First Course in Differential Equations (11ed) / Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems (9ed) Solutions Manual 9Th Edition - Ebook PDF

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Complete Solutions Manual to Accompany
A First Course in Differential

Equations
with Modeling Applications
ELEVENTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION
And
Differential Equations
with Boundary-Value Problems
© Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. No distribution allowed without express authorization.
NINTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION
Dennis G. Zill
Loyola Marymount University,
Los Angeles, CA
Prepared by
Roberto Martinez
Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
Metric Version Prepared by
Aly El-Iraki
Professor Emeritus, Alexandria University, Egypt
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

© 2018 Cengage Learning Ninth Edition, Metric Version
ISBN-13: 978-1-337-55658-3
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Differential Equations
1.1 Definitions and Terminology
1. Second order; linear
2. Third order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)4
3. Fourth order; linear
4. Second order; nonlinear because of cos(r + u)

5. Second order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)2 or 1 + (dy/dx)2
6. Second order; nonlinear because of R2
7. Third order; linear
8. Second order; nonlinear because of ẋ2
9. Writing the differential equation in the form x(dy/dx) + y 2 = 1, we see that it is nonlinear
in y because of y 2 . However, writing it in the form (y 2 − 1)(dx/dy) + x = 0, we see that it is
linear in x.
10. Writing the differential equation in the form u(dv/du) + (1 + u)v = ueu we see that it is linear
in v. However, writing it in the form (v + uv − ueu )(du/dv) + u = 0, we see that it is nonlinear
in u.
11. From y = e−x/2 we obtain y = − 12 e−x/2 . Then 2y + y = −e−x/2 + e−x/2 = 0.
12. From y = 6
5 − 65 e−20t we obtain dy/dt = 24e−20t , so that

dy 6 6 −20t
+ 20y = 24e−20t + 20 − e = 24.
dt 5 5
13. From y = e3x cos 2x we obtain y = 3e3x cos 2x−2e3x sin 2x and y = 5e3x cos 2x−12e3x sin 2x,
so that y − 6y + 13y = 0.
1
2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
14. From y = − cos x ln(sec x + tan x) we obtain y = −1 + sin x ln(sec x + tan x) and
y = tan x + cos x ln(sec x + tan x). Then y + y = tan x.
15. The domain of the function, found by solving x+2 ≥ 0, is [−2, ∞). From y = 1+2(x+2)−1/2
we have
(y − x)y = (y − x)[1 + (2(x + 2)−1/2 ]
= y − x + 2(y − x)(x + 2)−1/2
= y − x + 2[x + 4(x + 2)1/2 − x](x + 2)−1/2
= y − x + 8(x + 2)1/2 (x + 2)−1/2 = y − x + 8.
An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (−2, ∞) because y is
not defined at x = −2.
16. Since tan x is not defined for x = π/2 + nπ, n an integer, the domain of y = 5 tan 5x is

{x 5x = π/2 + nπ}

or {x x = π/10 + nπ/5}. From y = 25 sec2 5x we have
y = 25(1 + tan2 5x) = 25 + 25 tan2 5x = 25 + y 2 .
An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (−π/10, π/10). Another
interval is (π/10, 3π/10), and so on.

17. The domain of the function is {x 4 − x2 = 0} or {x x = −2 and x = 2}. From
y = 2x/(4 − x2 )2 we have
2
1
y = 2x = 2xy 2 .
4 − x2
An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (−2, 2). Other intervals
are (−∞, −2) and (2, ∞).
√
18. The function is y = 1/ 1 − sin x , whose domain is obtained from 1 − sin x = 0 or sin x = 1.

Thus, the domain is {x x = π/2 + 2nπ}. From y = − 12 (1 − sin x)−3/2 (− cos x) we have
2y = (1 − sin x)−3/2 cos x = [(1 − sin x)−1/2 ]3 cos x = y 3 cos x.
An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (π/2, 5π/2). Another
one is (5π/2, 9π/2), and so on.
1.1 Definitions and Terminology 3
x
19. Writing ln(2X − 1) − ln(X − 1) = t and differentiating
implicitly we obtain 4
2 dX 1 dX 2
− =1
2X − 1 dt X − 1 dt
t
2 1 dX –4 –2 2 4
− =1
2X − 1 X − 1 dt
–2
2X − 2 − 2X + 1 dX
=1
(2X − 1) (X − 1) dt –4
dX
= −(2X − 1)(X − 1) = (X − 1)(1 − 2X).
dt
Exponentiating both sides of the implicit solution we obtain
2X − 1
= et
X −1
2X − 1 = Xet − et
(et − 1) = (et − 2)X
et − 1
X= .
et − 2
Solving et − 2 = 0 we get t = ln 2. Thus, the solution is defined on (−∞, ln 2) or on (ln 2, ∞).

The graph of the solution defined on (−∞, ln 2) is dashed, and the graph of the solution
defined on (ln 2, ∞) is solid.
y
20. Implicitly differentiating the solution, we obtain
4
dy dy
−2x − 4xy + 2y
2
=0
dx dx
2
−x dy − 2xy dx + y dy = 0
2
x
–4 –2 2 4
2xy dx + (x2 − y)dy = 0.
–2
Using the quadratic formula to solve −
y2 −1 = 0
2x2 y
2 √ √
for y, we get y = 2x ± 4x + 4 /2 = x ± x4 + 1 .
4 2 –4
√
Thus, two explicit solutions are y1 = x2 + x4 + 1 and
√
y2 = x2 − x4 + 1 . Both solutions are defined on (−∞, ∞).
The graph of y1 (x) is solid and the graph of y2 is dashed.

21. Differentiating P = c1 et / 1 + c1 et we obtain

dP 1 + c1 et c1 et − c1 et · c1 et c1 et 1 + c1 et − c1 et
= =
dt (1 + c1 et )2 1 + c1 et 1 + c1 et
c1 et c1 et
= 1− = P (1 − P ).
1 + c1 et 1 + c1 et
dy
22. Differentiating y = 2x2 − 1 + c1 e−2x we obtain = 4x − 4xc1 e−2x , so that
2 2
dx
dy
+ 4xy = 4x − 4xc1 e−2x + 8x3 − 4x + 4c1 xe−x = 8x3
2 2
dx
dy d2 y
23. From y = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x we obtain = (2c1 + c2 )e2x + 2c2 xe2x and = (4c1 + 4c2 )e2x +
dx dx2
4c2 xe2x , so that
d2 y dy
2
−4 + 4y = (4c1 + 4c2 − 8c1 − 4c2 + 4c1 )e2x + (4c2 − 8c2 + 4c2 )xe2x = 0.
dx dx
24. From y = c1 x−1 + c2 x + c3 x ln x + 4x2 we obtain
dy
= −c1 x−2 + c2 + c3 + c3 ln x + 8x,
dx
d2 y
= 2c1 x−3 + c3 x−1 + 8,
dx2
and
d3 y
= −6c1 x−4 − c3 x−2 ,
dx3
so that
d3 y 2
2 d y dy
x3 + 2x −x + y = (−6c1 + 4c1 + c1 + c1 )x−1 + (−c3 + 2c3 − c2 − c3 + c2 )x
dx3 dx2 dx
+ (−c3 + c3 )x ln x + (16 − 8 + 4)x2
= 12x2
In Problems
ˆ x 25–28, we use the Product Rule and the derivative of an integral ((12) of this section):
d
g(t) dt = g(x).
dx a
ˆ x −3t ˆ x −3t
e dy e e−3x 3x
25. Differentiating y = e 3x
dt we obtain = 3e 3x
dt + · e or
ˆ x −3t 1 t dx 1 t x
dy e 1
= 3e3x dt + , so that
dx 1 t x
dy e 1 e
x − 3xy = x 3e 3x
dt + − 3x e 3x
dt
dx 1 t x 1 t
e e
= 3xe3x dt + 1 − 3xe3x dt = 1
1 t 1 t
ˆ ˆ
√ x
cos t dy 1 x
cos t cos x √
26. Differentiating y = x √ dt we obtain = √ √ dt + √ · x or
ˆ x 4 t dx 2 x 4 t x
dy 1 cos t
= √ √ dt + cos x, so that
dx 2 x 4 t
ˆ x ˆ x
dy 1 cos t √ cos t
2x − y = 2x √ √ dt + cos x − x √ dt
dx 2 x 4 t 4 t
ˆ x ˆ x
√ cos t √ cos t
= x √ dt + 2x cos x − x √ dt = 2x cos x
4 t 4 t
ˆ x ˆ
5 10 sin t dy 5 10 x sin t sin x 10
27. Differentiating y = + dt we obtain =− 2 − 2 dt + · or
ˆ xx x 1 t dx x x 1 t x x
dy 5 10 sin t 10 sin x
=− 2 − 2 dt + , so that
dx x x 1 t x2
ˆ ˆ
2 dy 5 10 x sin t 10 sin x 5 10 x sin t
x + xy = x − 2 − 2
2
dt + +x + dt
dx x x 1 t x2 x x 1 t
ˆ x ˆ x
sin t sin t
= −5 − 10 dt + 10 sin x + 5 + 10 dt = 10 sin x
1 t 1 t
ˆ x ˆ x
−x2 −x2 dy −x2 −x2
t2
et dt+ex ·e−x
2 2 2
28. Differentiating y = e +e e dt we obtain = −2xe −2xe
ˆ x0 dx 0
dy −x2 −x2 t2
or = −2xe − 2xe e dt + 1, so that
dx 0
ˆ x ˆ x
dy −x2 −x2 t2 −x2 −x2 t2
+ 2xy = −2xe − 2xe e dt + 1 + 2x e +e e dt
dx 0 0
ˆ x ˆ x
−x2 −x2 t2 −x2 −x2 2
= −2xe − 2xe e dt + 1 + 2xe + 2xe et dt = 1
0 0
29. From
−x2 , x < 0
y=
x2 , x≥0
we obtain
−2x, x<0
y =
2x, x≥0
so that xy − 2y = 0.
30. The function y(x) is not continuous at x = 0 since lim y(x) = 5 and lim y(x) = −5. Thus,
x→0− x→0+
y (x) does not exist at x = 0.
31. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation y + 2y = 0 to get

