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(download pdf) First Course in Probability 10th Edition Ross Solutions Manual full chapter
(download pdf) First Course in Probability 10th Edition Ross Solutions Manual full chapter
(download pdf) First Course in Probability 10th Edition Ross Solutions Manual full chapter
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Chapter 6
Problems
8⋅7
2. (a) p(0, 0) = = 14/39,
13 ⋅ 12
8⋅5
p(0, 1) = p(1, 0) = = 10/39
13 ⋅ 12
5⋅4
p(1, 1) = = 5/39
13 ⋅ 12
8⋅7 ⋅6
(b) p(0, 0, 0) = = 28/143
13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
8⋅7⋅5
p(0, 0, 1) = p(0, 1, 0) = p(1, 0, 0) = = 70/429
13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
8⋅5⋅4
p(0, 1, 1) = p(1, 0, 1) = p(1, 1, 0) = = 40/429
13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
5⋅4⋅3
p(1, 1, 1) = = 5/143
13 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 11
p(i, j, k) = (8/13)2(5/13) if i + j + k = 1
p(i, j, k) = (8/13)(5/13)2 if i + j + k = 2
88
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 89
5. p(0, 0) = (12/13)3(11/12)3
y
8. fY(y) = c ( y 2 − x 2 )e− y dx
−y
4 3 −y
= cy e , −0 < y < ∞
3
∞
y 3e − y
fY ( y )dy = 1 c= 1/8 and so fY(y) =
6
,0<y<∞
0
∞
1
( y 2 − x 2 )e − y dy
8 x
fX(x) =
1 −x
= e (1 + x ) upon using − y 2 e − y = y 2 e− y + 2 ye− y + 2e− y
4
2
6 2 xy 6
7 0
2
9. (b) fX(x) = x + dy = (2 x + x)
2 7
1x
6 2 xy 15
(c) P{X > Y} =
7 0 0
x + dydx =
2 56
(d) P{Y > 1/2⏐X < 1/2} = P{Y > 1/2, X < 1/2}/P{X < 1/2}
2 1/2
xy
x
2
+ dxdy
1/2 0
2
= 1/2
(2 x
2
+ x)dx
0
10. (a) fX(x) = e−x , fY(y) = e−y, 0 < x < ∞, 0 < y < ∞
52 −5 53 −5
12. e−5 + 5e−5 + e + e
2! 3!
14. Let X and Y denoted respectively the locations of the ambulance and the accident of the
moment the accident occurs.
L min( y + a , L )
2
=
L2
dxdy
0 y
2
L−a y + a L L
= 2 dxdy + dxdy
L 0 y L −a y
L−a a a a
=1− + 2 ( L − a) = 2 − , 0 < a < L
L L L L
= f(x)f(y)
1
4 c
(c) P{X 2 + Y 2 ≤ 1} = dydx = (area of circle)/4 = π/4.
(b) yes
18. (a) (1 − p1 ) n + (1 − p2 )n − (1 − p1 ) n (1 − p2 ) n
(b) n1 p1 (1 − p1 )n1 −1 (1 − p2 ) n2 + n2 p2 (1 − p2 ) n2 −1 (1 − p1 ) n1
(c) n1 2 n1 − 2 n
p1 (1 − p1 ) (1 − p2 )n2 + 2 p22 (1 − p2 ) n2 − 2 (1 − p1 ) n1
2 2
+ n1 p1 (1 − p1 ) n1 −1 n2 p2 (1 − p2 ) n2 −1
1 x1 1
19. 0 0 x dydx = 0 dx =1
11
(a) y x dx = − ln( y) , 0 < y < 1
x1
(b) 0 x dy = 1, 0 < y < 1
1
(c)
2
(d) Integrating by parts gives that
1 1
0 y ln( y )dy = −1 − ( y ln( y ) − y ) dy
0
20. (a) yes: fX(x) = xe−x, fY(y) = e−y, 0 < x< ∞, 0 < y < ∞
1
(b) no: fX(x) = f ( x, y)dy = 2(1 − x) , 0 < x < 1
x
y
fY(y) = f ( x, y)dx = 2 y , 0 < y < 1
0
∞ ∞
21. (a) We must show that −∞ −∞ f ( x, y)dxdy = 1. Now,
∞ ∞ 1 1− y
−∞ −∞ f ( x, y)dxdy = 00 24 xy dxdy
1
012 y(1 − y)
2
= dy
1
012( y − 2 y
2
= + y 3 )dy
1
(b) E[X] = 0 xf X ( x)dx
1 1− x
= 0 x 0 24 xy dydx
1
012 x
2
= (1 − x) 2 dx = 2/5
(c) 2/5
22. (a) No, since the joint density does not factor.
