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CHAPTER 10--THE FLOWERING OF TRADITIONAL
CHINA
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. What was the appeal of Buddhism and Daoism during the era after the collapse of the Han dynasty?
2. "Although of short duration, the Sui dynasty was one of China's most significant." Discuss.
3. "Chinese civilization reached its apex during the Tang dynasty." Discuss critically.
4. "The Yuan dynasty was a brief irrelevance in China's long history." Discuss critically.
5. How significant was international trade to Chinese society? What was traded? From where and to where?
Who benefited? China, its neighbors? Within China?
6. Discuss the significance and impact of the civil service examination on Chinese society. Who benefited and
who did not from the system? Was it actually based upon merit? Why or why not?
7. With specific examples, discuss the relationship between Daoism and Chinese landscape painting.
8. In the public sphere, what advantages did Confucianism have over Buddhism and Daoism, and why?
9. Compare and contrast the status of women in Tang and Song China with the status of women in two other
societies of your choice. What are the similarities and what are the difference and why?
10. Discuss the impact of the northern nomad peoples upon Chinese society late Tang and Song eras. Be
specific.
11. Discuss the possible reasons why China abandoned its seemingly successful naval accomplishments after
the death of the emperor Yongle in 1424. Which do you believe to be most convincing, and why?
12. What was the impact of the "Pax Mongolica" on Eurasian societies in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries?
13. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Gobi Desert
Liu Ling
Sui Dynasty
Yang Jian/Sui Wendi
Sui Yangdi
Grand Canal
Li Yuan
Tang Dynasty
Tang Taizong
Chang'an
Xuanzong and Yan Guifei
Uighurs, Kirghiz, and Khitan

Song Dynasty
Song Taizu
Kaifeng
the Southern Song and Hangzhou
Jurchen
State Confucianism
civil service examination
Grand Council
scholar-gentry
"equal field" system
Wang Anshi
blast furnace and steel, gunpowder, paper currency, and the abacus
the Silk Road(s) and Bactrian camels
compass and the sternpost rudder
"younger brothers" and the tribute system

Emperor Tang Taizong and Wu Zhao/Empress Wu
foot binding
Temuchin/Genghis Khan
fire-lance
Khubilai Khan
the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty

Karakorum
Khanbaliq/Beijing
Marco Polo
Zhu Yuanzhang
Ming Dynasty
The Great Wall

Zhenghe
Chan
Pure Land sect

White Lotus sect
Neo-Confucianism/the "investigation of things" and Zhu Xi
School of the Mind and Zhu Xi

woodblock printing
Li Bo and Du Fu
Tale of the Marshes and Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Dunhuang caves
landscape painting and Daoism
63. Over the course of the three centuries after the fall of the Han and before the rise of the Sui Dynasty,
A. China experienced a period of tranquility and order.
B. Confucianism grew in popularity.
C. Buddhism developed a much wider following among the Chinese people.
D. Daoism disappeared in China.
E. Islam made its first appearance in China.
64. Which of the following statements is not a valid observation about the Sui Dynasty?
A. It employed Buddhism as a unifying force in the country.
B. It was responsible for the building of the Grand Canal, connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.
C. It permanently incorporated Korea into the Chinese domain.
D. It came to an abrupt end with the assassination of its emperor.
E. Its policies helped the lower Yangtze region become a major part of China's economy.
65. The name given to the Asian region northwest of traditional China that was pacified by the Tang was
A. Xinjiang.
B. Korea.
C. Japan.
D. Silla.
E. Bactria.
66. The Sui Dynasty

A. lasted from the ninth until the eleventh centuries.
B. designated Daoism as the only official state ideology.
C. completed the new Grand Canal system linking the Yellow the Yangtze river valleys.
D. burned the literary works of Confucius and all non-Buddhists.
E. moved the capital to Canton.
67. As a result of early Tang rule,

A. Chinese cultural development was stifled.
B. Buddhist influence helped to produce a blossoming of Chinese culture.
C. Buddhist monastic activities were curtailed.
D. internal weakness became endemic throughout China.
E. Nestorian beliefs became dominant in the Yangtze Valley.
68. All of the following contributed to the fall of the Tang except
A. the increase of power of the landed families.
B. instability along the northern frontiers.
C. invasion by the Mongols.
D. a rebellion in 755 which captured Chang'an.
E. local military commanders taking power from the central government.
69. The Turkish-speaking tribal group that ultimately overthrew the Tang were the
A. Mongols.
B. Magyars.
C. Uighurs.
D. Jurchens.
E. Kirghiz.
70. In terms of its relations with neighboring powers, the Song
A. met their ultimate demise at the hands of the Mongols.
B. was able to maintain a permanent dominance over the Jin Dynasty of the Jurchens.
C. reconquered the northern region controlled by the Uighurs.
D. learned from the mistakes of the Tang and avoided a similar fate.
E. conquered Japan, the first time that this had happened.
71. State Confucianism

A. was actually an unusually militant form of Buddhism.
B. expressed a traditional, activist element in Chinese philosophy.
C. was brought to China by Japanese merchants.
D. renounced the newer ideas advanced by Mencius and Loming-Tzu.
E. was strongly influenced by Daoism.
72. Because of the threat of the Khitan nomads, the first capital of the Song dynasty was ____, and additional
threats from the north later forced the Song to move the capital to ____.
A. Chang'an and Beijing.
B. Xian and Anyang.
C. Hangzhou and Beijing.
D. Kaifeng and Hangzhou.
E. Beijing and Chang'an.
73. In the Chinese civil service examination system

A. candidates from southern China always received the highest positions.
B. the system entirely eliminated aristocratic influence in the government bureaucracy.
C. the Song severely restricted the eligibility for taking the exams.
D. many candidates who passed the first examination did not go on to a higher level.
E. very few of the successful candidates came from the landed gentry.
74. In the Chinese civil service examination system,

A. stress was placed on geometric and foreign language skills.
B. under the Song, Confucian doctrine had been replaced by Buddhist teachings as the sole contents of the
exam.
C. in comparison to other civilizations, the process provided a means for upward social mobility.
D. the elimination of all bureaucratic shortcomings was achieved.
E. the establishment of the Censorate eliminated all possibilities of official wrongdoing.
75. The Tang political system
A. restored Legalism as its supporting official philosophy.
B. was able to solve the problem of nomadic invasions by using its new fire-lance to exterminate nomadic
cavalry.
C. developed the equivalent of a modern cabinet within its Department of State Affairs.
D. dissolved its entire military structure to save money for trading activities.
E. was run by a female emperor during the late Yuan Dynasty.
76. Wu Zhao
A. was the founder of the White Lotus sect.
B. translated The Way of the Dao into Khitan.
C. was the Chinese name of Marco Polo.
D. was the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
E. became empress of China.
77. Neo-Confucianism
A. was greatly aided in its intellectual development by Wu Zhao.
B. under Zhu Xi, divided the world into a material world and a transcendent world.
C. maintained that the world is illusory unless one possesses a rare variety of karma.
D. was a translation of the Master's works into Japanese.
E. succumbed to a revived Buddhism.
78. Under Song rule in China, the system of local government

A. permitted villages to administer themselves.
B. gave specific, vital responsibilities to the village "council of elders."
C. enabled the most prominent families in the village to dominate the council of elders.
D. essentially remained as it had been under the Tang.
E. all of the above
79. One of the main reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty was its inability to effectively solve the
problem of land distribution. Which of the following statements can serve as a valid explanation for this policy
failure?
A. The increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich and politically influential, coupled with rising
food production, led to increasing pressure on the land distribution system.
B. The receipt of large, permanent land grants by government officials fundamentally strengthened the system
but undermined the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
C. Equality in land distribution was successfully maintained through the tax regulations of the central
government.
D. Mongol invaders destroyed the Chinese government's bureaucratic infrastructure.
E. Empress Wu confiscated all land, distributing it to illiterate and unprepared peasants.
80. The Chinese civil service examination system
A. included a quota system to insure that over one-half of those who took it were peasants.
B. insured that those passing all levels of the exams would receive life-long pensions.
C. was designed to keep the "scholar-gentry" from taking the advanced examinations.
D. was no longer used after the early 600s.
E. was unable to solve the problem of officials using their positions to help their relatives.
81. Which of the following was not an economic factor in medieval China?
A. The central government monopolized certain commodity manufacturing.
B. Technological advances increased the scope and wealth of the economy.
C. The introduction of the use of paper currency, credit, banking, and the abacus furthered commercial
development.
D. The Sui Dynasty closed the Silk Road.
E. Blast furnaces were developed.
82. The nomadic people who aligned with the Tang to dominate much of the carrying trade along the Silk Road
were the
A. Mongols.
B. Uzbeks.
C. Uighurs.
D. Jurchens.
E. Berbers.
83. In medieval China, the tribute system