(emx ) + 2(emx ) = 0
memx + 2emx = 0
emx (m + 2) = 0
Now since emx > 0 for all values of x, we must have m = −2 and so y = e−2x is a solution.
32. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation 5y − 2y = 0 to get
5(emx ) − 2(emx ) = 0
5memx − 2emx = 0
emx (5m − 2) = 0
Now since emx > 0 for all values of x, we must have m = 2/5 and so y = e2x/5 is a solution.
33. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation y − 5y + 6y = 0 to get
(emx ) − 5(emx ) + 6(emx ) = 0
m2 emx − 5memx + 6emx = 0
emx (m2 − 5m + 6) = 0
emx (m − 2)(m − 3) = 0
Now since emx > 0 for all values of x, we must have m = 2 or m = 3 therefore y = e2x and
y = e3x are solutions.
34. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation 2y + 7y − 4y = 0 to get
2(emx ) + 7(emx ) − 4(emx ) = 0
2m2 emx + 7memx − 4emx = 0
emx (2m2 + 7m − 4) = 0
emx (m + 4)(2m − 1) = 0
Now since emx > 0 for all values of x , we must have m = −4 or m = 1/2 therefore y = e−4x
and y = ex/2 are solutions.
35. Substitute the function y = xm into the equation xy + 2y = 0 to get
x · (xm ) + 2(xm ) = 0
x · m(m − 1)xm−2 + 2mxm−1 = 0
(m2 − m)xm−1 + 2mxm−1 = 0
xm−1 [m2 + m] = 0
xm−1 [m(m + 1)] = 0
The last line implies that m = 0 or m = −1 therefore y = x0 = 1 and y = x−1 are solutions.
36. Substitute the function y = xm into the equation x2 y − 7xy + 15y = 0 to get
x2 · (xm ) − 7x · (xm ) + 15(xm ) = 0
x2 · m(m − 1)xm−2 − 7x · mxm−1 + 15xm = 0
(m2 − m)xm − 7mxm + 15xm = 0
xm [m2 − 8m + 15] = 0
xm [(m − 3)(m − 5)] = 0
The last line implies that m = 3 or m = 5 therefore y = x3 and y = x5 are solutions.
In Problems 37–40, we substitute y = c into the differential equations and use y = 0 and y = 0
37. Solving 5c = 10 we see that y = 2 is a constant solution.
38. Solving c2 + 2c − 3 = (c + 3)(c − 1) = 0 we see that y = −3 and y = 1 are constant solutions.
39. Since 1/(c − 1) = 0 has no solutions, the differential equation has no constant solutions.
40. Solving 6c = 10 we see that y = 5/3 is a constant solution.
41. From x = e−2t + 3e6t and y = −e−2t + 5e6t we obtain
dx dy
= −2e−2t + 18e6t and = 2e−2t + 30e6t .
dt dt
Then
dx
x + 3y = (e−2t + 3e6t ) + 3(−e−2t + 5e6t ) = −2e−2t + 18e6t =
dt
and
dy
5x + 3y = 5(e−2t + 3e6t ) + 3(−e−2t + 5e6t ) = 2e−2t + 30e6t = .
dt
42. From x = cos 2t + sin 2t + 15 et and y = − cos 2t − sin 2t − 15 et we obtain
dx 1 dy 1
= −2 sin 2t + 2 cos 2t + et and = 2 sin 2t − 2 cos 2t − et
dt 5 dt 5
and
d2 x 1 d2 y 1
= −4 cos 2t − 4 sin 2t + et and = 4 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t − et .
dt2 5 dt2 5
Then
1 1 d2 x
4y + et = 4(− cos 2t − sin 2t − et ) + et = −4 cos 2t − 4 sin 2t + et = 2
5 5 dt
and
1 1 d2 y
4x − et = 4(cos 2t + sin 2t + et ) − et = 4 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t − et = 2 .
5 5 dt
43. (y )2 + 1 = 0 has no real solutions because (y )2 + 1 is positive for all differentiable functions
y = φ(x).
44. The only solution of (y )2 + y 2 = 0 is y = 0, since if y = 0, y 2 > 0 and (y )2 + y 2 ≥ y 2 > 0.
45. The first derivative of f (x) = ex is ex . The first derivative of f (x) = ekx is kekx . The
differential equations are y = y and y = ky, respectively.
46. Any function of the form y = cex or y = ce−x is its own second derivative. The corresponding
differential equation is y − y = 0. Functions of the form y = c sin x or y = c cos x have second
derivatives that are the negatives of themselves. The differential equation is y + y = 0.
√
47. We first note that 1 − y 2 = 1 − sin2 x = cos2 x = | cos x|. This prompts us to consider
values of x for which cos x < 0, such as x = π. In this case

dy d

= (sin x) = cos xx=π = cos π = −1,
dx dx
x=π x=π
but
√
1 − y 2 |x=π = 1 − sin2 π = 1 = 1.

Thus, y = sin x will only be a solution of y = 1 − y 2 when cos x > 0. An interval of
definition is then (−π/2, π/2). Other intervals are (3π/2, 5π/2), (7π/2, 9π/2), and so on.
48. Since the first and second derivatives of sin t and cos t involve sin t and cos t, it is plausible that
a linear combination of these functions, A sin t + B cos t, could be a solution of the differential
equation. Using y = A cos t − B sin t and y = −A sin t − B cos t and substituting into the
differential equation we get
y + 2y + 4y = −A sin t − B cos t + 2A cos t − 2B sin t + 4A sin t + 4B cos t
= (3A − 2B) sin t + (2A + 3B) cos t = 5 sin t
Thus 3A − 2B = 5 and 2A + 3B = 0. Solving these simultaneous equations we find A = 15

13
and B = − 10
13 . A particular solution is y = 13 sin t − 13 cos t.
15 10
49. One solution is given by the upper portion of the graph with domain approximately (0, 2.6).
The other solution is given by the lower portion of the graph, also with domain approximately
(0, 2.6).
50. One solution, with domain approximately (−∞, 1.6) is the portion of the graph in the second
quadrant together with the lower part of the graph in the first quadrant. A second solution,
with domain approximately (0, 1.6) is the upper part of the graph in the first quadrant. The
third solution, with domain (0, ∞), is the part of the graph in the fourth quadrant.
51. Differentiating (x3 + y 3 )/xy = 3c we obtain
xy(3x2 + 3y 2 y ) − (x3 + y 3 )(xy + y)

=0
x2 y 2
3x3 y + 3xy 3 y − x4 y − x3 y − xy 3 y − y 4 = 0
(3xy 3 − x4 − xy 3 )y = −3x3 y + x3 y + y 4
y 4 − 2x3 y y(y 3 − 2x3 )

y = = .
2xy 3 − x4 x(2y 3 − x3 )
52. A tangent line will be vertical where y is undefined, or in this case, where x(2y 3 − x3 ) = 0.
This gives x = 0 or 2y 3 = x3 . Substituting y 3 = x3 /2 into x3 + y 3 = 3xy we get

1 1
x3 + x3 = 3x x
2 21/3
3 3 3
x = 1/3 x2
2 2
x3 = 22/3 x2
x2 (x − 22/3 ) = 0.
Thus, there are vertical tangent lines at x = 0 and x = 22/3 , or at (0, 0) and (22/3 , 21/3 ).
Since 22/3 ≈ 1.59, the estimates of the domains in Problem 50 were close.
√ √
53. The derivatives of the functions are φ1 (x) = −x/ 25 − x2 and φ2 (x) = x/ 25 − x2 , neither
of which is defined at x = ±5.
54. To determine if a solution curve passes through (0, 3) we let t = 0 and P = 3 in the equation
P = c1 et /(1 + c1 et ). This gives 3 = c1 /(1 + c1 ) or c1 = − 32 . Thus, the solution curve
(−3/2)et −3et
P = =
1 − (3/2)et 2 − 3et
passes through the point (0, 3). Similarly, letting t = 0 and P = 1 in the equation for the
one-parameter family of solutions gives 1 = c1 /(1 + c1 ) or c1 = 1 + c1 . Since this equation
has no solution, no solution curve passes through (0, 1).
55. For the first-order differential equation integrate f (x). For the second-order differential equa-
´ ´
tion integrate twice. In the latter case we get y = ( f (x)dx) dx + c1 x + c2 .
56. Solving for y using the quadratic formula we obtain the two differential equations
1 1
y = 2 + 2 1 + 3x6 and y = 2 − 2 1 + 3x6 ,
x x
so the differential equation cannot be put in the form dy/dx = f (x, y).
57. The differential equation yy − xy = 0 has normal form dy/dx = x. These are not equivalent
because y = 0 is a solution of the first differential equation but not a solution of the second.
58. Differentiating we get y = c1 + 2c2 x and y = 2c2 . Then c2 = y /2 and c1 = y − xy , so

y 1
y = y − xy x + x2 = xy − x2 y
2 2
and the differential equation is x2 y − 2xy + 2y = 0.
59. (a) Since e−x is positive for all values of x, dy/dx > 0 for all x, and a solution, y(x), of the
2
differential equation must be increasing on any interval.
dy dy
= lim e−x = 0 and lim = lim e−x = 0. Since dy/dx approaches 0 as
2 2
(b) lim
x→−∞ dx x→−∞ x→∞ dx x→∞
x approaches −∞ and ∞, the solution curve has horizontal asymptotes to the left and
to the right.
(c) To test concavity we consider the second derivative

