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 I NTRODUCTI ON TO
CHEMI CAL ENGI NEERI NG
FLUI D MECHANI CS
William M. Deen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

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© W. Deen 2016

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To Meredith and Michael
 Contents
Preface
List of symbols

Part I Use of experimental data

1 Properties, dimensions, and scales

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fluid properties
Viscosity
Density and kinematic viscosity
Units and values
Non-Newtonian liquids
Surface tension
Continuum approximation
1.3 Scales and dimensionless groups
Scales
Dimensions
Stress scales
Dimensionless groups
Example 1.3-1 Deep-water waves
Example 1.3-2 Inkjet printing
1.4 Dimensional analysis
Pi theorem
 Example 1.4-1 Speed of water waves
Example 1.4-2 Shear stress in pipe flow
Example 1.4-3 Energy of an atomic blast
Dynamic similarity
1.5 Conclusion
References
Problems
1.1 Falling body
1.2 Pendulum
1.3 Salad dressing
1.4 Heat transfer coefficient
1.5 Oscillating drops
1.6 Dip coating
1.7 Breakup of liquid jets
1.8 Valve scale-up
1.9 Ship scale-up
1.10 Power input in a stirred tank
1.11 Underwater swimming

2 Pipe flow
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Shear stress
Fundamental quantities
Friction factor
2.3 Pressure drop and dynamic pressure
Friction factor and pressure drop
Circuit analogy
Example 2.3-1 Pressure drop for water in process pipes
 Example 2.3-2 Pressure drop in an oil pipeline
Example 2.3-3 Flow rate in an oil pipeline
Example 2.3-4 Capillary viscometer
2.4 Noncircular cross-sections
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Example 2.4-1 Pressure drop for air in a triangular duct
Example 2.4-2 Material efficiency of square and circular
ducts
2.5 Wall roughness
Example 2.5-1 Effect of roughness on water flow in a
process pipe
Example 2.5-2 Practical smoothness
2.6 Conclusion
References
Problems
2.1 Cavitation
2.2 Bottling honey
2.3 Filling a boiler
2.4 Syringe pump
2.5 Flue gases
2.6 Hydraulic fracturing
2.7 Drag reduction
2.8 Economic pipe diameter
2.9 Microfluidic device
2.10 Murray's law
2.11 Open-channel flow
3 Drag, particles, and porous media
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drag
Origins
Drag coefficient
Spheres
Disks
Cylinders
Flat plates
Example 3.2-1 Drag on a cylinder in water
Example 3.2-2 Comparative drag on a cylinder and a flat
plate
3.3 Terminal velocity
Buoyancy and gravity
Terminal velocities for solid spheres
Example 3.3-1 Sand grain falling in air
Example 3.3-2 Microfluidic cell separation
Terminal velocities for fluid spheres
Approach to terminal velocity
Example 3.3-3 Approach to terminal velocity for large
spheres
3.4 Porous media
Darcy permeability
Microstructural models
Example 3.4-1 Air flow through a packed bed of spheres
Example 3.4-2 Comparative properties of granular and
fibrous media
 3.5 Packed beds and fluidized beds
Packed beds
Fluidized beds
Example 3.5-1 Fluidization at low Reynolds number
3.6 Conclusion
References
Problems
3.1 Chain-link fence
3.2 Rowing power
3.3 Dispersion of pollen
3.4 Downhill ski racing
3.5 Homogenized milk
3.6 Approach to terminal velocity for small fluid spheres
3.7 Inhaled particles
3.8 Flocculation
3.9 Hydrogel disks
3.10 Bypassing a packed bed
3.11 Fluidization at high Reynolds number

Part II Fundamentals of fluid dynamics

4 Fluid statics: pressure, gravity, and surface tension

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pressure in static fluids
Properties of pressure
Static pressure equation
Pressure distributions
 Example 4.2-1 Manometer
Example 4.2-2 Layered fluids
Additional note: Pascal's law
4.3 Pressure forces
Stress and force vectors
Boundaries
Example 4.3-1 Rectangular tank
Example 4.3-2 Inclined planar surface
Projected areas
Immersed objects at constant pressure
Buoyancy
Example 4.3-3 Buoyancy of a sphere
4.4 Surface tension
Tensile forces and contact lines
Example 4.4-1 Young–Laplace equation
Example 4.4-2 Capillary rise
Interfaces with variable curvature
4.5 Conclusion
References
Problems
4.1 Manometry for liquid pipe flow
4.2 Hydraulic lift
4.3 Static pressure variations in air
4.4 Force on Hoover Dam
4.5 Floating cup
4.6 Sedimentation in a sucrose gradient
4.7 Half-submerged cylinder
4.8 Buoyancy of a cone
 4.9 Formation of small bubbles
4.10 Capillary adhesion
4.11 Capillary flotation
4.12 Plateau–Rayleigh instability

5 Fluid kinematics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Continuity
Example 5.2-1 Unknown velocity component
Example 5.2-2 Expansion of the Universe
Example 5.2-3 Filtration in a hollow fiber
5.3 Rates of change for moving observers
Example 5.3-1 Temperature changes sensed by a weather
balloon
5.4 Rate of strain
Example 5.4-1 Rate of strain in simple shear flow
Example 5.4-2 Rate of strain in pure dilatation
5.5 Vorticity
Definition
Irrotational flow
5.6 Stream function
Definitions
Streamlines and streaklines
Example 5.6-1 Streamlines from the stream function
Trajectories
Example 5.6-2 Streamlines from trajectories
5.7 Conclusion
References
 Problems
5.1 Flow past a bubble
5.2 Channel with wavy walls
5.3 Condensation on a vertical wall
5.4 Flow past a solid sphere
5.5 Wedge flow
5.6 Flow between porous and solid disks
5.7 Trajectories of sedimenting particles

