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The Ultimate Equation Reference Guide - 16th Ed
The Ultimate Equation Reference Guide - 16th Ed
CONSTRUCTION 1
Volume
loose density
Load Factor = 1 + % Swell
loose density 100
Load Factor =
bank density Bank Volume = Loose Volume Load Factor
SHRINKAGE : soil decreases in volume when it’s compacted CERM 80-2
bank density 100% − % Shrinkage
% Shrinkage = 1 − 100%
Volume
Vcompacted = VBANK
Density
V =L
( A1 + A2 ) L ABASE
if A = 0 (or small) → V =
2 3
CERM 80-4
Cut → payment usually for cut
CERM 80-2
Fill → payment usually for fill METHODS OF COORDINATES CERM 78-17
STOCK PILE
1 n
= angle of repose A=
2
y (x
i =1
1 i −1 − xi +1 )
V = LA
r = radius of stock pile
h = height of repose with angle
h r 2h
r = max height V =
tan or radius 3
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2
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
CONSTRUCTION 2
BORROW PIT average depth – measuring material based on adding/removing from a pit
UNIFORM SERIES
PW FACTOR NPW = PWbenefits – PWcosts
(1 + i ) − 1 n Salvage is cost
P = A ( P | A, i,n) = A Benefit-Cost Ratio Capitalized costs = PW
i (1 + i )n
FW FACTOR B PWbenefits
= >1.0 (GOOD)
(1 + i )n − 1 C PWcos ts
F = A ( F | A, i,n) = A
L
Pday =
(3 yd ) (8 hr ) (3600 sec/hr ) = 2160 yd
3
3
Tactual =
Cycle Time
→ Pday = 2160 (Factors )
40 sec Factors
CAPACITY CYCLE TIME
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3
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
CONSTRUCTION 3
CRITICAL PATH – the earliest possible date of project completion (longest path)
ES DURATION EF
TASK zero float slack
LS FLOAT LF
To address overallocation (i.e., situations that demand more resources than are available).
Common ways:
1) Delay the tasks (either by postponing the start dates or extending the completion
dates) until resources become available
2) Split the task so that the parts are completed when planned and the remainders are
completed when resources becomes available
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4
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
CONSTRUCTION 4
Resisting Moments
Factor of Safety =
Overturning Moments
BRICK
Center on Center
Posts 250 ft length
26 posts CoC
25 infill panel
Rooks MORTAR
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
THICKNESS
use MEAN PERIMETER = OUTSIDE PERIMETER - 4 (2 )
2
VOLUME of CONCRETE = MEAN PERIMETER HEIGHT THICKNESS
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5
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 1
emax − e
DR = 100% e = emax − DR ( emax − emin )
emax − emin
− d min d max d min
DR = d 100% d =
d max − d min d D
1 − R ( d max − d min )
d max
ATTERBERG LIMIT ≤ 0.425 mm (Sieve No. 40) CERM 35-21
Liquid state
Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Index (PI)
Increasing
Plastic state
moisture
SIEVE OPENING
#200 > 35% → “ “ column A-4 – Fig. 2.3 using LL and PI PGI = 0.01(#200 – 15)(PI – 10)
GEOTECHNICAL 2
USDA
SOIL SAMPLING
Theoretical Energy =
(Wt ) ( drop ) (blows ) (layers )
volume
Standard Proctor Test Modified Proctor Test
- Soil is compacted in 3 layers by 25 - Soil is compacted in 5 layers
hammer blows on each layer - Hammer mass = 10 lbm = 4.5 kg
- Hammer mass = 5.5 lbm = 2.5 kg - Hammer drop = 18 in = 457 mm
- Hammer drop = 12 in = 305 mm - Denser soil
Wo − Wf − Wcone Wo − Wf
Vhole = = Vcone
sand sand
Whole
d = =
1+w Vhole (1 + w )
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7
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 3
FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY
Ki V hc = seepage velocity aL h0
Vs = = K = ln CERM 35-24
ne ne D10 = average discharge velocity At h1
K = hydraulic conductivity
h0 = head at start of test (t0)
i = hydraulic gradient
h1 = head at end of test (t1)
ne = effective porosity A = cross sectional area of specimen
a = cross sectional area of stand pipe
COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY CERM 35-23 t = t1 – t 0
V = volume of water
VL t = duration of water connection
K =
hAt Δh = head difference
A = cross sectional area
L = length of specimen
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8
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 4
v = z i i z1 1
z2 2 vA = 1 z1 + 2 z2
A
v' = v − u
pore water
vertical pressure
stress
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9
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 5
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
Vertical stress
2.5
3p 1 z = depth
= 2 r = radial distance
( )
2
2 z 1 + r
z
B L
M = n=
z z
q = Iq
Approximate method = 2V : 1H
Rectangular area:
qBL P
= =
( B + 2 )( L + 2 ) ( B + 2 ) ( L + 2)
qr 2 p
Circular area: = 2
= 2
z z
r + 2 r +
2
UNIFORM SQUARE/INFINITE
x
= (? ) B Rectangular:
B 2.6 − 0.84
B
z L
= (? ) B Note: use superposition
B CERM A-125
1 method for large or
= (? ) B (no tables) = q 1 −
B various point loads
B
1.38 + 0.62
L
1 + 22
OR USE EQUATIONS:
Circular (D=B) Square Continuous
1.5
1.76
2.6
1 1 1
= q 1 −
= q 1 −
= q 1 −
2 2 1.38
1 + B 1 + B 1 + B
22 22 22
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10
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 6
RATE OF CONSOLIDATION
Cv t Tv = time factor
Tv = 2
Hd Cv = coefficient H for one-way drainage
Hd = length of the drainage path
CERM 40-5
H/2 for two-way drainage
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11
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 7
qult = cNc Sc + Df
qnet = cNc Sc cohesion
Unconfined
qu
undrained shear strength → su = c = compressive strength
2
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12
Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 8
Case 1: Df D 0
CERM 36-8
D' = D1 + 'D2 Df
' = sat − w
Case 2: B d 0 Case 3: d B
d d
= + 1 − ' groundwater is negligible = 0
B B
D D
Circular/square Fq = 1 + 2 1 + m f f Ku tan
B B M = coefficient
Ku = nominal uplift coefficient
D B Df
Rectangular Fq = 1 + 1 + 2m f + 1 Ku tan
B L B
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
GEOTECHNICAL 9
for level
CERM 37-5
1 1
pp = K p H + 2c K p Rp = pp H = K p H 2
2 2
CERM 37-3
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
CERM 37-5
Neglect the friction between wall and soil
1 1 − sin
Ka = = = tan2 45 −
K p 1 + sin 2
Level
1 1 + sin
Kp = = = tan2 45 +
K a 1 − sin 2
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
STRUCTURES 1
P
= = = = E
L E AE
ft Ig My M bh3 I I bh2
CRACKING → Mcr = BENDING → fb = = I = S= = =
yb I S 12 y h /2 6
Material
CONCRETE fc in psi properties
C Force – couple
parallel force
T same magnitude
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
STRUCTURES 2
Vu Av fy
Vs(required ) − Vc smax =
= 0.75 50bw
Av fy d d
s= When: Vs( required ) 2Vc = 4 fc bw d → smax = but not greater than 24”
Vs(required ) 2
For: 4 fc bw d Vs 8 fc bw d (prevents overturning)
b
TEMP STEEL RATIO
d As h
As
fy = 60 ksi → = 0.0018
Ag
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
STRUCTURES 3
3 FAILURE MODES
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
STRUCTURES 4
fy AISC
COMPACT SECTION : fb =
b
bf E
FLANGE : 0.38
2tf fy
h E
WEB : 3.76
tw fy
ry
Lp = 300 Lp = max unbraced length