1
(b) fX(x) = 0 ( x + y)dy = x + 1/2, 0 < x < 1.
1 1− x
(c) P{X + Y < 1} = 00 ( x + y )dydx
1
0 [ x(1 − x) + (1 − x)
2
= / 2]dx = 1/3
1
fY(y) = 12y x(1 − x) dx = 2y, 0 < y < 1
0
1
0 6x
2
(b) E[X] = (1 − x)dx = 1/2
1
0 2y
2
(c) E[Y] = dy = 2/3
1
0 6x
3
(d) Var(X) = (1 − x) dx − 1 / 4 = 1/20
1
0 2 y dy − 4 / 9 = 1/18
3
(e) Var(Y) =
e −1
25. by the Poisson approximation to the binomial.
i!
= x − x log x.
1
b2 b2
4 4
2
= − log(b / 4) db
0
log 2 5
= +
6 36
where the above uses the identity
x3 log x x3
x log xdx =
2
− .
3 9
∞ ay
27. P{X1/X2 < a} = λ1e 1 λ2 e − λ2 y dxdy
−λ x
0 0
(1 − e )λ e λ
− λ1ay − 2y
= 2 dy
0
λ2 λ1a
=1− =
λ2 + λ1a aλ1 + λ2
λ1
P{X1/X2 < 1} =
λ1 + λ2
1 −t
28. (a) e since e −t is the probability that AJ is still in service when MJ arrives, and 1/2 is the
2
conditional probability that MJ then finishes first.
(b) Using that the time at which MJ finishes is gamma with parameters 2, 1 yields the result:
1 − 3e −2 .
29. (a) If W = X1 + X 2 is the sales over the next two weeks, the W is normal with mean 4,400 and
standard deviation 2(230) 2 = 325.27 . Hence, with Z being a standard normal, we have
5000 − 4400
P (W > 5000) = P
325.27
= P{Z > 1.8446} = .0326
30. Let X denote Jill’s score and let Y be Jack’s score. Also, let Z denote a standard normal
random variable.
(a) P{Y > X} = P{Y − X > 0}
≈ P{Y − X > .5}
Y − X − (160 − 170) .5 − (160 − 170)
= P >
(20)2 + (15) 2 (20) 2 + (15)2
≈ P{Z > .42} ≈ .3372
31. Let X and Y denote, respectively, the number of males and females in the sample that never
eat breakfast. Since
it follows from the normal approximation to the binomial that is approximately distributed as
a normal random variable with mean 50.4 and variance 37.6992, and that Y is approximately
distributed as a normal random variable with mean 47.2 and variance 36.0608. Let Z be a
standard normal random variable.
6
32. (a) (1 / 2)6 = 5 / 16
3
x − 20 )
34. With Z being a standard normal, we need to find x such that P ( Z > = P ( Z > 52 ) . Hence,
8
x− 20 5
= 2
giving that x = 20 + 5 2 .
8
35. (a) The number of games that 1 wins against team i is approximately normal with mean 10P1,i
and variance 10P1,i(1 − P1,i): Hence, the number of wins of 1 is approximately normal with
mean 20.5 and variance 6.375. With N being a standard normal, the desired probability,
using the continuity correction, is approximately P ( N > 19.5− 20.5 ) .