d2 y d dy d
e−x = −2xe−x .
2 2
2
= =
dx dx dx dx
Since the second derivative is positive for x < 0 and negative for x > 0, the solution
curve is concave up on (−∞, 0) and concave down on (0, ∞).
(d)
60. (a) The derivative of a constant solution y = c is 0, so solving 5 − c = 0 we see that c = 5

and so y = 5 is a constant solution.
(b) A solution is increasing where dy/dx = 5 − y > 0 or y < 5. A solution is decreasing

where dy/dx = 5 − y < 0 or y > 5.
61. (a) The derivative of a constant solution is 0, so solving y(a − by) = 0 we see that y = 0 and
y = a/b are constant solutions.
(b) A solution is increasing where dy/dx = y(a − by) = by(a/b − y) > 0 or 0 < y < a/b. A
solution is decreasing where dy/dx = by(a/b − y) < 0 or y < 0 or y > a/b.
(c) Using implicit differentiation we compute
d2 y
= y(−by ) + y (a − by) = y (a − 2by).
dx2
Thus d2 y/dx2 = 0 when y = a/2b. Since d2 y/dx2 > 0 for 0 < y < a/2b and d2 y/dx2 < 0
for a/2b < y < a/b, the graph of y = φ(x) has a point of inflection at y = a/2b.
(d)
y
y = a/b
y=0
x
62. (a) If y = c is a constant solution then y = 0, but c2 + 4 is never 0 for any real value of c.
(b) Since y = y 2 + 4 > 0 for all x where a solution y = φ(x) is defined, any solution must
be increasing on any interval on which it is defined. Thus it cannot have any relative
extrema.
(c) Using implicit differentiation we compute d2 y/dx2 = 2yy = 2y(y 2 + 4). Setting
d2 y/dx2 = 0 we see that y = 0 corresponds to the only possible point of inflection.
Since d2 y/dx2 < 0 for y < 0 and d2 y/dx2 > 0 for y > 0, there is a point of inflection
where y = 0.
(d)
y
x
63. In Mathematica use
Clear[y]
y[x ]:= x Exp[5x] Cos[2x]
y[x]
y''''[x] − 20y'''[x] + 158y''[x] − 580y'[x] + 841y[x]//Simplify
The output will show y(x) = e5x x cos 2x, which verifies that the correct function was entered,
and 0, which verifies that this function is a solution of the differential equation.
64. In Mathematica use
Clear[y]
y[x ]:= 20Cos[5Log[x]]/x − 3Sin[5Log[x]]/x
y[x]
xˆ3 y'''[x] + 2xˆ2 y''[x] + 20x y'[x] − 78y[x]//Simplify
The output will show y(x) = 20 cos(5 ln x)/x − 3 sin(5 ln x)/x, which verifies that the correct
function was entered, and 0, which verifies that this function is a solution of the differential
equation.
1.2 Initial-Value Problems
1. Solving −1/3 = 1/(1 + c1 ) we get c1 = −4. The solution is y = 1/(1 − 4e−x ).
2. Solving 2 = 1/(1 + c1 e) we get c1 = −(1/2)e−1 . The solution is y = 2/(2 − e−(x+1) ) .
3. Letting x = 2 and solving 1/3 = 1/(4 + c) we get c = −1. The solution is y = 1/(x2 − 1).
This solution is defined on the interval (1, ∞).
4. Letting x = −2 and solving 1/2 = 1/(4 + c) we get c = −2. The solution is y = 1/(x2 − 2).
√
This solution is defined on the interval (−∞, − 2 ).
5. Letting x = 0 and solving 1 = 1/c we get c = 1. The solution is y = 1/(x2 + 1). This solution
is defined on the interval (−∞, ∞).
6. Letting x = 1/2 and solving −4 = 1/(1/4 + c) we get c = −1/2. The solution is y =

√ √
1/(x2 − 1/2) = 2/(2x2 − 1). This solution is defined on the interval (−1/ 2 , 1/ 2 ).
In Problems 7–10, we use x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t and x = −c1 sin t + c2 cos t to obtain a system of
two equations in the two unknowns c1 and c2 .
1.2 Initial-Value Problems 13
7. From the initial conditions we obtain the system
c1 = −1c2 = 8
The solution of the initial-value problem is x = − cos t + 8 sin t.
8. From the initial conditions we obtain the system
c 2 = 0 − c1 = 1
The solution of the initial-value problem is x = − cos t.
9. From the initial conditions we obtain

√ √
3 1 1 1 3
c1 + c2 = − c2 + =0
2 2 2 2 2
√
Solving, we find c1 = 3/4 and c2 = 1/4. The solution of the initial-value problem is
√
x = ( 3/4) cos t + (1/4) sin t.

√ √
2 2 √
c1 + c2 = 2
√2 √2
2 2 √
[6pt] − c1 + c2 = 2 2.
2 2
Solving, we find c1 = −1 and c2 = 3. The solution of the initial-value problem is x =
− cos t + 3 sin t.
In Problems 11–14, we use y = c1 ex + c2 e−x and y = c1 ex − c2 e−x to obtain a system of two

equations in the two unknowns c1 and c2 .
c1 + c 2 = 1
c1 − c2 = 2.
Solving, we find c1 = 3
2 and c2 = − 12 . The solution of the initial-value problem is y =
1 −x
2e − 2e .
3 x
ec1 + e−1 c2 = 0
ec1 − e−1 c2 = e.
Solving, we find c1 = 1
2 and c2 = − 12 e2 . The solution of the initial-value problem is
1 1 1 1
y = ex − e2 e−x = ex − e2−x .
2 2 2 2
e−1 c1 + ec2 = 5
e−1 c1 − ec2 = −5.
Solving, we find c1 = 0 and c2 = 5e−1 . The solution of the initial-value problem is y =

5e−1 e−x = 5e−1−x .
c1 + c2 = 0
c1 − c2 = 0.
Solving, we find c1 = c2 = 0. The solution of the initial-value problem is y = 0.
15. Two solutions are y = 0 and y = x3 .
16. Two solutions are y = 0 and y = x2 . (Also, any constant multiple of x2 is a solution.)
∂f 2
17. For f (x, y) = y 2/3 we have = y −1/3 . Thus, the differential equation will have a unique
∂y 3
solution in any rectangular region of the plane where y = 0.
√ 1

18. For f (x, y) = xy we have ∂f /∂y = 2 x/y . Thus, the differential equation will have a
unique solution in any region where x > 0 and y > 0 or where x < 0 and y < 0.
y ∂f 1
19. For f (x, y) = we have = . Thus, the differential equation will have a unique solution
x ∂y x
in any region where x = 0.
∂f
20. For f (x, y) = x + y we have = 1. Thus, the differential equation will have a unique
∂y
solution in the entire plane.
21. For f (x, y) = x2 /(4 − y 2 ) we have ∂f /∂y = 2x2 y/(4 − y 2 )2 . Thus the differential equation
will have a unique solution in any region where y < −2, −2 < y < 2, or y > 2.
x2 ∂f −3x2 y 2
22. For f (x, y) = we have = . Thus, the differential equation will have a
1+y 3 ∂y (1 + y 3 )2
unique solution in any region where y = −1.
y2 ∂f 2x2 y
23. For f (x, y) = we have = . Thus, the differential equation will have a
x2 +y 2 ∂y (x2 + y 2 )2
unique solution in any region not containing (0, 0).
24. For f (x, y) = (y + x)/(y − x) we have ∂f /∂y = −2x/(y − x)2 . Thus the differential equation
will have a unique solution in any region where y < x or where y > x.

In Problems 25–28, we identify f (x, y) = y 2 − 9 and ∂f /∂y = y/ y 2 − 9. We see that f and
∂f /∂y are both continuous in the regions of the plane determined by y < −3 and y > 3 with no
restrictions on x.
25. Since 4 > 3, (1, 4) is in the region defined by y > 3 and the differential equation has a unique
solution through (1, 4).
26. Since (5, 3) is not in either of the regions defined by y < −3 or y > 3, there is no guarantee
of a unique solution through (5, 3).
27. Since (2, −3) is not in either of the regions defined by y < −3 or y > 3, there is no guarantee
of a unique solution through (2, −3).
28. Since (−1, 1) is not in either of the regions defined by y < −3 or y > 3, there is no guarantee
of a unique solution through (−1, 1).
29. (a) A one-parameter family of solutions is y = cx. Since y = c, xy = xc = y and y(0) =

c · 0 = 0.
(b) Writing the equation in the form y = y/x, we see that R cannot contain any point on the
y-axis. Thus, any rectangular region disjoint from the y-axis and containing (x0 , y0 ) will
determine an interval around x0 and a unique solution through (x0 , y0 ). Since x0 = 0 in
part (a), we are not guaranteed a unique solution through (0, 0).
(c) The piecewise-defined function which satisfies y(0) = 0 is not a solution since it is not
differentiable at x = 0.
d
30. (a) Since tan (x + c) = sec2 (x + c) = 1+tan2 (x + c), we see that y = tan (x + c) satisfies
dx
the differential equation.
(b) Solving y(0) = tan c = 0 we obtain c = 0 and y = tan x. Since tan x is discontinuous at
x = ±π/2, the solution is not defined on (−2, 2) because it contains ±π/2.
(c) The largest interval on which the solution can exist is (−π/2, π/2).
d 1 1 1
31. (a) Since − = = y 2 , we see that y = − is a solution of the differ-
dx x+c (x + c)2 x+c
ential equation.
(b) Solving y(0) = −1/c = 1 we obtain c = −1 and y = 1/(1−x). Solving y(0) = −1/c = −1
we obtain c = 1 and y = −1/(1+x). Being sure to include x = 0, we see that the interval
of existence of y = 1/(1 − x) is (−∞, 1), while the interval of existence of y = −1/(1 + x)
is (−1, ∞).
(c) By inspection we see that y = 0 is a solution on (−∞, ∞).
32. (a) Applying y(1) = 1 to y = −1/ (x + c) gives