A. was a domestic policy used by Tang rulers to exact taxes from local villages.
B. was a method by which Mongol rulers dealt with the Han Chinese.
C. maintained a working trade relationship between the Chinese and foreign merchants and rulers.
D. was first introduced by the Manchu Dynasty.
E. was maintained in opposition to the tenets of Confucianism.
84. With the increase in trade and urban activities during the Tang and Song eras,
A. the rural population declined.
B. a landed gentry class assumed a position of social and economic dominance.
C. the social stagnation of the population became institutionalized.
D. the scholar-gentry provided considerable financial support to Christians.
E. most of the population resided in urban areas.
85. Local government in medieval China
A. was based on provinces, each containing 12,500,000 inhabitants.
B. required the entire population to play an active part.
C. did not include appointed government officials at the village level.
D. was totally changed after the Song Dynasty began.
E. was based upon Doaist principles.
86. The founder of the Mongol Empire was

A. Ogilvai Khan.
B. Khubilai Khan.
C. Atta Khan.
D. Genghis Khan.
E. Tamerlane.
87. Affluent Chinese during the Tang Dynasty

A. had fewer luxuries than during the Han and Qin dynasties.
B. could engage in mock Samurai battles.
C. had new forms of entertainment and means of communication.
D. resided exclusively in cities.
E. resided only in the countryside.
88. Which of the following was true about the power of the Mongols?
A. They were unable to gain control of Khanbaliq.
B. Their power was based on the strategic use of infantry armies.
C. They maintained their control in China for almost six centuries.
D. They achieved more success in China than it did in the rest of East Asia.
E. They imposed a new governmental system in China.
89. Khubilai Khan's capital was located in

A. Samarkand.
B. Chang'an.
C. Khanbaliq.
D. Hangzhou.
E. Karakorum.
90. The Mongols
A. were, under Genghis Khan, aggressive traders virtually obsessed with making profits.
B. ruled China, by means of the Yuan Dynasty, for four hundred and thirty-seven years.
C. established their capital in China at Nanjing.
D. destroyed the Chinese economy by outlawing all trade.
E. made use of Chinese institutions in governing China.
91. The Mongols were able to maintain control in China for an extended period because they
A. rapidly assimilated into Chinese society.
B. maintained a system of harsh reprisals for Chinese noncompliance.
C. created a totally new political system that the Chinese found refreshingly appealing.
D. maintained commercial policies that were conducive to Chinese prosperity.
E. outlawed the subversive ideas of Confucius.
92. All of the following factors contributed to the end of Mongol rule in China except
A. excessive military expenditures.
B. insufficient incoming receipts from taxes.
C. internal strife, aggravated by growing famine.
D. inferior abilities among the successors to Khubilai Khan.
E. the plague that killed millions of Mongols in 1241 and 1242.
93. All of the following were true about medieval Chinese life except
A. most people had developed life styles that were far removed from agriculture.
B. technological developments such as block printing improved communication.
C. life for most Chinese of the era was centered around the local village.
D. the volume and value of trading activity grew.
E. the occupation of most Chinese was farming.
94. Which of the following accurately characterizes the medieval Chinese family?
A. It was female-dominated.
B. Its ideal state was that of a joint group of at least two generations.
C. Its moral foundation was filial piety.
D. The ideal of filial piety was abandoned.
E. Most families lived on isolated farmsteads.
95. Empress Wu
A. made a significant contribution to the civil service examination system.
B. achieved nothing positive during her rule.
C. deposed her courtiers at the age of 80 and went on to rule another eight years.
D. found a rationalization for her rule in a Daoist sutra.
E. was assassinated on her fortieth birthday.
96. All of the following are correct about the Ming dynasty except
A. it extended its rule into Mongolia and Central Asia.
B. there were no contacts with Vietnam or Korea.
C. the Great Wall was strengthened.
D. there was considerable internal reform, including increased manufacturing.
E. a series of fleets were sent across the Indian Ocean, including all the way to Africa.
97. The motives for the voyages of Zhenghe possibly included all of the following except
A. trading profits.
B. curiosity.
C. to seek information on a earlier emperor who might have escaped into exile.
D. military conquest.
E. all of the above
98. Buddhism was brought to China by

A. gurus from Angkor.
B. barbarian invasions.
C. travelers from Indonesia.
D. Chinese fleets returning from the West.
E. merchants from India.
99. The Buddhist sect that stressed the role of devotion was
A. Chan.
B. the Pure Land Sect.
C. Tantrism.
D. the White Lotus Sect.
E. the Black Leopard Sect.
100. Of the three philosophies competing for attention in medieval China,
A. Manichaeanism had the largest following.
B. Confucianism triumphed because it adhered to the Chinese social need to support the concepts of hard work
and filial piety.
C. Buddhism prevailed because of its divine visions.
D. Daoism triumphed because of its philosophical underpinnings.
E. neither Buddhism nor Daoism ever offered an alternative to restrictive Confucian theology.
101. The main purpose for the development of Neo-Confucianism was to

A. to deal with the issues of the universe that had been introduced into China by Buddhism and Daoism and
which were able to fit into the original Confucian value system.
B. counteract the appeal of Islamic ideas.
C. turn the Chinese people away from Buddhism, Daoism and Christianity.
D. fortify the believer's responsibility to withdraw rather than participate.
E. act as a buffer against Muslim missionaries.
102. The Confucian scholar who was the primary proponent of the idea that the correct way to transcend the
material world was self-cultivation through the "investigation of things" was
A. Zhu Xi.
B. Wang Yangming.
C. Fa Xua.
D. Tang Wo.
E. Shao Yung.
103. Although medieval China was the source of many of the great inventions of its time, it failed to develop
the technological advances that these inventions produced elsewhere mainly because
A. the emperors feared the spread of new ideas.
B. the Chinese lacked the technical skills to advance their knowledge.
C. Neo-Confucianism focused on the elimination of any expansive developments.
D. Confucian values, coupled with scholar-gentry indifference, stifled technological advancement.
E. Daoist priests objected to progress and change.
104. During the Han Dynasty, Chinese literature was stimulated by the invention of
A. a vernacular language.
B. paper.
C. bronze-block printing.
D. kabuki.
E. sake.
105. The most effective expression of literature from the Tang to the Ming dynasties was in the form of
A. technical books of instruction for artisans and peasants.
B. general prose.
C. historical narratives.
D. poetry.
E. encyclopedic gazettes.
106. Due to various technical aspects of the Chinese language, its poetry had
A. a brevity in the amount of lines used and the number of words in each line.
B. a high degree of vagueness which repelled most Chinese.
C. a verbosity to its construction.
D. an incompatibility with music.
E. little impact on Chinese culture.
107. Li Bo
A. was the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
B. was a historian during the Song Dynasty.
C. was a sober Confucian civil servant.
D. wrote a poem entitled "Drinking Along at Moonlight."
E. defeated the Mongols at Wuhan.
108. In Song China

A. a curfew required urban residents to be in their homes shortly after nightfall.
B. though city gates were closed, entertainment centers inside the walls were open all night.
C. storytellers and minstrels provided information at elegant social gatherings.
D. urban life entirely disappeared.
E. cities were governed by Qin officials.
109. Which of the following was not an aspect of the creativity of Chinese art?
A. Buddhist and Daoist influences
B. inclusion of both secular and religious works
C. the development of the scroll for the purpose of display
D. the development of monochromatic works derived from the calligraphic medium
E. inspiration drawn mainly from Indian Hindu sources
110. Between 600 and the 1300, Chinese art and literature
A. produced such famous stories as Tale of the Marshes.
B. entered a period of stale non-creativity.
C. borrowed a variety of new forms, such as the "closed bottle technique," from Taiwan.
D. exhibited great creativity in the field of bronze manufacture.
E. modeled itself on Japanese accomplishments.
111. In the 1280s, Venice's Marco Polo visited the city of Nanjing, the capital of the Yuan dynasty.
True False
112. After the third century C.E. collapse of the Han dynasty, China fell into a long period of division and civil
war.
True False
113. Although the Sui dynasty ruled only a short time, its successes included the construction of the Grand
Canal, linking the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers.
True False
114. Although the earlier Tang dynasty based the civil service examinations exclusively upon Confucian texts,
the later Song also included both Daoist and Buddhist texts.
True False
115. In the attempt to resist the territorial ambitions of the northern Jurchen, the Song turned to the Mongols for
support.
True False
116. By the Tang and Song eras, the gentry had replaced the aristocracy as the political and economic elite of
Chinese society.
True False
117. The custom of foot binding was condemned by the Tang emperors and had disappeared from China by the
beginning of the Song era.
True False
118. In the 1360s, Zhu Yuanzhang put an end to the disintegrating Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty
in its place.
True False
119. In the 1400s, after the Ming admiral Zhenghe had successfully led several large sailing expeditions to the
coast of Africa and throughout Southeast Asia, the voyages were discontinued and were never revived.
True False
120. During the Song era, Chinese painting was primarily inspired by Confucianism.
True False
CHAPTER 10--THE FLOWERING OF TRADITIONAL CHINA
Key
1. What was the appeal of Buddhism and Daoism during the era after the collapse of the Han dynasty?
Answer not provided.
2. "Although of short duration, the Sui dynasty was one of China's most significant." Discuss.
3. "Chinese civilization reached its apex during the Tang dynasty." Discuss critically.
4. "The Yuan dynasty was a brief irrelevance in China's long history." Discuss critically.
5. How significant was international trade to Chinese society? What was traded? From where and to where?
Who benefited? China, its neighbors? Within China?
6. Discuss the significance and impact of the civil service examination on Chinese society. Who benefited and
who did not from the system? Was it actually based upon merit? Why or why not?

