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Full Download PDF of Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Fifth Edition (Ebook PDF) All Chapter
Full Download PDF of Diversity and Society: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Fifth Edition (Ebook PDF) All Chapter
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Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1 An Introduction to the Study of Minority Groups in the
United States
1. Diversity in the United States: Questions and Concepts
Minority Groups: Trends and Questions
Increasing Diversity
What’s in a Name?
Questions for Reflection
Questions About the Future, Sociology, and the Plan
of This Book
What Is a Minority Group?
Questions for Reflection
Patterns of Inequality
Theoretical Perspectives
Minority Group Status and Stratification
Visible Distinguishing Traits: Race and Gender
Race
Gender
Questions for Reflection
Key Concepts in Dominant–Minority Relations
Prejudice
Questions for Reflection
Applying Concepts
Discrimination
Questions for Reflection
Ideological Racism
Institutional Discrimination
A Global Perspective
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Immigration and
Globalization
Conclusion
Notes
Main Points
Review Questions
Internet Activities
Group Discussion
8
Learning Resources on the Web
2. Assimilation and Pluralism: From Immigrants to White
Ethnics
Assimilation
Types of Assimilation
The “Traditional” Perspective on Assimilation:
Theories and Concepts
Questions for Reflection
Pluralism
Types of Pluralism
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Language and Assimilation
Other Group Relationships
From Immigrants to White Ethnics
Industrialization and Immigration
European Origins and Conditions of Entry
Chains of Immigration
The Campaign Against Immigration: Prejudice,
Racism, and Discrimination
Questions for Reflection
Patterns of Assimilation
Continuing Industrialization and Structural Mobility
Questions for Reflection
Variations in Assimilation
Degree of Similarity
Religion
Social Class
Gender
Sojourners
Questions for Reflection
The Descendants of the Immigrants Today
Geographic Distribution
Integration and Equality
The Evolution of White Ethnicity
The Twilight of White Ethnicity?
Questions for Reflection
Contemporary Immigrants: Does the Traditional
Perspective Apply?
Questions for Reflection
Implications for Examining Dominant–Minority Relations
Comparative Focus: Immigration and Ireland
9
Questions for Reflection
Note
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Group Discussion
Answers to Applying Concepts
Learning Resources on the Web
PART 2 The Evolution of Dominant–Minority Relations in the
United States
A Note on the Morality and the History of Minority Relations in
America: Guilt, Blame, Understanding, and Communication
3. The Development of Dominant–Minority Group Relations in
Preindustrial America: The Origins of Slavery
The Origins of Slavery in America
The Labor Supply Problem
The Contact Situation
The Creation of Slavery in the United States
Questions for Reflection
Paternalistic Relations
Questions for Reflection
The Dimensions of Minority Group Status
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Slavery and Indentured
Servitude Today
The Creation of Minority Status for American Indians and
Mexican Americans
American Indians
Questions for Reflection
Comparative Focus: Hawaii
Mexican Americans
Questions for Reflection
Comparing Minority Groups
Comparative Focus: Mexico, Canada, and the United States
Questions for Reflection
Notes
Main Points
Review Questions
Internet Activity
Websites for This Project
Questions to Explore
10
Group Discussion
Learning Resources on the Web
4. Industrialization and Dominant–Minority Relations: From
Slavery to Segregation and the Coming of Postindustrial Society
Industrialization and the Shift From Paternalistic to Rigid
Competitive Group Relations
The Impact of Industrialization on the Racial Stratification
of African Americans: From Slavery to Segregation
Reconstruction
De Jure Segregation
Comparative Focus: Jim Crow Segregation and South
African Apartheid
Questions for Reflection
Questions for Reflection
The Great Migration
Life in the North
Competition With White Ethnic Groups
The Origins of Black Protest
The Dimensions of Minority-Group Status
Acculturation and Integration
Gender and Race
Questions for Reflection
Industrialization, the Shift to Postindustrial Society, and
Dominant–Minority Group Relations: General Trends
Urbanization
Occupational Specialization
Bureaucracy and Rationality
Growth of White-Collar Jobs and the Service Sector
The Growing Importance of Education
A Dual Labor Market
Globalization
Postindustrial Society and the Shift From Rigid to Fluid