1
1=− or 1 + c = −1
1+c
Thus c = −2 and
1 1
y=− = .
x−2 2−x
(b) Applying y(3) = −1 to y = −1/ (x + c) gives
1
−1 = − or 3 + c = 1.
3+c
Thus c = −2 and
1 1
y=− = .
x−2 2−x
(c) No, they are not the same solution. The interval I of definition for the solution in part
(a) is (−∞, 2); whereas the interval I of definition for the solution in part (b) is (2, ∞).
See the figure.
33. (a) Differentiating 3x2 − y 2 = c we get 6x − 2yy = 0 or yy = 3x.
(b) Solving 3x2 − y 2 = 3 for y we get

y

y = φ1 (x) = 3(x2 − 1) , 1 < x < ∞, 4
2
y = φ2 (x) = − 3(x2 − 1) , 1 < x < ∞,
x
y = φ3 (x) = 3(x2 − 1) , −∞ < x < −1, –4 –2 2 4
–2
y = φ4 (x) = − 3(x2 − 1) , −∞ < x < −1.
–4
(c) Only y = φ3 (x) satisfies y(−2) = 3.
34. (a) Setting x = 2 and y = −4 in 3x2 − y 2 = c we get

y
12 − 16 = −4 = c, so the explicit solution is
4

y = − 3x2 + 4 , −∞ < x < ∞. 2
x
–4 –2 2 4
–2
–4
√ √
(b) Setting c = 0 we have y = 3x and y = − 3x, both defined on (−∞, ∞).
In Problems 35–38, we consider the points on the graphs with x-coordinates x0 = −1, x0 = 0,
and x0 = 1. The slopes of the tangent lines at these points are compared with the slopes given by
y (x0 ) in (a) through (f).
35. The graph satisfies the conditions in (b) and (f).
36. The graph satisfies the conditions in (e).
37. The graph satisfies the conditions in (c) and (d).
38. The graph satisfies the conditions in (a).
In Problems 39–44 y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x is a two parameter family of solutions of the second-
order differential equation y + 4y = 0. In some of the problems we will use the fact that
y = −2c1 sin 2x + 2c2 cos 2x.
π
39. From the boundary conditions y(0) = 0 and y = 3 we obtain
4
y(0) = c1 = 0
π π π
y = c1 cos + c2 sin = c2 = 3.
4 2 2
Thus, c1 = 0, c2 = 3, and the solution of the boundary-value problem is y = 3 sin 2x.
40. From the boundary conditions y(0) = 0 and y(π) = 0 we obtain
y(0) = c1 = 0
y(π) = c1 = 0.
Thus, c1 = 0, c2 is unrestricted, and the solution of the boundary-value problem is y =

c2 sin 2x, where c2 is any real number.

41. From the boundary conditions y (0) = 0 and y π6 = 0 we obtain
y (0) = 2c2 = 0
π π √
y = −2c1 sin = − 3 c1 = 0.
6 3
Thus, c2 = 0, c1 = 0, and the solution of the boundary-value problem is y = 0.
42. From the boundary conditions y(0) = 1 and y (π) = 5 we obtain
y(0) = c1 = 1
y (π) = 2c2 = 5.
5 5
Thus, c1 = 1, c2 = , and the solution of the boundary-value problem is y = cos 2x + sin 2x.
2 2
43. From the boundary conditions y(0) = 0 and y(π) = 2 we obtain
y(0) = c1 = 0
y(π) = c1 = 2.
Since 0 = 2, this is not possible and there is no solution.

π
44. From the boundary conditions y 2 = 1 and y (π) = 0 we obtain
π
y = 2c2 = −1
2
y (π) = 2c2 = 0.
Since 0 = −1, this is not possible and there is no solution.
45. Integrating y = 8e2x + 6x we obtain

ˆ
y = (8e2x + 6x) dx = 4e2x + 3x2 + c.
Setting x = 0 and y = 9 we have 9 = 4 + c so c = 5 and y = 4e2x + 3x2 + 5.
46. Integrating y = 12x − 2 we obtain

ˆ
y = (12x − 2) dx = 6x2 − 2x + c1 .
Then, integrating y we obtain

ˆ
y = (6x2 − 2x + c1 ) dx = 2x3 − x2 + c1 x + c2 .
At x = 1 the y-coordinate of the point of tangency is y = −1 + 5 = 4. This gives the initial

condition y(1) = 4. The slope of the tangent line at x = 1 is y (1) = −1. From the initial
conditions we obtain
2 − 1 + c1 + c 2 = 4 or c1 + c 2 = 3
and
6 − 2 + c1 = −1 or c1 = −5.
Thus, c1 = −5 and c2 = 8, so y = 2x3 − x2 − 5x + 8.
47. When x = 0 and y = 12 , y = −1, so the only plausible solution curve is the one with negative
slope at (0, 12 ), or the red curve.
48. We note that the initial condition y(0) = 0,

ˆ y
1
0= √ dt
0 t3 + 1
is satisfied only when y = 0. For any y > 0, necessarily
ˆ y
1
√ dt > 0
3
t +1
0
because the integrand is positive on the interval of integration. Then from (12) of Section 1.1
and the Chain Rule we have:
ˆ y
d d 1 dy
x= √ dt = y3 + 1
dx dx 0 t3+1 dx
and
1dy dy √
1= y (0) = = (y(0))3 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.
3
y +1 dx dx x=0
Computing the second derivative, we see that:
d2 y d 3 3y 2 dy 3y 2 3
= y + 1 = = · y3 + 1 = y2
dx2 dx 3
2 y +1 dx 3
2 y +1 2
d2 y 3
2
= y2 .
dx 2
d2 y
This is equivalent to 2 − 3y 2 = 0.
dx2
49. If the solution is tangent to the x-axis at (x0 , 0), then y = 0 when x = x0 and y = 0.
Substituting these values into y + 2y = 3x − 6 we get 0 + 0 = 3x0 − 6 or x0 = 2.
50. The theorem guarantees a unique (meaning single) solution through any point. Thus, there
cannot be two distinct solutions through any point.
51. When y = 1 4
16 x , y = 14 x3 = x( 14 x2 ) = xy 1/2 , and y(2) = 1
16 (16) = 1. When
⎧
⎪
⎨0, x<0
y=
⎪ 1
⎩ x4 , x ≥ 0
16
we have
⎧ ⎧
⎨0, x<0 ⎨0, x<0
y = =x = xy 1/2 ,
⎩ 1 x3 , x≥0 ⎩ 1 x2 , x≥0
4 4
and y(2) = 16 1
(16) = 1. The two different solutions are the same on the interval (0, ∞), which
is all that is required by Theorem 1.2.1.
1.3 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models
dP dP
1. = kP + r; = kP − r
dt dt
2. Let b be the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b = k1 P and d = k2 P . Since
dP/dt = b − d, the differential equation is dP/dt = k1 P − k2 P .
3. Let b be the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b = k1 P and d = k2 P 2 . Since
dP/dt = b − d, the differential equation is dP/dt = k1 P − k2 P 2 .
dP
4. = k1 P − k2 P 2 − h, h > 0
dt
5. From the graph in the text we estimate T0 = 180◦ and Tm = 75◦ . We observe that when
T = 85, dT /dt ≈ −1. From the differential equation we then have
dT /dt −1
k= = = −0.1.
T − Tm 85 − 75
6. By inspecting the graph in the text we take Tm to be Tm (t) = 80 − 30 cos (πt/12). Then the
temperature of the body at time t is determined by the differential equation
dT π
= k T − 80 − 30 cos t , t > 0.
dt 12
7. The number of students with the flu is x and the number not infected is 1000 − x, so dx/dt =
kx(1000 − x).
8. By analogy, with the differential equation modeling the spread of a disease, we assume that
the rate at which the technological innovation is adopted is proportional to the number of
people who have adopted the innovation and also to the number of people, y(t), who have
not yet adopted it. If one person who has adopted the innovation is introduced into the
population, then x + y = n + 1 and
dx
= kx(n + 1 − x), x(0) = 1.
dt
9. The rate at which salt is leaving the tank is

A A
Rout (10 L/min) · kg/L = kg/min.
1000 100
Thus dA/dt = A/100. The initial amount is A(0) = 25.
10. The rate at which salt is entering the tank is
Rin = (10 L/min) · (0.25 kg/L) = 2.5 kg/min.

1.3 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models 21
Since the solution is pumped out at a slower rate, it is accumulating at the rate of (10 −
7.5)L/min = 2.5 L/min. After t minutes there are 1000 + 2.5t gallons of brine in the tank.
The rate at which salt is leaving is

A 7.5A
Rout = (7.5 L/min) · kg/L = kg/min.
1000 + 2.5t 1000 + 2.5t
The differential equation is

dA 7.5A
= 2.5 − .
dt 1000 + 2.5t
Rin = (10 L/min) · (0.25 kg/L) = 2.5 kg/min.
Since the tank loses liquid at the net rate of
10 L/min − 12 L/min = −2 L/min,
after t minutes the number of liters of brine in the tank is 1000 − 2t liters. Thus the rate at
which salt is leaving is

A 12A 6A
Rout = kg/L · (12 L/min) = kg/min = kg/min.
1000 − 2t 1000 − 2t 500 − t
The differential equation is
dA 6A dA 6
= 2.5 − or + A = 2.5.
dt 500 − t dt 500 − t
Rin = (cin kg/L) · (rin L/min) = cin rin kg/min.
Now let A(t) denote the number of kilograms of salt and N (t) the number of liters of brine
in the tank at time t. The concentration of salt in the tank as well as in the outflow is
c(t) = x(t)/N (t). But the number of liters of brine in the tank remains steady, is increased,
or is decreased depending on whether rin = rout , rin > rout , or rin < rout . In any case, the
number of liters of brine in the tank at time t is N (t) = N0 + (rin − rout )t. The output rate
of salt is then