7. With specific examples, discuss the relationship between Daoism and Chinese landscape painting.
8. In the public sphere, what advantages did Confucianism have over Buddhism and Daoism, and why?
9. Compare and contrast the status of women in Tang and Song China with the status of women in two other
societies of your choice. What are the similarities and what are the difference and why?
10. Discuss the impact of the northern nomad peoples upon Chinese society late Tang and Song eras. Be
specific.
11. Discuss the possible reasons why China abandoned its seemingly successful naval accomplishments after
the death of the emperor Yongle in 1424. Which do you believe to be most convincing, and why?
12. What was the impact of the "Pax Mongolica" on Eurasian societies in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries?
Gobi Desert

Liu Ling
Sui Dynasty
Yang Jian/Sui Wendi
Sui Yangdi
Grand Canal
Li Yuan

Tang Dynasty
Tang Taizong
Chang'an
Xuanzong and Yan Guifei
Uighurs, Kirghiz, and Khitan
Song Dynasty

Song Taizu
Kaifeng
the Southern Song and Hangzhou
Jurchen
State Confucianism
civil service examination

Grand Council
scholar-gentry
"equal field" system
Wang Anshi
blast furnace and steel, gunpowder, paper currency, and the abacus
the Silk Road(s) and Bactrian camels

compass and the sternpost rudder
"younger brothers" and the tribute system
Emperor Tang Taizong and Wu Zhao/Empress Wu
foot binding
Temuchin/Genghis Khan
fire-lance

Khubilai Khan
the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty
Karakorum
Khanbaliq/Beijing
Marco Polo
Zhu Yuanzhang

Ming Dynasty
The Great Wall
Zhenghe
Chan
Pure Land sect
White Lotus sect

Neo-Confucianism/the "investigation of things" and Zhu Xi
School of the Mind and Zhu Xi
woodblock printing
Li Bo and Du Fu
Tale of the Marshes and Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Dunhuang caves

landscape painting and Daoism
63. Over the course of the three centuries after the fall of the Han and before the rise of the Sui Dynasty,
A. China experienced a period of tranquility and order.
B. Confucianism grew in popularity.
C. Buddhism developed a much wider following among the Chinese people.
D. Daoism disappeared in China.
E. Islam made its first appearance in China.
64. Which of the following statements is not a valid observation about the Sui Dynasty?
A. It employed Buddhism as a unifying force in the country.
B. It was responsible for the building of the Grand Canal, connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.
C. It permanently incorporated Korea into the Chinese domain.
D. It came to an abrupt end with the assassination of its emperor.
E. Its policies helped the lower Yangtze region become a major part of China's economy.
65. The name given to the Asian region northwest of traditional China that was pacified by the Tang was
A. Xinjiang.
B. Korea.
C. Japan.
D. Silla.
E. Bactria.
66. The Sui Dynasty

A. lasted from the ninth until the eleventh centuries.
B. designated Daoism as the only official state ideology.
C. completed the new Grand Canal system linking the Yellow the Yangtze river valleys.
D. burned the literary works of Confucius and all non-Buddhists.
E. moved the capital to Canton.
67. As a result of early Tang rule,
A. Chinese cultural development was stifled.
B. Buddhist influence helped to produce a blossoming of Chinese culture.
C. Buddhist monastic activities were curtailed.
D. internal weakness became endemic throughout China.
E. Nestorian beliefs became dominant in the Yangtze Valley.
68. All of the following contributed to the fall of the Tang except
A. the increase of power of the landed families.
B. instability along the northern frontiers.
C. invasion by the Mongols.
D. a rebellion in 755 which captured Chang'an.
E. local military commanders taking power from the central government.
69. The Turkish-speaking tribal group that ultimately overthrew the Tang were the
A. Mongols.
B. Magyars.
C. Uighurs.
D. Jurchens.
E. Kirghiz.
70. In terms of its relations with neighboring powers, the Song

A. met their ultimate demise at the hands of the Mongols.
B. was able to maintain a permanent dominance over the Jin Dynasty of the Jurchens.
C. reconquered the northern region controlled by the Uighurs.
D. learned from the mistakes of the Tang and avoided a similar fate.
E. conquered Japan, the first time that this had happened.
71. State Confucianism

A. was actually an unusually militant form of Buddhism.
B. expressed a traditional, activist element in Chinese philosophy.
C. was brought to China by Japanese merchants.
D. renounced the newer ideas advanced by Mencius and Loming-Tzu.
E. was strongly influenced by Daoism.
72. Because of the threat of the Khitan nomads, the first capital of the Song dynasty was ____, and additional
threats from the north later forced the Song to move the capital to ____.
A. Chang'an and Beijing.
B. Xian and Anyang.
C. Hangzhou and Beijing.
D. Kaifeng and Hangzhou.
E. Beijing and Chang'an.
73. In the Chinese civil service examination system

A. candidates from southern China always received the highest positions.
B. the system entirely eliminated aristocratic influence in the government bureaucracy.
C. the Song severely restricted the eligibility for taking the exams.
D. many candidates who passed the first examination did not go on to a higher level.
E. very few of the successful candidates came from the landed gentry.
74. In the Chinese civil service examination system,

A. stress was placed on geometric and foreign language skills.
B. under the Song, Confucian doctrine had been replaced by Buddhist teachings as the sole contents of the
exam.
C. in comparison to other civilizations, the process provided a means for upward social mobility.
D. the elimination of all bureaucratic shortcomings was achieved.
E. the establishment of the Censorate eliminated all possibilities of official wrongdoing.
75. The Tang political system

A. restored Legalism as its supporting official philosophy.
B. was able to solve the problem of nomadic invasions by using its new fire-lance to exterminate nomadic
cavalry.
C. developed the equivalent of a modern cabinet within its Department of State Affairs.
D. dissolved its entire military structure to save money for trading activities.
E. was run by a female emperor during the late Yuan Dynasty.
76. Wu Zhao
A. was the founder of the White Lotus sect.
B. translated The Way of the Dao into Khitan.
C. was the Chinese name of Marco Polo.
D. was the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
E. became empress of China.
77. Neo-Confucianism
A. was greatly aided in its intellectual development by Wu Zhao.
B. under Zhu Xi, divided the world into a material world and a transcendent world.
C. maintained that the world is illusory unless one possesses a rare variety of karma.
D. was a translation of the Master's works into Japanese.
E. succumbed to a revived Buddhism.
78. Under Song rule in China, the system of local government

A. permitted villages to administer themselves.
B. gave specific, vital responsibilities to the village "council of elders."
C. enabled the most prominent families in the village to dominate the council of elders.
D. essentially remained as it had been under the Tang.
E. all of the above
79. One of the main reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty was its inability to effectively solve the
problem of land distribution. Which of the following statements can serve as a valid explanation for this policy
failure?
A. The increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich and politically influential, coupled with rising
food production, led to increasing pressure on the land distribution system.
B. The receipt of large, permanent land grants by government officials fundamentally strengthened the system
but undermined the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
C. Equality in land distribution was successfully maintained through the tax regulations of the central
government.
D. Mongol invaders destroyed the Chinese government's bureaucratic infrastructure.
E. Empress Wu confiscated all land, distributing it to illiterate and unprepared peasants.
80. The Chinese civil service examination system

