140, 153,
210, 248
Specific energy for cutting, 258
Specific grinding energy, 264, 265
Specific heat, 55, 56, 189
Specific wear coefficient, 107, 118, 120, 122,
160, 170, 177, 179, 181, 213, 214, 217,
219, 225, 227, 231, 267, 270, 272
Spur gears, 247
Sputtering, 222
Static friction force, 21
Steady-state, 24, 38, 118, 124, 128, 238, 239
Steady-state stage, 38, 124
Steels, 31, 45, 52, 70, 121, 129, 133, 136, 142,
146, 151, 159, 162–165, 167, 171, 177,
184, 189, 202, 209, 212, 215, 229, 241,
244
Stellites, 233, 251
Stick regime, 127, 129
Stick-slip, 21, 43, 44
Strain-induced martensitic transformation, 160,
167
Stress intensity factor, 102, 103, 134
Stress intensity threshold, 134
Index
Stress relieving, 160
Strip drawing process, 81, 82
Stylus profilometer, 11
Super-hard ceramics, 262
Surface distress, 80, 82
Surface energies, 16
Surface engineering, 115, 148, 201, 204, 228,
270
Surface heating, 21, 53, 57, 92
Surface rolling, 203, 207
Surface roughness, 10, 11, 14, 21, 33, 37, 48,
66, 77, 82, 108, 139, 189, 192, 213,
217, 219, 229, 231, 238, 244, 246, 248,
250, 262, 269
T
Tangential velocities, 76
Taylor equation, 261
Tempering, 54, 161, 163, 165, 169, 263
Theory of Archard, 86, 89, 260
Thermal conductivities, 55, 57, 120
Thermal diffusivity, 55, 57, 258
Thermal shock, 120, 121, 181, 261
Thermal shock resistance, 181
Thermal spraying, 205, 228, 229, 251
Thermal stresses, 181, 224
Thermoplastics, 122, 144, 191
Thermosets, 191
Thick coatings, 201, 218, 228
Thickeners, 72, 73
Thin coatings, 16, 67, 218, 221–225, 227
Third-body, 40
Three-body abrasion, 44, 47, 95, 98
Thrust bearings, 237
Thrust force, 73–76, 137, 247, 256, 258
Tillage tools, 116, 144, 147
Titanium alloys, 129, 176, 178, 179
Tool steels, 121, 146, 159, 163, 164, 166, 170,
215, 225, 262, 266, 267, 273
Tool wear, 256, 267
Top dead centre, 241, 242
Toyota Diffusion (TD) process, 215
Tractive rolling, 52, 254
Traditional ceramics, 179
Transfer phenomena, 21, 31, 37–39, 49, 50, 89,
177, 269, 273
Transferred layer, 37, 39
Tresca yield stress criterion, 7, 25–27, 260
Tribological compatibility, 17, 31, 88, 192,
240, 261
Index
Tribological layer, 27, 94
Tribological system, 40, 44–46, 52, 57, 61, 62,
66, 73–75, 78, 80, 82, 85, 88, 104, 110,
115, 119, 122, 125, 129, 131, 142, 144,
150, 154, 169, 178, 201, 222, 237, 244,
245, 256
Tribometers, 105, 155
Tribo-oxidative wear, 31, 90, 93, 94, 111,
117–119, 129, 159, 161, 162, 164, 170,
175, 177, 178, 210, 219, 253
Turning, 12, 256, 258, 260
Two-body abrasion, 44, 46, 48, 96, 98
U Wear ring, 272
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 154
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE), 192
Uncompensated acceleration, 256
Unit rolling force, 270, 271
Unlubricated Sliding Bearings, 241
Upsetting, 265–267
V White layer, 13, 162, 212, 213, 215
van der Waals bonds, 15, 17
Viscoelastic contact, 6, 10
Viscosity, 6, 69–72, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 138,
140, 195, 238, 246, 267, 269, 272
Viscosity index (VI), 72, 141
W Worn surfaces, 32, 33, 86, 88, 94, 111, 232
Water-hammer effect, 154, 155
Water turbines, 150
Wear by contact fatigue, 85, 100, 108, 159,
165, 171, 173, 184, 207, 215, 245
Wear coefficient for abrasive wear, 264
Wear coefficient for adhesive wear, 87, 118,
120, 124, 160
Wear coefficient for erosive wear, 150
283
Wear coefficient for tribo-oxidative wear, 31,
92
Wear curves, 115, 117, 118, 175
Wear land, 259, 260
Wear maps, 118–120
Wear mechanisms, 85, 100, 105, 115, 118,
120, 131, 136, 177, 234
Wear processes, 27, 85, 86, 115, 131, 155, 159,
169, 229, 234
Wear rate, 68, 87, 90, 93, 98, 110, 115, 117,
118, 122, 128, 139, 143, 146, 147, 152,
154, 175, 178, 186, 187, 189, 192, 196,
219, 220, 226, 232, 253, 260
Wear testing, 86, 104, 147, 155
Wear tracks, 110, 111, 117, 118, 253
Wear transition, 117
Wear volume, 87, 95, 109, 115, 150, 260
Weld hardfacings, 232
Wheel-rail system, 51, 131, 253, 254
Wheel tread, 254, 256
White cast iron, 145, 146, 148, 169, 172, 173
White metals, 240, 241
Wire drawing dies, 271
Work of adhesion, 16–18, 21, 28, 30, 35, 36,
40, 43, 44, 63, 189, 206, 258, 262
Work piece, 81, 82, 222, 232, 256, 258, 259,
263, 264, 266–269
Y
Yield pressure, 7, 14, 46
Z
Zinc dialkil dithiophosphate (ZDDP), 70
Zinc phosphate layers, 216
Zirconia, 179, 181, 229