6 Stress and momentum

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stress vector and stress tensor
Stress notation
Stress at an arbitrary surface
6.3 Force at a point
6.4 Conservation of momentum
Additional note: stress equilibrium
6.5 Viscous stress
Rate-of-strain tensor
Example 6.5-1 Rate of strain in simple shear flow
Newtonian fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids
Additional note: stress symmetry
6.6 Governing equations
Newtonian fluids with constant properties
Example 6.6-1 Pressure in planar stagnation flow
Fluids with varying viscosity
Velocities at phase boundaries
 Stresses at phase boundaries
Example 6.6-2 Shear-stress boundary condition with
variable surface tension
Force calculations
Example 6.6-3 General expression for the drag on a
sphere
6.7 Conclusion
References
Problems
6.1 Stress vector and tensor
6.2 Effect of surface orientation on the stress vector
6.3 Force balance for plane Couette flow
6.4 Force balance for plane Poiseuille flow
6.5 Normal viscous stress at a solid surface
6.6 Drag on a cylinder at high Reynolds number
6.7 Pressure for creeping flow past a solid sphere
6.8 Pressure between porous and solid disks

Part III Microscopic analysis

7 Unidirectional flow
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fully developed flow
Example 7.2-1 Velocity and pressure for plane Poiseuille
flow
Example 7.2-2 Velocity and pressure for Poiseuille flow
Example 7.2-3 Friction factor for laminar tube flow
7.3 Moving surfaces
Example 7.3-1 Plane Couette flow
Example 7.3-2 Rotating rod
Example 7.3-3 Plate suddenly set in motion
7.4 Free surfaces
Example 7.4-1 Falling film on a vertical wall
Example 7.4-2 Surface of a stirred liquid
7.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
Example 7.5-1 Poiseuille flow of a power-law fluid
Example 7.5-2 Plane Couette flow of generalized
Newtonian fluids
7.6 Symmetry conditions
Cylindrical symmetry
Reflective symmetry
7.7 Conclusion
References
Problems
7.1 Couette viscometer
7.2 Annular conduit
7.3 Triangular conduit
7.4 Elliptical conduit
7.5 Slip in tube flow
7.6 Darcy permeability of a fibrous material
7.7 Surface of a liquid in rigid-body rotation
7.8 Layered liquids on an inclined surface
7.9 Liquid film outside a vertical tube
7.10 Film on an upward-moving surface
7.11 Slot coating
 7.12 Flow in a cavity
7.13 Falling-cylinder viscometer
7.14 Bubble rising in a tube
7.15 Paint film
7.16 Temperature-dependent viscosity
7.17 Blood rheology

8 Approximations for viscous flows

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lubrication approximation
Example 8.2-1 Tapered channel
Example 8.2-2 Permeable tube
Example 8.2-3 Slider bearing
8.3 Creeping flow
Stokes’ equation
Example 8.3-1 Flow between porous and solid disks
Example 8.3-2 Flow past a sphere
Example 8.3-3 Stokes’ law
Porous media
8.4 Pseudosteady flow
Example 8.4-1 Parallel-plate channel with a decaying
pressure drop
Example 8.4-2 Squeeze flow
8.5 Anticipating approximations
Order-of-magnitude estimation
Example 8.5-1 Order-of-magnitude analysis for a tapered
channel
Example 8.5-2 Order-of-magnitude analysis for Stokes
 flow past a sphere
Lubrication approximation
Creeping-flow approximation
Pseudosteady approximation
Example 8.5-3 Order-of-magnitude analysis for squeeze
flow
Example 8.5-4 Force on a slider bearing
8.6 Conclusion
References
Problems
8.1 Imperfect parallel-plate channel
8.2 Permeable closed-end tube
8.3 Permeation-driven flow in a microchannel
8.4 Candy manufacturing
8.5 Blade coating
8.6 Torque on a rotating sphere
8.7 Velocity and pressure for flow past a bubble
8.8 Terminal velocity of a small bubble
8.9 Rotating and stationary disks
8.10 Cone-and-plate viscometer
8.11 Growing mercury drop
8.12 Drag on a cylinder at low Reynolds number
8.13 Darcy flow in a tumor
8.14 Washburn's law
8.15 Injection molding
8.16 Capillary pump

9 Laminar flow with inertia

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Inviscid and irrotational flow
Inviscid flow
Vorticity transport
Irrotational flow
Example 9.2-1 Velocity for potential flow past a cylinder
Example 9.2-2 Pressure and drag for inviscid and
irrotational flow past a cylinder
Example 9.2-3 Water waves
9.3 Boundary layers: differential analysis
Boundary-layer approximation
Joining the regions
Example 9.3-1 Blasius solution for a flat plate
Wedge flows
Internal boundary layers
Example 9.3-2 Planar jet
9.4 Boundary layers: integral analysis
Integral momentum equation
Example 9.4-1 Integral solution for a flat plate
Boundary-layer separation
Example 9.4-2 Integral solution for a cylinder
9.5 Conclusion
References
Problems
9.1 Potential flow past a sphere
9.2 Lift on a half-cylinder
9.3 Axisymmetric stagnation flow
9.4 Opposed circular jets
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