6.375
(b) Yes
(d) Using that 2X + Y − Z is normal with mean 6.5 and variance 18.075, the desired answer is
P ( N > 9.5−6.5 )
18.075
10
i=2 i (1 2 )
7 10
(b) P ( X (2) < m < X (8) ) = P(2 ≤ N < 8) −
4 5
(b) 1 − e−4.4 (4.4)i / i ! , (c) 1 − e−6.6 (6.6)i / i!
i =0 i =0
11
42. (a) P{X = j, Y = i} = , j = 1, …, j, i = 1, …, j
5 j
5 5
1 1
(b) P{X = j⏐Y = i} =
5j
1 / 5 k = j
1 / k , 5 ≥ j ≥ i.
k =i k =i
(c) No.
P{Y = i, X = i} 1
44. For j = i: P{Y = i⏐X = i} = =
P{ X = i} 36 P{ X = i}
2
For j < i: P{Y = j⏐X = i} =
36 P{ X = i}
Hence
i
2(i − 1) 1
1= P{Y = j X = i} = +
36 P{ X = i} 36 P{ X = i}
j =1
2i − 1
and so, P{X = i} = and
36
1 j =i
2i − i
P{Y = j⏐X = i} =
2 j <i
2i − 1
xe − x ( y +1)
45. (a) fX⏐Y(x⏐y) = − x ( y +1)
= (y + 1)2xe−x(y+1), 0 < x
xe dx
xe − x ( y +1)
(b) fY⏐X(y⏐x) = − x ( y +1)
= xe−xy, 0 < y
xe dy
∞ a/ x
P{XY < a} = xe − x ( y +1) dydx
0 0
∞
−a
= (1 − e )e − x dx = 1 − e−a
0
fXY(a) = e−a , 0 < a
( x 2 − y 2 )e − x
46. fY⏐X(y⏐x) = x
− x ( x
2
− y 2 )e − x dx
3
= ( x 2 − y 2 ) , −x < y < x
4 x3
3 y
FY⏐X(y⏐x) =
4 x3 − x
( x 2 − y 2 )dy
3
= ( x 2 y − y 3 / 3 + 2 x3 / 3), −x < y < x
4 x3
P{N = n λ}g (λ )
47. f(λ⏐n) =
P{N = n}
= C1e−λλnαe−αλ(αλ)s−1
= C2e−(α+1)λλn+s−1
where C1 and C2 do not depend on λ. But from the preceding we can conclude that the
conditional density is the gamma density with parameters α + 1 and n + s. The conditional
expected number of accidents that the insured will have next year is just the expectation of
this distribution, and is thus equal to (n + s)/(α + 1).
48. P{X1 > X2 + X3} + P{X2 > X1 + X3} + P{X3 > X1 + X2}
= 3P{X1 > X2 + X3}
= 3 dx1dx2 dx3
x1 > x2 > x3
(take a = 0, b = 1)
0≤ xi ≤1
i = 1, 2, 3
1 1− x3 1 1 1− x3
= 3 dx1dx2 dx3 = 3 (1 − x2 − x3 )dx2 dx3
0 0 x2 + x3 0 0
1
(1 − x3 ) 2
= 3 dx3 = 1 / 2 .
0
2
2 2
5!
x
−x
−x
∞ − x
49. f X (3) ( x) = xe dx xe xe dx
2!2! 0 x
3
L − 2d
50.
L
3/4 3/4
5!
x (1 − x) dx
2 2
51. f X (3) ( x)dx =
1/4
2!2! 1/4
1 − ( x 2 −( y − x )2 )/ w
f x , y ( x, y ) = f z1 , z2 ( x, y − x) = e
2π
2
4!
y
f x(1) , y(4) ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 zdz 2 y , x < y
55. 2! x
= 48 xy ( y 2 − x 2 ).
1− a a + x
P ( X (4) − X (1) ≤ a ) = 48 xy ( y 2 − x 2 ) dydx
0 0
1 1
48xy( y
2
+ − x 2 )dydx
1− a 0
r 1
56. f R1 (r ,θ ) = = 2r , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
π 2π
Hence, R and θ are independent with θ being uniformly distributed on (0, 2π) and R having
density fR(r) = 2r, 0 < r < 1.
