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Brief Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi

Part 1 Influences on Food Around the World 3


Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Chapter 2 Cultural Parameters 25
Chapter 3 Religions 37

Part 2 Europe: Early Roots of American Cuisine 69


Chapter 4 British Isles 71
Chapter 5 Scandinavia 87
Chapter 6 Central Europe 103
Chapter 7 Eastern Europe 117
Chapter 8 Italy 135
Chapter 9 France 151

Part 3 Enriched by the Mediterranean Sphere 165


Chapter 10 The Iberian Peninsula 167
Chapter 11 Greece and the Middle East 181
Chapter 12 North Africa 203

Part 4 Heritage from Sub-Saharan Africa 221


Chapter 13 West Africa 223
Chapter 14 East and Southern Africa 235

Part 5 Food Treasures from the Orient and


the Pacific 251
Chapter 15 India and Its Neighbors 253
Chapter 16 Southeast Asia and Its Islands 271
Chapter 17 China 293
Chapter 18 Korea 311
Chapter 19 Japan 327
Chapter 20 Australia and New Zealand 345

Part 6 American Flavors 355


Chapter 21 South America 357
Chapter 22 The Caribbean 375
Chapter 23 Central America and Mexico 391
Chapter 24 Canada 411
Chapter 25 United States 425
Glossary 443
Recipe Index 455
Subject Index 459
vii
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Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi

Part 1 Influences on Food Around the World 3

Chapter 1 Introduction 5
Food Origins 5
Early Food Habits 5
Agricultural Developments 6
Influences Determining Diets 8
Geography 8
Environmental Factors 9
Broadening Horizons 11
A Capsule of Cultures and Conquests 12
Early Cultural Sites 12
Conquests and Empires 13
Emerging Trade Routes 17
Today’s World Food Scene 19
Populations at Risk 19
Production 21
Distribution 21
Economics 21
Summary 22 • Study Questions 22 • Bibliography 23

Chapter 2 Cultural Parameters 25


Components of Culture 25
Country of Birth 25
Housing 26
Language 26
The Arts 27
Literature 28
Architecture 28
Additional Dimensions of Culture 29
Immigration 29
Lifestyle 30
Some Cultural Insights 31
Far East 31
India and Southeast Asia 31
Middle East 31
Jewish Practices 32
Hispanic Values 32
Special Messages of Food 32
Salt 32
Egg 33
Summary 34 • Study Questions 34 • Bibliography 35
ix
x Contents

Chapter 3 Religions 37
Hinduism 38
Overview 38
Prominent Gods 38
Beliefs 39
Caste System 39
Reincarnation 40
Respect for Life 40
Holidays 40
Food Practices 41
Buddhism 42
History 42
Foundations 42
Buddhism in Practice 43
Festivals 44
Food Practices 44
Confucianism and Taoism 45
Taoism 46
Rituals and Food 46
Shintoism 47
Festivals 47
Judaism 48
Religious Celebrations 49
Traditions 50
Food Practices 51
Food Traditions 51
Christianity 52
Religious Holidays 54
Food Practices 54
Islam (Muslim) 55
Foundations of Islam 55
Roles of Islamic Men 58
Women’s Roles 58
Architectural Heritage 59
Historical Perspectives 59
Muslim Calendar 59
Dietary Laws 59
Islamic Sects 60
Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) 60
Seventh-Day Adventist 60
Recipes 60 • Summary 65 • Study
Questions 66 • Bibliography 67
Contents xi

Part 2 Europe: Early Roots of American Cuisine 69

Chapter 4 British Isles 71


Geographic Overview 71
History and Culture 72
Food Patterns 74
Class Influences 74
Country Distinctions 75
Holidays 79
Recipes 80 • Summary 84 • Study
Questions 84 • Bibliography 85

Chapter 5 Scandinavia 87
Geographic Overview 87
The Midnight Sun 88
Influenced by the Sea 88
History and Culture 89
The Vikings 89
Political History 90
Religion 90
The Arts 91
The Scandinavian Larder 91
Food Patterns 92
Holidays 94
Recipes 96 • Summary 100 • Study
Questions 100 • Bibliography 101

Chapter 6 Central Europe 103


Geographic Overview 103
History 104
Trading Powers 104
Powerful Families 105
The World Wars 105
Culture 106
The Arts 106
Holidays and Celebrations 107
Food Patterns 107
Switzerland 107
The Netherlands 109
Belgium 109
Germany 110
Austria 111
Recipes 112 • Summary 114 • Study
Questions 114 • Bibliography 115
xii Contents