A A
Rout = kg/L · (rout L/min) = rout kg/min.
N0 + (rin − rout )t N0 + (rin − rout )t
The differential equation for the amount of salt, dA/dt = Rin − Rout , is
dA A dA rout
= cin rin − rout or + A = cin rin .
dt N0 + (rin − rout )t dt N0 + (rin − rout )t
13. The volume of water in the tank at time t is V = Aw h. The differential equation is then
dh 1 dV 1 cAh
= = −cAh 2gh = − 2gh .
dt Aw dt Aw Aw
2
50
Using Ah = π = 0.0025 π , Aw = 42 = 16, and g = 9.8, this becomes
1000
dh √
= −0.00217 c h .
dt
14. The volume of water in the tank at time t is V = 13 πr2 h where r is the radius of the tank
at height h. From the figure in the text we see that r/h = 3/6 so that r = 0.5h and
V = 13 π (0.5h)2 h = 12
1
πh3 . Differentiating with respect to t we have dV /dt = 14 πh2 dh/dt or
dh 4 dV
= .
dt πh2 dt
√ 50 2
From Problem 13 we have dV /dt = −cAh 2gh where c = 0.6, Ah = π 1000 , and g = 9.8.
√
Thus dV /dt = −0.00664π h and
dh 4 √ 0.0266
= 2
−0.00664 h = − 3/2 .
dt πh h
15. Since i = dq/dt and L d2 q/dt2 + R dq/dt = E(t), we obtain L di/dt + Ri = E(t).
dq 1
16. By Kirchhoff’s second law we obtain R + q = E(t).
dt C
dv
17. From Newton’s second law we obtain m = −kv 2 + mg.
dt
18. Since the barrel in Figure 1.3.17(b) in the text is submerged an additional y feet below
its equilibrium position the number of cubic feet in the additional submerged portion is
the volume of the circular cylinder: π×(radius)2 ×height or π(s/2)2 y. Then we have from
Archimedes’ principle
upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced
= (9810) × (volume of water displaced)
= (9810)π(s/2)2 y = 2452.5πs2 y.
It then follows from Newton’s second law that
w d2 y d2 y 2452.5πs2 g
= −2452.5πs2 y or + y = 0,
g dt2 dt2 w
where g = 9.8 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds.

19. The net force acting on the mass is
d2 x
F = ma = m = −k(s + x) + mg = −kx + mg − ks.
dt2
Since the condition of equilibrium is mg = ks, the differential equation is
d2 x
m = −kx.
dt2
20. From Problem 19, without a damping force, the differential equation is m d2 x/dt2 = −kx.
With a damping force proportional to velocity, the differential equation becomes
d2 x dx d2 x dx
m = −kx − β or m +β + kx = 0.
dt2 dt dt2 dt
21. As the rocket climbs (in the positive direction), it spends its amount of fuel and therefore the
mass of the fuel changes with time. The air resistance acts in the opposite direction of the
motion and the upward thrust R works in the same direction. Using Newton’s second law we
get
d
(mv) = −mg − kv + R
dt
Now because the mass is variable, we must use the product rule to expand the left side of the
equation. Doing so gives us the following:
d
(mv) = −mg − kv + R
dt
dm dv
v× +m× = −mg − kv + R
dt dt
The last line is the differential equation we wanted to find.
22. (a) Since the mass of the rocket is m(t) = mp + mv + mf (t), take the time rate-of-change
and get, by straight-forward calculation,
d d d
m(t) = (mp + mv + mf (t)) = 0 + 0 + mf (t) = mf (t)
dt dt dt
Therefore the rate of change of the mass of the rocket is the same as the rate of change
of the mass of the fuel which is what we wanted to show.
(b) The fuel is decreasing at the constant rate of λ and so from part (a) we have
d d
m(t) = mf (t) = −λ
dt dt
m(t) = −λt + c
Using the given condition to solve for c, m(0) = 0 + c = m0 and so m(t) = −λt + m0 .
The differential equation in Problem 21 now becomes
dm dv
v + m + kv = −mg + R
dt dt
dv
−λv + (−λt + m0 ) + kv = −mg + R
dt
dv
(−λt + m0 ) + (k − λ)v = −mg + R
dt
dv k−λ −mg R
+ v= +
dt −λt + m0 −λt + m0 −λt + m0
dv k−λ R
+ v = −g +
dt −λt + m0 −λt + m0
(c) From part (b) we have that dt d

mf (t) = −λ and so by integrating this result we get
mf (t) = −λt + c. Now at time t = 0, mf (0) = 0 + c = c therefore mf (t) = −λt + mf (0) .
At some later time tb we then have mf (tb ) = −λtb + mf (0) = 0 and solving this equation
for that time we get tb = mf (0)/λ which is what we wanted to show.
23. From g = k/R2 we find k = gR2 . Using a = d2 r/dt2 and the fact that the positive direction
is upward we get
d2 r k gR2 d2 r gR2
= −a = − = − or + 2 = 0.
dt2 r2 r2 dt2 r
24. The gravitational force on m is F = −kMr m/r2 . Since Mr = 4πδr3 /3 and M = 4πδR3 /3 we
have Mr = r3 M/R3 and
Mr m r3 M m/R3 mM
F = −k 2
= −k 2
= −k 3 r.
r r R
Now from F = ma = d2 r/dt2 we have
d2 r mM d2 r kM
m = −k 3 r or = − 3 r.
dt2 R dt2 R
dA
25. The differential equation is = k(M − A).
dt
dA
26. The differential equation is = k1 (M − A) − k2 A.
dt
27. The differential equation is x (t) = r − kx(t) where k > 0.

28. Consider the right triangle fromed by the waterskier (P ),

the boat (B), and the point on the x-axis directly below
the waterskier. Using Pythagorean Theorem we have that

the base of the triangle on the x-axis has length a2 − y 2 .
Therefore the slope of the line tangent to curve C is
y
y = −
a2 − y2
Notice that the sign of the derivative is negative because as the boat proceeds along the
positive x-axis, the y-coordinate decreases.
29. We see from the figure that 2θ + α = π. Thus

y
y 2 tan θ
= tan α = tan(π − 2θ) = − tan 2θ = − .
−x 1 − tan2 θ
Since the slope of the tangent line is y = tan θ we have
y/x = 2y [1−(y )2 ] or y−y(y )2 = 2xy , which is the quadratic
θ
equation y(y )2 + 2xy − y = 0 in y . Using the quadratic (x, y)
θ α
formula, we get y
φ
θ α
−2x ± 4x2 + 4y 2 −x ± x2 + y 2 x x
y = = .
2y y
Since dy/dx > 0, the differential equation is

dy −x + x2 + y 2 dy 2
= or y − x + y 2 + x = 0.
dx y dx
30. The differential equation is dP/dt = kP , so from Problem 41 in Exercises 1.1, a one-parameter
family of solutions is P = cekt .
31. The differential equation in (3) is dT /dt = k(T − Tm ). When the body is cooling, T > Tm ,
so T − Tm > 0. Since T is decreasing, dT /dt < 0 and k < 0. When the body is warming,
T < Tm , so T − Tm < 0. Since T is increasing, dT /dt > 0 and k < 0.
32. The differential equation in (8) is dA/dt = 2.5 − A/100. If A(t) attains a maximum, then
dA/dt = 0 at this time and A = 250. If A(t) continues to increase without reaching a
maximum, then A (t) > 0 for t > 0 and A cannot exceed 250. In this case, if A (t) approaches
0 as t increases to infinity, we see that A(t) approaches 250 as t increases to infinity.
33. This differential equation could describe a population that undergoes periodic fluctuations.
34. (a) As shown in Figure 1.3.23(a) in the text, the resultant of the reaction force of magnitude
F and the weight of magnitude mg of the particle is the centripetal force of magnitude
mω 2 x. The centripetal force points to the center of the circle of radius x on which the
particle rotates about the y-axis. Comparing parts of similar triangles gives
F cos θ = mg and F sin θ = mω 2 x.
(b) Using the equations in part (a) we find
F sin θ mω 2 x ω2 x dy ω2 x
tan θ = = = or = .
F cos θ mg g dx g
35. From Problem 23, d2 r/dt2 = −gR2 /r2 . Since R is a constant, if r = R + s, then d2 r/dt2 =
d2 s/dt2 and, using a Taylor series, we get
d2 s R2 2gs
= −g = −gR2 (R + s)−2 ≈ −gR2 [R−2 − 2sR−3 + · · · ] = −g + + ··· .
dt2 (R + s)2 R
Thus, for R much larger than s, the differential equation is approximated by d2 s/dt2 = −g.
36. (a) If ρ is the mass density of the raindrop, then m = ρV and
dm dV d 4 3 dr dr
=ρ =ρ πr = ρ 4πr2 = ρS .
dt dt dt 3 dt dt
If dr/dt is a constant, then dm/dt = kS where ρ dr/dt = k or dr/dt = k/ρ. Since the
radius is decreasing, k < 0. Solving dr/dt = k/ρ we get r = (k/ρ)t + c0 . Since r(0) = r0 ,
c0 = r0 and r = kt/ρ + r0 .
d
(b) From Newton’s second law, [mv] = mg, where v is the velocity of the raindrop. Then
dt
dv dm 4 dv 4
m +v = mg or ρ πr3 + v(k4πr2 ) = ρ πr3 g.
dt dt 3 dt 3
Dividing by 4ρπr3 /3 we get
dv 3k dv 3k/ρ
+ v=g or + v = g, k < 0.
dt ρr dt kt/ρ + r0
37. We assume that the plow clears snow at a constant rate of k cubic kilometers per hour. Let
t be the time in hours after noon, x(t) the depth in miles of the snow at time t, and y(t)
the distance the plow has moved in t hours. Then dy/dt is the velocity of the plow and the
assumption gives
dy
wx = k,
dt
where w is the width of the plow. Each side of this equation simply represents the volume
of snow plowed in one hour. Now let t0 be the number of hours before noon when it started
snowing and let s be the constant rate in kilometers per hour at which x increases. Then for
t > −t0 , x = s(t + t0 ). The differential equation then becomes
dy k 1
= .
dt ws t + t0
Integrating, we obtain
k
y= [ ln(t + t0 ) + c ]
ws
where c is a constant. Now when t = 0, y = 0 so c = − ln t0 and

k t
y= ln 1 + .
ws t0
Finally, from the fact that when t = 1, y = 2 and when t = 2, y = 3, we obtain