57. fR,θ(r,θ) = r, 0 < r sin θ < 1, 0 < r cos θ < 1, 0 < θ < π/2, 0 < r < 2
1 −1/2 1 −1/2
x cos u 2 z sin u 2
58. J= 2 2 = cos2 u + sin2 u = 1
− 2 z sin u 2 z cos u
1 −z
fu,z(u, z) - e . But x2 + y2 = 2z so
2π
1 − ( x 2 + y 2 )/2
fX,Y(x, y) = e
2π
y x
x
59. (a) If u = xy, v = xy, then J = = −2 and
1 −x y
y y2
y= u/v,x= vu . Hence,
(b) fu,v(u, v) =
1
2v
f X ,Y ( vy , u / v = ) 1
2vu 2
, u ≥ 1,
1
u
<v<u
u
1 1
fu(u) = 2
dv =
u2
log u , u ≥ 1.
1/ u 2vu
For v > 1
∞
1 1
fV(v) = 2vu 2 du = 2v 2 , v > 1
v
For v < 1
∞
1 1
fV(v) = 2vu 2 du = 2 , 0 < v < 1.
1/2
u uv
60. (a) u = x + y, v = x/y y = ,x=
v +1 v +1
1 x 1 −1
1 −(v + 1)2
J= = − 2 + = ( x + y ) =
1 / y − x / y2 y y y 2 u
u
fu,v (u, v) = , 0 < uv < 1 + v, 0 < u < 1 + v
(v + 1)2
1 1
62. y1 = x1 + x2, y2 = e x1 . J = x1
= −e x1 = −y2
e 0
1
fY1 ,Y2 ( y1 , y2 ) = λ e− λ log y2 λ e− λ ( y1 −log y2 )
y2
1 2 − λ y1
= λ e , 1 ≤ y2, y1 ≥ log y2
y2
1 1 0
J = 1 0 1 = −2
0 1 1
1 1
f(u, v, w) = exp − (u + v + w) , u + v > w, u + w > v, v + w + u
2 2
k
k !(n − k )!
= P{n + 1 − Yi = ik +1 Y j = i j , j = 1,..., k}
n! i =1
k +1
k!(n − k)!/n!, if ij = n +1
j =1
= 0, otherwise
Thus, the joint mass function is symmetric, which proves the result.
n
n
P{Xi = xi, i = 1, …, n} = 1/ , xi ∈ {0, 1}, i = 1, …, n, xi = k
k i =1
Theoretical Exercises
1. P(X ≤ x) = limy→∞ F(x, y)
3. Throw a needle on a table, ruled with equidistant parallel lines a distance D apart, a large
2L
number of times. Let L, L < D, denote the length of the needle. Now estimate π by
fD
where f is the fraction of times the needle intersects one of the lines.
∞ a/ y
= f X ( x) fY ( y )dxdy
0 0
∞
= FX (ay) fY ( y)dy
0
∞
fZ(a) = f X (ay ) yfY ( y)dy
0
∞ a/ y
= f X ( x) fY ( y )dxdy
0 0
∞
= FX (a / y) fY ( y)dy
0
∞
1
fZ(a) = f X (a / y) y fY ( y)dy
0
If X is exponential with rate λ and Y is exponential with rate μ then (a) and (b) reduce to
λ
6. (a) FZ(a) = λ e − λ ay y μ e− μ y dy
0
∞
−λ a / y 1 −μ y
(b) FZ(a) = λe y
μ e dy
0
FX +Y (t ) = f X ,Y ( x, y )dydx
x + y ≤t
∞ t−x
=
−∞ −∞
f X ,Y ( x, y )dydx
10. If we let Xi denote the time between the ith and (i + 1)st failure, i = 0, …, n − 2, then it follows
n−2
from Exercise 9 that the Xi are independent exponentials with rate 2λ. Hence, Xi the
i =0
amount of time the light can operate is gamma distributed with parameters (n − 1, 2λ).