Chapter 7 Eastern Europe 117


Geographic Overview 117
History and Culture 118
Invasions 118
Cultural Components 121
Food Patterns 122
The Baltic North 122
Russia 122
The Baltic States 124
Poland 125
Czech Republic and Slovakia 125
Hungary 125
Romania 126
The Balkans 126
Recipes 128 • Summary 132 • Study
Questions 132 • Bibliography 133

Chapter 8 Italy 135


Geographic Overview 135
History and Culture 136
Empire Building 136
Artistic Achievements 137
Religion 138
Food Patterns 139
Meals 140
Regional Cuisines 140
Specialties 143
Recipes 145 • Summary 148 • Study
Questions 148 • Bibliography 149

Chapter 9 France 151


Geographic Overview 151
Regions 151
Agriculture 153
History and Culture 154
Religion 155
The Arts 155
Food Patterns 156
Haute Cuisine 156
Provincial French Cooking 157
Dining Patterns 158
Recipes 159 • Summary 162 • Study
Questions 163 • Bibliography 163

Part 3 Enriched by the Mediterranean Sphere 165

Chapter 10 The Iberian Peninsula 167


Geographic Overview 167
Contents xiii

Features 167
Agriculture 168
History and Culture 168
Foreign Influences 168
Exploring and Colonizing 169
The Inquisition 170
Language 170
Religion 170
The Arts 171
Food Patterns 174
Portugal 174
Spain 174
Recipes 176 • Summary 178 • Study
Questions 179 • Bibliography 179

Chapter 11 Greece and the Middle East 181


Geographic Overview 181
Agriculture 182
History and Culture 183
Greece 183
Turkey and the Levant 184
Impact of Trade 185
Religious Impact on the Levant 186
Architecture of the Levant 188
Art 190
Alphabets 190
Holidays 191
Food Patterns 191
Recipes 196 • Summary 200 • Study
Questions 200 • Bibliography 201

Chapter 12 North Africa 203


Geographic Overview 203
Agriculture 204
History and Culture 205
Egypt 205
Libya and the Maghreb 207
Cultural Heritage 209
Food Patterns 211
Recipes 215 • Summary 217 • Study
Questions 218 • Bibliography 218

Part 4 Heritage from Sub-Saharan Africa 221

Chapter 13 West Africa 223


Geographic Overview 223
History and Culture 224
Early People 224
xiv Contents

European Interactions 224


Slavery 225
Religion 226
The Arts 226
Food Patterns 227
Recipes 229 • Summary 232 • Study
Questions 232 • Bibliography 233

Chapter 14 East and Southern Africa 235


Geographic Overview 235
History 237
Early Inhabitants 237
Foreign Involvement 238
North from the Cape of Good Hope 239
Culture 240
Religion 240
The Arts 240
Festivals 241
Food Patterns 241
Foreign Influences 241
Meal Patterns 242
Challenges 245
Recipes 245 • Summary 248 • Study
Questions 248 • Bibliography 249

Part 5 Food Treasures from the Orient


and the Pacific 251

Chapter 15 India and Its Neighbors 253


Geographic Overview 253
History and Culture 254
India 254
Nepal 258
Bhutan 258
Tibet 259
Pakistan 259
Afghanistan 259
Bangladesh 259
Sri Lanka 259
Food Patterns 261
Recipes 265 • Summary 268 • Study
Questions 269 • Bibliography 269

Chapter 16 Southeast Asia and Its Islands 271


Geographic Overview 271
History and Culture 273
Myanmar (Burma) 273
Thailand 274
Contents xv

Cambodia 275
Laos 276
Vietnam 277
Malaysia 277
Indonesia 278
French Polynesia 278
The Philippines 280
Religion 280
The Arts 281
Food Patterns 283
Foods 283
Foreign Influences 285
Recipes 287 • Summary 290 • Study
Questions 291 • Bibliography 291

Chapter 17 China 293


Geographic Overview 293
History and Culture 294
Food Patterns 298
Schools 298
Cereals 300
Produce 301
Soy Products 302
Protein Sources 302
Seasonings 302
Meals 303
Recipes 303 • Summary 308 • Study
Questions 309 • Bibliography 309

Chapter 18 Korea 311


Geographic Overview 311
History and Culture 312
Early Kingdom 312
Foreign Incursions 313
Republic of Korea 313
Culture 313
Food Patterns 316
Recipes 320 • Summary 323 • Study
Questions 324 • Bibliography 324