2 2 1 3
1+ = 1+ .
t0 t0
Expanding and simplifying gives t20 + t0 − 1 = 0. Since t0 > 0, we find t0 ≈ 0.618 hours ≈ 37
minutes. Thus it started snowing at about 11:23 in the morning.
38. At time t, when the population is 2 million cells, the differential equation P (t) = 0.15P (t)
gives the rate of increase at time t. Thus, when P (t) = 2 (million cells), the rate of increase
is P (t) = 0.15(2) = 0.3 million cells per hour or 300,000 cells per hour.
39. Setting A (t) = −0.002 and solving A (t) = −0.0004332A(t) for A(t), we obtain
A (t) −0.002
A(t) = = ≈ 4.6 grams.
−0.0004332 −0.0004332
dP dA
40. (1) : = kP is linear (2) : = kA is linear
dt dt
dT dx
(3) : = k (T − Tm ) is linear (5) : = kx (n + 1 − x) is nonlinear
dt dt
dX dA A
(6) : = k (α − X) (β − X) is nonlinear (8) : =6− is linear
dt dt 100
dh Ah d2 q dq 1
(10) : =− 2gh is nonlinear (11) : L 2
+ R + q = E(t) is linear
dt Aw dt dt C
d2 s dv
(12) : = −g is linear (14) : m = mg − kv is linear
dt2 dt
d2 s ds d2 x 64
(15) : m 2
+k = mg is linear (16) : − x = 0 is linear
dt dt dt2 L
(17) : linearity or nonlinearity is determined by the manner in which W and T1 involve x.

Chapter 1 in Review
y

d dy
1. c1 e10x = 10 c1 e10x ; = 10y
dx dx
y

d dy dy
2. (5 + c1 e−2x ) = −2c1 e−2x = −2(5 + c1 e−2x −5); = −2(y − 5) or = −2y + 10
dx dx dx
d
3. (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) = −kc1 sin kx + kc2 cos kx;
dx
y
d2
(c 1 cos kx + c 2 sin kx) = −k 2
c 1 cos kx − k 2
c 2 sin kx = −k 2
(c 1 cos kx + c 2 sin kx);
dx2
d2 y d2 y
= −k 2 y or + k2 y = 0
dx2 dx2
d
4. (c1 cosh kx + c2 sinh kx) = kc1 sinh kx + kc2 cosh kx;
dx
y
d2
2 2 2
(c 1 cosh kx + c 2 sinh kx) = k c 1 cosh kx + k c 2 sinh kx = k (c 1 cosh kx + c 2 sinh kx);
dx2
d2 y d2 y
= k2 y or − k2 y = 0
dx2 dx2
5. y = c1 ex + c2 xex ; y = c1 ex + c2 xex + c2 ex ; y = c1 ex + c2 xex + 2c2 ex ;
y + y = 2(c1 ex + c2 xex ) + 2c2 ex = 2(c1 ex + c2 xex + c2 ex ) = 2y ; y − 2y + y = 0
6. y = −c1 ex sin x + c1 ex cos x + c2 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x;
y = −c1 ex cos x − c1 ex sin x − c1 ex sin x + c1 ex cos x − c2 ex sin x + c2 ex cos x + c2 ex cos x +

c2 ex sin x
= −2c1 ex sin x + 2c2 ex cos x;
y − 2y = −2c1 ex cos x − 2c2 ex sin x = −2y; y − 2y + 2y = 0
7. a, d 8. c 9. b 10. a, c 11. b 12. a, b, d
13. A few solutions are y = 0, y = c, and y = ex .
14. Easy solutions to see are y = 0 and y = 3.
15. The slope of the tangent line at (x, y) is y , so the differential equation is y = x2 + y 2 .
16. The rate at which the slope changes is dy /dx = y , so the differential equation is y = −y
or y + y = 0.
17. (a) The domain is all real numbers.

Chapter 1 in Review 29
(b) Since y = 2/3x1/3 , the solution y = x2/3 is undefined at x = 0. This function is a

solution of the differential equation on (−∞, 0) and also on (0, ∞).
18. (a) Differentiating y 2 − 2y = x2 − x + c we obtain 2yy − 2y = 2x − 1 or (2y − 2)y = 2x − 1.
(b) Setting x = 0 and y = 1 in the solution we have 1 − 2 = 0 − 0 + c or c = −1. Thus, a

solution of the initial-value problem is y 2 − 2y = x2 − x − 1.
(c) Solving the equation y 2 − 2y − (x2 − x − 1) = 0 by the quadratic formula we get

√
y = (2 ± 4 + 4(x2 − x − 1) )/2 = 1 ± x2 − x = 1 ± x(x − 1) . Since x(x − 1) ≥ 0

for x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1, we see that neither y = 1 + x(x − 1) nor y = 1 − x(x − 1) is
differentiable at x = 0. Thus, both functions are solutions of the differential equation,
but neither is a solution of the initial-value problem.
19. Setting x = x0 and y = 1 in y = −2/x + x, we get
2
1=− + x0 or x20 − x0 − 2 = (x0 − 2)(x0 + 1) = 0.
x0
Thus, x0 = 2 or x0 = −1. Since x = 0 in y = −2/x + x, we see that y = −2/x + x is a

solution of the initial-value problem xy + y = 2x, y(−1) = 1, on the interval (−∞, 0) because
−1 < 0, and y = −2/x + x is a solution of the initial-value problem xy + y = 2x, y(2) = 1,
on the interval (0, ∞) because 2 > 0.
20. From the differential equation, y (1) = 12 +[y(1)]2 = 1+(−1)2 = 2 > 0, so y(x) is increasing in
some neighborhood of x = 1. From y = 2x+2yy we have y (1) = 2(1)+2(−1)(2) = −2 < 0,
so y(x) is concave down in some neighborhood of x = 1.
21. (a)
y y
3 3
2
2
1
1
x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–1
–2
–2
–3 –3
y = x2 + c1 y = –x2 + c2
(b) When y = x2 + c1 , y = 2x and (y )2 = 4x2 . When y = −x2 + c2 , y = −2x and

(y )2 = 4x2 .
⎧
⎨−x2 , x≤0
(c) Pasting together x2 , x ≥ 0, and −x2 , x ≤ 0, we get y =
⎩x2 , x > 0.
√
22. The slope of the tangent line is y (−1,4) = 6 4 + 5(−1)3 = 7.
23. Differentiating y = x sin x + x cos x we get
y = x cos x + sin x − x sin x + cos x
and
y = −x sin x + cos x + cos x − x cos x − sin x − sin x
= −x sin x − x cos x + 2 cos x − 2 sin x.
Thus
y + y = −x sin x − x cos x + 2 cos x − 2 sin x + x sin x + x cos x = 2 cos x − 2 sin x.
An interval of definition for the solution is (−∞, ∞).
24. Differentiating y = x sin x + (cos x) ln(cos x) we get

− sin x
y = x cos x + sin x + cos x − (sin x) ln (cos x)
cos x
= x cos x + sin x − sin x − (sin x) ln (cos x)
= x cos x − (sin x) ln (cos x)
and

− sin x
y = −x sin x + cos x − sin x − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
sin2 x
= −x sin x + cos x + − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
1 − cos2 x
= −x sin x + cos x + − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
= −x sin x + cos x + sec x − cos x − (cos x) ln (cos x)
= −x sin x + sec x − (cos x) ln (cos x).
Thus
y + y = −x sin x + sec x − (cos x) ln(cos x) + x sin x + (cos x) ln (cos x) = sec x.
To obtain an interval of definition we note that the domain of ln x is (0, ∞), so we must have
cos x > 0. Thus, an interval of definition is (−π/2, π/2).
25. Differentiating y = sin (ln x) we obtain y = cos (ln x)/x and y = −[sin (ln x) + cos (ln x)]/x2 .
Then

2 sin (ln x) + cos (ln x) cos (ln x)
x y + xy + y = x − 2
2
+x + sin (ln x) = 0.
x x
An interval of definition for the solution is (0, ∞).
26. Differentiating y = cos (ln x) ln (cos (ln x)) + (ln x) sin (ln x) we obtain

1 sin (ln x) sin (ln x) cos (ln x) sin (ln x)
y = cos (ln x) − + ln (cos (ln x)) − + ln x +
cos (ln x) x x x x
ln (cos (ln x)) sin (ln x) (ln x) cos (ln x)

=− +
x x
and

cos (ln x) 1 sin (ln x) 1
y = −x ln (cos (ln x)) + sin (ln x) −
x cos (ln x) x x2

1 sin (ln x) cos (ln x) 1 1
+ ln (cos (ln x)) sin (ln x) 2 + x (ln x) − + − (ln x) cos (ln x) 2
x x x x2 x
1 sin2 (ln x)
= − ln (cos (ln x)) cos (ln x) + + ln (cos (ln x)) sin (ln x)
x2 cos (ln x)
− (ln x) sin (ln x) + cos (ln x) − (ln x) cos (ln x) .
Then
sin2 (ln x)
x2 y + xy + y = − ln (cos (ln x)) cos (ln x) + + ln (cos (ln x)) sin (ln x) − (ln x) sin (ln x)
cos (ln x)
+ cos (ln x) − (ln x) cos (ln x) − ln (cos (ln x)) sin (ln x)
+ (ln x) cos (ln x) + cos (ln x) ln (cos (ln x)) + (ln x) sin (ln x)
sin2 (ln x) sin2 (ln x) + cos2 (ln x) 1

