Custom-made notes

Bab 8 Keradioaktifan / Radioactivity

8.3 Sinaran mengion dan sinaran tidak mengion / Ionising radiation and non -ionising radiation

Sinaran mengion dan sinaran tidak mengion / Ionising radiation and non -ionising radiation

Sinaran
Radiation

Sinaran mengion Sinaran tidak mengion

Ionising radiation Non-ionising radiation

Sinaran yang menghasilkan ion positif dan Sinaran yang tidak menghasilkan ion positif
ion negatif apabila melintasi udara dan ion negatif apabila melintasi udara
Radiation that produces positive ions and Radiation that does not produces positive ions and
negative ions when passing through air negative ions when passing through air

Contoh-contoh sinaran mengion dan sinaran tidak mengion

Example of ionising radiation and non -ionising radiation

Sinaran tidak mengion Sinaran mengion

Non-ionising radiation Ionising radiation

Gelombang Radio Gelombang Inframerah Cahaya Ultraungu Sinar-X Sinar gama

frekuensi Radio mikro Infrared nampak Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma ray
sangat rendah Microwave Visible
Very low light
frequency waves

Jenis sinaran mengion / Types of ionising radiation

Ciri-ciri Sinar alfa, α Sinar beta, β Sinar gama, γ

Characteristics Alpha ray, α Beta ray, β Gamma ray, γ
Jenis zarah Nukleus helium Elektron Gelombang elektromagnet
Type of particle Helium nucleus Electron Electromagnetic waves
Cas Positif Negatif Neutral
Charge Positive Negative Neutral
Kuasa pengionan Tinggi Sederhana Rendah
Ionising power High Medium Low
Kuasa penembusan Rendah Sederhana Tinggi
Penetrating power Low Medium High
Kelajuan Rendah Laju Sangat laju
Speed Low Fast Very fast
Pemesongan oleh medan elektrik dan
Ya Ya Tidak
medan magnet Yes Yes No
Deflection by electric field and magnetic field

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Kuasa penembusan sinaran mengion
Penetrating power of ionising radiations

Sinar gama, γ
Gamma ray, γ

Sinar beta, β
Beta ray, β

Sinar alfa, α
Alpha ray, α

Kertas Aluminium (3 mm) Plumbum (10 cm)

Paper Aluminium (3 mm) Lead (10 cm)

Pemesongan oleh medan elektrik

Deflection by electric field

Plat negatif
Negative plate

Plat positif
Positive plate

X Sinar alfa, α / Alpha ray, α

Y Sinar gama, γ / Gamma ray, γ

Z Sinar beta, β / Beta ray, β

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Sumber sinar mengion dalam alam sekitar
Sources of ionising radiation in the environment

Sumber sinar mengion dalam alam sekitar

Sources of ionising radiation in the environment

Semula jadi / Natural Buatan manusia / Man-made

 Sinaran kosmik  Kemalangan nuklear

Cosmic ray Nuclear accident
 Sinaran latar belakang  Ujian nuklear
Background radiation Nuclear test
 Penggunaan radioisotop untuk perubatan
Use of radioisotopes for medicine

Unit pengukuran dos sinaran latar belakang

Unit of dose rate measurement for background radiation

 Sinaran mengion yang diserap ke dalam badan manusia akan merosakkan sel badan
Ionising radiation absorbed into the human body will damage body cells
 Kesan biologi daripada sinaran mengion terhadap badan manusia diukur dalam kuantiti dikenali sebagai dos
The biological effects of ionising radiation on the human body are measured in quantities known as dose

Dos 1 Sv = 1 joule tenaga sinaran mengion yang diserap oleh 1 kg tisu hidup
1 Sv dose = 1 joule of ionising radiation energy absorbed by 1 kg of living tissue

Unit pengukuran dos sinaran latar belakang: mikrosievert/ jam (μSv/j)

Background radiation dose measurement unit: microsievert/ hour (μSv/ h)

 Aras normal atau aras selamat bagi dos sinaran latar belakang ialah kurang daripada 0.2 μSv/j
The normal or safe level for the background radiation dose is less than 0.2 μSv/h

Anggaran dos sinaran mengion daripada pelbagai sumber

Estimatation of doses rate of ionising radiation from various sources

55 mSv/ sebatang rokok 0.1-0.5 mSv/ tahun

0.01 mSv/j 55 mSv/ cigarette 0.1-0.5 mSv/ year

5.5 mSv/ ujian perubatan 1.5 mSv/ tahun

0.003 mSv/j 5.5 mSv/ medical test 1.5 mSv/ year

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Tindakan untuk mengelakkan pendedahan terhadap dos sinaran mengion berlebihan
Action to avoid exposure to excessive doses of ionising radiation

Mengelakkan diri daripada minum atau Menggunakan alat perlindungan seperti

makan daripada sumber tercemar dengan kaca mata dengan filem anti-ultraungu
sisa radioaktif dan payung anti-ultraungu
Avoid drinking or eating from sources Use protective equipment such as spectacles with
contaminated by radioactive waste anti-ultraviolet film and anti-ultraviolet umbrella

Tindakan untuk mengelakkan pendedahan

terhadap dos sinaran mengion berlebihan
Action to avoid exposure to excessive doses of
ionising radiation

Pastikan jarak pemisahan antara

Pengambilan gambar foto sinar-X dibuat
televisyen dengan penonton sekurang-
mengikut preskripsi doctor
kurangnya 2 m
X-ray photographs were taken according to
Make sure the separation distance between
the doctor's prescription
the television and the viewer is at least 2 m

Contoh tahap penyerapan sinaran mengion yang melebihi tahap selamat dan tindakan yang perlu diambil
Examples of ionising radiation absorption exceeding safe levels and safety measures to be taken

Sinaran kosmik
Cosmic radiation  Sinaran kosmik di permukaan bumi kebanyakannya berada pada
aras selamat iaitu bernilai kurang daripada 0.2 μSv/j
Cosmic rays on the earth's surface is mostly at a safe level which is less
than 0.2 μSv/h
 Semakin tinggi dari permukaan bumi, semakin kuat sinaran
kosmik yang diterima
The higher a person from the surface of the earth, the stronger the
cosmic rays received

 Ahli kru udara seperti juruterbang, pramugara dan pramugari

lebih cenderung untuk terdedah kepada dos sinaran kosmik yang
kuat di dalam kapal terbang
Air crew members such as pilots, flight attendants and flight attendants
are more likely to be exposed to strong doses of cosmic radiation inside
an aircraft
 Tindakan yang perlu diambil / Actions to take:
Mengehadkan waktu kerja di udara untuk tempoh tertentu
Limit working hours in the air for a certain period of time

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