A. included a quota system to insure that over one-half of those who took it were peasants.
B. insured that those passing all levels of the exams would receive life-long pensions.
C. was designed to keep the "scholar-gentry" from taking the advanced examinations.
D. was no longer used after the early 600s.
E. was unable to solve the problem of officials using their positions to help their relatives.
81. Which of the following was not an economic factor in medieval China?
A. The central government monopolized certain commodity manufacturing.
B. Technological advances increased the scope and wealth of the economy.
C. The introduction of the use of paper currency, credit, banking, and the abacus furthered commercial
development.
D. The Sui Dynasty closed the Silk Road.
E. Blast furnaces were developed.
82. The nomadic people who aligned with the Tang to dominate much of the carrying trade along the Silk Road
were the
A. Mongols.
B. Uzbeks.
C. Uighurs.
D. Jurchens.
E. Berbers.
83. In medieval China, the tribute system

A. was a domestic policy used by Tang rulers to exact taxes from local villages.
B. was a method by which Mongol rulers dealt with the Han Chinese.
C. maintained a working trade relationship between the Chinese and foreign merchants and rulers.
D. was first introduced by the Manchu Dynasty.
E. was maintained in opposition to the tenets of Confucianism.
84. With the increase in trade and urban activities during the Tang and Song eras,
A. the rural population declined.
B. a landed gentry class assumed a position of social and economic dominance.
C. the social stagnation of the population became institutionalized.
D. the scholar-gentry provided considerable financial support to Christians.
E. most of the population resided in urban areas.
85. Local government in medieval China

A. was based on provinces, each containing 12,500,000 inhabitants.
B. required the entire population to play an active part.
C. did not include appointed government officials at the village level.
D. was totally changed after the Song Dynasty began.
E. was based upon Doaist principles.
86. The founder of the Mongol Empire was

A. Ogilvai Khan.
B. Khubilai Khan.
C. Atta Khan.
D. Genghis Khan.
E. Tamerlane.
87. Affluent Chinese during the Tang Dynasty
A. had fewer luxuries than during the Han and Qin dynasties.
B. could engage in mock Samurai battles.
C. had new forms of entertainment and means of communication.
D. resided exclusively in cities.
E. resided only in the countryside.
88. Which of the following was true about the power of the Mongols?
A. They were unable to gain control of Khanbaliq.
B. Their power was based on the strategic use of infantry armies.
C. They maintained their control in China for almost six centuries.
D. They achieved more success in China than it did in the rest of East Asia.
E. They imposed a new governmental system in China.
89. Khubilai Khan's capital was located in

A. Samarkand.
B. Chang'an.
C. Khanbaliq.
D. Hangzhou.
E. Karakorum.
90. The Mongols

A. were, under Genghis Khan, aggressive traders virtually obsessed with making profits.
B. ruled China, by means of the Yuan Dynasty, for four hundred and thirty-seven years.
C. established their capital in China at Nanjing.
D. destroyed the Chinese economy by outlawing all trade.
E. made use of Chinese institutions in governing China.
91. The Mongols were able to maintain control in China for an extended period because they
A. rapidly assimilated into Chinese society.
B. maintained a system of harsh reprisals for Chinese noncompliance.
C. created a totally new political system that the Chinese found refreshingly appealing.
D. maintained commercial policies that were conducive to Chinese prosperity.
E. outlawed the subversive ideas of Confucius.
92. All of the following factors contributed to the end of Mongol rule in China except
A. excessive military expenditures.
B. insufficient incoming receipts from taxes.
C. internal strife, aggravated by growing famine.
D. inferior abilities among the successors to Khubilai Khan.
E. the plague that killed millions of Mongols in 1241 and 1242.
93. All of the following were true about medieval Chinese life except
A. most people had developed life styles that were far removed from agriculture.
B. technological developments such as block printing improved communication.
C. life for most Chinese of the era was centered around the local village.
D. the volume and value of trading activity grew.
E. the occupation of most Chinese was farming.
94. Which of the following accurately characterizes the medieval Chinese family?
A. It was female-dominated.
B. Its ideal state was that of a joint group of at least two generations.
C. Its moral foundation was filial piety.
D. The ideal of filial piety was abandoned.
E. Most families lived on isolated farmsteads.
95. Empress Wu
A. made a significant contribution to the civil service examination system.
B. achieved nothing positive during her rule.
C. deposed her courtiers at the age of 80 and went on to rule another eight years.
D. found a rationalization for her rule in a Daoist sutra.
E. was assassinated on her fortieth birthday.
96. All of the following are correct about the Ming dynasty except
A. it extended its rule into Mongolia and Central Asia.
B. there were no contacts with Vietnam or Korea.
C. the Great Wall was strengthened.
D. there was considerable internal reform, including increased manufacturing.
E. a series of fleets were sent across the Indian Ocean, including all the way to Africa.
97. The motives for the voyages of Zhenghe possibly included all of the following except
A. trading profits.
B. curiosity.
C. to seek information on a earlier emperor who might have escaped into exile.
D. military conquest.
E. all of the above
98. Buddhism was brought to China by

A. gurus from Angkor.
B. barbarian invasions.
C. travelers from Indonesia.
D. Chinese fleets returning from the West.
E. merchants from India.
99. The Buddhist sect that stressed the role of devotion was
A. Chan.
B. the Pure Land Sect.
C. Tantrism.
D. the White Lotus Sect.
E. the Black Leopard Sect.
100. Of the three philosophies competing for attention in medieval China,

A. Manichaeanism had the largest following.
B. Confucianism triumphed because it adhered to the Chinese social need to support the concepts of hard work
and filial piety.
C. Buddhism prevailed because of its divine visions.
D. Daoism triumphed because of its philosophical underpinnings.
E. neither Buddhism nor Daoism ever offered an alternative to restrictive Confucian theology.
101. The main purpose for the development of Neo-Confucianism was to

A. to deal with the issues of the universe that had been introduced into China by Buddhism and Daoism and
which were able to fit into the original Confucian value system.
B. counteract the appeal of Islamic ideas.
C. turn the Chinese people away from Buddhism, Daoism and Christianity.
D. fortify the believer's responsibility to withdraw rather than participate.
E. act as a buffer against Muslim missionaries.
102. The Confucian scholar who was the primary proponent of the idea that the correct way to transcend the
material world was self-cultivation through the "investigation of things" was
A. Zhu Xi.
B. Wang Yangming.
C. Fa Xua.
D. Tang Wo.
E. Shao Yung.
103. Although medieval China was the source of many of the great inventions of its time, it failed to develop
the technological advances that these inventions produced elsewhere mainly because
A. the emperors feared the spread of new ideas.
B. the Chinese lacked the technical skills to advance their knowledge.
C. Neo-Confucianism focused on the elimination of any expansive developments.
D. Confucian values, coupled with scholar-gentry indifference, stifled technological advancement.
E. Daoist priests objected to progress and change.
104. During the Han Dynasty, Chinese literature was stimulated by the invention of
A. a vernacular language.
B. paper.
C. bronze-block printing.
D. kabuki.
E. sake.
105. The most effective expression of literature from the Tang to the Ming dynasties was in the form of
A. technical books of instruction for artisans and peasants.
B. general prose.
C. historical narratives.
D. poetry.
E. encyclopedic gazettes.
106. Due to various technical aspects of the Chinese language, its poetry had
A. a brevity in the amount of lines used and the number of words in each line.
B. a high degree of vagueness which repelled most Chinese.
C. a verbosity to its construction.
D. an incompatibility with music.
E. little impact on Chinese culture.
107. Li Bo
A. was the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
B. was a historian during the Song Dynasty.
C. was a sober Confucian civil servant.
D. wrote a poem entitled "Drinking Along at Moonlight."
E. defeated the Mongols at Wuhan.
108. In Song China