= + cos (ln x) = = = sec (ln x).
cos (ln x) cos (ln x) cos (ln x)
To obtain an interval of definition, we note that the domain of ln x is (0, ∞), so we must
have cos (ln x) > 0. Since cos x > 0 when −π/2 < x < π/2, we require −π/2 < ln x < π/2.
Since ex is an increasing function, this is equivalent to e−π/2 < x < eπ/2 . Thus, an interval
of definition is (e−π/2 , eπ/2 ). (Much of this problem is more easily done using a computer
algebra system such as Mathematica or Maple.)
In Problems 27 - 30 we use (12) of Section 1.1 and the Product Rule.
27.
ˆ x
y = ecos x te− cos t dt
0
ˆ x
dy − cos x
=e cos x
xe − sin xe cos x
te− cos t dt
dx 0
ˆ x ˆ x
dy cos x − cos x − cos t − cos t
+ (sin x) y = e xe − sin xecos x
te dt + sin x e cos x
te dt
dx 0 0
ˆ x ˆ x
= x − sin xecos x te− cos t dt + sin xecos x te− cos t dt = x
0 0
28.
ˆ x
x2 2
y=e et−t dt
0
ˆ x
dy 2 2 2 2
= ex ex−x + 2xex et−t dt
dx 0
ˆ x ˆ x
dy 2 2 2 t−t2 2 t−t2
− 2xy = ex ex−x + 2xex e dt − 2x ex e dt = ex
dx 0 0
29.
ˆ
e−t
x
y=x dt
1 t
ˆ x −t ˆ x −t
e−x e −x e
y =x + dt = e + dt
x 1 t 1 t
e−x
y = −e−x +
x

x2 y + x2 − x y + (1 − x) y = −x2 e−x + xe−x
ˆ ˆ
2 −x e−t
x x
e−t
+ x e +x2
dt − xe−x − x dt
1 t 1 t
ˆ ˆ x −t
x
e−t e
+ x dt − x2
dt = 0
1 t 1 t
30.
ˆ x ˆ x
t2 2
y = sin x e cos t dt − cos x et sin t dt
0 0
ˆ x ˆ x
x2 t2 x2 2
y = sin x e cos x + cos x e cos t dt − cos x e sin x + sin x et sin t dt
0 0
ˆ x ˆ x
2 2
= cos x et cos t dt + sin x et sin t dt
0 0
ˆ x ˆ x
y = cos x ex cos x − sin x
2 2 2 2
et cos t dt + sin x ex sin x + cos x et sin t dt
0 0
⎛ y ⎞
ˆ ˆ
⎜ x x ⎟
=e x2
cos x + sin x − ⎜
2 2
⎝sin x
t2
e cos t dt − cos x e sin t dt⎟
t2
⎠
0 0
2
= ex − y
y + y = ex − y + y = ex
2 2
31. Using implicit differentiation we get
x3 y 3 = x3 + 1
dy
3x2 · y 3 + x3 · 3y 2 = 3x2
dx
3x2 y 3 x3 3y 2 dy 3x2
+ =
3x2 y 2 3x2 y 2 dx 3x2 y 2
dy 1
y+x = 2
dx y
(x − 5)2 + y 2 = 1
dy
2(x − 5) + 2y =0
dx
dy
2y = −2(x − 5)
dx
dy
y = −(x − 5)
dx

dy 2
y = (x − 5)2
dx
2
dy (x − 5)2
=
dx y2
Now from the original equation, isolating the first term leads to (x − 5)2 = 1 − y 2 . Continuing
from the last line of our proof we now have
2
dy (x − 5)2 1 − y2 1
= 2
= 2
= 2 −1
dx y y y
Adding 1 to both sides leads to the desired result.
y 3 + 3y = 1 − 3x
3y 2 y + 3y = −3
y 2 y + y = −1
(y 2 + 1)y = −1
−1
y =
y2 + 1
Differentiating the last line and remembering to use the quotient rule on the right side leads
to
2yy
y = 2
(y + 1)2

Now since y = −1 y 2 + 1 we can write the last equation as
3
2y 2y −1 −1
y = 2 y = 2 = 2y = 2y(y )3
(y + 1)2 (y + 1)2 (y 2 + 1) y2 + 1
which is what we wanted to show.
y = exy
y = exy (y + xy )
y = yexy + xexy y
(1 − xexy )y = yexy
Now since y = exy , substitute this into the last line to get
(1 − xy)y = yy
or (1 − xy)y = y 2 which is what we wanted to show.
In Problem 35–38, y = c1 e3x + c2 e−x − 2x is given as a two-parameter family of solutions of the

second-order differential equation y − 2y − 3y = 6x + 4.
35. If y(0) = 0 and y (0) = 0, then
c1 + c2 = 0
3c1 − c2 − 2 = 0
so c1 = 1
2 and c2 = − 12 . Thus y = 1
2 e3x − half e−x − 2x.
36. If y(0) = 1 and y (0) = −3, then
c1 + c2 = 1
3c1 − c2 − 2 = −3
so c1 = 0 and c2 = 1. Thus y = e−x − 2x.
37. If y(1) = 4 and y (1) = −2, then
c1 e3 + c2 e−1 − 2 = 4
3c1 e3 − c2 e−1 − 2 = −2
so c1 = 3
2 e−3 and c2 = 9
2 e. Thus y = 3
2 e3x−3 + 92 e−x+1 − 2x.
38. If y(−1) = 0 and y (−1) = 1, then
c1 e−3 + c2 e + 2 = 0
3c1 e−3 − c2 e − 2 = 1
so c1 = 1
4 e3 and c2 = − 94 , e−1 . Thus y = 1
4 e3x+3 − 94 e−x−1 − 2x.
39. From the graph we see that estimates for y0 and y1 are y0 = −3 and y1 = 0.
40. The differential equation is

dh cA0
=− 2gh .
dt Aw
Using A0 = π(0.6/0.0125)2 = 4.906−4 , Aw = π(0.6)2 = 1.134, and g = 9.8, this becomes
dh c4.906−4 √ c √
=− 19.6h = − h.
dt 1.134 522
Chapter 2
First-Order Differential Equations
2.1 Solution Curves Without a Solution
y
y 2. x 10
1. x 3
2 5
1
0 x
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–5
–1
–2
–10 –5 0 5 10
–3
y y
3. x 4 4. x
4
2
2
0 x 0 x
–2
–2
–4
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
y y
5. x 4 6. x 4
2 2
0 x 0 x
–2 –2
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
36
2.1 Solution Curves Without a Solution 37
y y
7. x 4 8. x 4
2 2
0 x 0 x
–2 –2
–4
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
y y
9. x 4 10. x 4
2 2
0 x 0 x
–2 –2
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
y y
11. x 4 12. x 4
2 2
0 x 0 x
–2 –2
–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
y y
13. x 3
14. x
4
2
2
1
0 x 0 x
–1
–2
–2
–4
–3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –4 –2 0 2 4
y
15. (a) The isoclines have the form y = −x + c, which are straight 3
lines with slope −1. 2
x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–2
–3
38 CHAPTER 2 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
y
(b) The isoclines have the form x2 + y 2 = c, which are circles
2
centered at the origin.
1
x
–2 –1 1 2
–1
–2
16. (a) When x = 0 or y = 4, dy/dx = −2 so the lineal elements have slope −2. When y = 3 or
y = 5, dy/dx = x − 2, so the lineal elements at (x, 3) and (x, 5) have slopes x − 2.
(b) At (0, y0 ) the solution curve is headed down. If y → ∞ as x increases, the graph must
eventually turn around and head up, but while heading up it can never cross y = 4
where a tangent line to a solution curve must have slope −2. Thus, y cannot approach
∞ as x approaches ∞.
17. When y < 12 x2 , y = x2 − 2y is positive and the portions of

y
3
solution curves “outside” the nullcline parabola are increasing. 2
When y > 12 x2 , y = x2 − 2y is negative and the portions of the 1
solution curves “inside” the nullcline parabola are decreasing. 0 x
–1
–2
–3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
18. (a) Any horizontal lineal element should be at a point on a nullcline. In Problem 1 the
nullclines are x2 − y 2 = 0 or y = ±x. In Problem 3 the nullclines are 1 − xy = 0 or
y = 1/x. In Problem 4 the nullclines are (sin x) cos y = 0 or x = nπ and y = π/2 + nπ,
where n is an integer. The graphs on the next page show the nullclines for the equations
in Problems 1, 3, and 4 superimposed on the corresponding direction field.
y y y
3 4
4
2
2
2
1
0 x 0 x 0 x
–1 –2
–2
–2
–4
–3 –4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4
Problem 1 Problem 3 Problem 4
(b) An autonomous first-order differential equation has the form y = f (y). Nullclines have
the form y = c where f (c) = 0. These are the graphs of the equilibrium solutions of the
differential equation.
19. Writing the differential equation in the form dy/dx = y(1 − y)(1 + y) we see that
critical points are y = −1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait is shown at the
right.
1
(a) x y (b) x y
5 0
1
4
3
–1
2
1 x
–2 –1 1 2
x
1 2
(c) x y (d) x y
x
–2 –1 1 2 1 2
x –1
–2
–3
–1 –4
–5
20. Writing the differential equation in the form dy/dx = y 2 (1 − y)(1 + y) we see that
critical points are y = −1, y = 0, and y = 1. The phase portrait is shown at the
right.
1
(a) x y (b) x y
5 0
4 1
3
1
2
1 x
–2 –1 1 2
x
1 2
(c) x y (d) x y
x
–2 –1
x –1
–2 –1 1 2
–2
–3
–1 –4
–5
21. Solving y 2 − 3y = y(y − 3) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 3. From the
phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 3 is unstable
(repeller). 3
22. Solving y 2 − y 3 = y 2 (1 − y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0 and 1. From the phase
portrait we see that 1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is semi-stable.
1
23. Solving (y − 2)4 = 0 we obtain the critical point 2. From the phase portrait we see
that 2 is semi-stable.
2
24. Solving 10 + 3y − y 2 = (5 − y)(2 + y) = 0 we obtain the critical points −2 and 5.