11. I= f(x1) … f(x5)dx1…dx5
x1 < x2 > x3 < x4 > x5
= du1 … du5 by ui = F(xi), i = 1, …, 5
u1 < u2 > u3 < u4 > u5
0 < ui < 1
= u2 du2 ...du5
= (1 − u32 ) / 2 du3…
12. Assume that the joint density factors as shown, and let
∞
Ci = −∞ gi ( x)dx, i = 1, …, n
Since the n-fold integral of the joint density function is equal to 1, we obtain that
n
1= ∏ Ci
i =1
1 if trial i is a success
13. No. Let Xi = . Then
0 − −
P{x1 ,..., xn + m X = x}
fX X1 ,..., X n + m ( x x1 ,..., xn + m ) = f X ( x)
P{x1 ,..., xn + m }
= cx xi (1 − x) n+ m − xi
n+m
and so given Xi = n the conditional density is still beta with parameters n + 1, m + 1.
1
p(1 − p)i −1 p (1 − p )n −i −1 1
= =
n − 1 2 n−2 n −1
p (1 − p)
1
15. Let X denote the trial number of the kth success, and let s, s, f, f, s, ..., f be an outcome of the
first n − 1 trials that contains a total of k − 1 successes and n − k failures. Using that X is a
negative binomial random, we have
P ( s, s, f , f , s,..., f , X = n)
P ( s, s, f , f , s,..., f X = n) =
P[ X = n]
P ( s, s, f , f , s,..., f , s )
=
n − 1 k n−k
p (1 − p )
k − 1
p k (1 − p )n − k
=
n − 1 k n−k
p (1 − p )
k − 1
1
=
n − 1
k − 1
P{ X = k , X + Y = m}
16. P{X = k⏐X + Y = m} =
P{ X + Y = m}
P{ X = k , Y = m − k}
=
P{ X + Y = m}
n n
k m−k
=
2n
m
17. P(X = n, Y = m) = P ( X = n, Y = m X 2 = i ) P ( X 2 = i )
i
min( n, m )
λ1n −i λ3m −i λ2i
= e− ( λ1 + λ2 + λ3 ) (n − 1)! ( m − i )! i !
i =0
P ( X = i, Y = j )
p (i j ) =
P (Y = j )
P ( X = i, Y = j )
q( j i) =
P( X = i)
we see that
p(i j ) P( X = i)
=
q( j i) P(Y = j )
P{ X1 = max( X1 , X 2 , X 3 )} 1 / 3
19. (a) P{X1 > X2⏐X1 > X3} = = =2/3
P{ X1 > X 3} 1/ 2
P{ X 3 > X1 > X 2 } 1 / 3!
(b) P{X1 > X2⏐X1 < X3} = = = 1/3
P{ X1 < X 3 } 1/ 2
P{ X1 > X 2 > X 3} 1 / 3!
(c) P{X1 > X2⏐X2 > X3} = = =1/ 3
P{ X 2 > X 3 } 1/ 2
P{ X 2 = min( X1 , X 2 , X 3 )} 1 / 3
(d) P{X1 > X2⏐X2 < X3} = = =2/3
P{ X 2 < X 3} 1/ 2
1− s
= ,a<s<1
1− a
Hence, U⏐U > a is uniform on (a, 1), whereas U⏐U < a is uniform over (0, a).
P{N = n W = w} fW ( w)
21. fW⏐N(w⏐n) =
P{N = n}
wn −βw
= Ce−w βe (βw)t−1
n!
= C1e−(β+1)wwn+t−1
where C and C1 do not depend on w. Hence, given N = n, W is gamma with parameters
(n + t, β + 1).
f ( x1 ,..., xn w) f w ( w)
22. fW X ( w x1 ,..., xn ) =
i ,i =1,..., n
f ( x1 ,..., xn )
n
= C ∏ we− wxi e− β w ( β w)t −1
i =1
n
− w β + xi
= Ke 1 wn +t −1
{
= P min X ik > max X kj , X ij = min X ik
k =1,..., m k ≠i k }
{
= P min X ik > max X kj P X ij = min X ik
k k ≠i
}{ k
}
where the last equality follows as the events that every element in the ith row is greater than
all elements in the jth column excluding Xij is clearly independent of the event that Xij is the
smallest element in row i. Now each size ordering of the n + m − 1 elements under
consideration is equally likely and so the probability that the m smallest are the ones in row i
n + m − 1
is 1 . Hence
m
1 1 ( m − 1)!(n − 1)!