A. a curfew required urban residents to be in their homes shortly after nightfall.
B. though city gates were closed, entertainment centers inside the walls were open all night.
C. storytellers and minstrels provided information at elegant social gatherings.
D. urban life entirely disappeared.
E. cities were governed by Qin officials.
109. Which of the following was not an aspect of the creativity of Chinese art?
A. Buddhist and Daoist influences
B. inclusion of both secular and religious works
C. the development of the scroll for the purpose of display
D. the development of monochromatic works derived from the calligraphic medium
E. inspiration drawn mainly from Indian Hindu sources
110. Between 600 and the 1300, Chinese art and literature
A. produced such famous stories as Tale of the Marshes.
B. entered a period of stale non-creativity.
C. borrowed a variety of new forms, such as the "closed bottle technique," from Taiwan.
D. exhibited great creativity in the field of bronze manufacture.
E. modeled itself on Japanese accomplishments.
111. In the 1280s, Venice's Marco Polo visited the city of Nanjing, the capital of the Yuan dynasty.
FALSE
112. After the third century C.E. collapse of the Han dynasty, China fell into a long period of division and civil
war.
TRUE
113. Although the Sui dynasty ruled only a short time, its successes included the construction of the Grand
Canal, linking the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers.
TRUE
114. Although the earlier Tang dynasty based the civil service examinations exclusively upon Confucian texts,
the later Song also included both Daoist and Buddhist texts.
FALSE
115. In the attempt to resist the territorial ambitions of the northern Jurchen, the Song turned to the Mongols for
support.
TRUE
116. By the Tang and Song eras, the gentry had replaced the aristocracy as the political and economic elite of
Chinese society.
TRUE
117. The custom of foot binding was condemned by the Tang emperors and had disappeared from China by the
beginning of the Song era.
FALSE
118. In the 1360s, Zhu Yuanzhang put an end to the disintegrating Yuan dynasty, establishing the Ming dynasty
in its place.
TRUE
119. In the 1400s, after the Ming admiral Zhenghe had successfully led several large sailing expeditions to the
coast of Africa and throughout Southeast Asia, the voyages were discontinued and were never revived.
TRUE
120. During the Song era, Chinese painting was primarily inspired by Confucianism.
FALSE
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Myth. Fable, tradition, legend; parable, invention, fiction, allegory;
falsehood, lie.
Ant. Truth, fact, history, narrative, incident.
N
Nabob. Millionaire, Crœsus, viceroy, governor, Dives.