From the phase portrait we see that 5 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and −2 is
unstable (repeller). 5
–2
25. Solving y 2 (4 − y 2 ) = y 2 (2 − y)(2 + y) = 0 we obtain the critical points −2, 0, and

2. From the phase portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable (attractor), 0 is 2
semi-stable, and −2 is unstable (repeller).
0
–2
26. Solving y(2 − y)(4 − y) = 0 we obtain the critical points 0, 2, and 4. From the phase
portrait we see that 2 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 and 4 are unstable
4
(repellers).
2
0
27. Solving y ln(y+2) = 0 we obtain the critical points −1 and 0. From the phase portrait
we see that −1 is asymptotically stable (attractor) and 0 is unstable (repeller).
0
–1
–2
28. Solving yey − 9y = y(ey − 9) = 0 (since ey is always positive) we obtain the

critical points 0 and ln 9. From the phase portrait we see that 0 is asymptotically 1n 9
stable (attractor) and ln 9 is unstable (repeller).
29. The critical points are 0 and c because the graph of f (y) is 0 at these points. Since f (y) > 0
for y < 0 and y > c, the graph of the solution is increasing on the y-intervals (−∞, 0) and
(c, ∞). Since f (y) < 0 for 0 < y < c, the graph of the solution is decreasing on the y-interval
(0, c).
c c
0 x
30. The critical points are approximately at −2, 2, 0.5, and 1.7. Since f (y) > 0 for y < −2.2
and 0.5 < y < 1.7, the graph of the solution is increasing on the y-intervals (−∞, −2.2) and
(0.5, 1.7). Since f (y) < 0 for −2.2 < y < 0.5 and y > 1.7, the graph is decreasing on the
y-interval (−2.2, 0.5) and (1.7, ∞).
1.7 2
1
0.5
x
–2 –1 1 2
–1
–2.2 –2
31. From the graphs of z = π/2 and z = sin y we see that 1
(2/π)y − sin y = 0 has only three solutions. By inspection

y
–π π π π
we see that the critical points are −π/2, 0, and π/2. –
2 2
–1
From the graph at the right we see that

2 <0 for y < −π/2
y − sin y π
π >0 for y > π/2 2
0

2 >0 for − π/2 < y < 0
y − sin y π
π <0 for 0 < y < π/2 –
2
This enables us to construct the phase portrait shown at the right. From this portrait we see
that π/2 and −π/2 are unstable (repellers), and 0 is asymptotically stable (attractor).
32. For dy/dx = 0 every real number is a critical point, and hence all critical points are noniso-
lated.
33. Recall that for dy/dx = f (y) we are assuming that f and f are continuous functions of y
on some interval I. Now suppose that the graph of a nonconstant solution of the differential
equation crosses the line y = c. If the point of intersection is taken as an initial condition
we have two distinct solutions of the initial-value problem. This violates uniqueness, so the
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brother coming up. I rang and knocked and kept them talking as long
as possible. Then when they opened the door I slipped away, but I
heard your footsteps and realized that you had got out by the back
way. I heard you run off down the lane with Dangle after you, then
remembering your arrangement about throwing away the tracing, I
climbed over the wall, picked it up and went back to my rooms. The
first thing I did was to photograph it, then I hid it in my color box. I
had scarcely done so when Sime called. He said you had met with
an accident—been caught between two motorcars and knocked
down by one of them—and that you were seriously injured. He said
you were conscious and had given him my address and were calling
for me. I went down to find Blessington driving a car, though I didn’t
know then it was Blessington. As soon as we started Sime held a
chloroformed cloth over my mouth, and I don’t remember much more
till we were on the L’Escaut.”
“But how did Sime find your rooms?”
“Through Susan. Susan told me all about it afterwards. She went
out after James and saw me climbing over the wall with the tracing.
She followed me to my rooms and immediately telephoned to Sime.
When Sime called she was with him, and while I changed my coat
Sime let her into the studio and she hid behind an easel until we
were gone. She searched till she found the tracing and then simply
walked out. The gang had intended to go to Antwerp the following
week in any case, but this business upset their plans and they
decided to start immediately. Dangle went on and arranged for the
L’Escaut to leave some days earlier. The rest of us put up at Ghent
till she was ready to sail.” But little further remains to be told. The few
bars of gold still left on the Silurian were soon raised and the two
ships set sail, reaching Chatham some five days later. All the bullion
theoretically belonged to the Crown, but under the special
circumstances a generous division was made whereby twenty-five
per cent was returned to the finders. As Price refused to accept the
whole amount an amicable agreement was come to, whereby
Cheyne, Joan, and Price each received almost one-third, or
£200,000 apiece. Of the balance of over £20,000, £10,000 was
given to Susan Dangle by Joan’s imperative directions. She said that
Susan was not a bad girl and had turned up trumps during the
trouble on the L’Escaut. £1,000 went to Inspector French—also
Joan’s gift, and the remainder was divided among the officers and
men of the Admiralty salvage boat.
A few days after landing Maxwell Cheyne and Joan Merrill had
occasion to pay a short visit to the church of St. Margaret’s in the
Fields, after which Cheyne whirled his wife away to Devonshire, so
that she might make the acquaintance of his family and see the
country where began that strange series of events which in the
beginning of the story I alluded to as The Cheyne Mystery.
Transcriber’s Note
This transcription follows the text of the Penguin Books edition
published in 1978. The following alterations have been made to
correct what are believed to be unambiguous printer’s errors.
Five erroneous quotation marks have been repaired.

“desparate” has been changed to “desperate” (Ch. II).
“wondered it he” has been changed to “wondered if he” (Ch. II).
“Chayne” has been changed to “Cheyne” (Chs. IX and X).
“Walting Street” has been changed to “Watling Street” (Ch. X).
“noncommital” has been changed to “noncommittal” (Ch. XIV).
“pessmist” has been changed to “pessimist” (Ch. XV).
“Sargeant” has been changed to “Sergeant” (Ch. XVI).
“similiar” has been changed to “similar” (Ch. XVII).
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHEYNE
MYSTERY ***
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First Course in Differential Equations (11ed) / Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems (9ed) Solutions Manual 9Th Edition - Ebook PDF

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First Course in differential equations

(11ed) / Differential Equations and

(Original PDF) Differential Equations with Boundary-

(Original PDF) Differential Equations with Boundary-

(eBook PDF) Differential Equations with Boundary Value

(eBook PDF) Elementary Differential Equations Boundary

(eBook PDF) Elementary Differential Equations with

Differential Equations with Boundary-Value Problems 9th

(eBook PDF) Fundamentals of Differential Equations and

(eBook PDF) Differential Equations and Boundary Value

A First Course in Differential

NINTH EDITION, METRIC VERSION

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Introduction to Diﬀerential Equations

1.1 Deﬁnitions and Terminology

1. Second order; linear

2. Third order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)4

3. Fourth order; linear

4. Second order; nonlinear because of cos(r + u)

6. Second order; nonlinear because of R2

7. Third order; linear

8. Second order; nonlinear because of ẋ2

11. From y = e−x/2 we obtain y = − 12 e−x/2 . Then 2y + y = −e−x/2 + e−x/2 = 0.

y = tan x + cos x ln(sec x + tan x). Then y + y = tan x.

(y − x)y = (y − x)[1 + (2(x + 2)−1/2 ]

= y − x + 2(y − x)(x + 2)−1/2

= y − x + 2[x + 4(x + 2)1/2 − x](x + 2)−1/2

= y − x + 8(x + 2)1/2 (x + 2)−1/2 = y − x + 8.

y = 25(1 + tan2 5x) = 25 + 25 tan2 5x = 25 + y 2 .

2y = (1 − sin x)−3/2 cos x = [(1 − sin x)−1/2 ]3 cos x = y 3 cos x.

Exponentiating both sides of the implicit solution we obtain

(et − 1) = (et − 2)X

Solving et − 2 = 0 we get t = ln 2. Thus, the solution is deﬁned on (−∞, ln 2) or on (ln 2, ∞).

31. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation y + 2y = 0 to get

32. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation 5y − 2y = 0 to get

33. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation y − 5y + 6y = 0 to get

(emx ) − 5(emx ) + 6(emx ) = 0

m2 emx − 5memx + 6emx = 0

34. Substitute the function y = emx into the equation 2y + 7y − 4y = 0 to get

2(emx ) + 7(emx ) − 4(emx ) = 0

2m2 emx + 7memx − 4emx = 0

35. Substitute the function y = xm into the equation xy + 2y = 0 to get

x · (xm ) + 2(xm ) = 0

x · m(m − 1)xm−2 + 2mxm−1 = 0

(m2 − m)xm−1 + 2mxm−1 = 0

xm−1 [m(m + 1)] = 0

x2 · (xm ) − 7x · (xm ) + 15(xm ) = 0

x2 · m(m − 1)xm−2 − 7x · mxm−1 + 15xm = 0

(m2 − m)xm − 7mxm + 15xm = 0

xm [(m − 3)(m − 5)] = 0

The last line implies that m = 3 or m = 5 therefore y = x3 and y = x5 are solutions.

37. Solving 5c = 10 we see that y = 2 is a constant solution.

38. Solving c2 + 2c − 3 = (c + 3)(c − 1) = 0 we see that y = −3 and y = 1 are constant solutions.

40. Solving 6c = 10 we see that y = 5/3 is a constant solution.