Competitive Relationships
Questions for Reflection
Gender Inequality in a Globalizing, Postindustrial World
Questions for Reflection
Comparative Focus: Women’s Status in a Global
Perspective
Questions for Reflection
Modern Institutional Discrimination
The Continuing Power of the Past
11
Affirmative Action
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Hate Crimes
Social Change and Minority Group Activism
Note
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Internet Activities
Group Discussion
Answers to Applying Concepts
Learning Resources on the Web
PART 3 Understanding Dominant–Minority Relations in the
United States Today
5. African Americans: From Segregation to Modern Institutional
Discrimination and Modern Racism
The End of De Jure Segregation
Wartime Developments
The Civil Rights Movement
Questions for Reflection
Developments Outside the South
De Facto Segregation
Urban Unrest
The Black Power Movement
Protest, Power, and Pluralism
The Black Power Movement in Perspective
Gender and Black Protest
Questions for Reflection
Black–White Relations Since the 1960s: Issues and Trends
Comparative Focus: Race in Another America
Questions for Reflection
Continuing Separation
The Criminal Justice System and African Americans
Increasing Class Inequality
Modern Institutional Discrimination
The Family Institution and the Culture of Poverty
Mixed Race and New Racial Identities
Questions for Reflection
Traditional Prejudice and Modern Racism
Questions for Reflection
Assimilation and Pluralism
12
Acculturation
Secondary Structural Assimilation
Primary Structural Assimilation
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Does the Election of
President Obama Mean that America Is Postracial?
Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Answers to Applying Concepts
Group Discussion
Internet Activities
Learning Resources on the Web
6. American Indians: From Conquest to Tribal Survival in a
Postindustrial Society
Size of the Group
American Indian Cultures
Questions for Reflection
Relations With the Federal Government After the 1890s
Reservation Life
The Indian Reorganization Act
The Termination Policy
Relocation and Urbanization
Self-Determination
Protest and Resistance
Early Efforts
Red Power
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Were American Indians the
Victims of Genocide?
Contemporary American Indian–White Relations
Natural Resources
Comparative Focus: Australian Aborigines and American
Indians
Questions for Reflection
Attracting Industry to the Reservation
Broken Treaties
Gaming and Other Development Possibilities
Prejudice and Discrimination
Questions for Reflection
13
Assimilation and Pluralism
Acculturation
Secondary Structural Assimilation
Primary Structural Assimilation
Questions for Reflection
Comparing Minority Groups
Progress and Challenges
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Internet Activities
Answers to Applying Concepts
Learning Resources on the Web
7. Hispanic Americans: Colonization, Immigration, and Ethnic
Enclaves
Mexican Americans
Cultural Patterns
Immigration
Questions for Reflection
Developments in the United States
Mexican Americans and Other Minority Groups
Questions for Reflection
Puerto Ricans
Migration (Push and Pull) and Employment
Transitions
Puerto Ricans and Other Minority Groups
Questions for Reflection
Cuban Americans
Immigration (Push and Pull)
Regional Concentrations
Socioeconomic Characteristics
The Ethnic Enclave
Cuban Americans and Other Minority Groups
Questions for Reflection
Comparative Focus: Immigration to Europe Versus
Immigration to the United States
Questions for Reflection
Prejudice and Discrimination
Assimilation and Pluralism
Acculturation
Secondary Structural Assimilation
14
Primary Structural Assimilation
Questions for Reflection
Assimilation and Hispanic Americans
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Hispanic Americans and
the Evolution of the American Racial Order
Note
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Internet Activities
Answers to Applying Concepts
Learning Resources on the Web
8. Asian Americans: Model Minorities?
Origins and Cultures
Questions for Reflection
Contact Situations and the Development of the Chinese
American and Japanese American Communities
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Comparative Focus: Japan’s “Invisible” Minority
Questions for Reflection
Comparing Minority Groups
Questions for Reflection
Contemporary Immigration From Asia
Questions for Reflection
Prejudice and Discrimination
Assimilation and Pluralism
Acculturation
Secondary Structural Assimilation
Primary Structural Assimilation
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: How Successful Are Asian
Americans? At What Price?