Ant. Beggar, suppliant.
Naked. Nude, bare; defenseless, unprotected, destitute; manifest,
undisguised; simple, mere, plain; unclothed, undraped, denuded;
uncolored, unvarnished.
Ant. Robed, draped, veiled, dressed, shrouded, muffled;
protected, sheltered; colored, varnished, qualified.
Name, n. Appellation, denomination, cognomen, designation,
surname, title, style, epithet.
Name, v. Call, indicate, designate, specify, mention, denominate,
style, nominate.
Ant. Miscall, misname, misindicate; be nameless or
anonymous; hint, suggest, shadow, intimate, imply.
Narrate. Relate, tell, recount, describe, detail, rehearse, report,
recite.
Ant. Misrepresent, mistake; suppress, conceal.
Narrative. Narration, recital, account, rehearsal, relation,
description, story, tale, history.
Narrow. Not wide, straitened, limited, without margin; bigoted,
illiberal; parsimonious, niggardly, selfish; close, scrutinizing, exact;
slender, spare, thin, contracted, cramped.
Ant. Wide, broad, ample, expanded, thick; generous,
benevolent; unlimited; liberal.
Nascent. Embryo, rudimental, budding, incipient.
Ant. Grown, developed, mature; aged; confirmed, set.
Nasty. Filthy, foul, dirty, offensive, damp, disgusting, disagreeable,
wet; indecent, obscene.
Ant. Pleasant, sweet, agreeable, savory, nice, pure.
Nation. People, race, stock; realm, community, state,
commonwealth.
Native. Innate, natal, natural, original, indigenous.
Ant. Alien, artificial, foreign, unnatural, acquired, assumed.
Natural. Native; essential, normal, regular, intrinsic, cosmical,
spontaneous, original, artless, ingenuous; kind, affectionate;
genuine, unaffected.
Ant. Abnormal, monstrous, unnatural, improbable,
adventitious, fictitious, coarse; artful, affected.
Nature. Creation, universe; essence, constitution; kind, sort,
character, quality; temper, disposition, mood; mind, intelligence;
vitality.
Ant. Thing, subject, object, man, being, creature, monstrosity,
unnaturalness; art, fiction, romance, invention.
Naught. Nothing, cipher, zero.
Ant. Anything, everything, aught.
Naughty. Mischievous, perverse, froward; bad, corrupt, worthless,
good-for-nothing; refractory, wicked.
Ant. Good, worthy, well-behaved, tractable, pure, docile,
innocent.
Nausea. Seasickness, loathing, disgust, qualm; repugnance,
aversion.
Ant. Enjoyment, taste, delight, relish.
Nautical. Marine, maritime, naval, oceanic.
Near, ad. Nigh, not remote, almost, nearly, well-nigh, intimately,
closely.
Near, a. Nigh, close, adjacent, adjoining, approximate; imminent,
impending, forthcoming, approaching; familiar, dear, intimate;
immediate; literal, accurate; narrow, parsimonious; short;
proximate, contiguous, present, ready.
Ant. Distant, remote, far; reserved, uncordial, cool, stiff;
indistinct, obscure, future.
Nearly. Almost, well-nigh, intimately, closely, approximately.
Ant. Quite, entirely, distantly, remotely.
Neat. Trim, tidy, prim, precise, spruce, clean, cleanly, orderly,
natty, dapper, nice.
Ant. Negligent, slack, slovenly, slouchy, dirty, soiled,
disorderly, dowdy, untidy, rough, unkempt, rude, uncared for.
Necessary. Essential, inevitable, needful, infallible, undeniable,
indispensable, required, requisite, unavoidable.
Ant. Optional, useless, contingent, worthless, casual, non-
essential, needless.
Necessitate. Force, compel, coerce, make necessary, oblige,
constrain, make, drive, impel.
Ant. Persuade, convince, induce, tempt, coax, allure; liberate,
release.
Necessity. Need, requirement, want, compulsion, fate, fatality,
requisite, destiny, essential, emergency, extremity, exigency,
indispensableness, urgency, unavoidableness, sine qua non.
Ant. Choice, contingency, doubt, option, freedom, uncertainty,
fortuity, doubtfulness, dubiousness, possibility.
Need. Exigency, emergency, extremity, strait, distress, indigence,
penury.
Ant. Competence, affluence, choice, wealth, luxury,
profuseness; superfluity, uselessness, dispensableness; casualty,
accident; contingency, freedom.
Needful. Requisite, needy, necessitous, distressful, essential,
indispensable.
Ant. Contingent, casual, unnecessary, unessential, discretional,
optional, needless.
Needless. Unnecessary, useless, superfluous, groundless,
gratuitous.
Ant. Needful, useful, helpful, obligatory.
Nefarious. Wicked, abominable, iniquitous, execrable, atrocious,
impious.
Ant. Noble, honorable, admirable, laudable; benevolent,
generous, humane.
Negation. Denial, disavowal, disclaimer, contradiction.
Ant. Assertion, declaration, deposition, avowal, affirmation,
allegation, protestation, claim.
Negative, a. Denying, indirect, unaffirmative, privative,
disclaiming.
Ant. Positive, direct, assertive, attributive, affirmative,
declarative.
Neglect, n. Negligence, failure, omission, disregard, oversight,
indifference, remissness, slight, thoughtlessness, slackness,
default, carelessness, disrespect, heedlessness, inadvertence,
inattention, scorn.
Ant. Care, attention, notice, regard, esteem, consideration,
respect.
Negotiate. Transfer, sell, pass, arrange, treat, bargain, trade,
communicate, transact, effect, perform.
Ant. Stop, quash, mismanage, misconduct.
Neighborly. Kind, civil, social, friendly, near, adjoining, adjacent,
neighboring, friendly, attentive.
Ant. Individual, solitary, personal, distant, remote, unkind,
uncivil, unfriendly.
Nerve. Steadiness, firmness, fortitude, self-command, resolution,
strength, courage, pluck, endurance, coolness, presence of mind.
Ant. Weakness, cowardice, timidity, feebleness, nervelessness.
Nervous. Excitable, agitated, annoyed, irritable, weak, fearful;
strong, vigorous, spirited, nervy, forceful.
Ant. Self-possessed, self-controlled, poised, calm, composed;
dull, inert, phlegmatic, sluggish.
Neutral. Neuter, undecided, indifferent, unpronounced,
uninterfering, negative, impartial, unavowed, unaffiliated.
Ant. Interested, interfering, positive, partial, active, allied,
avowed, declared.
Neutralize. Render neutral, invalidate, counteract,
counterbalance, countervail, render inoperative.
Ant. Enhance, intensify, aggravate.
New. Fresh, modern, novel, late, recent, juvenile, upstart, young,
new-fangled, youthful, new-fashioned.
Ant. Old, antique, ancient, old-fashioned, aged, elderly.
News. Information, tidings, intelligence, advice, word, report,
account, announcement, rumor.
Ant. Ignorance, silence, nonpublication, suppression;
misintelligence, misreport.
Nice. Exquisite, accurate, correct, precise, particular, punctilious,
squeamish, finical, effeminate, silly, exact, critical, definite, strict,
fastidious, cautious, scrupulous; discerning, discriminating; fine,
minute, refined, delicate, dainty, pleasant, agreeable.
Ant. Coarse, rude, rough, inaccurate, blind, undiscriminating,
unscrupulous, incautious, undiscerning, careless, negligent,
disagreeable, nauseous.
Nicety. Fastidiousness, accuracy, scrupulousness, delicacy,
precision, daintiness, subtlety, distinction, exactness.
Ant. Coarseness, roughness, inaccuracy, rudeness.
Niggardly. Avaricious, covetous, parsimonious, miserly, sordid,
sparing, penurious, stingy.
Ant. Generous, bountiful, copious, ample, profuse, abundant,
bounteous, plentiful, munificent.
Nimble. Alert, brisk, bustling, lively, prompt, quick, speedy, swift,
spry, agile, sprightly, active.
Ant. Clumsy, dilatory, dull, heavy, inert, inactive, slow,
unready, sluggish.
Nobility. Greatness, dignity, superiority, nobleness, eminence,
elevation, worthiness; family, rank, title, birth; aristocracy,
peerage, patrician class.
Ant. Obscurity, meanness, serfdom, paltriness, plebeianism.
Noble. Honorable, worthy, dignified, elevated, superior, sublime,
great, eminent, stately. generous, liberal, free, aristocratic,
patrician, illustrious, grand, lordly, renowned, magnificent,
knightly.
Ant. Ignoble, plebeian, paltry, vulgar, baseborn, low-born,
rustic, peasant, contemptible, unworthy, mean.
Nobody. No person, no one, not anybody, cipher, nonentity.
Ant. Somebody, notability, celebrity, colossus, star.
Nocturnal. Nightly, dark, tenebrose, gloomy.
Ant. Daily, diurnal, solar, brilliant, light.
Noise. Cry, outcry, clamor, din, clatter, uproar; rumor, report,
rattle, tumult.
Ant. Music, melody, harmony; silence, hush, stillness,
voicelessness.
Noiseless. Silent, quiet, inaudible.
Ant. Noisy, uproarious, turbulent, clamorous, boisterous,
brawling, tumultuous, loud.
Noisome. Noxious, insalubrious, unwholesome, mischievous,
destructive, nocuous, hurtful, pestilential, harmful.
Ant. Wholesome, salutary, salubrious, beneficial.
Noisy. Loud, clamorous, stunning, boisterous, turbulent.
Ant. Noiseless, subdued, inaudible, whispering; melodious,
tuneful.
Nominal. Literal, verbal, titular; formal, avowed, pretended,
ostensible, supposititious.
Ant. Veritable, essential, intrinsic, actual, substantial,
important, real, serious, true.
Nominate. Name, specify, appoint, designate, entitle.
Ant. Suggest, withdraw, reject, indicate, cancel, deprive, recall.
Nonsense. Folly, silliness, absurdity, trash, inanity, platitude,
pretense.
Ant. Sense, wisdom, fact, truth, gravity, reason, science.
Normal. Regular, ordinary, natural, standard, usual, typical,
recognized, common.
Ant. Exceptional, abnormal, uncommon, singular, unusual,
monstrous, irregular, peculiar, rare, unprecedented, remarkable,
unnatural.
Notable. Plain, evident, noted, noticeable, distinguished,
memorable, extraordinary, conspicuous, manifest; notorious.
Ant. Ordinary, mean, commonplace, everyday,
undistinguished, unimpressive, insignificant.
Note. Memorandum, comment, remark, record, scholium; account,
catalogue, bill; heed, observation; reputation, distinction, celebrity,
fame, repute, renown.
Ant. Misindication, misrepresentation, misleader.
Notice, n. Observation, regard, cognizance, information, advice,
news, intelligence, intimation, announcement, premonition,
instruction, warning, attention, consideration.
Ant. Oversight, disregard, neglect, slight, ignorance,
connivance, omission, heedlessness, misinformation.
Notice, v. Mark, observe, note, heed, regard, perceive, see, remark,
mention, comment on, attend, mind.
Ant. Overlook, disregard, misjudge, neglect.
Notification. Information, notice, declaration, publication,
announcement, advertisement.
Notify. Intimate, declare, publish, announce, acquaint, warn,
apprise, communicate, inform.
Ant. Withhold, conceal, suppress, misinform, misreport.
Notion. Idea, conception, apprehension, sentiment, judgment,
opinion, belief, impression, estimation, conceit, conviction.
Ant. Misconception, misapprehension, frustration, falsification.
Notorious. Distinguished, conspicuous, remarkable, famous,
celebrated, noted, renowned.
Ant. Suspected, reputed, reported.
Notwithstanding, conj. Still, however, although, but,
nevertheless, howbeit, yet, though.
Notwithstanding, prep. Despite, in spite of.
Nourish. Feed, foster, cherish, nurse, tend, support, maintain,
train, educate, promote.
Ant. Starve, blight, destroy, kill.
Nourishment. Nutrition, nutriment, food, aliment, provision,
sustenance.
Ant. Poison, venom, bane, starvation, exhaustion.
Novel, a. New, recent, modern, fresh, strange, uncommon, rare,
unusual, fantastic, odd, upstart, new-fangled.
Ant. Venerable, ancient, old-fashioned, time-honored.
Noxious. Noisome, injurious, hurtful, pernicious, unwholesome,
deadly, poisonous.
Ant. Wholesome, salutary, beneficial, healthful, salubrious.
Nucleus. Kernel, core, center.
Ant. Exterior, face, appearance.
Nudity. Nakedness, exposure, bareness.
Ant. Clothing, dress, vestment, drapery.
Nugatory. Trifling, vain, insignificant, futile, ineffectual,
unavailing, trivial, worthless, useless, null.
Ant. Important, potent, momentous, efficacious, successful,
grave, serious, satisfactory.
Nuisance. Annoyance, plague, pest, affliction, bane, trouble.
Ant. Pleasure, delight, benefit, blessing, gratification.
Nullify. Revoke, annul, cancel, abolish, render void, abrogate,
neutralize, repeal.
Ant. Enact, confirm, perpetuate, establish, stabilitate.
Numb. Enfeebled, destitute, torpid, benumbed, insensible,
paralyzed, deadened.
Ant. Alive, alert, sensitive, keen, lively, animated, attentive.
Number, n. Aggregation, multitude, collection, numeral,
numerous, quantity.
Ant. Scarcity, fewness, paucity.
Number, v. Count, enumerate, calculate, tell, compute, reckon,
estimate.
Ant. Guess, hazard, conjecture; lump, mass.
Numberless. Innumerable, infinite, countless.
Ant. Few, scarce, rare, infrequent.
Numerous. Many, abundant, diverse, multifarious, manifold,
sundry.
Ant. Few, scarce, rare, infrequent.
Nuptial. Wedding, marriage, hymeneal, espousal, connubial,
bridal.
Ant. Bachelor, virgin.
Nurse, v. Nourish, cherish, foster, attend, manage, train, educate,
teach, feed, nurture.
Ant. Starve, kill, destroy; neglect.
Nurture. Nourish, nurse, tend, cherish, educate, train, feed.
Ant. Neglect, deprive, disregard, slight.
Nutriment. Aliment, food, sustenance, nourishment, sustentation,
subsistence, nutrition.
Ant. Starvation, detriment, exhaustion, poison, decay,
inanition.
Nutrition. Nutriment, feeding, sustentation.
Ant. Poison, venom.
O
Oath. Curse, imprecation, profanity, swearing, adjuration,