fy
(
Mn = Cb Mp − BF Lb − Lp ) BF = Bending Factor
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 1
Azimuth is always
from North
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 2
5729.578 ft
R= [US arc def
D deg
50 ft 50 ft
R= [US CHORD DEF → Dc = 2 ( sin−1 )
D R
sin I = 180° – T1 – T2
2
2 RI 100 ft 60° 60°
L= = RIRADIANS = I
360 D
SUPERELEVATION AASHTO 3-32 CERM 79-9 PT STA = PC STA + L
V2 PC STA = PI STA - T
Rmin = MIN RADIUS USING e + f
15 ( emax + fmax )
wp
TR =
SRR
w
L= l
SRR
R R − HS O CL of INSIDE LANE
S = arccos
28.65 R
( )
3
3.15 V( mph)
Ls OPEN ROAD HIGHWAYS
RC
FLAT RADIUS → SHARPER RADIUS
ft
RAIL : C =1 (U.S.) INTERSECTIONS 1.5 : 1
sec3
RAPID CHANGES 2 : 1
ROAD : C = 1 → 3 (1 to 3)
INTERCHANGE RAMPS
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 3
elev E − elevG
s=
elev E − elev F
2d ( s + 1)
L=
s −1
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 4
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 5
Spacing
SPEED, FLOW, DENSITY CERM 73-7 S
Headway – time between
v D = # of vehicle per hour per lane (vpmpl) successive
DENSITY → D = S = space mean speed (mph) vehicles (sec/veh)
S Spacing – distance between
v = flow/rate of flow/volume (vphpl)
common points on
successive
3600 sec/hr Spacing
Headway = = vehicles (ft/veh)
(sec/veh) flow rate (veh/hr) S
5280 ft/mile
Spacing =
(ft/veh) D
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
TRANSPORTATION 6
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
R = crash rate
A 106 A = # of crashes
INTERSECTION → Rint =
365 T V
T = time period of analysis (years)
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
WATER RESOURCES 1
FLUID STATICS
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
WATER RESOURCES 2
FLUID DYNAMICS
fLv 2
DARCY: hf =
2Dg
(3.022) (Vfps ) (L) (10.44) ( L ) (Qgpm )
1.85 1.85
HAZEN WILLIAMS: hf = hf =
( ) C 1.85 ( d10 )
1.165 4.8655
C 1.85 Dft
pA1V1 = pA2V2 → A1V1 = A2V2
Ep = hp = p / → pressure head or static head
p V2 p V2
+ + z1 + hA = + + z2 + hE + hF Where: R = hydraulic radius
2g 2g d = diameter (in)
Head at Sf = slope of EGL = hf/L (ft/ft)
SUCTION LIFT pump CERM 18-7
Total suction head
hz = negative fluid source below pump Total discharge head
Total static head = z2 − z1 Total head
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
WATER RESOURCES 3
(D) (S )
0.375 0.188
nQfull nQfull
(Qfull ) (S )
0.375
D = 1.335 0.5 =
0.5
= Must be known :
1.335 ( n)
0.375 2.67
S D Qfull n S
1.335
Froude Number: FR = 1 (critical flow)
FR < 1 (sub critical flow)
CERM 19-20
FR > 1 (super critical flow)
2 g 4
0.5
1 2 (V )2 d d2
d2 = − d1 + + 1
1 1
2 g 4
gd
(V1 ) = 2d2 ( d1 + d2 )
2
1
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Civil Engineering Academy | CERM 16th Edition
WATER RESOURCES 4
CULVERT CERM 19-29
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
- Determine type - Determine culvert velocity
- Apply Q equations for that type - Determine diameter
→ given Qreq → Q = VA (neglect barrel friction)
CERM 19-30
Vt = 2gh Vt = theoretical velocity V2 V2 V 2 n2 L
H= + Ke + CERM 19-30
2g 2g 2.21 ( R )
1.33
CD = Cc Cv CD = culvert geometry
CERM 17-19 H = KE + entrance loss + barrel friction
H = h1 − h4
0.5 CERM A-85
Critical Depth: Determine hc (known = Q, d)
H
V = CERM 19-30
1 + Ke Ln2
+ d A
2g 2.21R1.23 Find A through AP 16 A = 2
D D
Q = CiA where Q (ft3/sec), C (coefficient), i (inches/hour), A (acres = 43,560 ft2/acres) CERM 20-15
ft3 /sec
Q = 0.7 ( curb opening length) (inlet flow depth + curb inlet depression)
1.5
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