Chapter 19 Japan 327


Geographic Overview 327
Food Challenges 327
History and Culture 329
Early Settlers 329
Governance 329
Interactions with the West 329
Religion 330
xvi Contents

Traditions 331
The Arts 332
Sports 333
Holidays 333
Food Patterns 333
Rice 333
Soy Products 334
Food from the Sea 334
Soups 335
Noodles 336
Vegetables 336
Dining 337
Recipes 337 • Summary 342 • Study
Questions 343 • Bibliography 343

Chapter 20 Australia and New Zealand 345


Geographic Overview 345
History and Culture 346
History 346
Religion 347
Sports 347
The Arts 348
Holidays 348
Food Patterns 349
Recipes 350 • Summary 352 • Study
Questions 353 • Bibliography 353

Part 6 American Flavors 355

Chapter 21 South America 357


Geographic Overview 357
Agricultural Insights 359
History and Culture 359
Pre-Columbian 359
Spanish and Portuguese Conquests 360
Liberation 361
Religion 361
Holidays and Festivals 361
The Arts 362
Food Patterns 363
Overview 363
Colombia and Venezuela 364
Brazil 364
Argentina 365
Chile 365
Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia 366
Recipes 367 • Summary 371 • Study
Questions 372 • Bibliography 372
Contents xvii

Chapter 22 The Caribbean 375


Geographic Overview 375
History and Culture 376
Pre-Columbian 376
European Impact 376
Pirates 377
Colonialism 378
Governance 378
Religion 379
The Arts 379
Leisure 380
Food Patterns 380
Crops from Afar 380
Indigenous Foods 380
Favorite Dishes 380
Recipes 384 • Summary 388 • Study
Questions 389 • Bibliography 389

Chapter 23 Central America and Mexico 391


Geographic Overview 391
Central America 392
Mexico 393
History and Culture 394
Early Civilizations 394
European Influences 395
Mexican Independence 396
Religion 397
Holidays 397
Food Patterns 398
Corn and Wheat 398
Rice 400
Other Foods 400
Beverages 401
Meal Patterns 401
Regional Cuisines of Mexico 402
Recipes 402 • Summary 407 • Study
Questions 408 • Bibliography 408

Chapter 24 Canada 411


Geographic Overview 411
History and Culture 412
Natives 412
Vikings 412
Europeans 413
Food Patterns 417
Recipes 419 • Summary 422 • Study
Questions 423 • Bibliography 423
xviii Contents

Chapter 25 United States 425


Geographic Overview 425
History and Culture 426
Indians 426
The Emerging Nation 427
The Changing Scene 429
Religion 430
Ethnic Celebrations 430
Regional Foods 431
Northeastern Traditions 431
Southern Cuisine 431
Midwestern Fare 432
Western Dishes 433
New Foods in the Marketplace 434
Immigrants and Food Choices 435
Shifting Food Patterns 435
Recipes 437 • Summary 440 • Study
Questions 440 • Bibliography 441

Glossary 443
Recipe Index 455
Subject Index 459
Preface
This has been a particularly interesting and challenging time to be writing this edition; the Arab
Spring heralded a period of unrest and turmoil which is clearly still evolving. It has been sober-
ing to remember that I was in Benghazi driving past the American Embassy in 2006, a year after
Libya had first welcomed tourists, and now barely seven years later, dreams of international
peace are ever harder to bring to reality. However, common threads of human needs still afford
some avenues for understanding and appreciating the uniqueness of individuals and nations.
Food offers a particularly significant pathway of study to promote cultural knowledge. I hope
that this edition can be helpful to those seeking to expand their knowledge and understanding of
food and its cultural variations.
Food is a significant messenger of culture and the human experience. We have all grown
up with experiences of family meals and parties where we ate delicious foods that were favor-
ites dating back at least a generation. Conversations may have recalled the great fried chicken,
spaghetti and meatballs, or tamales that Grandma used to make. The special treats vary with our
ancestral tree, but memories of food specialties still persist for us.
Each of us is a member of (or soon will become a part of) a minority in the United States.
This remarkable increase in diversity within the U.S. population means that we all need to learn
more about the world: its geographic parameters, food, and social and economic factors that
have shaped the people who have emigrated from other nations to the United States. Better rela-
tionships between individuals, within schools, and throughout communities and the nation begin
with learning about one another, what we value and seek. Food preferences and eating habits
provide a fascinating and very approachable avenue for promoting understanding.
Now is a wonderful time to get acquainted with the world, its nations, their people, and
culture. Your study will increase your knowledge and appreciation of the diverse traditions and
food patterns of people in your community, school, and workplace. You will develop a spirit
of adventure as you discover exciting new flavors and textures in foods from around the world.
Whether you are preparing these dishes yourself or dining in a restaurant featuring foreign spe-
cialties, your enjoyment will be enhanced when you know about the region or country that devel-
oped the original cuisine. Regardless of your professional goals, this book will help you become
a citizen of the world. However, this knowledge is particularly important for dietitians, nutrition-
ists, and food technologists as they strive to help people from other cultures achieve healthy and
satisfying food patterns in this country.
This edition has been changed in several ways. The chapter on Canada is new. I have also
included discussion on some of the world’s food problems and the reasons for severe food short-
ages in several countries. Maps of the regions and countries are provided throughout. More color
and black-and-white pictures are included to help readers visualize the uniqueness of the differ-
ent places visited in the book. Definitions in the margins and study questions are additional aids.
Now it is time to journey with me around the world through the pages of this book.
Let’s go!
Margaret McWilliams
Redondo Beach, California