Comparing Minority Groups: Explaining Asian American
Success
Asian Americans and White Ethnics
Asian Americans and Colonized Racial Minority
Groups
Note
Main Points
Applying Concepts
15
Review Questions
Answers to Applying Concepts
Internet Activities
Learning Resources on the Web
PART 4 Challenges for the Present and the Future
9. New Americans, Assimilation, and Old Challenges
Current Immigration
Questions for Reflection
New Hispanic Groups: Immigrants From the Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, and Colombia
Three Case Studies
Non-Hispanic Immigrants From the Caribbean
Two Case Studies
Contemporary Immigration From Asia
Four Case Studies
Middle Eastern and Arab Americans
9/11 and Arab Americans
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Detroit’s Arab American
Community
Immigrants From Africa
Modes of Incorporation
Immigrants and the Primary Labor Market
Immigrants and the Secondary Labor Market
Immigrants and Ethnic Enclaves
Summary
Questions for Reflection
Comparative Focus: The Roma: Europe’s “True Minority”
Questions for Reflection
Immigration: Issues and Controversies
The Attitudes of Americans
The Immigrants
Questions for Reflection
Costs and Benefits
Undocumented Immigrants
DREAMers
Questions for Reflection
Focus on Contemporary Issues: Birthright Citizenship
Is Contemporary Assimilation Segmented?
The Case for Segmented Assimilation
The Case for “Traditional” Assimilation Theory
Summary
16
Questions for Reflection
Recent Immigration in Historical and Global Context
New Immigrants and Old Issues
Main Points
Applying Concepts
Review Questions
Answers to Applying Concepts
Learning Resources on the Web
10. Minority Groups and U.S. Society: Themes, Patterns, and the
Future
The Importance of Subsistence Technology
The Importance of the Contact Situation, Group
Competition, and Power
The Importance of Intersectionality
Assimilation and Pluralism
Minority Group Progress and the Ideology of American
Individualism
A Final Word
Summary
Learning Activities
References
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
17
Preface
The issues we face will not be resolved easily or quickly. People’s feelings
are intense, and controversy, indifference, and bitterness often overshadow
objective analysis and calm reason. We have little hope of resolving our
nation’s dilemmas until we address them openly and honestly. They will
not disappear, and they will not resolve themselves.
For example, we use a unified set of themes and concepts throughout the
text. Our analysis is consistent and continuous, even as we examine
multiple perspectives and various points of view. We introduce most of the
conceptual framework in the first four chapters. We apply these concepts
and analytical themes to a series of case studies of racial and ethnic
minority groups. Finally, we review and summarize our main points and
bring our analysis to a conclusion in the final chapter, where we also
speculate about the future.
18
experiences and situations of America’s many minorities. The text is in the
tradition of conflict theory, but it is not a comprehensive statement of that
tradition. We introduce and apply other perspectives, but we do not
attempt to give equal attention to all current sociological paradigms,
explain everything, or include all possible analytical points of view.
Rather, our goals are (a) to present the sociology of minority group
relations in a way that students will find understandable and intellectually
challenging and (b) to address the issues (and tell the stories behind the
issues) in a way that is highly readable and that demonstrates the power
and importance of sociological thinking. Although this textbook presents a
unified analytical framework, it offers students a wide variety of
perspectives, too.