P{Xij is a saddlepoint} = =
n + m − 1 m (n + m − 1)!
m
and so
P{there is a saddlepoint} = P ∪{ X ij is a saddlepoint}
i, j
= P{ X ij is a saddlepoint}
i,j
m !n !
=
(n + m − 1)!
P([X] = n, X − [X] < x) = P(n < X < n + x) = e−nλ − e−(n + x)λ = e−nλ(1 − e−xλ)
Because the joint distribution factors, they are independent. [X] + 1 has a geometric
distribution with parameter p = 1 − e −λ and x − [X] is distributed as an exponential with rate λ
conditioned to be less than 1.
= [1 − (n − 1)d]n.
(b) 0
n n
28. Fx( j ) ( x) = F i ( x)[1 − F ( x)]n −i
i= j i
n n
f X ( j ) ( x) = iF i −1 ( x) f ( x)[1 − F ( x)]n −i
i= j i
n
n
− i F i ( x)(n − i)[1 − F ( x)]n−i −1 f ( x)
i= j
n
n!
= (n − i)!(i − 1)!F i−1 ( x) f ( x)[1 − F ( x)]n−i
i= j
n
n!
− ( n − k )!( k − 1)!
F k −1 ( x) f ( x)[1 − F ( x)]n − k by k = i + 1
k = j +1
n!
= F j −1 ( x) f ( x)[1 − F ( x)]n− j
(n − j )!( j − 1)!
30. The events max(X1, … , Xj) = max(X1, … , Xn), X1 < … < Xj , and Xj+1 > … > Xn are
j
independent, giving the result nj !( n − j )!
.
32. Let X1, …, Xn be n independent uniform random variables over (0, a). We will show by
induction on n that
a − t n
if t < a
P{X(k) − X(k−1) > t} = a
if t > a
0
It is immediate when n = 1 so assume for n − 1. In the n case, consider
P{X(k) − X(k−1) > t⏐X(n) = s}.
Now given X(n) = s, X(1) , …, X(n−1) are distributed as the order statistics of a set of n − 1
uniform (0, s) random variables. Hence, by the induction hypothesis
s − t n −1
if t < s
P{X(k) − X(k−1) > t⏐X(n) = s} = s
if t > s
0
and thus, for t < a,
a n −1 n
s −t ns n −1 a −t
P{X(k) − X(k−1) > t = ds =
t
s an a
n −1
s 1 ns n −1
which completes the induction. (The above used that f X ( n ) ( s ) = n = n ).
a a a
1 ∞ 2
/2σ 2
= u e −u du , where σ2 = v2/(1 + v2)
2π v 2 −∞
1 ∞ 2
/2σ 2
= ue−u du
π v2 0
1 ∞
= 2
σ 2 e− y dy
πv 0
1
=
π (1 + v 2 )
It is easy to check that the transformation y1 = t1, y2 = y2 − t1, … , yn = tn − tn−1 has Jacobian 1,
given that the joint density of U(1),U(2) − U(1), … ,U(n) − U(n−1) is
n
f ( y1 , , yn ) = n !, 0 < yi , i = 1, , n, yi < 1.
i =1
∂n ∂n x1 xn
40.
∂x1 ∂xn
F ( x1 , , xn ) =
∂x1 ∂xn −∞ −∞ f ( y1,, yn )dyn dy1
∂ n −1 x1 xn −1 ∂ xn
=
∂x1 ∂xn −1 −∞ −∞ ∂xn −∞ f ( y1,, yn ) dyn dy1
∂ n −1 x1 xn −1
=
∂x1 ∂xn −1 −∞ −∞ f ( y1 , , yn −1 , xn )dyn −1 dy1
First.