affidavit, anathema, ban, blasphemy, denunciation, execration,
malediction, vow, reprobation, sworn statement.
Ant. Blessing, benediction, benison.
Obdurate. Firm, unbending, inflexible, unyielding, obstinate,
stubborn, impenitent, callous, unfeeling, insensible.
Ant. Yielding, teachable, tender, docile, amenable, flexible,
softened.
Obedience. Submission, duty, compliance, respect, dutifulness,
subservience.
Ant. Resistance, rebellion, transgression, disobedience,
antagonism, insubordination.
Obedient. Dutiful, respectful, compliant, submissive, humble,
yielding, obsequious, modest, docile.
Ant. Disrespectful, undutiful, arrogant, hard, unyielding,
obstinate, obdurate, stubborn.
Obesity. Fatness, corpulence, fleshiness, corpulency.
Ant. Leanness, thinness.
Obey. Submit, yield, comply.
Ant. Resist, refuse, disobey.
Object, n. Reality, fact, existence, phenomenon; aim, intention,
end, purpose, appearance, motive, design, sight, view, goal.
Ant. Subject, idea, fancy, conception.
Objective. Outward, external, extrinsic, concrete, universal, actual,
positive, real.
Ant. Subjective, intrinsic, abstract, notional.
Oblation. Offering, gift, sacrifice, contribution, presentation.
Ant. Spoliation, sacrilege, withholding, refusal.
Obligation. Responsibility, engagement, contract, agreement,
bond, covenant, stipulation, necessity, debt, duty, compulsion.
Ant. Choice, freedom, assurance, promise, declaration,
intention.
Oblige. Bind, please, gratify, accommodate, favor, constrain,
compel, force, coerce, benefit, necessitate, obligate.
Ant. Release, acquit; persuade, induce; annoy, disoblige.
Obliging. Civil, courteous, complaisant, kind, considerate,
accommodating, compliant.
Ant. Discourteous, inconsiderate, rude, disobliging,
unaccommodating.
Oblique. Indirect, slanting, inclined, perverse, disingenuous,
diagonal, divergent, angular.
Ant. Straightforward, rectilineal.
Oblivion. Forgetfulness, disremembrance.
Ant. Memory, reminiscence, remembrance, recollection,
celebration, commemoration.
Obloquy. Censure, odium, contumely, reproach, gainsaying,
reviling, calumny, slander, detraction.
Ant. Praise, acclamation, encomium, panegyric.
Obnoxious. Odious, detrimental, blameworthy, pernicious,
offensive.
Ant. Pleasant, grateful, independent, wholesome, beneficial,
salutary.
Obscure, a. Abstruse, deep, involved, difficult, hidden, profound,
mysterious, ambiguous, unintelligible, cloudy, complex,
complicated, dark, darksome, dense, dim, doubtful, intricate,
dusky, indistinct, enigmatical, incomprehensible, muddy, turbid,
shadowy, misty, unknown, secluded, unascertained, remote.
Ant. Clear, luminous, distinct, lucid, plain, plain-spoken,
intelligible, prominent, eminent.
Obsequious. Servile, cringing, fawning, compliant, submissive,
deferential, sycophantic, flattering.
Ant. Impudent, self-assertive, independent, arrogant,
insubmissive, haughty, proud.
Observance. Observation, heeding, form, practice, custom,
attention, celebration, ceremony, performance.
Ant. Inobservance, inattention, disuse, disregard, disrespect,
omission, unceremoniousness, informality.
Observant. Observing, watchful, attentive, regardful, obedient,
mindful, careful, heedful.
Ant. Unmindful, disobedient, disregardful, heedless.
Observation. Contemplation, remark, study, notice, view,
conclusion, judgment, attention, comment, note, observance.
Ant. Inattention, oversight, silence, ignorance, inadvertence.
Observe. Remark, note, watch, heed, see, discover, attend,
comment.
Ant. Overlook, misconceive, misunderstand.
Obsolete. Disused, ancient, neglected, antiquated, archaic, effete,
past, old-fashioned, old, rare, obsolescent.
Ant. Fashionable, modern, current, customary, new, novel,
extant.
Obstacle. Impediment, obstruction, difficulty, hindrance, barrier,
check.
Ant. Course, proceeding, career, advancement, progress.
Obstinacy. Pertinacity, firmness, resoluteness, inflexibility,
persistency, perverseness, contumacy.
Ant. Flexibility, docility, complaisance.
Obstinate. Perverse, obdurate, intractable, determined, stubborn,
resolved, resolute, inflexible, unyielding, intractable, indomitable,
unflinching, contumacious, decided, dogged, mulish, heady,
headstrong, fixed, firm, immovable, opinionated, persistent,
pertinacious, refractory, unconquerable.
Ant. Pliant, docile, submissive, dutiful, gentle, obedient,
compliant, tractable, yielding, amenable, complaisant, irresolute,
wavering, undecided, pliable, teachable.
Obstruct. Bar, barricade, hinder, oppose, impede, stay, stop,
arrest, check, embarrass, clog, choke, retard, interrupt.
Ant. Aid, facilitate, accelerate, forward, promote, clear,
advance, open, pave the way for, further, free, expedite.
Obstruction. Obstacle, barrier, bar, impediment, check, clog,
hindrance.
Ant. Course, proceeding, advancement, progress, career.
Obtain. Attain, gain, procure, acquire, earn, win.
Ant. Lose, forfeit, surrender, forego.
Obtrude. Intrude, force, interfere, thrust.
Ant. Suggest, hint, insinuate; retire, withdraw.
Obtuse. Blunt, dull, stupid, unintelligent, stolid.
Ant. Keen, quick, sharp, intelligent, acute, clever.
Obverse. Opposite, facing.
Ant. Hinder, reverse.
Obvious. Opposing; plain, evident, clear, manifest, apparent,
discovered, perceived, open, explicit, patent.
Ant. Remote, obscure, far-fetched, involved, latent.
Occasion, v. Cause, produce, create, induce, originate, furnish,
compose, constitute, generate.
Occasionally. Sometimes, casually, rarely.
Ant. Always, constantly, regularly, frequently.
Occult. Secret, concealed, hidden, unknown, invisible, latent,
eclipsed, unrevealed, mysterious.
Ant. Developed, plain, exposed, patent, clear, familiar, open.
Occupancy. Possession, occupation, tenury.
Ant. Eviction, ejection, dispossession.
Occupation. Occupancy, avocation, employment, engagement,
vocation, calling, office, trade, profession.
Ant. Idleness, leisure, vacancy, vacation, abandonment,
resignation.
Occupy. Possess, hold, employ, fill.
Ant. Abandon, release, desert, surrender, vacate, concede.
Occur. Happen, appear, meet, befall, betide, take place.
Ant. Threaten, pass, impend.
Occurrence. Event, happening, incident, affair, adventure,
circumstance, transaction, episode.
Ant. Cause, antecedent, inducement, predisposition, tendency,
contribution.
Odd. Quaint, unmatched, queer, unusual, eccentric, fantastical,
droll, comical, singular, peculiar.
Ant. Common, usual, regular, normal, matched.
Odious. Hateful, detestable, disgusting, abominable, repulsive,
forbidding, unpopular, invidious, loathsome.
Ant. Pleasing, pleasant, acceptable, agreeable, grateful,
delectable, bewitching, charming.
Odium. Hatred, abhorrence, detestation, antipathy, unpopularity,
offensiveness.
Ant. Welcome, acceptableness, popularity.
Odor. Scent, perfume, smell, fragrance, aroma, redolence; trail,
effluvium, fume.
Ant. Inodorousness.
Odorous. Fragrant, perfumed, balmy, aromatic, odorant.
Ant. Scentless, inodorous; fetid.
Offend. Displease, affront, harm, pain, annoy, transgress.
Ant. Please, gratify, conciliate.
Offense. Umbrage, misdeed, delinquency, transgression, fault,
affront, indignity, outrage, insult.
Ant. Defense, guiltlessness, innocence.
Offensive. Disagreeable, obnoxious, distasteful, impertinent,
disgusting, rude, saucy, opprobrious, insulting, insolent, attacking,
abusive, invading, assailant.
Ant. Defensive, pleasing, grateful, savory.
Offer. Propose, propound, tender, sacrifice, immolate, undertake,
attempt, try, proffer.
Ant. Withhold, withdraw, retract, retain, alienate, divert.
Offhand. Instant, ready, extemporaneous, unpremeditated,
unstudied, impromptu.
Ant. Premeditated, elaborate, studied, thought-out.
Office. Service, duty, custom, position, charge, authority, function,
business.
Ant. Leisure, vacancy, sinecure, resignation.
Officer. Official, functionary, director, dignitary, manager,
administrator.
Ant. Member, servant, private, employee.
Official, a. Administrative, authoritative, functional, professional.
Ant. Private, unofficial, unprofessional.
Officiate. Act, serve, perform.
Ant. Witness, retire.
Officious. Impertinent, meddlesome, interfering, forward,
intrusive, pushing.
Ant. Negligent, backward, remiss; retiring, modest.
Often. Frequently, repeatedly, commonly, many times, not seldom.
Ant. Infrequently, seldom, rarely.
Old. Aged, ancient, primitive, pristine, antique, antiquated, old-
fashioned, obsolete; senile; gray, hoary, olden, immemorial, time-
honored, decrepit, elderly, patriarchal, remote, venerable, time-
worn.
Ant. Youthful, childlike, young; recent, modern, fresh, new-
fashioned, current.
Omen. Prognostic, augury, presage, sign, portent, foreboding.
Ant. Fulfilment, event, occurrence, realization.
Ominous. Significant, portentous, unpropitious, threatening,
inauspicious, foreboding, premonitory, suggestive.
Ant. Encouraging, auspicious, propitious.
Omit, v. Leave out, neglect, forbear, fail, miss, overlook.
Ant. Consider, observe, notice, attend, regard.