Finally, we stress the ways American minority groups are inseparable from
the American experience—from the early days of colonial settlements to
tomorrow’s headlines. The relative success of our society is due no less to
the contributions of minority groups than to those of the dominant group.
The nature of the minority group experience has changed as society has
changed. To understand America’s minority groups is to understand some
elemental truths about America. To raise the issues of difference and
diversity is to ask what it means, and what it has meant, to be an
19
American.
Other Changes
Updated research findings and data are incorporated throughout the
text and within tables and figures. Like previous editions, this edition
relies heavily on the latest information from the U.S. Census Bureau
but incorporates a wide range of recent research to make this edition
fresh and relevant.
New opening vignettes in Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 foreshadow
the chapter content in a personal way to generate student interest.
Updated and expanded end-of-chapter discussion questions have been
added.
This edition includes an increased emphasis on intersectionality
theory, new content on gender, and greater attention to sexual
orientation in Chapters 1 and 10. New examples highlight the
importance of interlocking social statuses and how they are linked to
oppression.
Updates or additions have been made to the “Comparative Focus”
boxed features in Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8.
Expanded content throughout the chapters emphasizes current events
and applicability of concepts and theories to contemporary social
problems (e.g., racial bias in the criminal justice system, immigration
issues).
20
The “Main Points” chapter summaries have been updated to reflect
new material.
21
Acknowledgments
—Joseph F. Healey
—Andi Stepnick
22
We both thank Nathan Davidson and Jeff Lasser of SAGE Publications for
their invaluable assistance in the preparation of this manuscript, and Dave
Repetto, Ben Penner, and Steve Rutter, formerly of SAGE Publications,
for their help in the development of this project. Also, we thank Alex
Croell and Cate Huisman for their editorial assistance.
This text has benefited in innumerable ways from reviewers who offered
valuable insights about the subject matter and about the challenges of
college teaching. We thank them for their expertise and for their
comments, which led to significant improvements in the scholarship and
clarity of this textbook. We are responsible for the shortcomings that
remain.
23
Only when lions have historians will hunters cease to be heroes.
—African Proverb
—James Baldwin
24
Part 1 An Introduction to the Study of
Minority Groups in the United States
Questions of unity and diversity are among the most pressing to face the
United States today. How should these groups relate to one another? Who
should be considered American? Should we preserve the many cultural
heritages and languages that currently exist and stress our diversity?
Should we encourage everyone to adopt Anglo American culture and
strive to become more similar? Or, should we celebrate our differences? Is
it possible to do both?
25
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»Hyvä Jumala», sanoi hän. »Ja te kerrotte tämän minulle!»
»Kerron sen sen vuoksi… Oh, no niin… jotta kertoisitte sen tytölle;
jotta se saisi hänet oivaltamaan, että merirosvossa ja varkaassa on
vielä jäännös entistä onnetonta herrasmiestä, jona hän minua ennen
piti, ja että hänen onnensa on minun hartain toiveeni. Kun hän tietää
sen, niin hän ehkä muistelee minua ystävällisemmin tuntein —
vaikkapa vain rukouksissaan. Siinä kaikki, mylord.»
»Mitä häneen tulee, niin pitäkää huolta siitä, että olen oikeassa.
Jääkää hyvästi!»
Neljäskolmatta luku
SOTA
Avomerellä viiden mailin päässä Port Royalista, missä ei
Jamaikan rannikosta enää erottanut yksityisseikkoja, kääntyi
Arabella tuuleen ja pursi, jota se oli vetänyt perässään, vedettiin
laivan kylkeen.
Heikko hymy karehti tytön huulilla, joilla tähän saakka oli ollut
miettivä ilme, ja hänen poskilleen nousi vieno puna. Hän olisi
tahtonut jatkaa keskustelua, mutta varakuvernöörin mieliala ei sitä
sallinut. Hän mutristi suutaan ja murahteli ajatukselle, että Bloodin
sanaan saattoi luottaa, unohtaen kokonaan, että hän sai kiittää sitä
siitä, että vielä oli hengissä.