In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities,
bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries now existing there,
and which the parties to the conflict are either unable or
unwilling to stop or mitigate. It is no answer to say this is
all in another country, belonging to another nation, and is
therefore none of our business. It is specially our duty, for
it is right at our door.
Second.
We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that
protection and indemnity for life and property which no
government there can or will afford, and to that end to
terminate the conditions that deprive them of legal
protection.
Third.
The right to intervene may be justified by the very serious
injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people and
by the wanton destruction of property and devastation of the
island.
Fourth,
and which is of the utmost importance. The present condition
of affairs in Cuba is a constant menace to our peace, and
entails upon this Government an enormous expense.
{590}
"The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has
waged the war cannot be attained. The fire of insurrection may
flame or may smoulder with varying seasons, but it has not
been and it is plain that it cannot be extinguished by present
methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition
which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of
Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in
behalf of endangered American interests which give us the
right and the duty to speak and act, the War in Cuba must
stop.
Congressional Record,
April 11, 1898.
First.
That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right ought
to be, free and independent, and that the Government of the
United States hereby recognizes the Republic of Cuba as the
true and lawful Government of that island.
"Second.
That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and
government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and
naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
"Third.
That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces
of the United States, and to call into the actual service of
the United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into
effect.
"Fourth.
That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control
over said island except for the pacification thereof, and
asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave
the government and control of the island to its people."
Congressional Record,
April 16, 1898, page 4386-4387.
{591}
"Resolved, etc.
"First.
That the people of the Island of Cuba are and of right ought
to be free and independent.
"Second.
That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and
government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and
naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
"Third.
That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces
of the United States, and to call into the actual service of
the United States the militia of the several States, to such
extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into
effect.
"Fourth.
That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control
over said island, except for the pacification thereof, and
asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave
the government and control of the island to its people."
Congressional Record,
April 18, 1898, pages 4421-4422, and 4461-4462.
"The position of Spain being thus made known and the demands
of the United States being denied with a complete rupture of
intercourse by the act of Spain, I have been constrained, in
exercise of the power and authority conferred upon me by the
joint resolution aforesaid, to proclaim under date of April
22, 1898, a blockade of certain ports of the north coast of
Cuba, lying between Cardenas and Bahia Honda and of the port
of Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba; and further, in
exercise of my constitutional powers and using the authority
conferred upon me by the act of Congress approved April 22,
1898, to issue my proclamation dated April 23, 1898, calling
forth volunteers in order to carry into effect the said
resolution of April 20, 1898. …
Congressional Record,
April 25, 1898, page 4671.
Congressional Record,
April 25, pages 4674 and 4693.
E. Marshall,
The Story of the Rough Riders,
chapter 1
(Copyright, G. W. Dillingham & Co., New York).
"2. The Department does not wish the vessels of your squadron
to be exposed to the fire of the batteries at Havana, Santiago
de Cuba, or other strongly fortified ports in Cuba, unless the
more formidable Spanish vessels should take refuge within
those harbors. Even in this case the Department would suggest
that a rigid blockade and employment of our torpedo boats
might accomplish the desired object, viz, the destruction of
the enemy's vessels, without subjecting unnecessarily our own
men-of-war to the fire of the land batteries. There are two
reasons for this: First. There may be no United States troops
to occupy any captured stronghold, or to protect from riot and
arson, until after the dry season begins, about the first of
October. Second. The lack of docking facilities makes it
particularly desirable that our vessels should not be crippled
before the capture or destruction of Spain's most formidable
vessels.
{593}
The prudent policy here set forth restricted the action of the
fleet to blockading duty so closely, during the early weeks of
the war, that no serious demonstrations against the Spanish
land batteries were made. Admiral Sampson had been urgent for
permission to force the entrance to Havana harbor, before its
defenses were strengthened, expressing perfect confidence that
he could silence the western batteries, and reach a position
from which the city would be at the mercy of his guns; but he
was not allowed to make the attempt. The projected occupation
of Matanzas was not undertaken.