Omnipotent. All-powerful, irresistible, Almighty.
Ant. Powerless, inefficient, impotent.
Omniscient. All-knowing, infallible, all-wise.
Ant. Shortsighted, fallible, ignorant.
One. Single, individual, solitary, certain, undivided, common,
united, unitary.
Ant. Many, several; few.
Onerous. Burdensome, oppressive, heavy, toilsome, difficult,
laborious, responsible.
Ant. Light, easy, trivial.
Only, ad. Solely, singly, exclusively, merely, barely, wholly.
Ant. Among, amongst, together, collectively.
Only, a. Single, sole, alone, preëminent, chief.
Ant. Many, together, several, mixed.
Onset, Onslaught. Assault, attack, storming, aggression, invasion.
Ant. Repulse, resistance, protection, shelter, support, defense.
Onward. Forward, in advance, ahead.
Ant. Aback, astern, backward.
Opaque. Impervious, not transparent, obscure, unintelligible.
Ant. Pellucid, translucent, transparent, obvious, clear,
intelligible, perspicuous.
Open, v. Unclose, disclose, expose, explain, begin, commence,
initiate.
Ant. Close, shut, cover, conceal; conclude, terminate;
misinterpret, mystify.
Open, a. Unclosed, uncovered, unprotected, exposed, plain,
obvious, evident, public, artless, candid, free, available, accessible,
undisguised, ingenuous.
Ant. Closed, barred, inaccessible, unavailable, reserved, shut,
secreted.
Opening. Aperture, hole, space, breach, gap, fissure; start,
inauguration, commencement, initiation, beginning; opportunity.
Ant. Obstruction, stop-gap, termination, enclosure, close, end,
conclusion, inopportunity, unseasonableness.
Operation. Agency, action, exercise, production, influence, force,
performance, result, procedure, effect, execution.
Ant. Failure, uselessness, futility, ineffectiveness, inefficiency,
powerlessness, inaction, cessation, rest.
Opinion. Persuasion, idea, sentiment, view, conviction, judgment,
notion, impression, estimation.
Ant. Evidence, argument, inquiry, speculation, investigation,
pleading.
Opponent. Antagonist, foe, adversary, enemy, rival.
Ant. Helper, assistant, accomplice, ally.
Opportune. Timely, seasonable, convenient, ready, suitable,
auspicious, meet, appropriate.
Ant. Untimely, unseasonable, inopportune, infelicitous.
Opportunity. Occasion, convenience, occurrence, turn, opening.
Ant. Lapse, omission, inopportuneness, contre-temps.
Oppose. Combat, withstand, contradict, deny, gainsay, oppugn,
contravene, check, obstruct.
Ant. Aid, abet, support, advance, expedite.
Opposite. Facing, contrary, repugnant, antagonistic, adverse,
counter, contradictory, opposed.
Ant. Agreeing, coincident, harmonious, conformable, suiting,
fitting, accordant.
Opposition. Restraint, defeat, resistance, hostility, obstacle,
obstruction, animosity.
Ant. Sympathy, harmony, concord, alliance, congeniality.
Oppress. Impose, weigh down, burden, grind, persecute,
overwhelm, crush, overpower, subdue.
Ant. Encourage, assist, support, befriend.
Oppression. Cruelty, tyranny, hardship, injustice, severity.
Ant. Kindness, mercy, justice, clemency, leniency.
Oppressive. Heavy, oppressing, rigorous, tyrannical, unjust,
extortionate, grinding.
Ant. Light, easy, compassionate, just, humane, generous.
Opprobrium. Disgrace, infamy, reproach, contempt, scandal,
obloquy, odium.
Ant. Popularity, welcome, acceptableness.
Option. Choice, preference, selection, discretion, wish, election.
Ant. Compulsion, necessity, obligation.
Opulence. Wealth, riches, fortune, affluence, independence.
Ant. Poverty, impecuniosity, indigence, want.
Oracle. Revelation; prophet, angel.
Ant. Empiricism, pragmatism.
Oracular. Prophetic, ominous, portentous; authoritative, positive,
dogmatical; wise, grave, sage; obscure, equivocal, ambiguous.
Ant. Cautious, modest, vacillating, diffident.
Oral. Verbal, unwritten, vocal, spoken, traditional.
Ant. Documentary, written.
Oration. Address, speech, discourse, harangue, lecture,
disputation, declamation, effusion.
Ant. Reasoning, suggestion, insinuation.
Oratory. Eloquence, rhetoric, elocution, declamation.
Ant. Hesitation, stammering, dulness.
Orb. Sphere, globe, ball; circle, orbit, circuit; disk; revolution.
Orbit. Revolution, path, circuit, sphere.
Ant. Deviation, eccentricity, perturbation.
Ordain. Set, regulate, establish, appoint, decree, constitute,
institute, prescribe, dictate.
Ant. Revoke, subvert, cancel, countermand.
Ordeal. Test, trial, experiment, probation, proof, scrutiny, assay,
investigation.
Ant. Result, event; argument, evidence, plea, discussion.
Order. Arrangement, system, procedure, method, rule, regulation;
command, mandate, rank, direction, grade, class, character, kind,
management, injunction, prohibition, requirement, instruction.
Ant. Allowance, consent, leave, permission, permit, liberty,
license.
Orderly. Regular, obedient, systematic, quiet, peaceable,
methodical, well-regulated.
Ant. Disorderly, riotous, irregular.
Ordinance. Statue, law, edict, decree, rescript, regulation,
institute, rule.
Ant. Custom, usage, tradition, fashion.
Ordinary. Normal, usual, common, customary, settled, frequent,
wonted, habitual, indifferent, mediocre, plain, commonplace.
Ant. Extraordinary, superior, unusual, uncommon.
Organic. Inherent, fundamental, essential, constitutional, radical,
vital; organized, systematized.
Ant. Non-essential, circumstantial, provisional, contingent,
inorganic, secondary.
Organization. Structure, form, construction; organism.
Ant. Disorganization.
Organize. Arrange, constitute, shape, adjust, frame, establish,
construct, systematize.
Ant. Disorganize, dismember, disband, break up, annul.
Origin. Source, rise, commencement, spring, fountain, derivation,
cause, root, foundation.
Ant. Termination, conclusion, extinction.
Original. Primitive, new, primary, pristine, genuine, inventive,
peculiar, initiatory, primordial, ancient, former, first.
Ant. Subsequent, later, derivative, modern, terminal.
Originate. Begin, cause, commence, start, invent, create, spring,
rise.
Ant. Prosecute, conduct; conclude, finish, end.
Ornament. Decoration, embellishment, adornment.
Ant. Disgrace, brand, disfigurement, detraction.
Ornate. Adorned, beautiful, embellished, decorated, elaborate,
rich, ornamented.
Ant. Bare, bald, nude, plain, naked.
Orthodox. Sound, conventional, approved, correct.
Ant. Heretical, unorthodox, liberal, radical.
Ostensible. Exhibited, avowed, professed, apparent, pretended,
declared, manifest, specious, plausible, outward.
Ant. Real, actual, genuine, veritable, concealed, hidden.
Ostentation. Display, boasting, show, boast, vaunting, flourish,
pageant, pomp, parade, pageantry.

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13. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

14. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

15. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

Yang Jian/Sui Wendi

17. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

18. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

20. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

21. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

23. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

Xuanzong and Yan Guifei

24. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

Uighurs, Kirghiz, and Khitan

26. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

27. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

the Southern Song and Hangzhou

29. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

30. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

civil service examination

32. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

33. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

"equal field" system

35. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

36. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

the Silk Road(s) and Bactrian camels

38. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

compass and the sternpost rudder

39. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

"younger brothers" and the tribute system

Emperor Tang Taizong and Wu Zhao/Empress Wu

41. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

42. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

44. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

45. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty

47. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

48. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

50. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

51. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

The Great Wall

53. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

54. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

Pure Land sect

White Lotus sect

56. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

Neo-Confucianism/the "investigation of things" and Zhu Xi

57. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).

School of the Mind and Zhu Xi

59. Instructions: Identify the following term(s).