»Tiedän, minä tiedän nyt», sanoi tyttö hiljaa. Hetken päästä hän
sitten teki kysymyksen: »Entä te? Mitä osaa teidän ylhäisyytenne on
tässä näytellyt… koska luette itsenne meidän muiden rikollisten
joukkoon?»
»Jos käsitin hänet oikein ja jos hän itse käsitti asian oikein, niin oli
minun osani, vaikka toiminkin passiivisena, yhtä vaikuttava. Pyydän
huomauttaa, että toistan vain hänen sanojaan. En puhu itsestäni.»
Hänen ylhäisyytensä tavaton hermostuneisuus yltyi joka hetki. »Hän
ajatteli, no niin, hän sanoi minulle, että minun läsnäoloni täällä oli
pienentänyt hänen mahdollisuuksiaan puhdistaa itsensä teidän
silmissänne. Ja ellei hän teidän silmissänne voinut puhdistautua, niin
koko asialla ei ollut mitään merkitystä.»
»Luuliko hän, että te olisitte tiellä?» kysyi hän. Oli selvää, että hän
pyysi lisää valaistusta asiaan. Lordi kiiruhti antamaan sitä hieman
pelästyneenä ja posket punaisina.
»Niin hän luuli ja hän sanoi sen tavalla, joka kertoi minulle jotakin,
jota ennen kaikkea toivon, vaikka en rohkenekaan uskoa sitä, sillä
Jumala sen tietää, etten ole mikään narri, Arabella. Hän sanoi..
Mutta antakaahan kun ensin kerron, missä asemassa olin silloin.
Olin mennyt hänen laivalleen — vaatimaan, että hän heti vapauttaisi
setänne, jota hän piti panttivankinaan.
»En käsitä», sanoi tyttö, kun lordi lopetti. »Eikö siinä ole
täydellinen ristiriita?»
»Se vain näyttää siltä. Tosiasia on, Arabella, että tuo onneton
mies, hän… hän rohkenee rakastaa teitä.»
»Sanoiko hän niin!» huudahti tyttö. »Niinkö hän sanoi? Oh!» Tyttö
kääntyi toisaanne ja hänen katseensa lipui tien varressa olevien
hoikkien appelsiinipuiden runkojen välistä yli sataman kimaltelevien
vesien kaukana häämöttäviä vuoria kohti. Hän jäi siihen hetkeksi, ja
lordi seisoi jäykkänä, pelokkaana odottaen selvempää
mielenilmausta tytön puolelta. Vihdoin se tuli, hitaasti, varovasti ja
äänellä, joka silloin tällöin oli tukahtumaisillaan. »Eilen illalla, kun
setäni ilmaisi vihansa ja kauhean raivonsa, alkoi minussa herätä
ajatus, että niin voimakas kostonhimo saattoi asua ainoastaan
sellaisissa ihmisissä, jotka itse ovat tehneet väärin. Se on sitä
raivohulluutta, johon he ärsyttävät itsensä, jotta voisivat uskoa, että
heidän intohimonsa on oikeutettua. Minun olisi pitänyt tietää, että olin
ollut liian herkkä uskomaan kaikkia niitä kauheuksia, joita Peter
Bloodin tilille pantiin. Toissapäivänä sain häneltä itseltään selityksen
Levasseur-juttuun, jonka te kuulitte St. Nikolasissa. Ja nyt tämä…
tämä yhä vahvistaa uskoani hänen arvostaan ja
oikeamielisyydestään. Sellaiselle roistolle, jona minä häntä liian
herkästi jouduin pitämään, olisi sellainen teko, josta juuri kerroitte,
mahdoton.»
Lordi näki, että väri tytön kasvoilla muuttui ja että hän taas kävi
huolestuneen näköiseksi.
»Kuin tiedätte?»