New to this Edition


This edition has been updated to maintain its objective of examining food and cultural patterns
while also incorporating the current situation relating to the food scene around the world, as
­impacted by geography, population pressures, economics, politics, and natural disasters.
• New chapter on Canada
• Extensive revision of Chapters 1 and 25 (formerly Chapter 24)
• Extensive changes in the black-and-white photos
• Numerous changes in the color photos
• Updated maps
• Thorough revision of supplements for professors

xix
xx Preface

Online Supplements Accompanying the Text


An online Instructor's Manual and MyTest are available to instructors at www.­pearsonhighered.
com. Instructors can search for a test by author, title, ISBN, or by selecting the appropriate ­discipline
from the pull-down menu at the top of catalog home page. To access s­ upplementary materials
online, instructors need to request an instructor access code. Go to www.­pearsonhighered.com,
click the Instructor Resource Center link, and then click Register Today for an instructor ac-
cess code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail including
an ­instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and log on for full
instruction on downloading the materials you wish to use.
Acknowledgments
I continue to be indebted to two close, very talented friends who have been so encouraging,
helpful, and patient during the preparation of this manuscript and especially during production.
Dr. Antoinette Empringham, formerly Professor of English at El Camino College, has been my
sounding board not only when I was starting to revise Chapter 1 in this book, but also for other
chapters in my other books. That is the really tough moment for me, and her questions regard-
ing my plans have always helped me move from intangible ideas in my head to an evolving
manuscript. Fortunately for readers, her help extended through production where her sharp eyes
helped considerably in spotting typos so that readers’ eyes can focus on the printed word, rather
than having to wonder what should be on the page. Pat Chavez, my other proofreading friend,
also is owed much thanks for her skillful work proofreading this book and others that have gone
through production in the past few years. It is wonderful to have friends who are cheerful and
very competent aides in our production phase. And with this edition, I am pleased to have the
opportunity to recognize Ned Forsyth for his remarkably careful proofreading to help eliminate
typographical errors. I gratefully thank David Lombard, my neighbor and computer guru, who
waved his magic wand to open some confounding files that came in e-mails from India dur-
ing production. Without him, some chapters would have remained invisible to me at critical
moments.
My hat is tipped to my editor Bill Lawrensen and his great co-workers at Pearson
Education. Their prompt and thorough responses to my queries and requests make my writing
tasks much easier. I also appreciate all that they do at their end to create a beautiful book from
my manuscript, which by no stretch of the imagination could even be described as attractive.
They are the ones who make it happen.
My special thanks go to Shiny Rajesh, my long-distance friend and colleague at Integra
in Pondicherry, India. Her patience and skill in helping me through the challenges of working
electronically through the entire production process have been invaluable. She also was my won-
derful hostess when I was fortunate enough to get to meet her in person at Integra.
It is with deep appreciation that I thank my reviewers, Tawni Holmes, University of
Central Oklahoma; Monica Lowe, Eastern Michigan University; Julie Davis, Benedictine
University; Stephanie Herrington, Austin Community College; and Wilfred Beriau, Southern
Maine Community College, for their helpful comments and thoughts. Their input was very
­useful in conceptualizing this edition.
Margaret McWilliams
Redondo Beach, California

xxi
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Food Around the World
ASIA

NORTH EUROPE
AMERICA

AFRICA

SOUTH
AMERICA

AUSTRALIA
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having the "Search Light": if your dealer
can't supply you, we will prepay delivery
charges for list price, $5. Send for
circular.
Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn.,
or 19 Murray St. N. Y. City.

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